Venus - Knowledge

2465: 1677: 2549: 18978: 2591: 3753: 1880: 2200: 1594: 2705:—an apparent weak illumination of its dark side, seen when the planet is in the crescent phase. The first claimed observation of ashen light was made in 1643, but the existence of the illumination has never been reliably confirmed. Observers have speculated it may result from electrical activity in the Venusian atmosphere, but it could be illusory, resulting from the physiological effect of observing a bright, crescent-shaped object. The ashen light has often been sighted when Venus is in the evening sky, when the evening terminator of the planet is towards Earth. 2071:. Clouds at different levels have different compositions and particle size distributions. These clouds reflect, similar to thick cloud cover on Earth, about 70% of the sunlight that falls on them back into space, and since they cover the whole planet they prevent visual observation of Venus's surface. The permanent cloud cover means that although Venus is closer than Earth to the Sun, it receives less sunlight on the ground, with only 10% of the received sunlight reaching the surface, resulting in average daytime levels of illumination at the surface of 14,000 1285: 2974: 4196: 3829: 94: 19210: 1479: 1383: 2009:

have formed before this event, there is speculation on the possibility that life exists in the upper cloud layers of Venus, 50 km (30 mi) up from the surface, where the atmospheric conditions are the most Earth-like in the Solar System, with temperatures ranging between 303 and 353 K (30 and 80 °C; 86 and 176 °F), and the pressure and radiation being about the same as at Earth's surface, but with acidic clouds and the carbon dioxide air. Venus's atmosphere could also have a potential thermal

2893: 1662:. Three of the spots were observed in more than one successive orbit. These spots are thought to represent lava freshly released by volcanic eruptions. The actual temperatures are not known, because the size of the hot spots could not be measured, but are likely to have been in the 800–1,100 K (527–827 °C; 980–1,520 °F) range, relative to a normal temperature of 740 K (467 °C; 872 °F). In 2023, scientists reexamined topographical images of the Maat Mons region taken by the 1718: 2400: 2030: 2236: 1825:. The core is thought to be electrically conductive and, although its rotation is often thought to be too slow, simulations show it is adequate to produce a dynamo. This implies that the dynamo is missing because of a lack of convection in Venus's core. On Earth, convection occurs in the liquid outer layer of the core because the bottom of the liquid layer is much higher in temperature than the top. On Venus, a global resurfacing event may have shut down plate tectonics and led to a reduced 1753:. Like that of Earth, the Venusian core is most likely at least partially liquid because the two planets have been cooling at about the same rate, although a completely solid core cannot be ruled out. The slightly smaller size of Venus means pressures are 24% lower in its deep interior than Earth's. The predicted values for the moment of inertia based on planetary models suggest a core radius of 2,900–3,450 km. This is in line with the first observation-based estimate of 3,500 km. 272: 19204: 3691: 40: 17329: 2512: 17339: 19216: 2884: 3234: 19934: 3299: 3397: 18954: 4286: 18966: 4314: 19946: 4300: 3537:, a gas not known to be produced by any known chemical processes on the Venusian surface or atmosphere, in the upper levels of the planet's clouds. One proposed source for this phosphine is living organisms. The phosphine was detected at heights of at least 30 miles (48 km) above the surface, and primarily at mid-latitudes with none detected at the poles. The discovery prompted 19922: 2101:" that bore a strong resemblance to terrestrial snow. This substance likely formed from a similar process to snow, albeit at a far higher temperature. Too volatile to condense on the surface, it rose in gaseous form to higher elevations, where it is cooler and could precipitate. The identity of this substance is not known with certainty, but speculation has ranged from elemental 4477:

mean that the two planets are closest over time. Essentially because Mercury is closer to the Sun than Venus, Mercury spends more time in proximity to Earth; it could, therefore, be said that Mercury is the planet that is "closest to Earth when averaged over time". However, using this time-average definition of "closeness", it turns out that Mercury is the closest planet to

1861:

retained. Atmospheric erosion by the solar wind could have led to the loss of most of Venus's water during the first billion years after it formed. However, the planet may have retained a dynamo for its first 2–3 billion years, so the water loss may have occurred more recently. The erosion has increased the ratio of higher-mass

4701: 2075:, comparable to that on Earth "in the daytime with overcast clouds". Strong 300 km/h (185 mph) winds at the cloud tops go around Venus about every four to five Earth days. Winds on Venus move at up to 60 times the speed of its rotation, whereas Earth's fastest winds are only 10–20% rotation speed. 2041:

hour, but because of the high density of the atmosphere at the surface, they exert a significant amount of force against obstructions, and transport dust and small stones across the surface. This alone would make it difficult for a human to walk through, even without the heat, pressure, and lack of oxygen.

