1278:
45:
751:. This takes place on the third Friday and Saturday of October at the Waccamaw Siouan Tribal Grounds in the Buckhead Community of Bolton, North Carolina. Open to the public, the powwow includes a dance competition, drumming competition, horse show, and gospel sing. A crafts fair features items made by members of the Waccamaw tribe, and demonstrations of the associated craft skills.
369:
The tribe has an Elders Review
Committee, which conducts monthly tribal meetings to inform and educate members about issues of importance to the tribe as a whole. The opinions and suggestions of tribal members are solicited during these meetings and are incorporated into the decision-making process.
368:
The tribe is governed by the
Waccamaw Siouan Tribal Council, Inc., consisting of six members who are elected by the tribal membership, with staggered terms of one to three years. The Tribal Chief's position, formerly inherited or handed down in personal appointment, is now also an elected position.
372:
The tribal council employs a tribal administrator to handle the day-to-day operations of the tribe, with an annual budget of approximately $ 1 million. The administrator supervises the management of tribal grant programs and provides a monthly reporting of the status of grant activities to local,
421:
appeared in the night sky toward the southwest. Flaming to a brilliance of suns as it hurtled earthward, the meteor finally struck, burning deep within the earth. The waters of the surrounding swamps and rivers flowed into the crater and cooled it, creating the gem-blue, verdant green lake. Some
610:
Given their three-century-long historical experience of
European contact, the Waccamaw Siouan Indians had become highly acculturated. They depended on European-style agriculture and established claims to land through individual farmsteads.
320:
The
Waccamaw Siouan Indian Tribe operates a HUD Native American Housing Assistance Project, which helps its members with housing rehabilitation, housing down payments, and emergency funding. They also operate a child day care center.
439:, Girebillo noted that they relied on hunting and gathering, and limited agriculture. He wrote that the people practiced mortuary customs "peculiar" to them, but failed to describe their distinctive practices in any detail.
400:
Their congressional representative introduced a failed bill for federal recognition in 1948. Lumbee Legal
Services, Inc., represents the Waccamaw Siouan Tribe in its administrative process for seeking federal recognition.
430:
Archeologist Martin T. Smith suggests that the 1521 Spanish expedition led by
Francisco Girebillo likely encountered a Waccamaw village when they traveled inland from the Carolina coast along the Waccamaw and
947:(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2003); and Pate and Ste "Coverage Differences in the Census of a Rural Minority Community in North Carolina: the Little Branch area of the Waccamaw Sioux Tribe,"
602:, along what is still known as the "Old Indian Trail." State land deeds and other colonial records substantiate the oral traditions of the Waccamaw Siouan Indians and their claim to the Green Swamp region.
739:
The
Waccamaw Siouan Indians received state recognition in 1971 and organized as a nonprofit group, which forms its elected government. They are working on documentation to gain federal recognition.
873:
454:
who lived in the territory of present-day South
Carolina, among which he mentioned the "Chicora" and the "Duhare," whose tribal territories comprised the northernmost regions. Anthropologist
1087:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); Patricia Lerch, "State-Recognized Indians of North Carolina, Including a History of the Waccamaw Sioux," in J. Anthony Paredes, ed.,
1112:
Jo E. Aldred, "No More Cigar Store
Indians: Ethnographic and Historical Representations By and Of the Waccamaw-Siouan Peoples and their Socioeconomic, Legal, and Political Consequences",
1266:
692:
followed suit by founding the Doe Head School in 1885. Situated in the
Buckhead Indian community, the school was open only sporadically. It closed in 1921, after the state had sent a
618:, North Carolina passed laws restricting the rights and movements of free blacks, who had previously been allowed to vote. Because Native Americans were classified equally as "
360:
populations—61% and 295%, respectively, the latter also representing immigration. There was a 7% increase in the black population, and a 0.6% decrease in the white population.
1244:
1201:(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004); and "Articulatory Relationships: The Waccamaw Struggle Against Assimilation," in James Peacock and James Sabella, eds.,
1401:
637:
ratified this discriminatory state constitution. Whites tended to classify them simply as black, rather than recognizing their cultural identification as Indian.
657:
facilities to get them passed. Having been free people before the war, the Waccamaw Siouan did not want to enroll their children in school with the children of
645:
Through much of the 19th century, Waccamaw Siouan children received no public school education. None existed in the South before the American Civil War. During
1259:
1396:
1282:
1391:
1386:
1252:
712:. Classes were taught by Welton Lowry (Lumbee). Waccamaw Siouan students who wanted to attend high school among self-identified Indians went to the
1371:
1274:
474:
About 150 years later, the Englishman William Hilton recorded his encounter with ancestors of the Waccamaw Siouan people, calling them the
1149:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); James H. Merrell, "Cultural Continuity among the Piscataway Indians of Colonial Maryland,"
1141:(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1986). For literature on similar tribal remnants and historical experiences, see Karen Blu,
348:
Between 1980 and 2000, the two-county area experienced a small overall population increase of 6.7% compared with a 37% rate of growth for
665:, the term for mixed-race or "people of color," usually referring to people of African and European ancestry, the most common mixture).
