790:
1284:"From ancient times, those who have been lords of all under Heaven have looked on that which is covered by Heaven, that which is contained by the Earth and that on which the sun and moon shine, and regardless of whether the place was near or far, or what manner of people they are, there was no place for which they did not wish a peaceful land and a prosperous existence. It is natural that when China is governed peacefully, foreign countries would come and submit (來附)”…I am anxious that, as you are secluded in your distant places, you have not yet heard of my will. Thus, I am sending envoys to go and instruct you, so that you will all know of this" (
818:
2505:
highly stratified one. The Tai lived in the lowland and river valleys of mainland
Southeast Asia. Assorted ethnic and linguistic group lived in the hills. The Tai village consisted of nuclear families working as subsistence rice farmers, living in small houses elevated above the ground. Households bonded together for protection from external attacks and to share the burden of communal repairs and maintenance. Within the village, a council of elders was created to help settle problems, organise festivals and rites and manage the village. Villages would combine to form a
3321:– In 1996, the Bo of Sop Ma village reported that they were "born from the Kha," a reference to their Vietic origins, and in that village there was intermarriage with the Maleng of Song Khone. They are distinct from the Thay Bo of Hinboun. The Kha Bo on the Nakai plateau speak Nyo, whereas nowadays the Thay Bo of Hinboun speak Lao or Kaleung. The Ahoe, original inhabitants of the northwestern part of the Nakai Plateau, had also been relocated to Hinboun during the Second War of Indochina, and returned to their homeland speaking Hinboun Nyo as a second language.
1029:
2359:
806:
3315:– located on the Nakai plateau in central Laos, along the middle Hinboun River, east of the Kong Lo cave and the Phon Tiou tin mine, and in Ban Na Hat and near Na Pè, close to the Vietnamese border. Bo means ‘a mine,’ referring people who worked either in the salt mines on the Nakai Plateau, or at the tin mine. Many older generation people speak a Vietic language as well, apparently Maleng, as spoken in the village of Song Khone on the Nam Sot River, a main tributary of the Nam Theun, although this has not been verified.
838:
4160:
1363:
10803:
12434:
10793:
846:
8211:
3001:. In Meng'a Town, they are in the village clusters of Mengkang 勐康 (in Shangnadong 上纳懂, Xianadong 下纳懂, and Mandao 曼倒), Hejian 贺建 (in villages 6, 7, and 8), and Najing 纳京 (in villages 6, 7, and 8). Zhang (2013) reports that there are 218 households and 816 people in 14 villages, and that the Bajia language is mutually intelligible with Tai. Another group of Bajia people in Manbi Village 曼必村, Menghun Town 勐混镇,
5964:
39:
3085:– 20,000 to 30,000 people in Lop Buri Province (especially Ban Mi and Khok Samrong districts), the Tha Tako District of Nakhon Sawan Province and scattered parts of Singburi, Saraburi, Chaiyaphum, Phetchabun, Nong Khai and Loei provinces. Originally from eastern Xiengkhouang and western Huaphan provinces of Laos. Their language is similar to Isan.
703:, in the 6th century BCE, forming the state of Yue and conquering the state of Wu shortly thereafter. According to Chamberlain, Yue people (Be-Tai) began to migrate southwards along the east coast of China to what are now Guangxi, Guizhou and northern Vietnam, after Yue was conquered by Chu around 333 BCE. There the Yue (Be-Tai) formed the
3079:– 25,000 people in Dan Sai District of Loei Province (locally known as the Lao Loei or Lao Lei), Lom Kao District of Phetchabun Province, and Tha Bo District of Nong Khai Province (locally known as the Tai Dan). The Lao Lom were first studied by Joachim Schliesinger in 2001. Unclassified Southwestern Tai language.
3251:('Northern Thai') – 6,000,000 people in Northern Thailand and possibly 10,000 people in Houayxay and Pha-Oudom districts of Bokeo Province, Luang Namtha District of Luang Namhta Province, Xai District of Oudomxai Province, and Xaignabouri District of Xaignabouri Province. They speak a Southwestern Tai language.
1463:
developed in Taiwan, whose speakers migrated back to the mainland, both to
Guangdong, Hainan and northern Vietnam around the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Upon their arrival in this region, they underwent linguistic contact with an unknown population, resulting in a partial relexification of
2504:
The Tai practice a type of feudal governance that is fundamentally different from that of the Han
Chinese people, and is especially adapted to state formation in ethnically and linguistically diverse montane environments centered on valleys suitable for wet-rice cultivation. The form of society is a
1464:
FATK vocabulary. On the other hand, Weera
Ostapirat supports a coordinate relationship between Tai-Kadai and Austronesian, based on a number of phonological correspondences. The following are Tai-Kadai and Austronesian lexical items showing the genetic connection between these two language families:
1330:
The Ming Shi-lu reports that envoys were sent to instruct the inhabitants of Yunnan in 1371. In 1372 the famous scholar Wang Wei offered terms of surrender to Yunnan as an envoy. The envoy Wang Wei was murdered in 1374 and another mission was sent in 1375. Once again the mission failed. A diplomatic
883:
and led a large uprising against the
Chinese, but was also crushed by Yang Zixu, who beheaded 60,000 rebels. In 756, another revolt led by Huang Chien-yao and Chen Ch'ung-yu that attracted 200,000 followers and lasted four years in Guangxi. In the 860s, many local people in what is now north Vietnam
3175:– 1,400 people in Namkham, Shan State, Burma; 500 people in Long District, Luang Namtha Province, Laos; possibly also in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, China, since some Tai Loi in Burma say they have relatives in China. Their language may be related to and probably also closely related to Palaung Pale.
762:
language infusion. However, no archaeological evidence has been identified which would correspond to the Daic (Tai-Kadai) expansion in its earliest phases. Aside from linguistic evidence, the connection between
Austronesian and Tai-Kadai can also be found in some common cultural practices. Roger
3071:– 50,000+ people in the provinces of Phichit, Suphan Buri, Uthai Thani, Chai Nat, Phitsanulok, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Pathom and Nakhon Sawan, Thailand. Their language is similar to Isan and Lao. Tai Krang is not to be confused with Tai Khang, a Tai-speaking group of Laos numbering 5,000 people.
3514:
Hannay, Maj. Simon Fraser. 1847. Sketch of the
Singphos, or the Kakhyens of Burmah: The position of This Tribe as regards Baumo, and the Inland Trade of the Valley of the Irrawaddy with Yunnan and their Connection with the North-Eastern Frontier of Assam. Calcutta: W. Ridsdale, Military Orphan
2489:
A recent genetic and linguistic analysis in 2015 showed great genetic homogeneity between Kra-Dai speaking people, suggesting a common ancestry and a large replacement of former non-Kra-Dai groups in
Southeast Asia. Kra-Dai populations are closest to southern Chinese and Taiwanese populations.
1120:
The formidable political control exercised by the Khmer Empire extended not only over the centre of the Khmer province, where the majority of the population was Khmer, but also to outer border provinces likely populated by non-Khmer peoples—including areas to the north and northeast of modern
904:
for fifty seven days, and slew the commanders of five
Chinese armies sent against them before they were defeated, and many of their leaders were killed. The Ahomese Tai chronicle relates the migrating event with the arrival of "9,000 Tai peoples, 8 noblemen, two elephants, and 300 horses" to
3974:
environment, this paper maps the spatial variation of terms connected with wet-rice farming of Tai minority groups in southern China and shows that the primary candidate of origin for proto-Tai is in the region of
Guangxi-Guizhou, not Yunnan or the middle Yangtze River region as others have
5264:. Workshop on "Rural and Ethnic diversities in Laos with special focus on Oudomxay and Sayabury development realities", in Oudomxay province, 4–5 June 1998. Sesmac Projects Lao/97/002 & Lao/97/003: Strengthening Economic and Social Management Capacity, Sayabury and Oudomxay Provinces.
866:
and other historical evidence, Pittayawat Pittayaporn (2014) proposes that the southwestward migration of southwestern Tai-speaking tribes from the modern Guangxi to the mainland of Southeast Asia must have taken place sometime between the 8th–10th centuries. Tai speaking tribes migrated
3149:– 7,000 people mostly in Khamkeut District, Borikhamxai Province, Laos; also in Nakai District. 8,500 people in Thailand: the provinces of Mukdahan (Don Tan and Chanuman districts), Nakhon Phanom (Muang District) and parts of Sakhon Nakhon Province. The Tai Kaleung speak a Lao dialect.
1137:
region. The Tai people were the predominant non-Khmer groups in the areas of central Thailand that formed the geographical periphery of the Khmer Empire. Some Tai groups were probably assimilated into the Khmer population. Historical records show that the Tai maintained their cultural
3221:– perhaps as many as 100,000 people in along the Honghe River of southeastern, Yunnan, China, and possibly also in northern Vietnam. Subgroups include the Tai La, Tai You, and probably also Tai Ya (which includes Tai Ka and Tai Sai). Unclassified Tai language.
849:
Map showing linguistic family tree overlaid on a geographic distribution map of Tai-Kadai family. This map only shows general pattern of the migration of Tai-speaking tribes, not specific routes, which would have snaked along the rivers and over the lower
1335:
was at war with Champa the roads were blocked and the mission was recalled. By 1380 the Ming were no longer wording their communications as if Yunnan was a separate country. Initial gentle promptings were soon to be followed by military force.
5660:
3135:('brainy Tai') – 3,200+ people; at least 2,000 people (500+ households) in Ban Varit, Waritchapum District, Sakhon Nakhon Province; also live with the Phutai and Yoy. The Tai Gapong claim to have originated in Borikhamxai Province, Laos.
3235:– 45,000+ people in Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, Nakhon Sawan (Tha Tako District), Ratchaburi (Chom Bung District), Suphan Buri (Song Phinong District), Kanchanaburi, Chumphon and Nakhon, and Pathom (Muang District). Also called
909:. Vietnamese scribers recorded groups of two- or three thousand "Mang savages" passing by. According to Baker, those migrants might have slowly exodused from their homeland via three routes. The early groups moved north to
3245:– 10,000 people in several villages in Viraburi District, Savannakhet Province, Laos; 8,000 in and around the city of Phanna Nikhom, Sakhon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Their language is related to but distinct from Phutai.
789:
3257:– 24,000 people in southern Thailand (in Narathiwat, Pattani, and Yala provinces) and northern Malaysia. Their name comes from the town of Tak Bai in Narathiwat Province. Their language is highly different from nearby
3291:(‘gekko’ people) now refer to themselves as Nyo. The Nyo proper reside mostly along the Mekong between Hinboun and Pakxanh and also in Thailand. The Kap Kè claim they are the same as the Nyo of Ban Khammouane in
3119:– 5,700 people in 2 villages of Phatthana Nikhom District, Lopburi Province, Thailand. The Tai Bueng live in the villages of Ban Klok Salung (pop. 5,000) and Ban Manao Hwan (pop. 600). Unclassified Tai language.
867:
southwestward along the rivers and over the lower passes into Southeast Asia, perhaps prompted by the Chinese expansion and suppression. Chinese historical texts record that, in 726 AD, hundreds of thousands
3301:(sometimes pronounced without the final –k as Phu’) – According to themselves as well as other ethnic groups, the Phuk closely resemble the Kap Kè and originally came from nearby locations, referred to as
3295:, Bolikhamsai province, Laos. Another Kap Kè group of about 40 households originally from Sop Khom has now resettled in Sop Phouan. This group claims to be from Ban Faan, about 1 kilometer from Sop Khom.
1280:
The first communication between the Ming dynasty and Yunnan was in a formal "letter of instruction" using ritual language. Submission to the Ming was described as part of the cosmological order:
3369:(獠) used in this context refers to Tai-Kadai speaking peoples resided in what are now Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam in general. It is unnecessarily applied solely to the ancestors of
10839:
3093:– 200 people in the 2 villages of Ban Goh and Nong Ban Gaim in Chom Bung District, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. Originally from Vientiane in Laos. Their language is similar to Lao and Isan.
3157:– 5,600+ people in Xam-Tai District, Houaphan Province, Laos; also in Nongkhet District of Xiangkhoang Province, and Viangthong District of Borikhamxai Province. Unclassified Tai language.
817:
5652:
Plenary Session 2: Going Beyond History: Reassessing Genetic Grouping in SEA the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, May 29–31, 2013, Chulalongkorn University
3189:– 40,000+ people in Borikhamxai, Khammouan, Xiengkhouang, and Houaphan (just outside the town of Xam Neua) provinces of Laos. Their language is reportedly similar to Tai Dam and Tai Men.
1146:. Tai historical documents note that the period of the Khmer Empire was one of great internal strife. During the 11th and 12th centuries, territories with a strong Tai presence, such as
8268:
3209:– 4,000 people in Viangthong, Khamkeut and Pakkading districts of Borikhamxai Province, Laos. They live near the Tai He and may be related to them. Unclassified Tai language.
5477:. Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic and Archaeological Evidence in Geneva, Geneva June 10–13, 2004. Cambridge, England. pp. 1–25
12545:
1105:
culture, assimilating the earlier Austroasiatic Mon and Khmer people, as well as coming into contact with the Khmer Empire. The Tais who came to the area of present-day
10832:
3686:
The volume of cognates between Austronesian and Daic, notably in fundamental vocabulary, is such that they must be related. Borrowing can be excluded as an explanation
13276:
3183:– 8,000 people in Borikhamxai Province, Laos: mostly in Khamkeut District, but also in Vienthong, Pakkading, and Pakxan Districts. They speak a Northern Tai language.
5412:
928:
As a result of these three bloody centuries, or with the political and cultural pressures from the north, some Tai peoples migrated southwestward, where they met
578:, bùyi 布依). The Zhuang do not constitute a linguistic unity either, because Chinese authorities include within this group some distinct ethnic groups such as the
9843:
4100:"A Short History of South East Asia Chapter 3. The Repercussions of the Mongol Conquest of China ...The result was a mass movement of Thai peoples southwards..."
9773:
13259:
10825:
9783:
5455:
99:
4512:"Y-Chromosome Diversity Suggests Southern Origin and Paleolithic Backwave Migration of Austro-Asiatic Speakers from Eastern Asia to the Indian Subcontinent"
4099:
858:
began moving south – and westwards in the first millennium CE, eventually spreading across the whole of mainland Southeast Asia. Based on layers of Chinese
1185:, Laos). The Tai peoples had firmly established control in areas to the northeast of the declining Khmer Empire. Following the death of the Sukhothai king
805:
12423:
1319:. He ruled indirectly over an ethnically diverse collection of small polities and chieftainships. The most powerful of these states was controlled by the
6887:
1000:". Additionally, Du & Chen rejected the proposal that the ancestors of Tai people migrated en masse southwestwards out of Yunnan only after the 1253
742:, where they spoke a dialect of Proto-Austronesian or one of its descendant languages. Unlike the Malayo-Polynesian group who later sailed south to the
13296:
11048:
10307:
9703:
9417:
8120:
7837:
3911:
3141:– 10,000 people in Borikhamxai Province, Laos: in Viangthong and Khamkeut Districts; also in Pakkading and Pakxan Districts. Unclassified Tai language.
2384:
1390:
scripts. The high diversity of Kra–Dai languages in southern China possibly points to the origin of the Kra–Dai language family in southern China. The
746:
and other parts of maritime Southeast Asia, the ancestors of the modern Tai-Kadai people sailed west to mainland China and possibly traveled along the
734:
speaking culture of southern China and dispersed into mainland Southeast Asia. Some linguists proposes that Tai–Kadai languages may descended from the
13023:
12403:
9738:
9624:
7745:
3923:
Du & Chen (1989). p. 38. quote: "The Thai people in the north as well as in the south did not in any sense "migrate en masse to the south" after
4929:
4896:
4764:
3063:– 1,800 people mostly in Ban Tabluang, Ban Rai District, Uthai Thani Province, Thailand. Their language is reportedly similar to Lao Krang and Isan.
3049:– 55,000 people in the Mengyuan County, Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan, China. Many Han Tai also speak Tai Lu (Shui Tai), the local lingua franca.
12363:
9803:
9459:
8246:
8151:
7973:
7963:
7843:
5887:"Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup O3a2b2-N6 reveals patrilineal traces of Austronesian populations on the eastern coastal regions of Asia"
5167:[Longhai Natural Village, Meng'a Administrative Village, Mengma Town, Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County > Village Situation].