4176:

by humans. The genre reached its peak between the 1930s and 1950s, at a time when science had revealed some aspects of Venus, but not yet the harsh reality of its surface conditions. Findings from the first missions to Venus showed reality to be quite different and brought this particular genre to an

2025:

in Venus's atmosphere, with no known pathway for abiotic production, led to speculation in September 2020 that there could be extant life currently present in the atmosphere. Later research attributed the spectroscopic signal that was interpreted as phosphine to sulphur dioxide, or found that in fact

2492:

Venus "overtakes" Earth every 584 days as it orbits the Sun. As it does so, it changes from the "Evening Star", visible after sunset, to the "Morning Star", visible before sunrise. Although Mercury, the other inferior planet, reaches a maximum elongation of only 28° and is often difficult to discern

2112:

Although Venus has no seasons, in 2019 astronomers identified a cyclical variation in sunlight absorption by the atmosphere, possibly caused by opaque, absorbing particles suspended in the upper clouds. The variation causes observed changes in the speed of Venus's zonal winds and appears to rise and

1646:

This massive volcanic activity is fuelled by a superheated interior, which models say could be explained by energetic collisions from when the planet was young. Impacts would have had significantly higher velocity than on Earth, both because Venus's orbit is faster due to its closer proximity to the

17395: 4491:

Several claims of transit observations made by mediaeval Islamic astronomers have been shown to be sunspots. Avicenna did not record the date of his observation. There was a transit of Venus within his lifetime, on 24 May 1032, although it is questionable whether it would have been visible from his

3876:

Several hymns praise Inanna in her role as the goddess of the planet Venus. Theology professor Jeffrey Cooley has argued that, in many myths, Inanna's movements may correspond with the movements of the planet Venus in the sky. The discontinuous movements of Venus relate to both mythology as well as

3078:

like Mercury was believed to be at the time; but other researchers had detected a significant quantity of heat coming from the planet's nightside, suggesting a quick rotation (a high surface temperature was not suspected at the time), confusing the issue. Later work in the 1950s showed the rotation

2480:

is −4.14 with a standard deviation of 0.31. The brightest magnitude occurs during the crescent phase about one month before or after an inferior conjunction. Venus fades to about magnitude −3 when it is backlit by the Sun. The planet is bright enough to be seen in broad daylight, but is more easily

2008:

caused the evaporation of the original water and the current atmosphere. A runaway greenhouse effect was created once a critical level of greenhouse gases (including water) was added to its atmosphere. Although the surface conditions on Venus are no longer hospitable to any Earth-like life that may

1860:

radiation. The solar wind then supplies energy that gives some of these ions sufficient velocity to escape Venus's gravity field. This erosion process results in a steady loss of low-mass hydrogen, helium, and oxygen ions, whereas higher-mass molecules, such as carbon dioxide, are more likely to be

1687:

Almost a thousand impact craters on Venus are evenly distributed across its surface. On other cratered bodies, such as Earth and the Moon, craters show a range of states of degradation. On the Moon, degradation is caused by subsequent impacts, whereas on Earth it is caused by wind and rain erosion.

9265:

Greaves, J. S.; Richards, A. M. S.; Bains, W.; Rimmer, P. B.; Sagawa, H.; Clements, D. L.; Seager, S.; Petkowski, J. J.; Sousa-Silva, Clara; Ranjan, Sukrit; Drabek-Maunder, Emily; Fraser, Helen J.; Cartwright, Annabel; Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo; Zhan, Zhuchang; Friberg, Per; Coulson, Iain; Lee, E'lisa;

4476:

It is important to be clear about the meaning of "closeness". In the astronomical literature, the term "closest planets" often refers to the two planets that approach each other the most closely. In other words, the orbits of the two planets approach each other most closely. However, this does not

2732:

that human cultures have known and identified throughout history, particularly for being the third brightest object in Earth's sky after the Sun and the Moon. Because the movements of Venus appear to be discontinuous (it disappears due to its proximity to the sun, for many days at a time, and then

2375:

caused the Venusian moon gradually to spiral inward until it collided with Venus. If later impacts created moons, these were removed in the same way. An alternative explanation for the lack of satellites is the effect of strong solar tides, which can destabilize large satellites orbiting the inner

2298:

effects on its dense atmosphere, a change that would have occurred over the course of billions of years. The rotation period of Venus may represent an equilibrium state between tidal locking to the Sun's gravitation, which tends to slow rotation, and an atmospheric tide created by solar heating of

2040:

and the transfer of heat by winds in the lower atmosphere mean that the temperature of Venus's surface does not vary significantly between the planet's two hemispheres, those facing and not facing the Sun, despite Venus's slow rotation. Winds at the surface are slow, moving at a few kilometres per

1837:

One possibility is that Venus has no solid inner core, or that its core is not cooling, so that the entire liquid part of the core is at approximately the same temperature. Another possibility is that its core has already been completely solidified. The state of the core is highly dependent on the

1692:

million years ago, followed by a decay in volcanism. Whereas Earth's crust is in continuous motion, Venus is thought to be unable to sustain such a process. Without plate tectonics to dissipate heat from its mantle, Venus instead undergoes a cyclical process in which mantle temperatures rise until

14466:

Villanueva, Geronimo; Cordiner, Martin; Irwin, Patrick; de Pater, Imke; Butler, Bryan; Gurwell, Mark; Milam, Stefanie; Nixon, Conor; Luszcz-Cook, Statia; Wilson, Colin; Kofman, Vincent; Liuzzi, Giuliano; Faggi, Sara; Fauchez, Thomas; Lippi, Manuela; Cosentino, Richard; Thelen, Alexander; Moullet,

10528:

Fukuhara, Tetsuya; Futaguchi, Masahiko; Hashimoto, George L.; Horinouchi, Takeshi; Imamura, Takeshi; Iwagaimi, Naomoto; Kouyama, Toru; Murakami, Shin-ya; Nakamura, Masato; Ogohara, Kazunori; Sato, Mitsuteru; Sato, Takao M.; Suzuki, Makoto; Taguchi, Makoto; Takagi, Seiko; Ueno, Munetaka; Watanabe,

10057:

Lee, Yeon Joo; Jessup, Kandis-Lea; Perez-Hoyos, Santiago; Titov, Dmitrij V.; Lebonnois, Sebastien; Peralta, Javier; Horinouchi, Takeshi; Imamura, Takeshi; Limaye, Sanjay; Marcq, Emmanuel; Takagi, Masahiro; Yamazaki, Atsushi; Yamada, Manabu; Watanabe, Shigeto; Murakami, Shin-ya; Ogohara, Kazunori;

4171:

The impenetrable Venusian cloud cover gave science fiction writers free rein to speculate on conditions at its surface; all the more so when early observations showed that not only was it similar in size to Earth, it possessed a substantial atmosphere. Closer to the Sun than Earth, the planet was

1634:

activity on Venus. Sulfur dioxide concentrations in the upper atmosphere dropped by a factor of 10 between 1978 and 1986, jumped in 2006, and again declined 10-fold. This may mean that levels had been boosted several times by large volcanic eruptions. It has been suggested that Venusian lightning

1471:", which look somewhat like pancakes and range in size from 20 to 50 km (12 to 31 mi) across, and from 100 to 1,000 m (330 to 3,280 ft) high; radial, star-like fracture systems called "novae"; features with both radial and concentric fractures resembling spider webs, known as " 13852:

O'Rourke, Joseph G.; Wilson, Colin F.; Borrelli, Madison E.; Byrne, Paul K.; Dumoulin, Caroline; Ghail, Richard; Gülcher, Anna J. P.; Jacobson, Seth A.; Korablev, Oleg; Spohn, Tilman; Way, M. J.; Weller, Matt; Westall, Frances (2023). "Venus, the Planet: Introduction to the Evolution of Earth's

6805:

With the Magellan synthetic-aperture radar full-resolution radar map left- and right-look global mosaics at 75 m-per-pixel resolution, we developed a global catalogue of volcanoes on Venus that contains ~85,000 edifices, ~99% of which are <5 km in diameter. We find that Venus hosts far more

2616:

of 1.6 years, do not produce a transit of Venus above Earth. Consequently, Venus transits above Earth only occur when an inferior conjunction takes place during some days of June or December, the time where the orbits of Venus and Earth cross a straight line with the Sun. This results in Venus

2138:

appearance indicates a pattern associated with weather activity. According to these measurements, the lightning rate is at least half that on Earth, however other instruments have not detected lightning at all. The origin of any lightning remains unclear, but could originate from clouds or

1323:

in the Solar System, meaning that it is a rocky body like Earth. It is similar to Earth in size and mass and is often described as Earth's "sister" or "twin". Venus is close to spherical due to its slow rotation. Venus has a diameter of 12,103.6 km (7,520.8 mi)—only 638.4 km

3468:

Speculation on the possibility of life on Venus's surface decreased significantly after the early 1960s when it became clear that conditions were extreme compared to those on Earth. Venus's extreme temperatures and atmospheric pressure make water-based life, as currently known, unlikely.

2539:

from the Sun, and appears at its brightest in the night sky. The planet presents a much larger thin "crescent" in telescopic views as it passes along the near side between Earth and the Sun. Venus displays its largest size and "new phase" when it is between Earth and the Sun (at inferior

14200:

Seager, Sara; Petkowski, Janusz J.; Gao, Peter; Bains, William; Bryan, Noelle C.; Ranjan, Sukrit; Greaves, Jane (14 September 2020). "The Venusian Lower Atmosphere Haze as a Depot for Desiccated Microbial Life: A Proposed Life Cycle for Persistence of the Venusian Aerial Biosphere".

3881:, unlike any other deity, Inanna is able to descend into the netherworld and return to the heavens. The planet Venus appears to make a similar descent, setting in the West and then rising again in the East. An introductory hymn describes Inanna leaving the heavens and heading for 6806:

volcanoes than previously mapped, and that although they are distributed across virtually the entire planet, size–frequency distribution analysis reveals a relative lack of edifices in the 20–100 km diameter range, which could be related to magma availability and eruption rate.

4691: 1999:

Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere could have been much more like the one surrounding the early Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface. After a period of 600 million to several billion years,

6492:

Davies, M. E.; Abalakin, V. K.; Bursa, M.; Lieske, J. H.; Morando, B.; Morrison, D.; Seidelmann, P. K.; Sinclair, A. T.; Yallop, B.; Tjuflin, Y. S. (1994). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites".

3901:, Shukaletuda is described as scanning the heavens in search of Inanna, possibly searching the eastern and western horizons. In the same myth, while searching for her attacker, Inanna herself makes several movements that correspond with the movements of Venus in the sky. 1928:'s, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar 3553:). Observations of the atmosphere of Venus at other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in which a phosphine absorption line would be expected did not detect phosphine. By late October 2020, re-analysis of data with a proper subtraction of background did not show a 1605:

Much of the Venusian surface appears to have been shaped by volcanic activity. Venus has several times as many volcanoes as Earth, and it has 167 large volcanoes that are over 100 km (60 mi) across. The only volcanic complex of this size on Earth is the

2540:

conjunction). Its atmosphere is visible through telescopes by the halo of sunlight refracted around it. The phases are clearly visible in a 4" telescope. Although naked eye visibility of Venus's phases is disputed, records exist of observations of its crescent.

13794:

Wood, B. E.; Hess, P.; Lustig-Yaeger, J.; Gallagher, B.; Korwan, D.; Rich, N.; Stenborg, G.; Thernisien, A.; Qadri, S. N.; Santiago, F.; Peralta, J.; Arney, G. N.; Izenberg, N. R.; Vourlidas, A.; Linton, M. G.; Howard, R. A.; Raouafi, N. E. (9 February 2022).