1381:
276:
Waccamaw Siouan Indians live in St. James, Buckhead, and Council, with the Waccamaw Siouan tribal homeland situated on the edge of
654:
646:
409:
The tribe is centered on the edge of Green Swamp, seven miles from Lake Waccamaw. Its headquarters is in Bolton, North Carolina.
1376:
708:
school open to Waccamaw Siouans was called the "Wide Awake School." The school was built in 1933 in the Buckhead community in
705:
353:
338:
1340:
1320:
685:
669:
1302:
681:
442:
Francisco Gordillo and Pedro de Quexos captured and enslaved several Native Americans in 1521, and shipped them to
1047:
Archaeology of Aboriginal Culture Change in the Interior Southeast: Depopulation During the Early Historic Period
615:
330:
269:. The Waccamaw Siouan Indians also hold no affiliation with the Waccamaw Sioux Indian Tribe of Farmers Union, an
244:
17:
874:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
800:
1330:
673:
91:
544:
rivers, this amalgam of tribes had fragmented by 1705; a group of Woccon who moved farther north to the Lower
709:
334:
248:
713:
463:
277:
1325:
580:
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in 1971, and holds membership on the North Carolina Commission of Indian Affairs as per NCGS 143B-407.
281:
1125:
For elucidations of the complexities of race vis-a-viz Native peoples of the Southeast and South, see
949:
Final Report-1990 Decennial Census report: Ethnographic Evaluation of the 1990 Decennial Census Report
1085:
The Indians' New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal
1075:
For insightful analyses of the Native Southeast's formative post-Contact period, see Alan Gallay,
831:
1226:
Waccamaw Siouan Tribe Homepage. 2014."Waccamaw Siouan 44th Annual Powwow".www.waccamaw-siouan.com
717:
224:
599:
529:
510:
309:
289:
262:
121:
82:
1335:
689:
653:-dominated legislatures established public schools, but legislators had to agree to racially
650:
584:
553:
337:
counties was 1,896 (1,025 and 331, respectively). This represents 2.7% of the total combined
951:(Washington, DC: Center for Survey Methods Research, Bureau of the Census, 1992); and Ross,
422:
historians contend that this story is the mid-20th century invention of James E. Alexander.
1294:
1147:
Lumbee Indian Histories: Race, Ethnicity, and Indian Identity in the Southern United States
1129:, "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of 'Race' in Twentieth-Century America,"
619:
513:
some thirty years later, referred to the Waccamaw in their travel narratives as an Eastern
447:
394:
236:
8:
505:
Indian forces. Some of the earliest English travelers to the interior of the Carolinas,
1077:
The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717
270:
899:
693:
677:
565:
557:
533:
459:
451:
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state, and federal agencies, private donors, the tribal council, and tribal members.
1312:
1080:
1066:, ed. Hugh Talmadge Lefler (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967).
521:
where some of the Waccamaw were beginning to seek refuge from colonial incursions.
74:
1910: Council of Wide Awake Indians, 1977: Waccamaw Siouan Indian Tribe (nonprofit)
661:. The public schools had only two classifications: white and all other (black and
517:
people. They were repeating information from others; neither visited the area of
729:
455:
688:
built their own schools and later still, developed their own school system. The
1286:
1277:
1203:
Sea and Land: Cultural and Biological Adaptations in the Southern Coastal Plain
733:
725:
634:
561:
382:
349:
342:
266:
228:
64:
1197:, pp.144-145; Lerch, "State-Recognized Indians of North Carolina," pp. 44-71;
945:
2000 Census of Population, Social and Economic Characteristics: North Carolina
857:
2000 Census of Population, Social and Economic Characteristics: North Carolina
626:, the Waccamaw Siouan Indians and others were stripped of their political and
1365:
1099:(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1969); and Douglas L. Rights,
930:(Pembroke, NC: University of North Carolina, 2003), p.5; and Thomas E. Ross,
595:
569:
541:
498:
432:
417:
According to the Waccamaw Siouan Indians, thousands of years ago, an immense
285:
44:
1091:(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1992), pp. 44-71; Charles Hudson,
1180:
1126:
990:
See Clarke Beach, "Congress Asked to Recognize Waccamaw Indians in State,"
627:
575:
By the second decade of the 18th century, many Waccamaw, also known as the
506:
486:
1058:
For some of the earliest accounts of the Waccamaw, refer to John Lederer,
1153:
36: 548-70; and Merrell's "The Racial Education of the Catawba Indians,"
633:
Local whites intensified harassment of the Waccamaw Siouan Indians after
590:
After the Waccamaw-South Carolina War, the Waccamaw sought refuge in the
545:
630:. They could no longer vote, bear arms, or serve in the state militia.