221:
5227:
5194:
5161:
5102:
4995:
4962:
4863:
4830:
4797:
3885:
3846:
679:
James R. Chamberlain (2016) proposes that the Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) language family was formed as early as the 12th century BC in the middle of the
11170:
11007:
9723:
9619:
9570:
9474:
9469:
8072:
8048:
7899:
7827:
7701:
7130:
5995:
11033:
10049:
10020:
10005:
9957:
9932:
9888:
9713:
9688:
9535:
9464:
8110:
7958:
7832:
5789:
3101:– 50,000+ people in Prachinburi, Udon Thani, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Pathom, Chai Nat, Lopburi, Saraburi, Phetchaburi and Roi Et. Originally from
876:
12358:
3227:– 700 people in Kham District, Xiengkhuoang Province, Laos. Neighboring peoples include the Tai Peung and Tai Laan. Unclassified Tai language.
13503:
12905:
11912:
10199:
10030:
9878:
9653:
9609:
9604:
9555:
8161:
8105:
7948:
7822:
7817:
7796:
7451:
11094:
10179:
10174:
10079:
9937:
9648:
9629:
7978:
7909:
7848:
7238:
5063:"Shì lùn mínzú shìbié yǔ guīshǔ zhōng de rèntóng wèntí-yǐ yúnnán kè mù rén, mǎng rén, lǎo pǐn rén, bā jiǎ rén mínzú guīshǔ gōngzuò wéi lì"
4731:
2931:
2900:
2830:
1056:, although the Khmer were the primary power in Southeast Asia by the time of the Tai migrations. The Tai formed small city-states known as
5062:
3197:– 13,000 people in Pakkading District, Borikhamxai Province, Laos; 50,000 people in northeastern Thailand, where they are better known as
2431:). Y-DNA haplogroup O-M95 is found at high frequency among most Tai peoples, which is a trait that they share with the neighboring ethnic
2415:
and the Tai. The prevalence of Y-DNA haplogroup O-M175 among Austronesian and Tai peoples suggests a common ancestry with speakers of the
13155:
10099:
9838:
9683:
9594:
9589:
9565:
7953:
989:
875:, but was suppressed by Chinese general Yang Zixu, which left 20,000 rebels killed and beheaded. Two years later, another Li chief named
699:(Rei/Li) peoples around the 8th century BCE, the Yue (Be-Tai people) started to break away and move to the east coast in the present-day
12582:
10189:
10104:
9848:
9728:
7773:
7035:
3898:
1455:. Later, Sagart (2008) introduces a numeral-based model of Austronesian phylogeny, in which Tai-Kadai is considered as a later form of
1044:
of Southeast Asia, or pushing them off to marginal areas, but their full expansion was halted by the Indian-influenced kingdoms of the
1153:
The Tai, from their new home in Southeast Asia, were influenced by the Khmer and the Mon and most importantly Buddhist India. The Tai
13308:
11607:
11279:
10129:
10124:
10119:
9883:
9863:
9733:
9708:
9560:
2354:
Ostapirat (2013:3–8) did not provide full reconstructed forms for many of the proto-Tai-Kadai lexical items cited in the above tables
12083:
5533:
Daniels, Christian (2001). "The Formation of Tai Polities Between the 13th and 16th Centuries; The Role of Technological Transfer".
11512:
10164:
9947:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9743:
9718:
3505:
Tun, Sai Aung. 2001. ‘The Tai Ethnic Migration and Settlement in Myanmar’, Myanmar Historical Research Journal No. (7), June, 2001.
4667:
Srithawong, Suparat; Srikummool, Metawee; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Ghirotto, Silvia; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; et al. (2015).
12484:
11976:
11788:
9828:
9818:
9798:
9768:
6880:
3473:
According to Ostapirat (2005:119), glosses are given according to Tai-Kadai. The typical meaning of this word in Austronesian is
3457:
According to Ostapirat (2005:119), glosses are given according to Tai-Kadai. The typical meaning of this word in Austronesian is
3404:
According to Ostapirat (2005:119), glosses are given according to Tai-Kadai. The typical meaning of this word in Austronesian is
3215:– 1,000 people in Kham District, Xiengkhouang Province, Laos. They live near the Tai Laan and Tai Sam. Unclassified Tai language.
13454:
13361:
11830:
10300:
9410:
3713:
Project Discussion: The Austro-Tai Hypothesis. The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL-14)
461:
5867:
4332:"Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes"
597:(儂 / 侬), whose bearers dominated what are now north Vietnam and Guangxi in the 11th century AD. In 1038, a Nong general named
13349:
13197:
12958:
12274:
11761:
11661:
5856:
5836:
5778:
5675:
5590:
5361:
5318:
5956:
13399:
13254:
12499:
12098:
11538:
11355:
8239:
5028:
2927:
3111:– 1,000+ people (as of 1990) in 2 villages 8 km from Menghai Town, at the foot of Jingwang Mountain in Xishuangbanna.
841:
Tai-Dong people of Guizhou, China, in traditional dresses, similar to the existing tribe in northern provinces of Thailand
274:. Tai peoples are both culturally and genetically very similar and therefore primarily identified through their language.
13069:
12963:
11644:
11587:
11370:
11365:
9374:
7694:
5988:
5945:
5001:[Village 7, Palian, Najing Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County > Village Situation]. Archived from
2868:
648:, who are a separate group of indigenous speakers of Vietic languages, who have come under the influence of Tai culture.
11751:
5421:
13366:
12567:
12413:
11783:
11507:
11442:
6873:
888:, and in the aftermath some 30,000 of them were beheaded. In the 1040s, a powerful matriarch-shamaness by the name of
738:
language family. Laurent Sagart (2004) hypothesized that the Tai–Kadai languages may have originated on the island of
369:' work is based on some simple rules of phonetic change observable in the Sinosphere and studied for the most part by
13658:
12898:
12589:
12398:
11671:
10806:
10293:
9403:
5506:
4031:
3005:, Yunnan (comprising 48 households and 217 persons) has recently been classified by the Chinese government as ethnic
2897:
White Tai, Tày Dón, Tai Khao, Tai Kao, Tai Don, Dai Kao, White Dai, Red Tai, Tai Blanc, Tai Kaw, Tày Lai, Thai Trang
3129:') – 230 people (54 families) as of 1995 in Long District of Luang Namtha, Laos. Their language is likely Palaungic.
2486:, a genetic mutation that has been estimated to have originated approximately 40,000 years ago, somewhere in China.
2478:
region of Vietnam), Malaysia, Singapore, and western Indonesia. Y-DNA haplogroups O-M95, O-M119, and O-M122 all are
929:
13534:
12525:
11467:
11401:
11391:
10770:
9384:
5708:"Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Protosouthwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai"
2827:, Black Tai, Tai Lam, Lao Song Dam*, Tai Muan, Tai Tan, Black Do, Jinping Dai, Tai Den, Tai Do, Tai Noir, Thai Den
2395:
in Laos, where they are also known as Suy, Soai, or Souei, and Cambodia), moderate frequencies of Y-DNA haplogroup
1114:
2997:, Yunnan, who speak a language closely related to Tai Lü. They are classified by the Chinese government as ethnic
13089:
11724:
11558:
11452:
8232:
3847:"Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South?"
3027:(in the three villages of Longhai 龙海, Yangpai 养派, and Guangsan 广伞); Mangjiao Village 芒角村, Shangyun Township 上允乡,
12998:
5577:
5108:[Manbi Natural Village, Mansai Village Committee, Menghun Town, Menghai County > Village Situation].
13049:
11810:
11771:
11457:
11375:
10760:
8255:
7687:
7643:
5981:
5446:
5398:
5162:"Mènglián Dǎizú Lāhùzú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn Měngmǎ Zhèn Měnga Xíngzhèng Cūn Lónghǎi Zìráncūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng"
4968:[Village 6, Daxinzhai, Najing Villagers Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County> Village Situation].
12051:
6865:
4803:[Shangnadao Village, Mengkang Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County > Village Situation].
13663:
13581:
13303:
12719:
11944:
11878:
11639:
11565:
11502:
11477:
11272:
10852:
5707:
5471:
Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?
5329:
4836:[Xia Nadao Village, Mengkang Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County > Village Situation].
3971:
969:
3325:
In Burma, there are also various Tai peoples that are often categorized as part of a larger Shan ethnicity (
13561:
13339:
13207:
13177:
12891:
12572:
12120:
11971:
11851:
11825:
11739:
11437:
11406:
11396:
9287:
5968:
5200:[Mangjing, Mangjiao Village, Shangyun Town, Lancang Lahu Autonomous County> Village Situation].
4618:
Poznik, G. David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L.; Willems, Thomas F.; Massaia, Andrea; et al. (2016).
3957:
669:
456:, a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples, currently slightly derogatory. In fact, Keo/ Kæw
5233:[Mangna, Mangjiao Village, Shangyun Town, Lancang Lahu Autonomous County > Village Situation].
4869:[Mandao Village, Mengkang Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County > Village Situation].
3711:
2945:
2914:
2887:
2851:
2814:
2778:
2742:
1001:
13571:
13556:
13291:
12923:
12858:
12353:
12287:
12110:
11888:
11482:
11472:
10701:
4940:
4907:
4775:
3854:
3681:
Tai-Kadai and Austronesian Are Related at Multiple Levels and Their Archaeological Interpretation (Draft)
3421:
2518:
2475:
2309:
1900:
1480:
1036:. The Siamese would found their own kingdom in the thirteenth century and become a major rival of Angkor.
514:
in China do not constitute an autonymic unity. In various areas in Guangxi, they refer to themselves as
13382:
13104:
13003:
12741:
12663:
12464:
12041:
11835:
11805:
11776:
11766:
11666:
11360:
11335:
10750:
6833:
6812:
6458:
5457:
The Prehistory of the Daic (Taikadai) Speaking Peoples and the Hypothesis of an Austronesian Connection
5414:
The Prehistory of the Daic (Taikadai) Speaking Peoples and the Hypothesis of an Austronesian Connection
5238:
5205:
5172:
5113:
5002:
4973:
4874:
4841:
4808:
3169:– 450 people in a few villages of Kham District, Xiangkhoang Province, Laos. Unclassified Tai language.
13140:
2447:
13551:
13387:
13313:
13084:
13074:
12807:
12797:
12734:
12540:
12333:
12267:
12026:
11919:
11798:
11793:
11756:
11746:
11734:
11712:
11497:
11330:
10848:
10220:
6896:
3163:– 2,500 people in Viengthong District, Borikhamxai Province, Laos: near the banks of the Mouan River.
5517:
1117:. Therefore, the Thai culture is a mixture of Tai traditions with Indic, Mon, and Khmer influences.
13614:
13493:
13392:
13079:
12993:
12738:
12692:
12577:
12454:
12004:
11895:
11883:
11575:
11548:
11265:
10489:
10316:
9426:
9349:
8668:
8059:
7572:
6364:
3055:– 55,000 people (as of 1990) in Xinping and Mengyang Counties, Yunnan. It may be similar to Tai Lu.
2424:
396:(jiāo zhǐ 交趾), the name of North Vietnam given by the ancient Chinese, would have emerged from the
298:. Unsurprisingly, there are many terms used to describe the distinct Tai peoples of these regions.
10560:
5685:
Pain, Frédéric (2008), "An Introduction to Thai Ethnonymy: Examples from Shan and Northern Thai",
5501:. Bangkok, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.
5491:
1249:). This frontier region was inhabited by many small Tai chieftainships or states as well as other
13524:
13433:
13099:
12953:
12827:
12764:
12658:
12408:
12201:
11699:
11580:
10983:
10928:
10659:
10328:
9212:
8567:
8087:
7608:
6448:
4620:"Punctuated Bursts in Human Male Demography Inferred from 1,244 Worldwide Y-Chromosome Sequences"
3719:. The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL -14). p. 158.
3437:
2957:
2432:
2416:
2404:
2313:
1429:
1399:
1298:
397:
283:
248:
4739:
1440:
to mainland China. Afterwards, the language was then heavily influenced by local languages from
13461:
13409:
13217:
13109:
12635:
12604:
12599:
12489:
12479:
12433:
12196:
11873:
11570:
11432:
10817:
10629:
10242:
9698:
9545:
9200:
8928:
8638:
8346:
8276:
7668:
7663:
7140:
7098:
7066:
6695:
6669:
6618:
6598:
6336:
5547:
5080:
4048:
3383:
3258:
2685:
2646:
2626:
2420:
1441:
1272:
and the Tai-Yunnan frontier as well as Ming military actions and diplomacy along the frontier.
755:
751:
724:
10285:
6438:
5769:. In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.).
593:
living on both sides of the Sino-Vietnamese border have their ethnonym derived from clan name
13566:
13544:
13529:
13170:
13150:
13028:
12988:
12978:
12459:
12130:
12046:
11966:
11907:
11820:
11592:
11553:
11487:
11420:
11188:
10876:
10517:
10269:
8940:
8317:
7710:
7628:
7270:
6900:
6793:
6760:
6433:
6428:
6400:
6354:
6102:
6004:
5846:
5661:"Kra-dai and Austronesian: notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution"
5469:
5373:"Dialects, diachrony, diglossia or all three? Tomb text glimpses into the language(s) of Chǔ"
5308:
4074:
3733:
1915:
1493:
1433:
1419:
1367:
1357:
1349:
481:
4963:"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Nàjīng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Dàxīnzhài Liù Cūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng"
4798:"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Měngkāng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Shàngnàdǒng Cūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng"
13653:
13597:
13165:
13064:
12943:
12754:
12709:
12673:
12550:
12530:
12343:
12338:
12260:
12147:
11961:
11939:
11929:
11924:
11863:
11634:
11627:
11612:
11602:
11526:
11320:
11315:
10950:
10765:
10215:
10159:
9379:
9354:
8652:
7679:
7638:
6985:
6710:
6495:
6423:
6408:
6073:
5898:
4831:"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Měngkāng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Xià Nàdǒng Cūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng"
4523:
4464:
4405:
4343:
2616:
2483:
2436:
2428:
2371:
2367:
2363:
1449:
1415:
1403:
780:
237:
200:. There are a total of about 93 million people of Tai ancestry worldwide, with the largest
3179:
988:, which located the Shan kingdom "at the end of the boundaries of what is now Baoshan and
8:
13447:
13286:
13229:
13182:
13114:
12968:
12630:
12555:
12227:
12220:
12189:
12184:
11991:
11815:
11687:
11543:
11492:
11447:
11300:
11292:
11246:
11038:
11028:
9530:
9321:
7993:
7658:
7648:
7633:
7613:
7215:
6840:
6418:
6413:
6359:
6251:
5644:
3942:
2963:
2459:
2412:
1198:
747:
731:
13018:
6653:
6613:
5902:
4996:"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Nàjīng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Pàliàn Qī Cūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng"
4527:
4468:
4409:
4347:
2791:
2712:
2651:
2553:
1394:
moved south into Southeast Asia only around 1000 AD. Chinese epigraphic materials from
13059:
13013:
12973:
12817:
12418:
12162:
12021:
11956:
11934:
11729:
11649:
11462:
11210:
10936:
10895:
10755:
10745:
10684:
10585:
10459:
10352:
9250:
9220:
9136:
8714:
8646:
7924:
6826:
6819:
6705:
6700:
6648:
6608:
6603:
6505:
5921:
5886:
5812:
5753:
5694:
5626:
5601:
5195:"Láncāng Lāhù Zú Zìzhìxiàn Shàngyǔn Zhèn Mángjiǎo Cūn Mángjīng > Cūn qíng gàikuàng"
4864:"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Měngkāng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Màndào Cūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng"
4698:
4644:
4619:
4595:
4570:
4546:
4511:
4487:
4452:
4428:
4393:
4366:
4331:
4149:
4141:
3231:
3153:
2988:
2673:
2563:
1110:
1098:
922:
735:
168:
13192:
3970:
Abstract. By integrating linguistic information and physical geographic features in a
3943:"GIS Mapping and Analysis of Tai Linguistic and Settlement Patterns in Southern China"
2752:
2707:
2658:
2358:
1398:
texts show clear substrate influence predominantly from Tai-Kadai, and a few items of
1028:
495:, and two of the three other members of the Lao-Phutai subfamily of Southwestern Tai:
13271:
13008:
12948:
12714:
12678:
12594:
12535:
12442:
12393:
12383:
12236:
12115:
12105:
12093:
12088:
11981:
11868:
11656:
11345:
11340:
10992:
10792:
10679:
10637:
10580:
10404:
10363:
9668:
9282:
9243:
9225:
8450:
8285:
7812:
7415:
7107:
6995:
6555:
6520:
6490:
6485:
6121:
5926:
5852:
5832:
5824:
5774:
5757:
5671:
5631:
5586:
5564:
5502:
5440:
5357:
5314:
5228:"Láncāng Lāhù Zú Zìzhìxiàn Shàngyǔn Zhèn Mángjiǎo Cūn Mángnà > Cūn qíng gàikuàng"
4690:
4649:
4600:
4551:
4492:
4433:
4371:
4153:
4027:
3292:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
1452:
1206:
1202:
1158:
1139:
985:
937:
716:
700:
606:
504:
370:
172:
10575:
7767:
5816:
5103:"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měnghùn Zhèn Mànsài Cūn Wěihuì Mànbì Zìráncūn > Cūn qíng gàikuàng"
4702:
3328:
2641:
13440:
13249:
13212:
13202:
13187:
13160:
13145:
12983:
12759:
12729:
12513:
12494:
12303:
12179:
12167:
12135:
11717:
11350:
11215:
10903:
10590:
10570:
10332:
10109:
9833:
9808:
9658:
9479:
9300:
9277:
9230:
9147:
9058:
8825:
8815:
8759:
8748:
8433:
8397:
8305:
7989:
7876:
7801:
7788:
7755:
7553:
7410:
7356:
7010:
6917:
6770:
6734:
6633:
6623:
6576:
6571:
6390:
6326:
6266:
6236:
6226:
6157:
6142:
6068:
5916:
5906:
5874:
5804:
5745:
5718:
5621:
5613:
4680:
4639:
4631:
4590:
4582:
4541:
4531:
4482:
4472:
4451:
He, J-D.; Peng, M-S.; Quang, H. H.; Dang, K. P.; Trieu, A. V.; et al. (2012).