3548:

Subsequent analysis of the data-processing used to identify phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus has raised concerns that the detection-line may be an artefact. The use of a 12th-order polynomial fit may have amplified noise and generated a false reading (see

2231:

of less than 0.01. Simulations of the early solar system orbital dynamics have shown that the eccentricity of the Venus orbit may have been substantially larger in the past, reaching values as high as 0.31 and possibly impacting early climate evolution.

2753:

period, the planet Venus was known as Ninsi'anna, and later as Dilbat. The name "Ninsi'anna" translates to "divine lady, illumination of heaven", which refers to Venus as the brightest visible "star". Earlier spellings of the name were written with the

1521:. The original prime meridian passed through the radar-bright spot at the centre of the oval feature Eve, located south of Alpha Regio. After the Venera missions were completed, the prime meridian was redefined to pass through the central peak in the 6536:

Kenneth Seidelmann, P.; Archinal, B. A.; A'hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Krasinsky, G. A.; Neumann, G.; Oberst, J.; Stooke, P.; Tedesco, E. F.; Tholen, D. J.; Thomas, P. C.; Williams, I. P. (July 2007).

5687:

Hashimoto, George L.; Roos-Serote, Maarten; Sugita, Seiji; Gilmore, Martha S.; Kamp, Lucas W.; Carlson, Robert W.; Baines, Kevin H. (31 December 2008). "Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data".

14467:

Arielle; Hartogh, Paul; Molter, Edward; Charnley, Steve; Arney, Giada; Mandell, Avi; Biver, Nicolas; Vandaele, Ann; de Kleer, Katherine; Kopparapu, Ravi (2021). "No evidence of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus from independent analyses".

12779:. Proceedings of the Joint Discussion-17 at the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, Organised by the Commission 41 (History of Astronomy), Held in Kyoto, 25–26 August 1997. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. 11707:

Stockman, Tom; Monroe, Gabriel; Cordner, Samuel (2019). "Venus is not Earth's closest neighbour | Calculations and simulations confirm that on average, Mercury is the nearest planet to Earth-and to every other planet in the solar system".

14107:

Bains, William; Petkowski, Janusz J.; Seager, Sara; Ranjan, Sukrit; Sousa-Silva, Clara; Rimmer, Paul B.; Zhan, Zhuchang; Greaves, Jane S.; Richards, Anita M. S. (2021). "Phosphine on Venus Cannot be Explained by Conventional Processes".

4263:), and since polished copper has been used for mirrors from antiquity the symbol for Venus has sometimes been called Venus mirror, representing the mirror of the goddess, although this origin has been discredited as an unlikely origin. 2279:'s 176 Earth days — the 116-day figure is close to the average number of days it takes Mercury to slip underneath the Earth in its orbit [the number of days of Mercury's synodic orbital period]). One Venusian year is about 1.92 1833:

effect would cause the mantle temperature to increase, thereby reducing the heat flux out of the core. As a result, no internal geodynamo is available to drive a magnetic field. Instead, the heat from the core is reheating the crust.

3702:

While the surface conditions of Venus are inhospitable, the atmospheric pressure, temperature, and solar and cosmic radiation 50 km above the surface are similar to those at Earth's surface. With this in mind, Soviet engineer

2493:

in twilight, Venus is hard to miss when it is at its brightest. Its greater maximum elongation means it is visible in dark skies long after sunset. As the brightest point-like object in the sky, Venus is a commonly misreported "

1913: mi) under Earth's ocean surfaces. The density at the surface is 65 kg/m (4.1 lb/cu ft), 6.5% that of water or 50 times as dense as Earth's atmosphere at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F) at sea level. The 5057:

Archinal, B. A.; Acton, C. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Duxbury, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Kirk, R. L.; Klioner, S. A.; McCarthy, D.; Meech, K.; Oberst, J.; Ping, J.; Seidelmann, P. K. (2018).

6608: 5554:"Billions of Years Ago, Venus May Have Had a Key Earthlike Feature – A new study makes the case that the solar system's hellish second planet once may have had plate tectonics that could have made it more hospitable to life" 5413:"Rivers of Lava on Venus Reveal a More Volcanically Active Planet - New software let scientists re-examine old radar images, providing some of the strongest evidence yet that volcanoes continue to reshape the hellish planet" 3610:

Venus is the place of the first interplanetary human presence, mediated through robotic missions, with the first successful landings on another planet and extraterrestrial body other than the Moon. Currently in orbit is

2943:, and when it is closest to the Sun in the sky, it shows as a crescent or full phase. This could be possible only if Venus orbited the Sun, and this was among the first observations to clearly contradict the Ptolemaic 1708:

are slowed so much by the atmosphere that they do not create an impact crater. Incoming projectiles less than 50 m (160 ft) in diameter will fragment and burn up in the atmosphere before reaching the ground.

4481:

other planets in the solar system. For that reason, arguably, the proximity-definition is not particularly helpful. An episode of the BBC Radio 4 programme "More or Less" explains the different notions of proximity

13772: 12145: 3517:

changes in the atmosphere of the planet Venus caused by "unknown absorbers", which may be chemicals or even large colonies of microorganisms high up in the atmosphere of the planet, affect the climate. Their

13976:

Dartnell, Lewis R.; Nordheim, Tom Andre; Patel, Manish R.; Mason, Jonathon P.; Coates, Andrew J.; Jones, Geraint H. (September 2015). "Constraints on a potential aerial biosphere on Venus: I. Cosmic rays".