623:
443:
1214:
Jones, Leslie. "Waccamaw Siouan annual powwow". www.learnnc.org. 2014.
1193:
Columbus County Board of Education Minutes. Book 1, p.5., 1885; Ross,
1137:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); Virginia Dominguez,
560:, to join James Moore, son of the former British colonial governor of
329:
According to the 2010 Census, the total Waccamaw Siouan population in
696:
teacher to the school, and the community asked the teacher to leave.
501:
tribes, had been pushed north by a combination of Spanish and allied
483:
479:
305:
1062:(Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, Inc. 1966); and John Lawson,
446:, which the Spanish were colonizing. One of the men became known as
1145:(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980); and Gerald M. Sider,
1095:(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976); Chapman Milling,
658:
518:
357:
60:
1089:
Indians of the Southeastern United States in the Late 20th Century
1345:
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rivers. Describing the inhabitants of the river valley as semi-
1238:
748:
721:
514:
502:
418:
240:
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White By Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana
932:
American Indians in North Carolina: Geographic Interpretations
552:(or Waccamaw) by English colonials was recorded in 1712. The
934:(Southern Pines, N.C.: Karo Hollow Press, 1999), pp. 137-140.
928:
Economic Development Assessment for the Waccamaw Siouan Tribe
436:
208:
381:
The Waccamaw Siouan Indians were recognized by the state of
1143:
The Lumbee Problem: The Making of an American Indian People
540:(1700). Settling around the confluence of the Waccamaw and
458:
believed that these nations included the Waccamaw and the
1199:
Waccamaw Legacy: Contemporary Indians Fight for Survival
1135:
Real Indian: Identity and the Survival of Native America
548:
and Contentnea Creek. The first written mention of the
1205:(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988), pp. 76-91.
345:. Current tribal enrollment consists of 2,594 members.
27:
State-recognized tribe in North Carolina, United States
1049:(Gainesville, FLA: University of Florida Press, 1987).
532:
had placed the Woccon a few miles to the south of the
352:. The growth in the two counties was mostly among the
871:
583:. In 1749, a war broke out between the Waccamaw and
900:"Waccamaw Sioux Indian Tribe of Farmers Union, Inc"
113:
P84: Ethnic, Immigrant Centers and Service Provider
680:as tribes and support for a separate school. The
859:(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2003
594:region situated on the edge of Green Swamp, near
1402:Non-profit organizations based in North Carolina
1363:
747:The tribe holds an annual cultural festival and
598:. They settled four miles north of present-day
556:tried to persuade the Waccamaw, along with the
1079:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002);
1028:
1026:
1260:
493:. By the beginning of the 17th century, the
105:school, educational service provider, charity
1397:State-recognized tribes in the United States
716:'s community's East Carolina High School in
579:were located one hundred miles northeast of
1023:
1267:
1253:
1157:vol. 50, no. 3. (Aug., 1984), pp. 363-384.
1103:(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1947).
867:
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1392:Native American history of North Carolina
1222:
1220:
295:
1387:Native American tribes in North Carolina
1133:83 (June 1996): 44-69; Eva M. Garoutte,
872:Indian Affairs Bureau (8 January 2024).
825:
823:
821:
795:
793:
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450:. Francisco identified more than twenty
393:The Waccamaw Siouan Indian Tribe is not
258:. They founded a public school in 1933.
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1372:1910 establishments in North Carolina
1248:
1003:"Congress Hears of Lost N.C. Tribe,"
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760:
376:
152:2,313 self-identified 1,245 enrolled
926:Sylvia Pate and Leslie S. Stewart,
917:
497:(Waccamaw), along with a number of
273:based in Clarkton, North Carolina.
24:
1195:American Indians in North Carolina
1168:American Indians in North Carolina
1101:American Indians in North Carolina
1034:American Indians in North Carolina
1018:American Indians in North Carolina
994:Burlington, N.C., (18 April 1950).
953:American Indians in North Carolina
829:
724:Fairmont High School in Fairmont,
686:Coharie Intra-tribal Council, Inc.
25:
1413:
1232:
1181:"Waccamaw Indians | NCpedia"
1116:, 1993, vol. 18, no2, pp. 207-244
1007:, Asheville, N.C. (27 April 1950)
670:Croatan Indians of Robeson County
308:nonprofit organization, based in
261:They are not affiliated with the
1303:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
1276:
966:Economic Development Assessment,
682:Croatan Indians of Samson County
564:, in his expedition against the
265:, a state-recognized tribe from
251:in southeastern North Carolina.
