2075:
1167:
317:
The 75 metric ton TMK-1 spacecraft would take a crew of three on a Mars flyby mission. After a 10½ month flight the crew would race past Mars, dropping remote-controlled landers, and then be flung into an Earth-return trajectory. Earth return would happen on July 10, 1974, after a voyage of three
84:
was due to be launched in 1971 and make a three-year-long flight including a Mars flyby, at which time probes would have been dropped. Expanded project variations, such as the TMK-E, Mavr or KK, including a Venus flyby, electric propulsion or a crewed Mars landing were also proposed.
24:
526:
The TMK-E would be capable of a three-year flight to Mars and return, of which one year was powered flight. It would measure 175 m in length and house a crew of six. Six landing craft were included, two for the crew and four for the
344:, including the hatch for extra-vehicular activities and a solar storm shelter should solar flares increase radiation to dangerous levels. Total volume of the section would be 25 cubic meters
1460:
1453:
1036:
1679:
1770:
1743:
1446:
1705:
1603:
515:
This variation was proposed in 1960, and consisted of a complete Mars landing expedition to be assembled in Earth orbit using several
1700:
358:, with the Mars probe capsules, the KDU midcourse correction engine, the SOZh solar concentrator and solar panels, and radio antennas
1280:
1268:
1263:
691:
A variation of the TMK mission planning involved a flyby of Venus on the return voyage, and was given the code name "Mavr" (
2099:
1938:
1029:
1841:
519:
launches. The spacecraft would be powered by nuclear electric engines and five landers would deliver a nuclear-powered
1232:
1060:
2114:
1736:
2119:
1022:
1137:
2109:
1106:
2104:
1710:
1562:
1227:
1438:
1273:
1210:
1152:
1111:
1400:
2078:
1974:
1729:
1493:
1147:
781:. Nuclear electric propulsion was to be used for the 630-day mission. The craft structure consisted of:
817:
The launch was planned for 1980, with a crew of three cosmonauts. Mars stay duration would be 30 days.
1928:
1815:
1395:
1958:
1908:
1810:
1635:
1667:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1780:
1627:
1575:
1501:
1190:
416:
351:, with the SOZh closed-cycle environmental control system, with a total volume of 75 cubic meters
98:
48:
1820:
1695:
1422:
898:
1898:
1412:
1354:
1311:
1045:
846:
2055:
1469:
1417:
1380:
1249:
17:
8:
1825:
1385:
1244:
1090:
60:
813:: used by the expedition on the Martian surface for life support and scientific research
1861:
1752:
1671:
851:
2020:
1647:
1611:
1540:
1519:
1344:
1285:
1221:
702:
2015:
2010:
1877:
1851:
1639:
1557:
1545:
1535:
1184:
1132:
102:
mission was proposed in 1956. The project was never completed because the required
39:
1659:
1655:
1643:
1488:
1390:
698:
1979:
1775:
1623:
1316:
1195:
1085:
2093:
2045:
2040:
1989:
1856:
1790:
89:
1468:
314:
The first flight to Mars of the TMK-1 was planned to begin on June 8, 1971.
2060:
2050:
1933:
1785:
1599:
1359:
1339:
1321:
1116:
66:
946:
922:
1984:
1407:
1215:
1205:
970:
657:
486:
248:
1014:
871:
1427:
1364:
994:
81:
1721:
1473:
1349:
834:
830:
Number of
Launches Required to Assemble Payload in Low Earth Orbit: 2
516:
103:
1258:
1142:
1893:
1290:
65:'Heavy Interplanetary Vessel') was the designation of a
1994:
1651:
1607:
1166:
779:
KK - Space
Complex for Delivering a Piloted Expedition to Mars
699:
KK - Space
Complex for Delivering a Piloted Expedition to Mars
1846:
1550:
1295:
74:
28:
794:: living and work compartments and the life support systems
709:- Space Complex for Delivering a Piloted Expedition to Mars
1049:
581:
156:
93:
70:
23:
824:
Total
Payload Required in Low Earth Orbit-metric tons: 150
1570:
777:
In 1966, a final version of the TMK studies was known as
585:
160:
788:: command center for piloting in interplanetary space
69:
space exploration project to send a crewed flight to
53:
365:crew Earth reentry capsule, about 4 m in diameter.