9638: 3206:

swung by Venus to bend its path towards Mercury and took ultraviolet photographs of the clouds, revealing the extraordinarily high wind speeds in the Venusian atmosphere. This was the first interplanetary

11613:

Oliver Hawkins, more or less alumnus and statistical legend, wrote some code for us, which calculated which planet was closest to the Earth on each day for the past 50 years, and then sent the results to

9335:

Lincowski, Andrew P.; Meadows, Victoria S.; Crisp, David; Akins, Alex B.; Schwieterman, Edward W.; Arney, Giada N.; Wong, Michael L.; Steffes, Paul G.; Parenteau, M. Niki; Domagal-Goldman, Shawn (2021).

2733:

reappears on the other horizon), some cultures did not recognize Venus as a single entity; instead, they assumed it to be two separate stars on each horizon: the morning and evening star. Nonetheless, a

1610:

of Hawaii. More than 85,000 volcanoes on Venus were identified and mapped. This is not because Venus is more volcanically active than Earth, but because its crust is older and is not subject to the same

1466:

million years old. Venus has some unique surface features in addition to the impact craters, mountains, and valleys commonly found on rocky planets. Among these are flat-topped volcanic features called

3138:, launched in 1966, became humanity's first probe and lander to reach and impact another celestial body other than the Moon, but could not return data as it crashed into the surface of Venus. In 1967, 2556:

When Venus is sufficiently bright with enough angular distance from the sun, it is easily observed in a clear daytime sky with the naked eye, though most people do not know to look for it. Astronomer

1996:

from solar nebula have been proposed to explain the enrichment. However, the atmosphere is depleted of radiogenic argon, a proxy for mantle degassing, suggesting an early shutdown of major magmatism.

14178: 11418: 3214:

Radar observations in the 1970s revealed details of the Venusian surface for the first time. Pulses of radio waves were beamed at the planet using the 300 m (1,000 ft) radio telescope at

95: 1688:

On Venus, about 85% of the craters are in pristine condition. The number of craters, together with their well-preserved condition, indicates the planet underwent a global resurfacing event 300–600

4735:

Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets".

9960: 6857: 1817:

The lack of an intrinsic magnetic field on Venus was surprising, given that it is similar to Earth in size and was expected to contain a dynamo at its core. A dynamo requires three things: a

7573: 1903:. The mass of its atmosphere is 92 times that of Earth's, whereas the pressure at its surface is about 93 times that at Earth's—a pressure equivalent to that at a depth of nearly 1 km ( 11449: 7542: 2821:(early fifth century) was probably responsible for this discovery. Though they recognized Venus as a single object, the ancient Romans continued to designate the morning aspect of Venus as 2090:, is therefore the coolest point on Venus, with a temperature of about 655 K (380 °C; 715 °F) and an atmospheric pressure of about 4.5 MPa (45 bar). In 1995, the 1849:

the Earth's "Moon-forming" impact) left the core of Venus stratified from the core's incremental formation, and without the forces to initiate/sustain convection, and thus a "geodynamo".

2086:—less than 3°, compared to 23° on Earth—also minimizes seasonal temperature variation. Altitude is one of the few factors that affect Venusian temperatures. The highest point on Venus, 14290: 13741: 14915: 14263: 8685: 4238:, describing women and men stereotypically as being so different that they can be understood as coming from different planets, an understanding popularized in 1992 by the book titled 2259:

by up to 20 minutes. Venus's equator rotates at 6.52 km/h (4.05 mph), whereas Earth's rotates at 1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph). Venus's rotation period measured with

4714:—Select "Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements", "Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02". ("Target Body: Venus" and "Center: Sun" should be set to default.) Results are instantaneous 3501:

While the surface conditions of Venus make the hypothesis of life there implausible, the clouds of Venus are a different story altogether. As was pointed out some years ago, water,

15868: 9232: 3295:

operated between 1983 and 1984 in orbit, conducting detailed mapping of 25% of Venus's terrain (from the north pole to 30°N latitude), the Soviet Venera programme came to a close.

2423:

over five synodic periods, shifting every period by 144°. This pentagram of Venus is sometimes referred to as the petals of Venus due to the path's visual similarity to a flower.

14606: 9164:

Herbst, Konstantin; Banjac, Saša; Atri, Dimitra; Nordheim, Tom A. (24 December 2019). "Revisiting the cosmic-ray induced Venusian radiation dose in the context of habitability".

4332: 14884: 14348: 9426: 3025:

Little more was discovered about Venus until the 20th century. Its almost featureless disc gave no hint what its surface might be like, and it was only with the development of

3009:, providing further evidence for an atmosphere. The atmosphere complicated efforts to determine a rotation period for the planet, and observers such as Italian-born astronomer 2758:

sign si4 (= SU, meaning "to be red"), and the original meaning may have been "divine lady of the redness of heaven", in reference to the colour of the morning and evening sky.

13708: 7160: 5105:

Mallama, Anthony; Krobusek, Bruce; Pavlov, Hristo (2017). "Comprehensive wide-band magnitudes and albedos for the planets, with applications to exo-planets and Planet Nine".

18881: 18455: 7138: 2468:

Venus, pictured centre-right, is always brighter than all other planets or stars at their maximal brightness, as seen from Earth. Jupiter is visible at the top of the image.