4423:
4413:
4361:
4351:
4133:
3205:
2824:
2636:
2573:
2568:
2387:(including its O-M88 subclade, which also has been found with high frequency among
1353:
1161:
was founded in 1279 (in modern Thailand) and expanded eastward to take the city of
1154:
993:
863:
795:
Proposed genesis of Daic languages and their relation with Austronesian languages (
772:
267:
180:
107:
103:
6638:
5771:
Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
4453:"Patrilineal Perspective on the Austronesian Diffusion in Mainland Southeast Asia"
2663:
837:
13631:
13483:
13426:
13344:
13119:
13094:
12851:
12779:
12668:
12653:
12618:
12373:
12295:
12241:
12157:
12061:
11622:
11617:
11597:
11180:
11139:
11126:
11108:
11084:
10973:
10550:
10469:
10341:
10274:
10259:
10247:
10232:
10010:
9853:
9599:
9337:
9311:
9272:
9187:
9154:
9141:
8892:
8810:
8463:
8402:
8300:
8146:
8042:
7806:
7506:
7338:
7316:
7302:
7289:
6775:
6565:
6533:
6500:
6480:
6379:
6349:
6344:
6311:
6298:
6284:
6276:
6261:
6256:
6231:
6221:
6211:
6193:
6185:
6137:
6055:
6045:
6035:
5911:
5668:
The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
5262:
Rural and Ethnic Diversities in Laos with Special Focus on the Northern Provinces
4477:
4418:
4356:
4002:
Charles F. Keyes (1997), "Cultural Diversity and National Identity in Thailand",
3833:
The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
3126:
3032:
3024:
2578:
2548:
2336:
2332:
992:
Prefectures" and stated that Shan ambassadors came to the Han court from "beyond
965:
914:
764:
465:
295:
271:
111:
9823:
6443:
5039:
4394:"An Updated Phylogeny of the Human Y-Chromosome Lineage O2a-M95 with Novel SNPs"
1090:, whose progeny go on to find the Tai dynasties that ruled over the various Tai
13607:
13602:
13478:
12802:
12724:
12648:
12378:
12172:
12125:
11999:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11058:
11012:
10918:
10796:
10652:
10565:
10540:
10507:
10474:
10409:
10358:
10264:
10252:
10237:
10154:
10149:
10114:
10094:
10084:
10064:
9988:
9903:
9793:
9748:
9663:
9550:
9540:
9494:
9436:
9359:
9342:
9168:
9113:
8972:
8967:
8910:
8850:
8795:
8613:
8607:
8597:
8508:
8487:
8336:
8331:
7858:
7778:
7761:
7735:
7590:
7533:
7486:
7461:
7351:
7257:
7243:
7163:
7030:
7015:
6980:
6895:
6856:
6803:
6750:
6725:
6690:
6643:
6515:
6510:
6246:
6216:
6203:
6126:
6110:
6083:
6078:
6063:
6025:
5617:
4669:"Genetic and Linguistic Correlation of the Kra-Dai-Speaking Groups in Thailand"
3028:
3002:
2994:
2631:
2348:
2344:
2328:
2324:
1920:
1498:
1445:
1425:
1230:
1075:
768:
759:
579:
436:
415:
287:
217:
55:
10647:
10545:
10530:
9126:
9007:
5873:(Report). Working Paper Series No. 28. Asia Research Institute. Archived from
5749:
5723:
5354:
Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscritpions from Ancient China
4586:
2411:. It is believed that the O-M119 Y-DNA haplogroup is associated with both the
730:
Comparative linguistic research seems to indicate that the Tai peoples were a
720:
625:
590:
13647:
13488:
13281:
13224:
12867:
12832:
12822:
12787:
12769:
12704:
12078:
12056:
11951:
11053:
11043:
10729:
10664:
10612:
10525:
10449:
10444:
10434:
10379:
10194:
10169:
10069:
9908:
9898:
9788:
9514:
9484:
9454:
9445:
9095:
9081:
9047:
9019:
9001:
8955:
8949:
8887:
8875:
8765:
8538:
8531:
8525:
8502:
8385:
8366:
8355:
8156:
8125:
8027:
7968:
7943:
7722:
7558:
7548:
7496:
7438:
7181:
7154:
7025:
6685:
6628:
6592:
6560:
6526:
6475:
6374:
6321:
6175:
6167:
6132:
6030:
6020:
6012:
3145:
3036:
3006:
2758:
2717:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2558:
2522:
2510:
1930:
1925:
1910:
1508:
1503:
1488:
1391:
1345:
1254:
1250:
1186:
1182:
1079:
1041:
961:
921:. The third and major migration direction crossed the valleys of the Red and
918:
811:
Kra-Dai (Tai-Kadai) migration route according to James R. Chamberlain (2016).
692:
680:
633:
583:
575:
511:
500:
496:
469:
385:
366:
302:
263:
259:
233:
197:
155:
142:
138:
115:
91:
5499:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Tai Studies, July 29–31, 1998
460:
was an exonym used to refer to Tai speaking peoples, as in the epic poem of
13264:
12914:
12812:
12749:
12031:
11220:
11079:
10963:
10913:
10908:
10886:
10866:
10724:
10714:
10689:
10602:
10597:
10502:
10464:
10429:
10414:
10346:
10320:
10059:
10015:
9923:
9873:
9778:
9693:
9580:
9509:
9395:
9316:
9292:
9256:
9235:
9161:
9131:
9121:
9088:
9073:
9013:
8987:
8902:
8723:
8688:
8676:
8576:
8552:
8545:
8496:
8476:
8458:
8420:
8130:
8067:
8032:
8006:
7914:
7904:
7866:
7740:
7580:
7543:
7538:
7525:
7511:
7456:
7429:
7265:
7228:
7223:
7125:
7000:
6990:
6550:
6385:
6241:
6152:
6147:
6115:
6088:
5930:
5885:
Wei, Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Teo, Yik-Ying; Huang, Yun-Zhi; et al. (2017).
5635:
4694:
4653:
4604:
4569:
Macholdt, Enrico; Arias, Leonardo; Nguyen, Thuy Duong; et al. (2020).
4555:
4496:
4437:
4375:
3928:
3274:
2668:
2467:
2455:
2340:
2320:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1218:
1063:
1049:
953:
949:
941:
796:
688:
610:
381:
362:
201:
13323:
5284:"Vietic Speakers and their Remnants in Khamkeut District (Old Khammouane)"
4392:
Zhang, X.; Kampuansai, J.; Qi, X.; Yan, S.; Yang, Z.; et al. (2014).
1362:
305:, the ethnonyms Tai/Thai (or Tay/Thay) would have evolved from the etymon
13519:
13054:
12872:
12792:
12562:
12348:
12140:
12066:
12014:
11900:
11230:
11225:
11134:
11074:
10968:
10719:
10674:
10669:
10607:
10454:
10439:
10424:
10419:
10399:
10384:
10184:
10089:
10074:
10054:
10040:
9962:
9952:
9868:
9813:
9639:
9504:
9499:
9102:
9041:
9029:
9024:
8994:
8865:
8730:
8682:
8602:
8592:
8587:
8469:
8408:
8391:
8379:
8372:
8361:
8311:
8224:
8215:
8115:
8100:
8095:
8037:
8017:
8011:
7937:
7932:
7889:
7750:
7653:
7471:
7466:
7446:
7346:
7233:
7191:
7186:
7171:
7120:
7115:
7079:
7074:
7052:
7045:
7040:
6925:
6908:
6306:
6294:
6040:
5808:
5732:
Sagart, Laurent; Hsu, Tze-Fu; Tsai, Yuan-Ching; Hsing, Yue-Ie C. (2017).
4218:
4205:
4124:
Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1948). "Siamese Attacks On Angkor Before 1430".
3941:
Luo, Wei; Hartmann, John; Li, Jinfang; Sysamouth, Vinya (December 2000).
3924:
3341:
3265:
3193:
2610:
2583:
2543:
2471:
2443:
1395:
1371:
1308:
1285:
1261:
1226:
1067:
1053:
1004:. Luo et al. (2000) proposed that Proto-Tais originated most likely from
973:
893:
832:
776:
743:
696:
684:
665:
614:
598:
440:
419:
255:
244:
229:
213:
209:
184:
95:
20:
5951:
5698:
5435:. Presented at the 12th EURASEAA meeting Leiden, 1–5th September, 2008 .
4685:
4668:
487:
The name "Lao" is used almost exclusively by the majority population of
13498:
13354:
12388:
12368:
12313:
12308:
11116:
10871:
10642:
10618:
10555:
10535:
10497:
10479:
10394:
10389:
10144:
10025:
9978:
9942:
9913:
9678:
9614:
9304:
9035:
8980:
8961:
8916:
8835:
8820:
8737:
8703:
8696:
8620:
8325:
8294:
8187:
8077:
8001:
7894:
7884:
7730:
7585:
7501:
7481:
7324:
7297:
7201:
7196:
7176:
7135:
7084:
7020:
6935:
6765:
6369:
5555:
5552:
42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics
4666:
4145:
3370:
3346:
3309:. They were originally from the villages of Fane, Ka’an and Vong Khong.
3261:
dialects, and may be related to the Sukkothai dialect further up north.
3102:
3040:
3020:
2998:
2621:
2392:
1375:
1292:
1265:
1205:
were established and "...conquered the Khmers of the upper and central
1197:(Luang Prabang) were independent city-states until the founding of the
1134:
1126:
1071:
1070:
for the wet-rice cultivation methods of the Tai people. Tai legends of
1045:
957:
661:
645:
629:
492:
477:
377:
225:
205:
134:
119:
82:
12883:
4536:
617:
revolted against Annamese rule, and then marched eastwards to besiege
13539:
12152:
12073:
12035:
11704:
10139:
9673:
8627:
8439:
8427:
7714:
7491:
7476:
7005:
6975:
6960:
6945:
4571:"The Paternal and Maternal Genetic History of Vietnamese Populations"
3815:
3813:
3270:
3115:
3097:
3067:
1170:
1102:
901:
872:
618:
291:
125:
11257:
5973:
5790:"The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai–Kadai"
5733:
5492:"The Origin of the Sek: Implications for Tai and Vietnamese History"
5283:
4635:
4137:
3679:
12474:
12328:
12323:
12009:
11288:
10225:
8830:
8770:
8743:
8195:
8179:
7618:
6965:
6955:
5766:
5666:, in Sagart, Laurent; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger (eds.),
5385:
5372:
5349:
4770:[Mengkang Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County].
3278:
3236:
2838:
2479:
2463:
1238:
1225:, attempts were made to subjugate, control, tax, and settle ethnic
1143:
1106:
977:
859:
602:
176:
73:
5565:"A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in the Traditional Zhuang Script"
3810:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
1040:
The Tai migrants assimilated and intermarried with the indigenous
1032:
Bas-relief of the Siamese mercenaries in Angkor Wat, described as
12640:
10134:
9893:
9180:
8882:
8870:
8860:
8840:
8800:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8022:
6950:
5400:
Suppose we are wrong about the Austronesian settlement of Taiwan?
4935:[Najing Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County].
4902:[Hejian Village Committee, Meng'a Town, Menghai County].
4330:
Cai, X.; Qin, Z.; Wen, B.; Xu, S.; Wang, Y.; et al. (2011).
4075:"HISTORY OF LAOS (includlng the hlstory of Lonnathai, Chiangmai)"
3075:
2451:
1387:
1383:
1332:
1316:
1269:
1246:
1150:(in what is now north-central Thailand), resisted Khmer control.
1147:
1130:
1122:
1017:
1009:
1005:
933:
910:
897:
885:
855:
719:, and later became the Central-Southwestern Tai, followed by the
712:
708:
704:
393:
389:
77:
64:
60:
12252:
10847:
6930:
5868:
Ming China and Southeast Asia in the 15th Century: A Reappraisal
4004:
Government policies and ethnic relations in Asia and the Pacific
3023:, Myanmar. In China, they are in Meng'aba 勐阿坝, Mengma Town 勐马镇,
1382:
Tai languages spoken today use incredibly diverse scripts, from
845:
329:
shift in tense sesquisyllables and probable diphthongization of
12469:
11089:
10315:
9999:
9858:
9489:
9174:
9067:
8845:
8805:
8775:
8753:
8658:
7623:
7402:
7388:
7383:
7370:
6970:
6940:
5963:
3779:
3089:
3059:
3016:
2874:
2797:
2702:
2506:
2499:
1437:
1304:
1083:
1058:
1013:
945:
889:
880:
739:
657:
550:
38:
4510:
Zhang, Xiaoming; Liao, Shiyu; Qi, Xuebin; et al. (2015).
3831:
Blench, Roger; Sagart, Laurent; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (2015).
1370:
in the 5th century BC, showing the locations of the states of
1275:
13404:
10958:
10709:
9194:
8922:
8897:
8855:
8582:
8414:
7378:
5029:"Lǎo pǐn rén, bājiǎ rén mínzú guīshǔ wèntí chén'āi luò dìng"
3991:. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Publishers. pp. 155–160.
2993:– 1,106 people in Mengkang Village 勐康村, Meng'a Township 勐阿镇,
2864:
2801:
2691:
1234:
1222:
997:
906:
130:
87:
7709:
5356:. The Chinese University Press of Hong Kong. pp. 9–32.
4296:
3750:
3622:
3620:
13318:
12283:
4313:
4311:
3574:
3282:
2834:
2362:
Distribution of languages in ancient East Asia proposed by
1242:
1157:
was founded in 1259 (in the north of modern Thailand). The
936:
Institute Southeast Asian Studies claimed that, during the
488:
392:(China) to North Vietnam, and Sino-Vietnamese 'Jiao' as in
69:
5946:
Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: An Open Access Resource
5518:"Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam"
1189:, and internal disputes within the kingdom of Lanna, both
4284:
4260:
3798:
3617:
2983:
Listed below are lesser-known Tai peoples and languages.
823:
Tai-Kadai migration route according to Matthias Gerner's
4308:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3382:
The Dianyue are alternatively proposed to have spoken a
1181:
or "City of Flame Trees beside the River Dong," (modern
930:
the classical Indianized civilizations of Southeast Asia
361:(in the other Southwestern and Central Tai languages by
282:
Speakers of the many languages in the Tai branch of the
5141:
Zhōngnán mínzú xuéyuàn xuébào (zhéxué shèhuì kēxué bǎn)
3659:
3637:
3635:
925:, heading west through the hills into Burma and Assam.
4617:
3940:
3105:(Vientiane) in Laos. Their language is similar to Lao.