604:Volume: 45.0 cubic metres (1,590 cu ft)
88:The TMK project was planned as a response to the
2091:
1771:Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
1737:
1454:
1030:
333:, with an internal volume of 25 cubic meters
1744:
1730:
1706:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
1461:
1447:
1037:
1023:
757:
738:
713:
705:
179:Volume: 4,555.6 cubic feet (129.00 m)
1701:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
1044:
899:"Russia's plans for manned Mars missions"
827:Total Propellant Required-metric tons: 24
419:(Xenon) Thrust: 74 newtons (17 lbf)
22:
534:
523:on the surface for a one-year mission.
2092:
1751:
1281:Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition
1264:Mars Analogue Research Station Program
1725:
1476:government human spaceflight programs
1442:
1018:
733:
723:
1939:Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System
893:
891:
728:
718:
77:(TMK-MAVR design) without landing.
27:Artist's depiction of TMK-MAVR on a
1975:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program
13:
1554:(incorporated into Salyut program)
601:Diameter: 19.60 feet (5.97 m)
433:Diameter: 19.60 feet (5.97 m)
176:Diameter: 19.60 feet (5.97 m)
14:
2131:
1061:List of crewed Mars mission plans
888:
2074:
2073:
1165:
318:years, one month, and two days.
55:Tyazhelyy Mezhplanetnyy Korabl'
1107:Austere Human Missions to Mars
987:
963:
939:
915:
864:
349:biological systems compartment
1:
1711:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
1228:Mars Design Reference Mission
857:
786:EK - Expeditionary spacecraft
430:Length: 574 feet (175 m)
1211:Space Exploration Initiative
1153:Vision for Space Exploration
1112:Mars Piloted Orbital Station
806:RV - The Ascent Rocket stage
44:Тяжелый Межпланетный Корабль
7:
2100:Cancelled Soviet spacecraft
840:
598:Length: 82 feet (25 m)
173:Length: 39 feet (12 m)
54:
10:
2136:
811:PS - The Planetary Station
321:Spacecraft configuration:
15:
2069:
2033:
2011:Tupolev Tu-95LAL / Tu-119
2003:
1967:
1954:
1947:
1929:Nuclear marine propulsion
1921:
1886:
1870:
1834:
1816:Nuclear salt-water rocket
1766:
1759:
1688:
1589:
1528:
1512:
1481:
1373:
1330:
1304:
1243:
1174:
1163:
1125:
1099:
1078:
1069:
1056:
695:), meaning Mars - Venus.
685:
681:
676:
671:
667:
663:
653:
648:
644:
640:
632:
624:
619:
615:
611:
591:
577:
572:
568:
564:
556:
548:
544:
509:
505:
500:
496:
492:
482:
477:
473:
469:
461:
453:
448:
444:
440:
423:
412:
407:
403:
399:
391:
383:
379:
308:
304:
296:
291:
287:
283:
267:
262:
258:
254:
244:
228:
223:
219:
215:
207:
199:
194:
190:
186:
166:
152:
147:
143:
139:
131:
123:
119:
106:never flew successfully.