7922:

Jacobson, Seth A.; Rubie, David C.; Hernlund, John; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Nakajima, Miki (2017). "Formation, stratification, and mixing of the cores of Earth and Venus".

1852:

The weak magnetosphere around Venus means that the solar wind is interacting directly with its outer atmosphere. Here, ions of hydrogen and oxygen are being created by the

11354: 8229: 18851: 13764: 8707:

Way, M. J.; Del Genio, Anthony D. (2020). "Venusian Habitable Climate Scenarios: Modeling Venus Through Time and Applications to Slowly Rotating Venus-Like Exoplanets".

3545:

to publicly call for a new focus on the study of Venus, describing the phosphine find as "the most significant development yet in building the case for life off Earth".

1439:, the highest mountain on Venus, lies on Ishtar Terra. Its peak is 11 km (7 mi) above the Venusian average surface elevation. The southern continent is called 10835: 10299: 6926:

Marcq, Emmanuel; Bertaux, Jean-Loup; Montmessin, Franck; Belyaev, Denis (January 2013). "Variations of sulphur dioxide at the cloud top of Venus's dynamic atmosphere".

13923: 5742: 12305: 12137: 1556:, implying that habitable condition had existed on early Venus with large bodies of water at some point. However, the nature of tessera terrains is far from certain. 18652: 2682:. The transit could be watched live from many online outlets or observed locally with the right equipment and conditions. The preceding pair of transits occurred in 14637: 14370:

Snellen, I. A. G.; Guzman-Ramirez, L.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Hygate, A. P. S.; van der Tak, F. F. S. (2020). "Re-analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus".

2055:, which is formed by sulphur dioxide and water through a chemical reaction resulting in sulfuric acid hydrate. Additionally, the clouds consist of approximately 1% 1668:

orbiter. Using computer simulations, they determined that the topography had changed during an 8-month interval, and concluded that active volcanism was the cause.

5976: 9630: 5838: 15319: 14668: 1992:

compared to that of Earth. This enrichment indicates an early divergence from Earth in evolution. An unusually large comet impact or accretion of a more massive

1447:

goddess of love, and is the larger of the two highland regions at roughly the size of South America. A network of fractures and faults covers much of this area.

125: 10473: 11480: 10687: 9899: 6971:"Volcanoes on Venus Might Still Be Smoking - Planetary science experiments on Earth suggest that the sun's second planet might have ongoing volcanic activity" 2430:

conjunction, it makes the closest approach to Earth of any planet at an average distance of 41 million km (25 million mi). Because of the

1423:

make up the rest of its surface area, one lying in the planet's northern hemisphere and the other just south of the equator. The northern continent is called

13377: 3704: 14170: 9497: 8323: 12514: 6690:

Gilmore, Martha; Treiman, Allan; Helbert, Jörn; Smrekar, Suzanne (1 November 2017). "Venus Surface Composition Constrained by Observation and Experiment".

1764:. This results in reduced heat loss from the planet, preventing it from cooling and providing a likely explanation for its lack of an internally generated 1419:

About 80% of the Venusian surface is covered by smooth, volcanic plains, consisting of 70% plains with wrinkle ridges and 10% smooth or lobate plains. Two

1244:(inside of Earth's orbit), it always appears close to the Sun in Earth's sky, as either a "morning star" or an "evening star". While this is also true for 19986: 11731:

Petropoulos, Anastassios E.; Longuski, James M.; Bonfiglio, Eugene P. (2000). "Trajectories to Jupiter via Gravity Assists from Venus, Earth, and Mars".

11410: 9668: 8760:

Way, M. J.; Del Genio, Anthony D.; Kiang, Nancy Y.; Sohl, Linda E.; Grinspoon, David H.; Aleinov, Igor; Kelley, Maxwell; Clune, Thomas (28 August 2016).

8207: 6749: 5215: 13064: 4953: 19716: 17194: 8159: 2181:

mission observed bow-shaped objects in the atmosphere of Venus. This was considered direct evidence of the existence of perhaps the largest stationary

10860: 10604: 8876: 5303: 2383:, with a suspected origin either from Venus–trailing asteroids, interplanetary dust migrating in waves, or the remains of the Solar System's original 11894: 11229: 11186: 8436: 6853: 11805: 10276: 6980: 1213:

is just under two Venusian days long. The orbits of Venus and Earth are the closest between any two Solar System planets, approaching each other in

18888: 12253: 7565: 4852: 2247:

direction as viewed from above Earth's north pole. Most planets rotate on their axes in an anticlockwise direction, but Venus rotates clockwise in

1756:

The principal difference between the two planets is the lack of evidence for plate tectonics on Venus, possibly because its crust is too strong to

14085: 11387: 11021: 10964: 6742:"A new catalog pinpoints volcanic cones in the best available surface images of Venus – those gathered 30 years ago by NASA's Magellan spacecraft" 5563: 1924:

in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F). This makes the Venusian surface hotter than

19696: 15985:

Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the pentagram that the orbit of Venus traces when Earth is held fixed at the centre of the coordinate system

12368: 6668: 2294:

with a different rotation period and obliquity, reaching its current state because of chaotic spin changes caused by planetary perturbations and

2263:

spacecraft data over a 500-day period is smaller than the rotation period measured during the 16-year period between the Magellan spacecraft and

1899:, 3.5% nitrogen—both exist as supercritical fluids at the planet's surface with a density 6.5% that of water—and traces of other gases including 11441: 10714: 3497:

article that tiny objects detected in Venus's clouds might be organisms similar to Earth's bacteria (which are of approximately the same size):

3130:

of Venus were first carried out in the 1960s, and provided the first measurements of the rotation period, which were close to the actual value.