43:
1382:Columbus County, North Carolina
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1060:The Discoveries of John Lederer
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836:North Carolina History Project
801:"Waccamaw Siouan Indian Tribe"
674:Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina
668:Late in the 19th century, the
466:returned to the area in 1526.
13:
1:
1377:Bladen County, North Carolina
742:
363:
256:Council of Wide Awake Indians
714:Coharie Intra-tribal Council
640:
616:Nat Turner's slave rebellion
302:Waccamaw Siouan Indian Tribe
239:. They are headquartered in
233:Waccamaw Siouan Indian Tribe
37:Waccamaw Siouan Indian Tribe
7:
1155:Journal of Southern History
1131:Journal of American History
943:U.S. Bureau of the Census,
855:U.S. Bureau of the Census,
704:The first county-supported
404:
315:
247:, and also have members in
10:
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1151:William and Mary Quarterly
581:Charleston, South Carolina
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288:, and four miles north of
282:Wilmington, North Carolina
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1114:Dialectical Anthropology
1093:The Southeastern Indians
1064:A New Voyage to Carolina
754:
85:, nonprofit organization
1239:Waccamaw Siouan Indians
718:Clinton, North Carolina
464:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón
225:state-recognized tribes
221:Waccamaw Siouan Indians
31:Waccamaw Siouan Indians
1283:Native American tribes
600:Bolton, North Carolina
538:New Voyage to Carolina
489:mentioned them in his
310:Bolton, North Carolina
296:Nonprofit organization
290:Bolton, North Carolina
263:Waccamaw Indian People
122:Bolton, North Carolina
83:state-recognized tribe
880:. 89 FR (944): 944–48
690:Waccamaw-Siouan Tribe
585:South Carolina Colony
554:South Carolina Colony
51:Waccamaw Siouan Tribe
1295:Federally recognized
620:Free people of color
478:In 1670, the German
448:Francisco de Chicora
395:federally recognized
280:about 37 miles from
237:federally recognized
231:. Also known as the
49:Official seal of the
622:" and many were of
614:In 1835, following
389:Federal recognition
284:, seven miles from
32:
1241:, official website
977:Pate and Stewart,
964:Pate and Stewart,
452:indigenous peoples
304:incorporated as a
271:unrecognized tribe
158:Official language
30:
1359:
1358:
1045:Martin T. Smith,
1005:Asheville Citizen
732:Indian School in
684:, now called the
678:state-recognition
558:Cape Fear Indians
460:Cape Fear Indians
377:State recognition
223:are one of eight
217:
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907:. Retrieved
903:
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882:. Retrieved
877:
856:
851:
839:. Retrieved
835:
808:. Retrieved
804:
746:
738:
703:
700:20th century
672:(now called
667:
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632:
628:civil rights
613:
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606:19th century
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525:18th century
509:in 1670 and
507:John Lederer
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487:John Lederer
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470:17th century
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118:Headquarters
102:Legal status
546:Neuse River
530:John Lawson
511:John Lawson
491:Discoveries
278:Green Swamp
145:Membership
57:Named after
1366:Categories
1341:Occaneechi
832:"Waccamaw"
743:Activities
655:segregated
651:Republican
624:mixed-race
444:Hispaniola
364:Government
92:Tax ID no.
1170:, p. 144.
955:, p. 140.
728:; or the
676:) gained
641:Education
566:Tuscarora
534:Tuscarora
484:physician
306:501(c)(3)
186:$ 399,935
180:Expenses
175:$ 391,626
71:Formation
1351:Waccamaw
1336:Meherrin
1036:, p.137.
909:25 April
884:25 April
841:25 April
810:25 April
805:Cause IQ
659:freedmen
519:wetlands
480:surveyor
405:Location
358:Hispanic
331:Columbus
316:Services
168:Revenue
128:Location
1346:Sappony
1321:Coharie
730:Catawba
663:mulatto
592:wetland
568:in the
542:Pee Dee
536:in his
476:Woccon.
437:nomadic
433:Pee Dee
413:History
204:Website
162:English
110:Purpose
1331:Lumbee
1166:Ross,
1032:Ross,
1016:Ross,
981:, p.8.
749:powwow
722:Lumbee
720:; the
706:Indian
550:Woccon
515:Siouan
503:Cusabo
495:Woccon
419:meteor
335:Bladen
241:Bolton
194:(2020)
192:Staff
182:(2020)
170:(2020)
147:(2000)
755:Notes
694:black
243:, in
968:p.9.
911:2024
886:2024
843:2024
812:2024
482:and
356:and
333:and
219:The
211:.org
79:Type
1285:in
397:.
227:in
1368::
1219:^
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199:17
1268:e
1261:t
1254:v
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20:)
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