1023:
833:
Early history in China and migration to Southeast Asia
341:(presyllabic truncation and probable diphthongization
196:
are the populations who speak (or formerly spoke) the
19:
Not to be confused with the ethnic group in Thailand,
5957:
Southeast Asian Polities Mentioned in the Ming Shi-lu
5952:
Map of Mainland Polities Mentioned in the Ming Shi-lu
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
4765:"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Měngkāng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì"
4714:
4712:
4272:
4024:
Thailand Condensed: 2000 Years of History and Culture
3762:
3647:
3591:
3589:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3523:
3521:
5535:
Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko
4391:
4248:
4236:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3632:
3550:
1293:
Initial Ming attempts to win Yunnan over (1369–1380)
1229:
along the lightly populated frontier of Yunnan with
5831:, Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press,
4930:"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Nàjīng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì"
4897:"Měnghǎi Xiàn Měngā Zhèn Hèjiàn Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì"
4568:
4172:
2532:
1448:, or other families, borrowing much vocabulary and
1074:, shared among various Southwestern Tai peoples of
683:, coinciding roughly with the establishment of the
464:, and was only later applied to the Vietnamese. In
5731:
5268:
4709:
3738:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3586:
3562:
3533:
3518:
3043:(in small populations scattered along the border).
3031:(in the 2 villages of Mangjing 芒京 and Mangna 芒那);
2978:
913:. The second groups might have passed through the
750:, where their language greatly changed from other
5569:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
5306:
4224:
4010:
3819:
3792:
3729:
2407:), and moderate to low frequencies of haplogroup
1459:, a branch of Austronesian belonging to subgroup
1097:The Tais from the north gradually settled in the
13645:
7106:
5734:"Austronesian and Chinese words for the millets"
4759:
4757:
4001:
1177:which was taken in 1271 and renamed the city to
1101:from the tenth century onwards, in lands of the
980:, in particular, to a 2nd-century Shan kingdom (
16:Descendants of speakers of a common Tai language
6916:
5767:"The Expansion of Setaria Farmers in East Asia"
4450:
3934:
3601:
1331:mission was sent to Burma in 1374, but because
1062:under Khmer suzerainty on the outskirts of the
5884:
5386:"Some Chŭ 楚 words in early Chinese literature"
5135:Gao, Lishi 高立士 (1999). "Dǎizú zhī xì tàn wēi"
4046:
1892:Evidence for Tai-Kadai and Austronesian links
1472:Evidence for Tai-Kadai and Austronesian links
1209:valley and greatly extended their territory."
917:, crossing the Vietnamese cordillera into the
452:would have also yielded the ethnonym Keo/ Kæw
13576:
13504:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
12899:
12268:
11273:
10833:
10301:
9411:
8240:
7695:
6881:
5989:
5602:"Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan"
4754:
3039:(in Mengding 勐定 and Mengsheng 勐省 townships);
1366:Map of the Chinese plain at the start of the
1201:in 1354. The Sukhothai Kingdom and later the
1066:, building the irrigation infrastructure and
948:). Tai peoples migrated far and wide: by the
783:and the Tai-Kadai peoples of Southern China.
715:and then westward into northeastern Laos and
644:. However, this term was also applied to the
9425:
7437:
5579:A Short History of Laos: The Land in Between
5463:. EURASEAA, Leiden, 1st–5th September, 2008.
5377:TTW-3, Zürich, 26.-29.VI.2009, "Genius Loci"
5281:
4387:
4385:
3035:(in Mengjiao 勐角 and Mengdong 勐董 townships);
2383:Tai people tend to have high frequencies of
940:, ancestors of the Tai people were known as
5705:
5515:
5489:
4509:
4329:
3756:
3697:
3671:
3612:
3580:
1424:In a paper published in 2004, the linguist
1276:First Ming communication with Yunnan (1369)
1212:
1113:of the Mon and the Hindu-Khmer culture and
636:living along the Sino-Vietnamese border is
309:'human being' through the following chain:
12906:
12892:
12275:
12261:
11280:
11266:
10840:
10826:
10308:
10294:
9418:
9404:
8254:
8247:
8233:
7702:
7688:
6888:
6874:
5996:
5982:
5548:"Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia"
5307:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
4132:(1). Association for Asian Studies: 3–33.
4026:. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions.
2692:Southwestern Tai groups and names in China
2427:languages some 30,000 years ago in China (
871:(獠) rose in revolt behind Liang Ta-hai in
5920:
5910:
5722:
5658:
5642:
5625:
5600:Ko, Albert Min-Shan; et al. (2014).
5350:"The language of the bronze inscriptions"
5065:试论民族识别与归属中的认同问题-以云南克木人、莽人、老品人、八甲人民族归属工作为例
5054:
4684:
4643:
4594:
4545:
4535:
4486:
4476:
4427:
4417:
4382:
4365:
4355:
4317:
4302:
4290:
3986:
1409:
6897:Ethnic and linguistic groups in Thailand
5687:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4040:
2794:, Northern Tai, Upper Tai, Chinese Shan
2357:
1361:
1125:, the lower central plain and the upper
1027:
972:. Du & Chen linked the ancestors of
844:
836:
691:. Following the southward migrations of
613:in the next year. In 1048, Quanfu's son
12913:
5823:
5532:
5022:
5020:
4178:
4072:
3773:
3451:
624:Another name that's shared between the
13646:
13455:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
5844:
5787:
5764:
5606:The American Journal of Human Genetics
5545:
5467:
5453:
5411:——— (12 July 2009),
5410:
5396:
5259:
4278:
4266:
4123:
4066:
4021:
3844:
3804:
3709:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3626:
3568:
3556:
3527:
2493:
892:, her chiefly husband, and their son,
243:The Tai are scattered through much of
12887:
12256:
11287:
11261:
10821:
10289:
9399:
8228:
7683:
7162:
6869:
6003:
5977:
5670:, RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 107–131,
5575:
5327:
5060:
5027:Liu, Bingjin 刘炳金 (15 December 2011).
3744:
3508:
3467:
3414:
3398:
3239:. They are a subgroup of the Tai Dam.
2604:
2517:), a group of villages governed by a
270:, Tai Aiton) are inhabiting parts of
6054:
5865:
5684:
5562:
5383:
5370:
5347:
5017:
4718:
4254:
4242:
4230:
4166:
3595:
3544:
3389:
1323:who ruled over the area surrounding
956:periods, they were present from the
49:Regions with significant populations
23:, which is one member of this group.
9375:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
5717:. Special Issue No. 20 (3): 47–68.
5352:. In Shaughnessy, Edward L. (ed.).
5164:孟连傣族拉祜族佤族自治县勐马镇勐啊行政村龙海自然村 > 村情概况
5134:
5026:
3359:
1024:Early city-states in Southeast Asia
380:(lǎo 獠) together with the ethnonym
13:
5851:, University of California Press,
5599:
4575:European Journal of Human Genetics
3499:
3201:. Similar to Lao of Luang Prabang.
2537:
1264:records the relations between the
286:are spread over many countries in
14:
13675:
12282:
5939:
2679:
825:Northeast to Southwest Hypothesis
605:, however was quickly annexed by
12432:
10802:
10801:
10791:
9380:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
8209:
5962:
5706:Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014).
5497:. In Burusphat, Somsonge (ed.).
4194:. Vol. 7. pp. 143–144.
3845:Du, Yuting; Chen, Lufan (1989).
2533:List of Southwestern Tai peoples
1138:distinctiveness, although their
932:. Du Yuting and Chen Lufan from
879:declared himself the Emperor of
816:
804:
788:
763:Blench (2008) demonstrates that
376:The ethnonym and autonym of the
37:
13090:Japanese missions to Ming China
12099:Traditional musical instruments
5773:. Routledge. pp. 133–157.
5282:Chamberlain, James R. (2016b).
5253:
5220:
5187:
5154:
5128:
5095:
4988:
4955:
4922:
4889:
4856:
4823:
4790:
4724:
4660:
4611:
4562:
4503:
4444:
4323:
4211:
4198:
4184:
4117:
4092:
3995:
3980:
3950:Geographic Information Sciences
3917:
3904:
3891:
3876:
3867:
3838:
3825:
3730:Baker & Phongpaichit (2017)
3723:
3703:
3691:
3395:Formosan ancestor of Tai-Kadai.
3376:
2979:Other Tai peoples and languages
2697:
1173:) and northward to the city of
12964:Campaign against the Uriankhai
5788:——— (2004),
5715:MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities
5659:——— (2005),
5516:Chamberlain, James R. (2016).
5490:Chamberlain, James R. (2000).
5468:——— (2004).
5454:——— (2008).
5384:——— (2006).
5371:——— (2009).
5313:. Cambridge University Press.
1086:, concerns the first ruler of
353:(Proto-Southwestern Tai) >
1:
13024:Campaigns against the Mongols
3820:Baker & Phongpaichit 2017
3793:Baker & Phongpaichit 2017
3487:
357:(in Siamese and Lao) or >
13562:Covered jar with carp design
13178:Transition from Ming to Qing
5912:10.1371/journal.pone.0175080
5738:Language Dynamics and Change
5237:(in Chinese). Archived from
5204:(in Chinese). Archived from
5171:(in Chinese). Archived from
5112:(in Chinese). Archived from
5038:(in Chinese). Archived from
4972:(in Chinese). Archived from
4965:勐海县勐阿镇纳京村民委员会大新寨六村 > 村情概况
4939:(in Chinese). Archived from
4906:(in Chinese). Archived from
4873:(in Chinese). Archived from
4840:(in Chinese). Archived from
4807:(in Chinese). Archived from
4774:(in Chinese). Archived from
4478:10.1371/journal.pone.0036437
4419:10.1371/journal.pone.0101020
4357:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282
4080:. Refugee Educators' Network
4054:. Refugee Educators' Network
3989:A History of South East Asia
3958:Northern Illinois University
3492:
3440:, with semantic shift from "
2971:* lit. "Lao black trousers"
2439:in Mainland Southeast Asia (
1339:
601:established a Nung state in
553:use the following autonyms:
7:
13557:Ming presentation porcelain
13156:Japanese invasions of Korea
11977:Water supply and sanitation
10787:– Not officially recognized
5522:Journal of the Siam Society
5337:Journal of the Siam Society
4998:勐海县勐阿镇纳京村民委员会怕练七村 > 村情概况
4833:勐海县勐阿镇勐康村民委员会下纳懂村 > 村情概况
4800:勐海县勐阿镇勐康村民委员会上纳懂村 > 村情概况
3873:Du & Chen (1989), p. 38
3855:Journal of the Siam Society
3335:
2924:Tai Ya, Tai Cung, Cung, Ya
2701:
2698:
2403:subclade, like speakers of
2378:
1436:that migrants carried from
337:). This in turn changed to
10:
13680:
13419:Compilations and Documents
13050:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
11831:Controlled-access highways
10373:Austroasiatic (non-Vietic)
5618:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003
5445:: CS1 maint: postscript (
5294:
5230:澜沧拉祜族自治县上允镇芒角村芒那 > 村情概况
5197:澜沧拉祜族自治县上允镇芒角村芒京 > 村情概况
5105:勐海县勐混镇曼赛村委会曼毕自然村 > 村情概况
5079:(4): 45–49. Archived from
4866:勐海县勐阿镇勐康村民委员会曼倒村 > 村情概况
4192:Cambridge History of China
3914:txt: "十二月，日南徼外葉調國、撣國遣使貢獻。"
3684:– via Academia.edu.
2716:
2711:
2706:
2497:
1432:language originated as an
1413:
1343:
1296:
884:sided with attackers from
655:
651:
238:some Northern Thai peoples
43:Distribution of Tai people
18:
13623:
13590:
13552:Chinese lacquerware table
13512:
13471:
13418:
13375:
13332:
13314:Embroidered Uniform Guard
13242:
13128:
13075:Prince of Anhua rebellion
13037:
12931:
12922:
12845:
12778:
12700:
12691:
12626:
12617:
12521:
12512:
12450:
12441:
12430:
12294:
12214:
11990:
11913:Universities and colleges
11859:
11850:
11695:
11686:
11534:
11525:
11428:
11419:
11384:
11308:
11299:
11239:
11201:
11179:
11163:
11125:
11107:
11067:
11021:
11000:
10991:
10982:
10949:
10927:
10894:
10885:
10859:
10849:Ethnic groups in Cambodia
10779:
10738:
10700:
10628:
10516:
10488:
10372:
10327:
10208:
10039:
9987:
9971:
9922:
9638:
9579:
9523:
9444:
9433:
9370:
9330:
9265:
9211:
9112:
9057:
8939:
8713:
8667:
8637:
8566:
8518:
8486:
8449:
8345:
8284:
8275:
8262:
8206:
8171:
8139:
8086:
8058:
7988:
7923:
7875:
7857:
7787:
7721:
7601:
7571:
7524:
7428:
7401:
7369:
7337:
7315:
7288:
7256:
7214:
7153:
7097:
7065:
6907:
6850:
6802:
6784:
6747:
6723:
6678:
6662:
6585:
6543:
6468:
6457:
6399:
6335:
6320:
6293:
6275:
6202:
6184:
6166:
6101:
6011:
5866:Wade, Geoff (July 2004).
5845:Taylor, Keith W. (1991),
5750:10.1163/22105832-00702002
5724:10.1163/26659077-01703004
5643:Ostapirat, Weera (2013).
5286:– via Academia.edu.
5061:Zhang, Yanju 张艳菊 (2013).
4673:Journal of Human Genetics
4587:10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4
4126:The Far Eastern Quarterly
3710:Gerner, Matthias (2014).
3019:Province, China. Also in
2969:
2526:
2514:
687:and the beginning of the
674:
284:Tai–Kadai language family
166:
161:
154:
149:
53:
48:
36:
13659:Ethnic groups in Vietnam
13615:Great Ming Treasure Note
13494:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
13277:Administrative divisions
13080:Prince of Ning rebellion
12526:Administrative divisions
11645:House of Representatives
11539:Administrative divisions
10317:Ethnic groups in Vietnam
9427:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
9350:Local ethnic nationalism
8269:recognized ethnic groups
5765:Sagart, Laurent (2008).
5260:Chazee, Laurent (1998).
5229:
5196:
5163:
5143:
5136:
5104:
5072:
5064:
5030:
4997:
4964:
4931:
4898:
4865:
4832:
4799:
4766:
4006:, MIT Press, p. 203
3352:
3015:– over 10,000 people in
1213:Ming dynasty Tai history
896:, raised a revolt, took
670:Kra–Dai-speaking peoples
640:, which literally means
277:
13434:The Hundred-word Eulogy
13100:Great Rites Controversy
12954:Ming conquest of Yunnan
9546:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)
5546:Ferlus, Michel (2009),
5348:Behr, Wolfgang (2017).
2405:Tibeto-Burman languages
2366:(2013), which includes
2316:, PTK = proto-Tai-Kadai
2314:proto-Malayo-Polynesian
1311:ruled Yunnan under the
1299:Ming conquest of Yunnan
1109:were engulfed into the
1002:Mongol invasion of Dali
781:Taiwanese Austronesians
779:are shared between the
754:under the influence of
249:Mainland Southeast Asia
13472:Palaces and Mausoleums
13462:Ming Veritable Records
13110:Luso-Chinese agreement
11784:Science and technology
11752:Special economic zones
10630:Sino-Tibetan languages
9385:Historic ethnic groups
8256:Ethnic groups in China
5825:Schafer, Edward Hetzel
5645:"Austro-Tai revisited"
5397:Blench, Roger (2014),
5310:A History of Ayutthaya
4022:London, Ellen (2008).
3987:Cotterell, A. (2014).
3901:txt: "十二月，永昌徼外撣國遣使貢獻。"
3888:"九年春正月，永昌徼外蠻夷及撣國重譯奉貢。"
3678:Blench, Roger (2018).