1623:

at the boundaries of tectonic plates, and has an average age of about 100 million years, whereas the Venusian surface is estimated to be 300–600

7488: 2255:

lasts therefore longer than a Venusian year (243 versus 224.7 Earth days). Slowed by its strong atmospheric current the length of the day also

15968: 12538:

Enn Kasak, Raul Veede. Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia. Folklore Vol. 16. Mare Kõiva & Andres Kuperjanov, Eds. ISSN 1406-0957

12344: 7729: 2438:

1 to 5383, there are 526 approaches less than 40 million km (25 million mi); then, there are none for about 60,158 years.

18440: 14286: 13731: 13503: 12115: 11566: 8992: 8840: 8677: 6265: 3592:. For this purpose, space missions are categorized into five groups. Due to the harsh surface environment of Venus, Venus has been under the 14907: 14255: 12229: 5651:

Jakosky, Bruce M. (1999). "Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets". In Beatty, J. Kelly; Petersen, Carolyn Collins; Chaikin, Andrew (eds.).

5422: 4668: 1408:

landers in 1975 and 1982 returned images of a surface covered in sediment and relatively angular rocks. The surface was mapped in detail by

19726: 11502:

Bazsó, A.; Eybl, V.; Dvorak, R.; Pilat-Lohinger, E.; Lhotka, C. (2010). "A survey of near-mean-motion resonances between Venus and Earth".

8049:

Donahue, T. M.; Hoffman, J. H.; Hodges, R. R.; Watson, A. J. (1982). "Venus Was Wet: A Measurement of the Ratio of Deuterium to Hydrogen".

6119:

Basilevsky, Alexander T.; Head, James W. III (1995). "Global stratigraphy of Venus: Analysis of a random sample of thirty-six test areas".

4177:

end. As scientific knowledge of Venus advanced, science fiction authors tried to keep pace, particularly by conjecturing human attempts to

3123:, passing on 14 December 1962 at 34,833 km (21,644 mi) above the surface of Venus and gathering data on the planet's atmosphere. 1639:). In January 2020, astronomers reported evidence that suggests that Venus is currently volcanically active, specifically the detection of 1249: 15288: 10240: 5190: 2120:

The existence of lightning in the atmosphere of Venus has been controversial since the first suspected bursts were detected by the Soviet

18585: 15860: 15785: 14699: 12860: 12643: 11504: 9240: 4814: 2862:

observed "two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun"; these were thought to be the transits of Venus and Mercury by 13th-century

15470: 15095: 15016: 14786: 13678: 12821: 11966: 10910: 10001: 6181: 3657:, with better return or abort flight windows, and less or the same amount of radiation exposure from the flight as direct Mars flights. 19116: 16757: 14598: 11783: 9018: 7595:

Nimmo, F. (2002). "Crustal analysis of Venus from Magellan satellite observations at Atalanta Planitia, Beta Regio, and Thetis Regio".

2997:. Schröter found when the planet was a thin crescent, the cusps extended through more than 180°. He correctly surmised this was due to 2560:

calculated its maximum naked eye brightness in 1716, when many Londoners were alarmed by its appearance in the daytime. French emperor

17406: 13636: 7325:

Herrick, R. R.; Phillips, R. J. (1993). "Effects of the Venusian atmosphere on incoming meteoroids and the impact crater population".

3988:

and therefore grandchildren of Aphrodite. Though by the Roman era they were recognized as one celestial object, known as "the star of

3259:

landers transmitted the first images from the surface of Venus, which were in black and white. NASA obtained additional data with the

2671:

in 1768 to record the third observed transit of Venus, which subsequently resulted in the exploration of the east coast of Australia.

1209:) by the currents and drag of its atmosphere. It takes 224.7 Earth days for Venus to complete an orbit around the Sun, and a Venusian 18351: 14876: 14336: 10506: 9401: 7785: 7246: 5927: 5765: 3716: 3685: 3596:

category two. This indicates that there is only a remote chance that spacecraft-borne contamination could compromise investigations.

2403:

Earth is positioned at the centre of the diagram, and the curve represents the direction and distance of Venus as a function of time.

2299:

the thick Venusian atmosphere. The 584-day average interval between successive close approaches to Earth is almost exactly equal to 5

13025:

Transits of Venus: New Views of the Solar System and Galaxy, Proceedings of IAU Colloquium #196, held 7–11 June 2004 in Preston, U.K

12084: 11928: 11630: 6435: 5904: 2854:(although there is some doubt about it), which later astronomers took as confirmation of Ptolemy's theory. In the 12th century, the 2612:. Since the orbit of Venus is slightly inclined relative to Earth's orbit, most inferior conjunctions with Earth, which occur every 19711: 19681: 17199: 13700: 7164: 7067: 5690: 4975:

Margot, Jean-Luc; Campbell, Donald B.; Giorgini, Jon D.; et al. (29 April 2021). "Spin state and moment of inertia of Venus".

2939:

like the Moon, varying from crescent to gibbous to full and vice versa. When Venus is furthest from the Sun in the sky, it shows a

10771: 10573: 10032: 9866: 7130: 6609:"Surface brightness variations seen by VIRTIS on Venus Express and implications for the evolution of the Lada Terra region, Venus" 19701: 19691: 17184: 16005: 12753: 10744: 7853: 4240: 3893: 3735: 3421:

December 2015. Additionally, several flybys by other probes have been performed and studied Venus on their way, including NASA's

8535:

Pepin, Robert O. (1 July 1991). "On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles".