43:
1959:Nuclear-powered aircraft
1811:Nuclear pulse propulsion
369:
109:
2115:Human missions to Venus
1806:Nuclear photonic rocket
1801:Nuclear electric rocket
1796:Gas core reactor rocket
1781:Fission-fragment rocket
1628:Martian Piloted Complex
1502:Russian Orbital Segment
1191:Martian Piloted Complex
903:www.russianspaceweb.com
798:SA - The Landing Module
417:Nuclear electric rocket
271:July 10, 1974
99:Martian Piloted Complex
2120:Human missions to Mars
1821:Nuclear thermal rocket
1696:List of Soyuz missions
1423:Mars atmospheric entry
802:AV - The Ascent Module
232:June 8, 1971
32:
2110:Soviet Venus missions
1899:TOPAZ nuclear reactor
1413:Mars orbit rendezvous
1355:Mars Excursion Module
1312:Caves of Mars Project
1138:Constellation program
847:Human mission to Mars
573:Spacecraft properties
552:crewed interplanetary
408:Spacecraft properties
387:crewed interplanetary
148:Spacecraft properties
127:crewed interplanetary
96:landings. An earlier
26:
2105:Soviet Mars missions
2056:Ford Seattle-ite XXI
1418:Terraforming of Mars
1381:Colonization of Mars
792:OK - Orbital Complex
535:Mavr (MArs - VeneRa)
300:April 1972 (planned)
18:TMK (disambiguation)
16:For other uses, see
1826:Radioisotope rocket
1386:Exploration of Mars
1091:SpaceX Mars program
999:www.astronautix.com
975:www.astronautix.com
951:www.astronautix.com
927:www.astronautix.com
876:www.astronautix.com
541:
376:
116:
1862:Project Prometheus
1753:Nuclear propulsion
852:Manned Venus flyby
771:30 days Mars stay
539:
374:
114:
33:
2087:
2086:
2029:
2028:
2021:9M730 Burevestnik
1917:
1916:
1719:
1718:
1580:
1567:
1555:
1498:
1436:
1435:
1345:Crewed Mars rover
1286:Concordia Station
1222:The Case for Mars
1161:
1160:
775:
774:
689:
688:
636:Soviet cosmonauts
513:
512:
465:Soviet cosmonauts
356:aggregate section
342:equipment section
331:pilot compartment
312:
311:
211:Soviet cosmonauts
64:
52:
2127:
2077:
2076:
2016:Myasishchev M-60
1952:
1951:
1878:Project Daedalus
1852:Project Longshot
1764:
1763:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1677:Space Stations:
1617:Interplanetary:
1578:
1565:
1553:
1496:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1185:The Mars Project
1169:
1148:Inspiration Mars
1133:Aurora programme
1076:
1075:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
991:
985:
984:
982:
981:
967:
961:
960:
958:
957:
943:
937:
936:
934:
933:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
895:
886:
885:
883:
882:
868:
833:Launch Vehicle:
724:Mars Expedition
703:
649:Start of mission
557:Mission duration
542:
538:
478:Start of mission
392:Mission duration
377:
373:
297:Closest approach
278:
276:
239:
237:
224:Start of mission
132:Mission duration
117:
113:
59:
57:
47:
45:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2065:
2025:
1999:
1963:
1943:
1913:
1882:
1866:
1830:
1755:
1750:
1720:
1715:
1684:
1660:Tupolev Tu-2000
1585:
1524:
1508:
1477:
1467:
1437:
1432:
1369:
1332:
1326:
1300:
1247:
1239:
1176:
1170:
1157:
1121:
1095:
1071:
1065:
1052:
1043:
1013:
1012:
1003:
1001:
993:
992:
988:
979:
977:
969:
968:
964:
955:
953:
945:
944:
940:
931:
929:
921:
920:
916:
907:
905:
897:
896:
889:
880:
878:
870:
869:
865:
860:
843:
739:Rocket engines
701:
607:
578:Spacecraft type
537:
436:
413:Spacecraft type
372:
274:
272:
235:
233:
182:
153:Spacecraft type
112:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Convair NB-36H
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Bussard ramjet
1773:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1662:
1630:
1614:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1568:
1560:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1513:In development
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1317:Mars Institute
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1086:Mars Base Camp
1082:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1010:
986:
962:
938:
914:
887:
862:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
849:
842:
839:
838:
837:
831:
828:
825:
820:Mission data:
815:
814:
808:
795:
789:
773:
772:
769:
766:
760:
759:
755:
754:
751:
748:
747:(Xenon) :
741:
740:
736:
735:
732:
726:
725:
722:
716:
715:
711:
710:
700:
697:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
677:Flyby of Venus
674:
673:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
655:
651:
650:
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
634:
630:
629:
626:
622:
621:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
606:
605:
602:
599:
595:
593:
589:
588:
579:
575:
574:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
546:
545:
536:
533:
511:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
484:
480:
479:
475:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
459:
458:
455:
451:
450:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
435:
434:
431:
427:
425:
421:
420:
414:
410:
409:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
393:
389:
388:
385:
381:
380:
371:
368:
367:
366:
359:
352:
345:
334:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
294:
293:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
269:
265:
264:
263:End of mission
260:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
246:
242:
241:
230:
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220:
217:
216:
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209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
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188:
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184:
183:
181:
180:
177:
174:
170:
168:
164:
163:
154:
150:
149:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
111:
108:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2132:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Ford FX-Atmos
2044:
2042:
2041:Chrysler TV-8
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Project Pluto
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:Project Rover
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Project Orion
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Fusion rocket
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:Spaceplanes:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
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2061:Simca Fulgur
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1934:Nuclear navy
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1786:Fission sail
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1600:Zond (7K-L1)
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1563:Apollo–Soyuz
1340:Mars habitat
1322:Mars Society
1245:Mars analogs
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1175:20th-century
1117:Mars to Stay
1070:21st-century
1002:. Retrieved
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978:. Retrieved
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124:Mission type
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2004:USSR/Russia
1985:Convair X-6
1922:Sea vessels
1887:USSR/Russia
1576:Shuttle-Mir
1408:Mars cycler
1360:Mars lander
1216:Mars Direct
1206:Ride Report
745:Main Engine
501:Mars lander
229:Launch date
2094:Categories
1760:Spacecraft
1665:Capsules:
1428:Mars flyby
1374:Miscellany
1365:Mars rover
1004:2024-02-12
980:2024-02-12
956:2024-02-12
932:2024-02-12
908:2024-02-12
881:2024-02-12
858:References
764:Endurance:
592:Dimensions
531:vehicles.
529:Mars Train
521:Mars Train
424:Dimensions
327:habitation
275:1974-07-10
236:1971-06-08
167:Dimensions
82:spacecraft
80:The TMK-1
1590:Cancelled
1350:Mars suit
1177:proposals
1072:proposals
750:14 lbf ea
625:Crew size
454:Crew size
395:1096 days
279:(planned)
240:(planned)
200:Crew size
135:1095 days
104:N1 rocket
92:' crewed
49:romanized
2079:Category
1948:Aircraft
1579:(joint)
1566:(joint)
1497:(joint)
1333:concepts
1331:Hardware
1305:Advocacy
1259:MARS-500
1143:Mars One
841:See also
768:630 days
560:680 days
1894:RD-0410
1689:Related
1640:Energia
1541:Voskhod
1474:Russian
1391:Fiction
1291:HI-SEAS
1100:Passive
947:"TMK-E"
923:"TMK-1"
633:Members
462:Members
273: (
234: (
208:Members
63:
51::
40:Russian
2034:Ground
1995:WS-125
1668:Zvezda
1652:Kliper
1636:Spiral
1624:Aelita
1612:Zvezda
1608:LK-700
1597:Moon:
1546:Salyut
1536:Vostok
1482:Active
1470:Soviet
1401:novels
1196:Aelita
1126:Former
1079:Active
971:"Mavr"
734:three
730:Crew:
654:Rocket
483:Rocket
245:Rocket
67:Soviet
1847:NERVA
1680:OPSEK
1672:Zarya
1644:Buran
1604:N1-L3
1551:Almaz
1489:Soyuz
1396:films
1296:NEEMO
1269:FMARS
872:"TMK"
753:61 N
720:Role:
375:TMK-E
370:TMK-E
115:TMK-1
110:TMK-1
75:Venus
31:flyby
29:Venus
1648:MAKS
1529:Past
1520:Orel
1472:and
1274:MDRS
1250:list
1050:Mars
995:"KK"
804:and
620:Crew
582:RP-1
540:MAVR
449:Crew
361:The
338:work
195:Crew
157:RP-1
94:Moon
73:and
71:Mars
61:lit.
1909:TEM
1904:TMK
1656:LKS
1620:TMK
1571:Mir
1558:TKS
1494:ISS
1233:3.0
1201:TMK
1048:to
586:LOX
354:An
340:or
329:or
161:LOX
36:TMK
2096::
1968:US
1871:UK
1835:US
1670:,
1658:,
1654:,
1650:,
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1642:/
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1556:/
997:.
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925:.
901:.
890:^
874:.
835:N1
800:,
707:KK
658:N1
517:N1
487:N1
363:SA
347:A
336:A
325:A
249:N1
58:,
46:,
42::
1745:e
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1248:(
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1024:v
1007:.
983:.
959:.
935:.
911:.
884:.
628:3
584:/
457:6
277:)
238:)
203:3
159:/
38:(
20:.
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