3384:Tibeto-Burman language
3329:Shan people#Tai groups
2627:Tai peoples of Vietnam
2385:Y-DNA haplogroup O-M95
2375:
1428:hypothesized that the
1410:External relationships
1379:
1290:
1195:Xieng Dong Xieng Thong
1179:Xieng Dong Xieng Thong
1142:partially gave way to
1037:
854:The Tai peoples, from
851:
842:
752:Austronesian languages
445:
424:
13567:Yongning Temple Stele
13304:Imperial Commissioner
13029:Reign of Ren and Xuan
12989:Ming treasure voyages
12979:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
12364:Japanese puppet state
12141:Mythological creature
11672:Deputy Prime Minister
11588:Intelligence agencies
10209:Unrecognised / Others
7711:Ethnic groups in Laos
5971:at Wikimedia Commons
5585:, Allen & Unwin,
5576:Evans, Grant (2002),
5328:Baker, Chris (2002),
5036:12 Bǎnnà shāngwù wǎng
4105:. Stanford University
3436:is reconstructed for
2821:ไทดำ, ลาวโซ่ง, ผู้ไท
2498:Further information:
2361:
1434:Austronesian language
1420:Austronesian language
1368:Warring States period
1365:
1282:
1191:Vieng Chan Vieng Kham
1167:Vieng Chan Vieng Kham
1042:Austroasiatic peoples
1031:
984:撣國) mentioned in the
848:
840:
427:
406:
13664:Prehistoric Thailand
13166:Sino-Dutch conflicts
13065:Rebellion of Cao Qin
12994:Ming–Turpan conflict
12944:Red Turban Rebellion
12500:World Heritage Sites
11799:Traditional medicine
11513:World Heritage Sites
11468:Environmental issues
5848:The Birth of Vietnam
5809:10.1353/ol.2005.0012
5563:Holm, David (2014),
5116:on 14 September 2017
5083:on 14 September 2017
5070:Guǎngxī mínzú yánjiū
4047:Maha Sila Viravond.
2437:Austronesian peoples
2429:Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)
2331:, Tm = ?, By =
1416:Austro-Tai languages
1315:from the capital in
499:(occasionally), the
484:) of North Vietnam.
476:is used to name the
13513:Society and Culture
13448:Yongle Encyclopedia
13287:Imperial Clan Court
13230:Kingdom of Tungning
13183:Jurchen unification
13115:Jiajing wokou raids
13004:Battle of Palembang
12969:Battle of Buir Lake
12399:Vietnamese invasion
12354:French protectorate
5903:2017PLoSO..1275080W
5797:Oceanic Linguistics
5241:on 30 November 2016
5208:on 30 November 2016
5175:on 30 November 2016
5042:on 30 November 2016
5005:on 30 November 2016
4976:on 30 November 2016
4943:on 30 November 2016
4910:on 30 November 2016
4877:on 30 November 2016
4844:on 30 November 2016
4811:on 30 November 2016
4778:on 30 November 2016
4686:10.1038/jhg.2015.32
4528:2015NatSR...515486Z
4469:2012PLoSO...736437H
4410:2014PLoSO...9j1020Z
4348:2011PLoSO...624282C
4305:, pp. 110–122.
4269:, pp. 146–152.
3927:'s conquest of the
3835:. Routledge. p. 192
3807:, pp. 239–249.
3629:, pp. 411–440.
2738:(Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎi)
2494:Social organization
2460:Ratanakiri Province
2448:Bình Thuận Province
2435:peoples as well as
2413:Austronesian people
1893:
1473:
1199:kingdom of Lan Xang
938:Western Han dynasty
723:, which became the
707:, which moved into
100:Tai Meitei (Kassay)
33:
13362:Military conquests
13208:Peasant rebellions
13085:Capture of Malacca
13060:Defense of Beijing
12974:Lin Kuan rebellion
12664:Telecommunications
12414:History since 1945
12409:History until 1945
11811:Telecommunications
11463:Floods in Thailand
11361:Siamese Revolution
9595:Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)
6786:proposed groupings
5829:The Vermilion Bird
5144:中南民族学院学报 (哲学社会科学版)
4516:Scientific Reports
4206:MSL 8 October 1371
3698:Chamberlain (2016)
3613:Chamberlain (2016)
3269:– 5,000 people in
3161:Tai Kuan (Khouane)
2605:Chiang Saen branch
2376:
2310:proto-Austronesian
1891:
1471:
1384:Chinese characters
1380:
1165:and renamed it to
1111:Theravada Buddhism
1099:Chao Phraya valley
1038:
852:
843:
736:Proto-Austronesian
169:Theravada Buddhism
31:
13641:
13640:
13350:Gunpowder weapons
13309:Grand coordinator
13272:Grand Secretariat
13238:
13237:
13132:(1572–1683)
13041:(1435–1572)
13009:Battle of Kherlen
12959:Ming–Mong Mao War
12949:Wu Mian rebellion
12935:(1368–1435)
12881:
12880:
12841:
12840:
12687:
12686:
12613:
12612:
12590:Political parties
12578:National Assembly
12546:General Secretary
12541:Foreign relations
12508:
12507:
12424:2007 coup attempt
12394:Laotian Civil War
12384:Ho Chi Minh trail
12359:Japanese invasion
12250:
12249:
12210:
12209:
12197:Traditional games
11846:
11845:
11682:
11681:
11662:Political parties
11566:Foreign relations
11521:
11520:
11415:
11414:
11346:Ayutthaya Kingdom
11341:Sukhothai Kingdom
11255:
11254:
11197:
11196:
11103:
11102:
10945:
10944:
10815:
10814:
10702:Malayo-Polynesian
10283:
10282:
9894:Zahnyet (Zanniat)
9393:
9392:
8562:
8561:
8222:
8221:
7677:
7676:
7567:
7566:
7520:
7519:
7424:
7423:
7397:
7396:
7365:
7364:
7333:
7332:
7311:
7310:
7284:
7283:
7252:
7251:
7210:
7209:
7149:
7148:
7108:Malayo-Polynesian
7093:
7092:
7061:
7060:
6863:
6862:
6857:extinct languages
6743:
6742:
6719:
6718:
6097:
6096:
6005:Kra–Dai languages
5967:Media related to
5858:978-0-520-07417-0
5838:978-0-520-01145-8
5780:978-0-415-39923-4
5677:978-0-415-32242-3
5592:978-1-86448-997-2
5363:978-9-629-96639-3
5330:"From Yue To Tai"
5320:978-1-107-19076-4
5031:老品人、八甲人民族归属问题尘埃落定
4537:10.1038/srep15486
4049:"HISTORY OF LAOS"
3822:, pp. 26–27.
3759:, pp. 47–64.
3668:, pp. 17–32.
3583:, pp. 69–70.
3432:. The cited form
3293:Khamkeut District
2976:
2975:
2788:ไทเหนือ, ไทใต้คง
2476:Central Highlands
2364:J. Marshall Unger
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
1887:
1886:
1358:Kam–Sui languages
1350:Kra–Dai languages
1203:Ayutthaya kingdom
1159:Sukhothai Kingdom
986:Book of Later Han
717:Sip Song Chau Tai
701:Zhejiang province
549:, while those in
371:William H. Baxter
191:
190:
173:Tai folk religion
13671:
13441:Huang-Ming Zuxun
13213:Jiashen Incident
13203:She-An Rebellion
13188:Seven Grievances
13161:Donglin movement
13146:Bozhou rebellion
13133:
13042:
13019:Lam Sơn uprising
12999:Ming–Đại Ngu War
12984:Jingnan campaign
12936:
12929:
12928:
12908:
12901:
12894:
12885:
12884:
12861:
12854:
12698:
12697:
12644:
12624:
12623:
12519:
12518:
12448:
12447:
12436:
12277:
12270:
12263:
12254:
12253:
12230:
12223:
11972:Waste management
11857:
11856:
11708:
11693:
11692:
11532:
11531:
11426:
11425:
11356:Rattanakosin era
11351:Thonburi Kingdom
11306:
11305:
11282:
11275:
11268:
11259:
11258:
10998:
10997:
10989:
10988:
10892:
10891:
10842:
10835:
10828:
10819:
10818:
10805:
10804:
10795:
10788:
10310:
10303:
10296:
10287:
10286:
10185:Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw)
9874:Tiddim (Hai-Dim)
9809:Mro-Khimi people
9704:Kaung Saing Chin
9420:
9413:
9406:
9397:
9396:
9251:Tajiks (Pamiris)
8282:
8281:
8249:
8242:
8235:
8226:
8225:
8214:
8213:
8212:
8172:General grouping
7704:
7697:
7690:
7681:
7680:
7522:
7521:
7435:
7434:
7399:
7398:
7367:
7366:
7335:
7334:
7313:
7312:
7286:
7285:
7254:
7253:
7212:
7211:
7160:
7159:
7104:
7103:
7063:
7062:
6918:Southwestern Tai
6914:
6913:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6867:
6866:
6466:
6465:
6333:
6332:
6052:
6051:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5975:
5974:
5966:
5934:
5924:
5914:
5881:
5880:on 21 July 2006.
5879:
5872:
5862:
5841:
5820:
5794:
5784:
5761:
5728:
5726:
5712:
5702:
5681:
5665:
5655:
5649:
5639:
5629:
5596:
5584:
5572:
5559:
5542:
5529:
5512:
5496:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5476:
5464:
5462:
5450:
5444:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5427:on 29 April 2019
5426:
5420:, archived from
5419:
5407:
5405:
5393:
5390:EACL-4, Budapest
5380:
5367:
5344:
5334:
5324:
5288:
5287:
5279:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5024:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4761:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4742:on 1 August 2013
4738:. Archived from
4728:
4722:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4688:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4647:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4598:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4539:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4490:
4480:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4421:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4359:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4293:, pp. 1–10.
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4257:, pp. 1–48.
4252:
4246:
4245:, pp. 1–21.
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4215:
4209:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4019:
4008:
4007:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3947:
3938:
3932:
3921:
3915:
3908:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3851:
3842:
3836:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3777:
3771:
3760:
3757:Pittayaporn 2014
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3630:
3624:
3615:
3610:
3599:
3593:
3584:
3581:Chamberlain 2016
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3531:
3525:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3481:
3471:
3465:
3455:
3449:
3418:
3412:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3387:
3380:
3374:
3363:
2972:
2947:
2916:
2889:
2853:
2816:
2780:
2775:
2744:
2739:
2696:
2695:
2528:
2516:
2399:(especially its
2368:pre-Austronesian
2327:of Baoding, G =
1894:
1890:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1354:Zhuang languages
1193:(Vientiane) and
1155:kingdom of Lanna
1140:animist religion
864:Southwestern Tai
820:
808:
792:
773:teeth blackening
181:Ekasarana Dharma
41:
34:
30:
13679:
13678:
13674:
13673:
13672:
13670:
13669:
13668:
13644:
13643:
13642:
13637:
13632:History of Ming
13619:
13586:
13508:
13484:Chaotian Palace
13467:
13427:History of Yuan
13414:
13371:
13328:
13234:
13134:
13131:
13124:
13120:Single whip law
13095:Ningbo incident
13070:Miao rebellions
13043:
13040:
13033:
12937:
12934:
12918:
12912:
12882:
12877:
12864:
12857:
12850:
12837:
12828:Public holidays
12774:
12765:Sex trafficking
12683:
12642:
12609:
12568:Law enforcement
12504:
12485:Protected areas
12437:
12428:
12374:Kingdom of Laos
12290:
12281:
12251:
12246:
12233:
12226:
12219:
12206:
12111:Public holidays
12106:Performing arts
11986:
11889:Sex trafficking
11842:
11706:
11678:
11517:
11483:Protected areas
11411:
11380:
11295:
11286:
11256:
11251:
11235:
11193:
11175:
11159:
11121:
11099:
11063:
11017:
10978:
10941:
10923:
10881:
10855:
10853:language family
10846:
10816:
10811:
10783:
10775:
10734:
10696:
10624:
10512:
10484:
10368:
10323:
10321:language family
10314:
10284:
10279:
10204:
10035:
10026:Mru (Taung Mro)
9990:
9983:
9967:
9918:
9789:Meithei (Kathe)
9739:Lai (Haka Chin)
9634:
9575:
9519:
9490:Lashi (La Chit)
9440:
9429:
9424:
9394:
9389:
9366:
9338:Han nationalism
9326:
9273:African Chinese
9261:
9207:
9108:
9053:
8935:
8893:Sichuan Mongols
8709:
8663:
8633:
8558:
8514:
8482:
8445:
8341:
8271:
8258:
8253:
8223:
8218:
8216:Laos portal
8210:
8208:
8202:
8167:
8135:
8082:
8054:
7984:
7919:
7871:
7853:
7813:Kinh/Vietnamese
7783:
7717:
7715:language family
7708:
7678:
7673:
7597:
7563:
7516:
7420:
7393:
7361:
7329:
7307:
7280:
7248:
7206:
7145:
7089:
7057:
6903:
6901:language family
6894:
6864:
6859:
6846:
6804:Proto-languages
6798:
6780:
6739:
6715:
6674:
6658:
6581:
6539:
6461:
6453:
6395:
6365:Longsang Zhuang
6345:Standard Zhuang
6324:
6316:
6289:
6271:
6198:
6180:
6162:
6093:
6050:
6007:
6002:
5942:
5937:
5877:
5870:
5859:
5839:
5792:
5781:
5710:
5678:
5663:
5647:
5593:
5582:
5509:
5494:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5460:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5403:
5364:
5332:
5321:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5280:
5269:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5211:
5209:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5145:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5119:
5117:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5074:
5066:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5043:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5008:
5006:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4979:
4977:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4944:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4911:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4814:
4812:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4755:
4745:
4743:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4710:
4665:
4661:
4636:10.1038/ng.3559
4624:Nature Genetics
4616:
4612:
4567:
4563:
4508:
4504:
4449:
4445:
4390:
4383:
4328:
4324:
4320:, pp. 3–8.
4316:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4216:
4212:
4203:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4138:10.2307/2049480
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4020:
4011:
4000:
3996:
3985:
3981:
3963:
3961:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3922:
3918:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3892:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3830:
3826:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3780:
3772:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3656:, pp. 4–7.
3652:
3648:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3602:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3559:, pp. 3–4.
3555:
3551:
3543:
3534:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3472:
3468:
3456:
3452:
3419:
3415:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3338:
3127:mountain people
3033:Cangyuan County
3025:Menglian County
2981:
2970:
2961:
2872:
2784:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2694:
2682:
2607:
2540:
2538:Northern branch
2535:
2502:
2496:
2381:
1928:
1506:
1430:proto-Tai–Kadai
1422:
1412:
1360:
1342:
1301:
1295:
1278:
1257:ethnic groups.
1215:
1026:
1016:nor the middle
915:Red River Delta
835:
828:
821:
812:
809:
800:
793:
765:dental evulsion
732:Proto-Tai–Kadai
677:
672:
654:
446:
425:
403:'human being'.
388:scattered from
349:). And then to
296:Northeast India
280:
272:Northeast India
129:
123:
86:
80:
76:
72:
68:
59:
44:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13677:
13667:
13666:
13661:
13656:
13639:
13638:
13636:
13635:
13627:
13625:
13621:
13620:
13618:
13617:
13612:
13611:
13610:
13608:Yongle Tongbao
13605:
13603:Hongwu Tongbao
13594:
13592:
13588:
13587:
13585:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13554:
13549:
13548:
13547:
13542:
13537:
13527:
13522:
13516:
13514:
13510:
13509:
13507:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13481:
13479:Forbidden City
13475:
13473:
13469:
13468:
13466:
13465:
13458:
13451:
13444:
13437:
13430:
13422:
13420:
13416:
13415:
13413:
13412:
13407:
13402:
13397:
13396:
13395:
13390:
13379:
13377:
13373:
13372:
13370:
13369:
13367:Nine Garrisons
13364:
13359:
13358:
13357:
13347:
13342:
13336:
13334:
13330:
13329:
13327:
13326:
13321:
13316:
13311:
13306:
13301:
13300:
13299:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13269:
13268:
13267:
13262:
13257:
13246:
13244:
13240:
13239:
13236:
13235:
13233:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13221:
13220:
13215:
13210:
13205:
13200:
13195:
13190:
13185:
13175:
13174:
13173:
13163:
13158:
13153:
13151:Ordos campaign
13148:
13143:
13137:
13135:
13130:
13126:
13125:
13123:
13122:
13117:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13046:
13044:
13039:
13035:
13034:
13032:
13031:
13026:
13021:
13016:
13014:Ming–Kotte War
13011:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12940:
12938:
12933:
12926:
12920:
12919:
12911:
12910:
12903:
12896:
12888:
12879:
12878:
12876:
12875:
12870:
12863:
12862:
12855:
12847:
12846:
12843:
12842:
12839:
12838:
12836:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12784:
12782:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12772:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12746:
12745:
12744:hybrid variant
12732:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12701:
12695:
12689:
12688:
12685:
12684:
12682:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12659:Stock exchange
12656:
12651:
12646:
12638:
12633:
12627:
12621:
12615:
12614:
12611:
12610:
12608:
12607:
12605:Prime Minister
12602:
12600:Vice President
12597:
12592:
12587:
12586:
12585:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12559:
12558:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12533:
12528:
12522:
12516:
12510:
12509:
12506:
12505:
12503:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12451:
12445:
12439:
12438:
12431:
12429:
12427:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12381:
12379:Indochina Wars
12376:
12371:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12334:Luang Phrabang
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12300:
12298:
12292:
12291:
12280:
12279:
12272:
12265:
12257:
12248:
12247:
12245:
12244:
12239:
12232:
12231:
12224:
12216:
12215:
12212:
12211:
12208:
12207:
12205:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12193:
12192:
12190:Solar calendar
12187:
12185:Lunar calendar
12177:
12176:
12175:
12170:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12145:
12144:
12143:
12138:
12133:
12118:
12113:
12108:
12103:
12102:
12101:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12070:
12069:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12018:
12017:
12007:
12002:
11996:
11994:
11988:
11987:
11985:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11948:
11947:
11942:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11916:
11915:
11905:
11904:
11903:
11893:
11892:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11866:
11860:
11854:
11848:
11847:
11844:
11843:
11841:
11840:
11839:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11806:Stock Exchange
11803:
11802:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11781:
11780:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11749:
11744:
11743:
11742:
11737:
11727:
11722:
11721:
11720:
11710:
11702:
11696:
11690:
11684:
11683:
11680:
11679:
11677:
11676:
11675:
11674:
11667:Prime Minister
11664:
11659:
11654:
11653:
11652:
11647:
11637:
11632:
11631:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11610:
11605:
11600:
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11590:
11585:
11584:
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11573:
11568:
11563:
11562:
11561:
11551:
11546:
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11516:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11490:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11443:Municipalities
11440:
11435:
11429:
11423:
11417:
11416:
11413:
11412:
11410:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11388:
11386:
11382:
11381:
11379:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11336:Initial states
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11312:
11310:
11303:
11297:
11296:
11285:
11284:
11277:
11270:
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11165:
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11129:
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11120:
11119:
11113:
11111:
11105:
11104:
11101:
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11077:
11071:
11069:
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11023:
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10856:
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10813:
10812:
10810:
10809:
10799:
10797:Vietnam portal
10789:
10780:
10777:
10776:
10774:
10773:
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10763:
10758:
10753:
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10626:
10625:
10623:
10622:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10594:
10593:
10591:Thái Hàng Tổng
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10522:
10520:
10514:
10513:
10511:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10494:
10492:
10486:
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10483:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10376:
10374:
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10369:
10367:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10349:
10344:
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10325:
10324:
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10312:
10305:
10298:
10290:
10281:
10280:
10278:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10229:
10228:
10218:
10212:
10210:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
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10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
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10107:
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9965:
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9955:
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9935:
9929:
9927:
9924:Bamar (Burman)
9920:
9919:
9917:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
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9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9689:Gunte (Lyente)
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9645:
9643:
9636:
9635:
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9525:
9521:
9520:
9518:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9480:Maru (Lawgore)
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9451:
9449:
9442:
9441:
9437:Burmese people
9434:
9431:
9430:
9423:
9422:
9415:
9408:
9400:
9391:
9390:
9388:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9362:
9360:Zhonghua minzu
9352:
9347:
9346:
9345:
9334:
9332:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
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7996:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7863:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7804:
7799:
7793:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7727:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7707:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7684:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7605:
7603:
7602:Non-Indigenous
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7583:
7577:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7530:
7528:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7443:
7441:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7407:
7405:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7375:
7373:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7343:
7341:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7321:
7319:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7294:
7292:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7273:
7262:
7260:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7220:
7218:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7168:
7166:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7112:
7110:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7071:
7069:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6922:
6920:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6893:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6861:
6860:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6808:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6790:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6731:
6729:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6463:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6341:
6339:
6330:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6281:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6060:
6058:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6001:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5978:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5941:
5940:External links
5938:
5936:
5935:
5882:
5863:
5857:
5842:
5837:
5821:
5803:(2): 411–444,
5785:
5779:
5762:
5744:(2): 187–209.
5729:
5703:
5693:(4): 641–662,
5682:
5676:
5656:
5640:
5597:
5591:
5573:
5560:
5543:
5530:
5513:
5507:
5487:
5465:
5451:
5408:
5394:
5381:
5368:
5362:
5345:
5325:
5319:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5267:
5252:
5219:
5186:
5153:
5127:
5094:
5075:(in Chinese).
5053:
5016:
4987:
4954:
4921:
4888:
4855:
4822:
4789:
4753:
4723:
4708:
4679:(7): 371–380.
4659:
4630:(6): 593–599.
4610:
4581:(5): 636–645.
4561:
4502:
4443:
4404:(6). e101020.
4381:
4322:
4318:Ostapirat 2013
4307:
4303:Ostapirat 2005
4295:
4291:Ostapirat 2013
4283:
4281:, p. 151.
4271:
4259:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4219:MSL 1 Jan 1374
4210:
4197:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4116:
4091:
4065:
4039:
4032:
4009:
3994:
3979:
3933:
3916:
3903:
3890:
3875:
3866:
3837:
3824:
3809:
3797:
3778:
3774:Schafer (1967)
3761:
3749:
3737:
3722:
3702:
3690:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3631:
3616:
3600:
3598:, p. 642.
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3547:, p. 646.
3532:
3517:
3507:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3466:
3450:
3413:
3397:
3388:
3375:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3296:
3286:
3285:(Chazee 1998).
3262:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3202:
3190:
3184:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3094:
3086:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3029:Lancang County
3010:
3003:Menghai County
2995:Menghai County
2980:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2680:Southern group
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2495:
2492:
2380:
2377:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2317:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1426:Laurent Sagart
1411:
1408:
1341:
1338:
1297:Main article:
1294:
1291:
1277:
1274:
1231:Southeast Asia
1214:
1211:
1076:Southeast Asia
1025:
1022:
996:" and "beyond
834:
831:
830:
829:
822:
815:
813:
810:
803:
801:
794:
787:
769:face tattooing
676:
673:
653:
650:
426:
405:
398:Austro-Asiatic
386:Kra population
384:(Gēlǎo 仡佬), a
288:Southern China
279:
276:
189:
188:
164:
163:
159:
158:
152:
151:
147:
146:
56:Southeast Asia
51:
50:
46:
45:
42:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13676:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13651:
13649:
13634:
13633:
13629:
13628:
13626:
13622:
13616:
13613:
13609:
13606:
13604:
13601:
13600:
13599:
13596:
13595:
13593:
13589:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13532:
13531:
13528:
13526:
13523:
13521:
13518:
13517:
13515:
13511:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13489:Ming Xiaoling
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13476:
13474:
13470:
13464:
13463:
13459:
13457:
13456:
13452:
13450:
13449:
13445:
13443:
13442:
13438:
13436:
13435:
13431:
13429:
13428:
13424:
13423:
13421:
13417:
13411:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13401:
13398:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13385:
13384:
13381:
13380:
13378:
13374:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13356:
13353:
13352:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13337:
13335:
13331:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13317:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13298:
13297:Vassal prince
13295:
13294:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13282:Eastern Depot
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13252:
13251:
13248:
13247:
13245:
13241:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13225:Southern Ming
13223:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13180:
13179:
13176:
13172:
13169:
13168:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13138:
13136:
13127:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13047:
13045:
13036:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12941:
12939:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12921:
12916:
12909:
12904:
12902:
12897:
12895:
12890:
12889:
12886:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12865:
12860:
12856:
12853:
12849:
12848:
12844:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12798:Dramatic arts
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12785:
12783:
12781:
12777:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12743:
12740:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12727:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12720:Ethnic groups
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12702:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12690:
12680:
12677:
12675:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12657:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12628:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12616:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12584:
12581:
12580:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12557:
12554:
12553:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12524:
12523:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12511:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12460:Deforestation
12458:
12456:
12453:
12452:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12440:
12435:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12301:
12299:
12297:
12293:
12289:
12285:
12278:
12273:
12271:
12266:
12264:
12259:
12258:
12255:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12234:
12229:
12225:
12222:
12218:
12217:
12213:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12182:
12181:
12178:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12128:
12127:
12124:
12123:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12100:
12097:
12096:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12068:
12065:
12064:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12037:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12016:
12013:
12012:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11997:
11995:
11993:
11989:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11937:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11920:Ethnic groups
11918:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11909:
11906:
11902:
11899:
11898:
11897:
11894:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11871:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11861:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11849:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11823:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11786:
11785:
11782:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11754:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11747:Manufacturing
11745:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11732:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11719:
11716:
11715:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11697:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11685:
11673:
11670:
11669:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11642:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11615:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11582:
11579:
11578:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11560:
11557:
11556:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11524:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11430:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11418:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11389:
11387:
11383:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11331:Early history
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11311:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11298:
11294:
11290:
11283:
11278:
11276:
11271:
11269:
11264:
11263:
11260:
11248:
11245:
11244:
11242:
11238:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11208:
11206:
11204:
11200:
11190:
11187:
11186:
11184:
11182:
11178:
11172:
11169:
11168:
11166:
11162:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11124:
11118:
11115:
11114:
11112:
11110:
11106:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11072:
11070:
11066:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11026:
11024:
11020:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11005:
11003:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10984:Austroasiatic
10981:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10956:
10954:
10952:
10948:
10938:
10935:
10934:
10932:
10930:
10929:Tibeto-Burman
10926:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10901:
10899:
10897:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10884:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10867:Central Khmer
10865:
10864:
10862:
10858:
10854:
10850:
10843:
10838:
10836:
10831:
10829:
10824:
10823:
10820:
10808:
10800:
10798:
10794:
10790:
10786:
10782:
10781:
10778:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10743:
10741:
10737:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10707:
10705:
10703:
10699:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10662:
10661:
10660:Tibeto-Burman
10658:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10640:
10639:
10636:
10635:
10633:
10631:
10627:
10621:
10620:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10563:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10515:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10487:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10371:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10354:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10330:
10329:Austroasiatic
10326:
10322:
10318:
10311:
10306:
10304:
10299:
10297:
10292:
10291:
10288:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10254:
10251:
10250:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10216:Anglo-Burmese
10214:
10213:
10211:
10207:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10050:Danaw (Danau)
10048:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10038:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9986:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9970:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9921:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9724:Kwangli (Sim)
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9637:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9581:Kayin (Karen)
9578:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9522:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9438:
9432:
9428:
9421:
9416:
9414:
9409:
9407:
9402:
9401:
9398:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9369:
9361:
9358:
9357:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9339:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9329:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9291:
9290:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9268:
9264:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9252:
9248:
9246:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9218:
9216:
9214:
9213:Indo-European
9210:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9197:
9196:
9192:
9190:
9189:
9185:
9183:
9182:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9166:
9164:
9163:
9159:
9157:
9156:
9152:
9150:
9149:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9105:
9104:
9100:
9098:
9097:
9093:
9091:
9090:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9072:
9071:
9070:
9069:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9037:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9003:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8992:
8990:
8989:
8985:
8983:
8982:
8978:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8951:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8942:
8938:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8924:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8877:
8876:Upper Mongols
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8739:
8735:
8733:
8732:
8728:
8726:
8725:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8716:
8712:
8706:
8705:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8687:
8686:
8685:
8684:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8666:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8654:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8636:
8630:
8629:
8625:
8623:
8622:
8618:
8616:
8615:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8578:
8574:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8568:Austroasiatic
8565:
8555:
8554:
8550:
8548:
8547:
8543:
8541:
8540:
8536:
8534:
8533:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8523:
8521:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8479:
8478:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8452:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8410:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8381:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8348:
8344:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8261:
8257:
8250:
8245:
8243:
8238:
8236:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8217:
8205:
8198:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8170:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8138:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8088:Tibeto-Burman
8085:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8057:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7856:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7786:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7705:
7700:
7698:
7693:
7691:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7600:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7570:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7439:Tibeto-Burman
7436:
7433:
7431:
7427:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7368:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7155:Austroasiatic
7152:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7064:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6891:
6886:
6884:
6879:
6877:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6858:
6854:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6834:Proto-Kam–Sui
6831:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6813:Proto-Kra–Dai
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6751:mixed origins
6746:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6722:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6696:Tai Muong Vat
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6670:Southern Thai
6668:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6619:Tai Hang Tong
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6599:Northern Thai
6597:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5994:
5992:
5987:
5985:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5843:
5840:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5669:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5612:(3): 426–36.
5611:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5581:
5580:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5508:974-85916-9-7
5504:
5500:
5493:
5488:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5459:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5423:
5416:
5415:
5409:
5402:
5401:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5285:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5263:
5256:
5240:
5236:
5235:ynszxc.gov.cn
5232:
5223:
5207:
5203:
5202:ynszxc.gov.cn
5199:
5190:
5174:
5170:
5169:ynszxc.gov.cn
5166:
5157:
5149:
5142:
5131:
5115:
5111:
5110:ynszxc.gov.cn
5107:
5098:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5004:
5000:
4991:
4975:
4971:
4970:ynszxc.gov.cn
4967:
4958:
4942:
4938:
4937:ynszxc.gov.cn
4934:
4932:勐海县勐阿镇纳京村民委员会
4925:
4909:
4905:
4904:ynszxc.gov.cn
4901:
4899:勐海县勐阿镇贺建村民委员会
4892:
4876:
4872:
4871:ynszxc.gov.cn
4868:
4859:
4843:
4839:
4838:ynszxc.gov.cn
4835:
4826:
4810:
4806:
4805:ynszxc.gov.cn
4802:
4793:
4777:
4773:
4772:ynszxc.gov.cn
4769:
4767:勐海县勐阿镇勐康村民委员会
4760:
4758:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4721:, p. 33.
4720:
4715:
4713:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4463:(5). e36437.
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4386:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4342:(8). e24282.
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4220:
4214:
4207:
4201:
4193:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4101:
4095:
4076:
4073:M.L. Manich.
4069:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4033:9789812615206
4029:
4025:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4005:
3998:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3973:
3959:
3956:(2). DeKalb:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3913:
3907:
3900:
3894:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3828:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3806:
3801:
3795:, p. 26.
3794:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3776:, p. 63.
3775:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3699:
3694:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3650:
3644:, p. 12.
3643:
3638:
3636:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3511:
3502:
3498:
3479:
3476:
3470:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3392:
3385:
3379:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:phiang Kap Kè
3304:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:Southern Thai
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3037:Gengma County
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3007:Bulang people
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2759:Xishuangbanna
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:Conventional
2721:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2687:
2686:Southern Thai
2684:
2683:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Tai Hang Tong
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Northern Thai
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:Austroasiatic
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:Austroasiatic
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:typologically
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:Austroasiatic
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:Tai languages
1337:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:Tibeto-Burman
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Ram Khamhaeng
1184:
1183:Luang Prabang
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:Greater Assam
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:Salween River
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
919:Mekong Valley
916:
912:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
861:
857:
847:
839:
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
798:
791:
786:
785:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:Yangtze basin
671:
667:
663:
659:
649:
647:
643:
642:autochthonous
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
570:
566:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
545:
541:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
497:Isan speakers
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
444:
442:
438:
434:
431:
423:
421:
417:
413:
410:
404:
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
367:Michel Ferlus
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Michel Ferlus
301:According to
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
251:, with some (
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:ethnic groups
199:
198:Tai languages
195:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
160:
157:
156:Tai languages
153:
148:
144:
143:Bouyei people
140:
139:Zhuang people
136:
132:
128:
127:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
71:
66:
62:
58:
57:
52:
47:
40:
35:
26:
22:
13630:
13624:Other topics
13535:Four Masters
13460:
13453:
13446:
13439:
13432:
13425:
13265:House of Zhu
13218:Shanhai Pass
13198:Great Plague
13141:Jianzhou war
12915:Ming dynasty
12755:Prostitution
12710:Demographics
12674:Trade unions
12636:Central bank
12551:Human rights
12531:Constitution
12318:
12153:Architecture
12084:Martial arts
12005:Architecture
11896:Demographics
11884:Prostitution
11879:Lèse majesté
11725:Car industry
11718:Central bank
11576:Human rights
11549:Constitution
11325:
11202:
10951:Austronesian
10887:Sino-Tibetan
10784:
10653:Sán Dìu
10617:
10390:Bru-Vân Kiều
10351:
10075:Khmu (Khamu)
10021:Miram (Mara)
9664:Bre (Ka-Yaw)
9435:
9299:
9293:Kaifeng Jews
9249:
9242:
9193:
9186:
9179:
9167:
9160:
9153:
9146:
9101:
9094:
9087:
9080:
9066:
9046:
9034:
9012:
9000:
8993:
8986:
8979:
8960:
8948:
8921:
8909:
8758:
8736:
8729:
8722:
8702:
8695:
8681:
8651:
8639:Austronesian
8626:
8619:
8612:
8575:
8551:
8544:
8537:
8530:
8507:
8495:
8475:
8468:
8438:
8426:
8419:
8407:
8390:
8378:
8371:
8354:
8347:Lolo-Burmese
8324:
8310:
8293:
8277:Sino-Tibetan
8264:
8194:
8186:
8178:
7430:Sino-Tibetan
7099:Austronesian
7067:Northern Tai
6852:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6818:
6811:
6785:
6761:Hezhang Buyi
6749:
6532:
6525:
6469:Northwestern
6459:Southwestern
6434:Myang Zhuang
6429:Pyang Zhuang
6355:Hezhang Buyi
5961:
5948:, Geoff Wade
5894:
5890:
5875:the original
5847:
5828:
5800:
5796:
5770:
5741:
5737:
5714:
5690:
5686:
5667:
5651:
5609:
5605:
5578:
5568:
5551:
5538:
5534:
5525:
5521:
5498:
5479:. Retrieved
5470:
5456:
5429:, retrieved
5422:the original
5413:
5399:
5389:
5376:
5353:
5343:(1–2): 1–26.
5340:
5336:
5309:
5261:
5255:
5243:. Retrieved
5239:the original
5234:
5222:
5210:. Retrieved
5206:the original
5201:
5189:
5177:. Retrieved
5173:the original
5168:
5156:
5147:
5140:
5130:
5118:. Retrieved
5114:the original
5109:
5097:
5085:. Retrieved
5081:the original
5076:
5069:
5056:
5044:. Retrieved
5040:the original
5035:
5007:. Retrieved
5003:the original
4990:
4978:. Retrieved
4974:the original
4969:
4957:
4945:. Retrieved
4941:the original
4936:
4924:
4912:. Retrieved
4908:the original
4903:
4891:
4879:. Retrieved
4875:the original
4870:
4858:
4846:. Retrieved
4842:the original
4837:
4825:
4813:. Retrieved
4809:the original
4804:
4792:
4780:. Retrieved
4776:the original
4771:
4744:. Retrieved
4740:the original
4736:Asia Harvest
4735:
4726:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4627:
4623:
4613:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4401:
4397:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4233:, p. 4.
4226:
4213:
4200:
4191:
4186:
4179:Daniels 2001
4174:
4162:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4107:. Retrieved
4094:
4082:. Retrieved
4068:
4056:. Retrieved
4042:
4023:
4003:
3997:
3988:
3982:
3975:proposed....
3969:
3962:. Retrieved
3953:
3949:
3936:
3929:Dali Kingdom
3919:
3906:
3893:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3859:
3853:
3840:
3832:
3827:
3800:
3752:
3747:, p. 2.
3740:
3725:
3712:
3705:
3700:, p. 67
3693:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3576:
3571:, p. 4.
3564:
3552:
3530:, p. 3.
3510:
3501:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3420:The typical
3416:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3391:
3378:
3366:
3361:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3275:Luang Namtha
3264:
3255:Tak Bai Thai
3254:
3248:
3242:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3122:
3114:
3108:
3096:
3088:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3012:
2987:
2982:
2774:(Déhóng Dǎi)
2503:
2488:
2440:
2421:Sino-Tibetan
2382:
2283:
2278:
2256:
2251:
2226:
2201:
2179:
2174:
2149:
2124:
2099:
2077:
2072:
2050:
2045:
2020:
1998:
1993:
1968:
1946:
1941:
1901:
1869:
1864:
1842:
1837:
1812:
1790:
1785:
1763:
1758:
1733:
1708:
1686:
1680:
1655:
1633:
1628:
1606:
1601:
1579:
1573:
1551:
1546:
1524:
1519:
1460:
1456:
1442:Sino-Tibetan
1423:
1381:
1329:
1313:Yuan dynasty
1302:
1286:14 July 1370
1283:
1279:
1259:
1233:(modern-day
1219:Ming dynasty
1216:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1119:
1096:
1091:
1088:Meuang Thaen
1087:
1068:paddy fields
1064:Khmer Empire
1057:
1039:
1033:
981:
927:
877:Chen Xingfan
868:
853:
824:
756:Sino-Tibetan
729:
725:Northern Tai
689:Zhou dynasty
678:
641:
637:
623:
611:Ly Thai Tong
594:
588:
584:Kra language
571:
568:
564:
561:
557:
554:
546:
543:
539:
536:
532:
529:
525:
522:
518:
515:
509:
486:
473:
462:Thao Cheuang
457:
453:
449:
447:
432:
429:
428:
411:
408:
407:
400:
375:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
300:
281:
252:
242:
193:
192:
124:
112:Tai Khamyang
81:
54:
28:Ethnic group
25:
13654:Tai peoples
13577:Tai history
13260:Family tree
13171:Liaoluo Bay
13105:Renyin plot
13055:Tumu Crisis
12631:Agriculture
12556:LGBT rights
12349:Muang Phuan
12319:Tai peoples
12202:Video games
11794:Measurement
11700:Agriculture
11453:Earthquakes
11392:Archaeology
11326:Tai peoples
10877:Khmer Surin
10685:Phù Lá
10670:Hà Nhì
10503:H'Mông/Mông
10364:Việt (Kinh)
10200:Hkun (Khün)
10070:Khamti Shan
9991:(Arakanese)
9953:Kadu (Kado)
9879:Torr (Tawr)
9674:Dai (Yindu)
9605:Ta-Hlay-Pwa
9137:Fuyu Kyrgyz
7770:(White Tai)
7764:(Black Tai)
7654:Luk khrueng
7609:Australians
7141:Urak Lawoi’
7136:Phuket Baba
7046:Khorat Thai
6586:Chiang Saen
6496:Tai Hongjin
6424:Yang Zhuang
6409:Nong Zhuang
5969:Tai peoples
5897:(4): 1–12.
5300:Works cited
5245:30 November
5212:30 November
5179:30 November
5120:30 November
5087:30 November
5046:30 November
5009:30 November
4980:30 November
4947:30 November
4914:30 November
4881:30 November
4848:30 November
4815:30 November
4782:30 November
4279:Sagart 2008
4267:Sagart 2008
4169:, p. .
4084:29 December
4058:29 December
3925:Kublai Khan
3910:Hou Hanshu
3897:Hou Hanshu
3805:Taylor 1991
3666:Blench 2008
3654:Blench 2009
3642:Blench 2004
3627:Sagart 2004
3569:Ferlus 2009
3557:Ferlus 2009
3528:Ferlus 2009
3342:Dong people
3303:phiang phuk
3281:provinces,
3219:Tai Pong 傣棚
3013:Tai Beng 傣绷
1834:Head louse
1677:Fowl, bird
1620:kthop (Tm)
1321:Duan family
1309:Basalawarmi
1262:Ming Shi-lu
1217:During the
974:Thai people
923:Black River
900:, besieged
894:Nong Zhigao
777:snake cults
748:Pearl River
744:Philippines
666:Rau peoples
615:Nong Zhigao
599:Nong Quanfu
582:speaking a
501:Nyaw or Yaw
482:Central Tai
448:The etymon
363:Li Fangkuei
319:kədi:/kədaj
245:South China
194:Tai peoples
185:Vaishnavism
21:Thai people
13648:Categories
13545:Zhe School
13499:Ming tombs
13383:Inner Asia
13355:Shenjiying
13345:Great Wall
13243:Government
12818:Literature
12643:(currency)
12465:Ecoregions
12419:Insurgency
12404:Neutrality
12389:Pathet Lao
12369:Lao Issara
12314:Lao people
12309:Khun Borom
12062:Literature
11874:Corruption
11789:Inventions
11707:(currency)
11640:Parliament
11608:Ministries
11571:Government
11559:Commission
11458:Ecoregions
11376:since 2001
11316:Prehistory
11309:Chronology
11240:Expatriate
11189:Vietnamese
10872:Khmer Krom
10739:Expatriate
10690:Si La
10680:Lô Lô
10675:La Hủ
10576:Thái Trắng
10405:Giẻ Triêng
9551:Manu Manaw
9531:Geba Karen
9343:chauvinism
9322:Pakistanis
9305:Chaoxianzu
8917:Sogwo Arig
8836:Muumyangan
8821:Khishigten
8669:Hmong-Mien
8621:Vietnamese
8265:Underlined
8191:(Highland)
8188:Lao Theung
8060:Hmong–Mien
7664:Pakistanis
7573:Hmong–Mien
7416:Vietnamese
7021:Tai Gapong
6841:Proto-Hlai
6544:Lao–Phutai
6419:Min Zhuang
6414:Dai Zhuang
6360:Yei Zhuang
6252:Changjiang
6129:(Naxi Yao)
5556:Chiang Mai
5481:30 October
3883:Hou Hanshu
3745:Evans 2002
3732:, p.
3488:References
3424:root for "
3347:Rau people
3146:Tai Kaleun
3133:Tai Gapong
3103:Wiang Chan
3053:Huayao Tai
3041:Ruili City
3021:Shan State
2999:Dai people
2962:along the
2915:tai˥˩jaː˧˥
2888:tai˥˩doːn˥
2873:along the
2852:tai˥˩pɔːŋ˥
2755:, Tai Lue
2599:Tai Kassay
2529:) (lord).
2425:Hmong–Mien
2393:Kuy people
2391:and among
2389:Vietnamese
2372:Austro-Tai
2351:of Tongshi
2243:laai (By)
2218:ʔdam (By)
2017:Excrement
1771:ʔdaau (M)
1722:ge:k (Bd)
1697:no:k (Bd)
1598:Live, raw
1450:converging
1446:Hmong–Mien
1414:See also:
1404:Hmong-Mien
1392:Tai branch
1344:See also:
1266:Ming court
1163:Chantaburi
1135:Chiang Mai
1127:Ping River
1115:statecraft
1072:Khun Borom
976:in modern-
944:(in today
760:Hmong–Mien
662:Dai people
656:See also:
646:Tho people
632:, and the
493:Lao people
470:Kra branch
418:lawX <
378:Lao people
264:Tai Khamti
260:Tai Kassay
234:Tai Kassay
224:(Shanni),
135:Dai people
116:Tai Turung
92:Tai Khamti
83:South Asia
13540:Wu School
13525:Musicians
13388:Manchuria
13376:Frontiers
12808:Festivals
12715:Education
12679:Transport
12595:President
12583:President
12536:Elections
12443:Geography
12344:Champasak
12339:Vientiane
12052:Festivals
12047:Etiquette
12000:Animation
11967:Squatting
11908:Education
11821:Transport
11740:Renewable
11628:Air Force
11593:Judiciary
11554:Elections
11503:Volcanoes
11488:Provinces
11478:Mountains
11433:Addresses
11421:Geography
11402:Education
11371:1973–2001
11366:1932–1973
11203:Tai–Kadai
10904:Cantonese
10771:Taiwanese
10586:Tày Thanh
10518:Tai–Kadai
10490:Hmong–Dao
10270:Pakistani
10100:Shan Gale
10016:Maramagyi
9839:Saing Zan
9684:Eik-swair
9630:Shu (Pwo)
9590:Pa-Le-Chi
9566:Yin Talai
9524:Kayah (9)
9221:Armenians
9142:Ili Turks
8738:Dongxiang
8434:Qixingmin
8318:subgroups
8306:Chuanqing
8267:: the 56
8183:(Lowland)
7994:Palaungic
7838:Phon Sung
7758:(Red Tai)
7756:Tai Daeng
7554:Cantonese
7549:Hainanese
7492:Phrae Pwo
7216:Palaungic
7011:Tai Daeng
7006:Tai Bueng
6976:Lao Wiang
6961:Lao Ngaew
6946:Lao Krang
6855:indicate
6827:Proto-Tai
6820:Proto-Kra
6706:Tai Khang
6701:Tai Thanh
6649:Thai Song
6609:Tai Meuay
6604:Tai Daeng
6595:(Siamese)
6506:Tai Laing
6449:Tsʻün-Lao
5758:165587524
4719:Holm 2014
4522:: 15486.
4255:Behr 2009
4243:Behr 2006
4231:Wade 2004
4167:Wade 2004
4154:165680758
3960:: 129–136
3596:Pain 2008
3545:Pain 2008
3493:Citations
3365:The term
3271:Phongsaly
3213:Tai Peung
3187:Tai Meuiy
3154:Tai Khang
3116:Tai Bueng
3098:Lao Wiang
3083:Lao Ngaew
3068:Lao Krang
2964:Red River
2946:tai˥˩jiu˩
2932:Yuanjiang
2861:Tay Pong
2833:(China),
2815:tai˥˩dam˥
2800:(China);
2779:tai˥˩nəː˥
2743:tai˥˩lɯː˩
2674:Thai Song
2637:Tai Daeng
2574:Tai Aiton
2569:Tai Phake
2564:Tai Laing
2480:subclades
2279:*qa(l)sem
2264:kɣo (Ml)
2237:ŋwee (K)
2187:wie (Lk)
2171:Shoulder
2166:ŋaa (By)
2163:keɯ (Bd)
2046:*(qa)lima
1985:maa (By)
1960:kuu (By)
1957:hou (Bd)
1647:tut (By)
1629:*qe(n)tut
1340:Languages
1255:Mon–Khmer
1175:Muang Sua
1171:Vientiane
1103:Dvaravati
994:Yongchang
958:Red River
902:Guangzhou
873:Guangdong
862:in proto-
860:loanwords
685:Chu state
621:in 1052.
619:Guangzhou
450:*k(ə)ra:w
439:kæw <
422:*C-rawʔ
401:*k(ə)ra:w
292:Indochina
268:Tai Phake
167:Majority
150:Languages
126:East Asia
108:Tai Aiton
104:Tai Phake
13591:Currency
13530:Painting
13340:Military
13333:Military
12868:Category
12760:Religion
12750:Language
12735:COVID-19
12573:Military
12514:Politics
12495:Wildlife
12475:Phou Bia
12329:Vat Phou
12324:Lan Xang
12304:Peopling
12288:articles
12237:Category
12079:Marriage
12057:Folklore
12027:Clothing
11962:Religion
11952:Language
11945:COVID-19
11930:Gambling
11925:Feminism
11864:Abortion
11836:Railways
11826:Airports
11635:Monarchy
11613:Military
11603:Localism
11527:Politics
11508:Wildlife
11407:Military
11397:Economic
11385:By topic
11321:Peopling
11293:articles
11289:Thailand
11226:Tai Nyaw
10993:Bahnaric
10974:Javanese
10807:Category
10766:Nigerian
10751:Japanese
10581:Phu Thái
10566:Thái Đen
10551:Sán Chay
10470:Xinh Mun
10275:Taungtha
10260:Rohingya
10233:Bayingyi
10195:Maingtha
10190:Maw Shan
10105:Shan Gyi
10011:Daingnet
9989:Rakhine
9854:Tangkhul
9849:Senthang
9729:Kwelshin
9625:Monnepwa
9515:Ngochang
9312:Macanese
9283:Japanese
9244:Russians
9226:Iranians
9122:Altaians
9059:Tungusic
8831:Khuuchid
8826:Khorchin
8816:Kharchin
8771:Abaganar
8744:Hamnigan
8715:Mongolic
8647:Filipino
8464:Gyalrong
8196:Lao Sung
8180:Lao Loum
8043:Xinh Mun
7925:Bahnaric
7774:Tai Maen
7768:Tai Khao
7746:Phu Thai
7644:Japanese
7639:Iranians
7629:Filipino
7619:Chin Haw
7303:Nyah Kur
7271:Northern
7053:Thai Yai
7041:Thai Noi
7036:Tai Wang
6996:Phu Thai
6986:Tai Yuan
6966:Lao Song
6956:Lao Loum
6663:Southern
6556:Phu Thai
6521:Khamyang
6491:Tai Long
6486:Tai Nuea
6337:Northern
6122:Cao Miao
5931:28380021
5891:PLOS ONE
5827:(1967),
5817:49547647
5699:25608449
5636:24607387
5541:: 51–98.
5528:: 27–77.
5441:citation
4703:21509343
4695:25833471
4654:27111036
4605:31827276
4556:26482917
4497:22586471
4457:PLOS ONE
4438:24972021
4398:PLOS ONE
4376:21904623
4336:PLOS ONE
3478:"kidney"
3459:*qalejaw
3409:"bitter"
3386:instead.
3371:Laotians
3336:See also
3279:Oudomxay
3249:Tai Yuan
3243:Tai Wang
3237:Lao Song
3232:Tai Song
3167:Tai Laan
2960:(China),
2958:Yuanyang
2934:(China)
2903:(China)
2884:Dǎiduān
2871:(China),
2848:Dǎibēng
2839:Thailand
2761:(China)
2725:Area(s)
2584:Tai Ahom
2579:Khamyang
2464:Cambodia
2379:Genetics
2312:, PMP =
2051:*(C)imɤ:
2009:ha (Ts)
1791:*(C)apuj
1759:*qalejaw
1652:Pungent
1580:*(ʔ)idaŋ
1565:pan (G)
1525:*(C)aNam
1406:origin.
1239:Thailand
1169:(modern
1144:Buddhism
1107:Thailand
1034:Syāṃ kuk
978:Thailand
970:Jingdong
607:Annamite
603:Cao Bang
505:Phu Thai
503:and the
373:(1992).
307:*k(ə)ri:
256:Tai Ahom
230:Tai Ahom
220:(Shan),
177:Hinduism
162:Religion
96:Tai Ahom
74:Thailand
13598:Coinage
13572:Economy
13400:Vietnam
13292:Princes
13250:Emperor
13038:Middle
12924:History
12852:Outline
12793:Cuisine
12780:Culture
12693:Society
12669:Tourism
12654:Fishing
12619:Economy
12455:Borders
12296:History
12221:Outline
12131:Aquatic
12121:Symbols
12032:Cuisine
11992:Culture
11852:Society
11816:Tourism
11735:Nuclear
11688:Economy
11544:Cabinet
11493:Regions
11473:Islands
11448:Climate
11438:Borders
11301:History
11247:Indians
11013:Tampuan
11001:Central
10919:Teochew
10914:Hokkien
10896:Sinitic
10725:Gia Rai
10571:Thái Đỏ
10508:Pà Thẻn
10475:Xơ Đăng
10226:Panthay
10221:Chinese
10155:Yin Net
10150:Yin Kya
10140:Wa (Va)
10135:Taungyo
10130:Taishon
10125:Tai-Lay
10120:Tai-Lon
10115:Tai Nua
10110:Tai-Loi
10095:Palaung
10002:(Kaman)
9972:Mon (1)
9884:Yin Gog
9864:Tay-Zan
9734:Kwe Myi
9709:Kaungso
9699:Hualngo
9561:Yin Baw
9541:Karenni
9460:Dalaung
9455:Jingpaw
9331:Related
9301:Koreans
9278:Indians
9231:Nepalis
9201:Western
9181:Uyghurs
9082:Manchus
8973:Tai Nua
8968:Tai Lue
8941:Kra–Dai
8929:Eastern
8911:Monguor
8883:Onnigud
8871:Torghut
8861:Khoshut
8851:Dzungar
8841:Naimans
8811:Khalkha
8801:Jalaids
8791:Chahars
8786:Buryats
8781:Baarins
8760:Mongols
8749:Kangjia
8653:Gaoshan
8509:Tibetan
8488:Tibetic
8451:Qiangic
8398:Laomian
8337:Waxiang
8332:Longjia
8286:Sinitic
8157:Kaleung
8147:Chinese
8051:(Kiorr)
7974:Talieng
7964:Nyaheun
7944:Kataang
7940:(Lavae)
7844:Thavung
7779:Tai Nüa
7762:Tai Dam
7723:Lao-Tai
7669:Swedish
7659:Nepalis
7649:Koreans
7634:Indians
7614:Burmese
7591:Iu Mien
7559:Hokchew
7539:Hokkien
7534:Teochew
7526:Sinitic
7275:Western
7244:Palaung
7031:Tai Nüa
7016:Tai Dam
6951:Lao Lom
6909:Kra–Dai
6853:Italics
6794:Kam–Tai
6771:Cao Lan
6735:Cao Lan
6679:(other)
6654:Tày Tac
6634:Tai Dam
6624:Tai Lue
6614:Tai Dón
6577:Kaloeng
6572:Lao Nyo
6401:Central
6391:Tai Pao
6329:, etc.)
6267:Yuanmen
6237:Baoting
6227:Tongzha
6158:Ai-Cham
6143:Chadong
6103:Kam–Sui
5922:5381892
5899:Bibcode
5654:: 1–10.
5627:3951936
5571:: 1–45.
5392:: 1–21.
5379:: 1–48.
5295:Sources
4746:19 July
4732:"China"
4645:4884158
4596:7171127
4547:4611482
4524:Bibcode
4488:3346718
4465:Bibcode
4429:4074153
4406:Bibcode
4367:3164178
4344:Bibcode
4146:2049480
4109:26 June
3442:chicken
3313:Thay Bo
3225:Tai Sam
3206:Tai Pao
3194:Tai Nyo
3180:Tai Men
3173:Tai Loi
3123:Tai Doi
3076:Lao Lom
3047:Han Tai
2942:Dǎiyǒu
2928:Xinping
2921:ไทหย่า
2901:Jinping
2831:Jinping
2825:Tai Dam
2811:Dǎidān
2792:Tai Nüa
2749:ไทลื้อ
2732:（西雙版納傣）
2713:Tai Nüa
2699:Chinese
2652:Tày Tac
2642:Tai Dón
2632:Tai Dam
2554:Tai Nüa
2474:in the
2452:Vietnam
2347:, Ts =
2343:, Ml =
2335:, Lk =
2323:, Bd =
2223:Saliva
2175:*qabaRa
2146:Sesame
1916:Kam-Sui
1764:*Kada:w
1494:Kam-Sui
1461:Puluqic
1388:abugida
1317:Kunming
1307:prince
1270:Beijing
1247:Vietnam
1131:Lamphun
1129:in the
1123:Bangkok
1020:river.
1018:Yangtze
1010:Guizhou
1006:Guangxi
990:Deihong
982:Shànguó
966:Baoshan
964:, from
960:to the
942:Dianyue
934:Kunming
911:Guizhou
898:Nanning
886:Nanchao
856:Guangxi
850:passes.
799:, 2018)
709:Lingnan
705:Luo Yue
652:History
443:*kraw
394:Jiaozhi
390:Guìzhōu
339:di:/daj
222:Tai Lai
218:Tai Yai
120:Tai Lai
118:, and
78:Vietnam
65:Tai Yai
61:Myanmar
13520:Poetry
13410:Yunnan
12932:Early
12917:topics
12873:Portal
12833:Sports
12803:Emblem
12788:Anthem
12725:Health
12649:Energy
12480:Rivers
12470:Mekong
12286:
12242:Portal
12173:Flower
12163:Emblem
12148:Anthem
12126:Animal
12116:Sports
12067:Poetry
12022:Cinema
12015:Comics
11957:Racism
11935:Health
11901:People
11730:Energy
11657:Police
11650:Senate
11498:Rivers
11291:
11181:Vietic
11171:Kchruk
11150:Sa'och
11140:Samrai
11127:Pearic
11109:Katuic
11090:Kreung
11085:Klueng
11059:Thmaun
11054:Stieng
11049:Ra'ong
11044:Bunong
11029:Khaonh
11008:Kachok
10785:italic
10761:Jewish
10756:Korean
10746:Indian
10730:Raglai
10715:Chu Ru
10613:Pu Péo
10603:La Chí
10598:Cơ Lao
10460:Rơ Măm
10450:Chơ Ro
10435:Xtiêng
10430:M'Nông
10420:Khơ Mú
10333:Vietic
10253:Tamils
10248:Indian
10238:Gurkha
10165:Man Zi
10085:Kokang
10000:Kamein
9948:Yabein
9909:Zotung
9904:Zophei
9899:Sizang
9859:Tapong
9844:Saline
9834:Rongtu
9804:Lusayy
9764:Lyente
9759:Lhinbu
9754:Laymyo
9749:Lawhtu
9744:Laizao
9719:Khawno
9620:Monpwa
9571:Zayein
9505:Rawang
9475:Duleng
9470:Hkahku
9446:Kachin
9317:Nivkhs
9266:Others
9257:Wakhis
9188:Uzbeks
9175:Tuvans
9155:Kyrgyz
9148:Kazakh
9114:Turkic
9096:Oroqen
9068:Evenks
9048:Zhuang
9020:Qabiao
9002:Maonan
8956:Buyang
8950:Bouyei
8846:Oirats
8806:Jaruud
8796:Gorlos
8776:Aohans
8754:Khatso
8659:Utsuls
8614:Ta'ang
8539:Jingpo
8532:Derung
8519:Others
8503:Sherpa
8403:Laopin
8386:Kucong
8356:Achang
8301:Caijia
8199:(Hill)
8164:(Lawi)
8126:Phunoi
8121:Phana'
8073:Lanten
8049:Samtao
8045:(Puoc)
8028:Mlabri
7969:Sedang
7900:Makong
7877:Katuic
7840:(Aheu)
7828:Maleng
7789:Vietic
7624:Farang
7497:Phunoi
7403:Vietic
7389:Kensiu
7384:Kintaq
7371:Aslian
7357:Sa'och
7339:Pearic
7317:Katuic
7182:Mlabri
7164:Khmuic
7131:Moklen
7026:Kaleun
6981:Tai Lu
6971:Lao Ti
6941:Lao Ga
6776:Jiamao
6568:(Nyaw)
6566:Tai Yo
6534:Turung
6501:Khamti
6481:Tai Ya
6462:(Thai)
6382:(Nyaw)
6380:Tai Yo
6350:Bouyei
6327:Zhuang
6312:Jizhao
6299:Jizhao
6285:Jiamao
6277:Jiamao
6262:Baisha
6257:Moyfaw
6232:Zandui
6222:Lauhut
6212:Bouhin
6194:Lakkia
6186:Lakkia
6138:Maonan
6118:(Dong)
6046:Qabiao
6036:Buyang
5929:
5919:
5855:
5835:
5815:
5777:
5756:
5697:
5674:
5634:
5624:
5589:
5558:: 1–6.
5505:
5360:
5317:
5137:傣族支系探微
5073:广西民族研究
4701:
4693:
4652:
4642:
4603:
4593:
4554:
4544:
4495:
4485:
4436:
4426:
4374:
4364:
4152:
4144:
4030:
3964:28 May
3912:vol. 7
3899:vol. 6
3886:vol. 5
3515:Press.
3475:*pudeR
3444:" to "
3434:*manuk
3430:*qayam
3406:*paqiC
3373:(ລາວ).
3319:Kha Bo
3289:Kap Kè
3277:, and
3139:Tai He
3090:Lao Ti
3060:Lao Ga
3017:Yunnan
2952:ไทแดง
2911:Dǎiyǎ
2894:ไทขาว
2875:Mekong
2869:Gengma
2858:ไทเมา
2798:Dehong
2753:Tai Lü
2708:Tai Lü
2703:Pinyin
2659:Tai Lü
2589:Turung
2559:Khamti
2549:Tai Ya
2507:Mueang
2500:Mueang
2484:O-M175
2468:Giarai
2423:, and
2409:O-M119
2401:O-M117
2397:O-M122
2339:, K =
2337:Lakkja
2333:Buyang
2308:PAN =
2284:*Kəts-
2227:*ŋalay
2202:*tidem
2198:Black
2100:*Sanaq
2096:Otter
2073:*Cumay
1897:Gloss
1870:*maTa:
1853:tshou
1843:*KuTu:
1813:*pudeR
1809:Navel
1786:*Sapuy
1734:*Caŋis
1719:ʔɣaak
1716:phɯak
1709:*biRaq
1683:(PMP)
1681:*manuk
1656:*paqiC
1644:thu:t
1614:ʔdjup
1602:*qudip
1576:(PMP)
1552:*lipan
1547:*nipen
1543:Tooth
1520:*daNum
1516:Water
1477:Gloss
1438:Taiwan
1356:, and
1305:Mongol
1245:, and
1092:mueang
1084:Yunnan
1059:mueang
1014:Yunnan
1012:, not
946:Yunnan
890:A Nong
881:Nanyue
797:Blench
740:Taiwan
675:Origin
668:, and
658:Baiyue
634:Zhuang
628:, the
576:Bouyei
551:Yunnan
512:Zhuang
491:, the
236:, and
204:being
13582:Islam
13405:Wokou
13393:Tibet
13324:Fotou
13193:Sarhū
13129:Late
12859:Index
12823:Music
12770:Women
12739:Delta
12705:Crime
12490:Towns
12228:Index
12158:Deity
12094:Music
12089:Media
12074:Names
12042:Drama
11982:Women
11869:Crime
11713:Banks
11705:Baht
11221:Phuan
11164:Other
11145:Samre
11080:Kavet
11034:Kraol
11022:South
10964:Jarai
10959:Chams
10937:Bamar
10909:Hakka
10860:Khmer
10608:La Ha
10480:Khmer
10465:Tà Ôi
10440:Cơ Ho
10415:Kháng
10400:Cơ Tu
10380:Ba Na
10353:Nguồn
10347:Mường
10265:Malay
10060:Intha
10006:Khami
9958:Ganan
9933:Dawei
9889:Zahau
9869:Thado
9829:Panun
9824:Oo-Pu
9819:Ngawn
9799:Mi-er
9779:Marma
9774:Malin
9769:Magun
9714:Kebar
9694:Guite
9669:Cumtu
9600:S'gaw
9536:Gheko
9510:Taron
9465:Gauri
9355:Minzu
9236:Daman
9195:Yugur
9169:Tatar
9162:Salar
9132:Dolan
9103:Sibes
9089:Nanai
9074:Solon
9014:Mulao
8988:Gelao
8923:Yugur
8898:Sunud
8888:Ordos
8856:Khoid
8766:Abaga
8724:Bonan
8689:Hmong
8677:Gejia
8608:Pakan
8588:Kunge
8583:Bolyu
8577:Blang
8553:Tujia
8546:Lhoba
8497:Monpa
8477:Qiang
8459:Baima
8421:Nakhi
8415:Mosuo
8140:Other
8131:Si La
8111:Kaduo
8068:Hmong
8033:Lamet
8018:Khamu
8014:(Lua)
8007:Khang
7981:(Jeh)
7959:Laven
7915:Ta Oi
7905:Pacoh
7890:Ca Tu
7867:Khmer
7859:Khmer
7833:Phong
7809:(May)
7741:Phuan
7581:Hmong
7544:Hakka
7512:Ugong
7507:S'gaw
7462:Kayah
7457:Karen
7379:Maniq
7352:Chong
7290:Monic
7266:Khmer
7258:Khmer
7229:Lamet
7224:Blang
7126:Moken
7121:Malay
7001:Phuan
6991:Nyong
6726:mixed
6691:Pa Di
6644:Phuan
6516:Aiton
6511:Phake
6247:Nadou
6217:Ha Em
6127:Nuoxi
6111:Mulam
6084:Telue
6079:Hagei
6074:Mulao
6064:Vandu
6056:Gelao
6026:Lachi
5878:(PDF)
5871:(PDF)
5813:S2CID
5793:(PDF)
5754:S2CID
5711:(PDF)
5695:JSTOR
5664:(PDF)
5648:(PDF)
5583:(PDF)
5495:(PDF)
5475:(PDF)
5461:(PDF)
5431:2 May
5425:(PDF)
5418:(PDF)
5404:(PDF)
5333:(PDF)
4699:S2CID
4150:S2CID
4142:JSTOR
4103:(PDF)
4078:(PDF)
4052:(PDF)
3946:(PDF)
3864:p. 36
3862:(1c).
3850:(PDF)
3717:(PDF)
3462:"sun"
3428:" is
3353:Notes
2989:Bajia
2865:Ruili
2802:Burma
2771:Dǎinà
2768:（德宏傣）
2735:Dǎilè
2669:Phuan
2615:some
2515:เมือง
2456:Jarai
2345:Mulam
2329:Gelao
2275:Sour
2261:klau
2257:*Kuɭ-
2252:*qulu
2248:Head
2240:la:i
2234:laai
2212:ʔnam
2180:*Kab-
2160:ʔŋaa
2150:*leŋa
2135:naai
2125:*i-ni
2121:This
2113:na:ʔ
2107:naak
2078:*Tum-
2069:Bear
2058:mjaa
2042:Hand
2028:khii
2021:*Caqi
2003:khaa
1999:*paq-
1994:*paqa
1969:*kamu
1947:*aku:
1880:tsha
1865:*maCa
1838:*kuCu
1823:ʔdaa
1782:Fire
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