1552:, mineral assemblage. The mechanism to generate a large amount of felsic crust usually requires the presence of water ocean and 19863: 18506: 18151: 18136: 18116: 17428: 17375: 16819: 11344: 9313: 8969: 8233: 2749:

indicate that the ancient Sumerians already knew that the morning and evening stars were the same celestial object. In the Old

2714: 2131: 2082:; it retains a constant temperature not only between the two hemispheres but between the equator and the poles. Venus's minute 17424: 17409: 10447: 10060:"Long-term Variations of Venus's 365 nm Albedo Observed by Venus Express, Akatsuki, MESSENGER, and the Hubble Space Telescope" 3626:

to the surface of Venus has been the Soviet Union, which has been used by Russian officials to call Venus a "Russian planet".

1741:

of Venus. The similarity in size and density between Venus and Earth suggests that they share a similar internal structure: a

18450: 18183: 18146: 18141: 17418: 15901: 15699: 15666: 15641: 15616: 15591: 15509: 15447: 15422: 15397: 15357: 15269: 15244: 15089: 15052: 14983: 14825: 14575: 14569: 13915: 13672: 12936: 12854: 12815: 12788: 12637: 12587: 11846: 10904: 10831: 10808: 10421: 10348: 9995: 8306: 8201: 7975:

Svedhem, Håkan; Titov, Dmitry V.; Taylor, Fredric W.; Witasse, Olivier (November 2007). "Venus as a more Earth-like planet".

7723: 7690: 7429: 7373: 7300: 7101: 6829: 6392: 6216: 6175: 6059: 5970: 5876: 5660: 4696: 3243:

lander). Black-and-white image of barren, black, slate-like rocks against a flat sky. The ground and the probe are the focus.

12053: 11852: 5804: 5734: 4134:', "the Great Star". The cycles of Venus were important to their calendar and were described in some of their books such as 19976: 18876: 18813: 18467: 18188: 18126: 18121: 17417: 16795: 16435: 16430: 16402: 16397: 16118: 16113: 15996: 12884: 12313: 8255: 6585: 6470: 5389: 5328:

Mallama, Anthony; Hilton, James L. (October 2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac".

2303:

Venusian solar days (5.001444 to be precise), but the hypothesis of a spin-orbit resonance with Earth has been discounted.

1487: 1475:"; and "coronae", circular rings of fractures sometimes surrounded by a depression. These features are volcanic in origin. 1261: 1112: 17415: 17412: 17408: 17404: 10529:

Shigeto; Yamada, Manabu; Yamazaki, Atsushi (16 January 2017). "Large stationary gravity wave in the atmosphere of Venus".

7648:

Dolginov, Sh.; Eroshenko, E. G.; Lewis, L. (September 1969). "Nature of the Magnetic Field in the Neighborhood of Venus".

5629: 5527: 5483: 3522:

is almost identical to that of micro-organisms in Earth's clouds. Similar conclusions have been reached by other studies.

2441:

While Venus approaches Earth the closest, Mercury is more often the closest to Earth of all planets. Venus has the lowest

2275:

on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day, at 116.75 Earth days (making the Venusian solar day shorter than

1454:

flow on Venus (2024), such as flows on Sif Mons, a shield volcano, and on Niobe Planitia, a flat plain. There are visible

19868: 19030: 18131: 17259: 16032: 14629: 13462: 12994: 9734: 7760: 5958: 2476:, Venus appears as a white point of light brighter than any other planet or star (apart from the Sun). The planet's mean 17422: 17414: 11648: 4530: 17411: 15934: 15920: 14528: 14052: 11600: 10271: 10028: 5830: 5029:"Report on the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets and satellites" 4116: 3727:. Among the many engineering challenges for any human presence in the atmosphere of Venus are the corrosive amounts of 3237:

First view and first clear 180-degree panorama of Venus's surface as well as any other planet than Earth (1975, Soviet

2427: 2356: 17429: 17425: 14660: 12023: 8513: 4920: 18279: 18252: 17420: 14425:"The statistical reliability of 267-GHZ JCMT observations of Venus: No significant evidence for phosphine absorption" 11989: 10469: 7389:

Goettel, K. A.; Shields, J. A.; Decker, D. A. (16–20 March 1981). "Density constraints on the composition of Venus".

3585: 3391: 3271:, orbiting Venus between 1978 and 1992. In 1982 the first colour images of the surface were obtained with the Soviet 989: 15561: 13954: 9448:

Snellen, I. A. G.; Guzman-Ramirez, L.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Hygate, A. P. S.; van der Tak, F. F. S. (December 2020).

2568:. Another historical daytime observation of the planet took place during the inauguration of the American president 19888: 18667: 17430: 16009: 14845: 13370: 13306: 12846:

Thought Experiments: Popular Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Physics, Ethics, Computer Science & Mathematics

12780: 11472: 10679: 9891: 7097: 3447:

the origins of the solar system and Earth, and if systems and planets like ours are common or rare in the universe.

3407:

as large dark patch, through the clouds, which prohibit such observations on the dayside when they are illuminated.

1507: 16027: 7186:

Shalygin, E. V.; Markiewicz, W. J.; Basilevsky, A. T.; Titov, D. V.; Ignatiev, N. I.; Head, J. W. (17 June 2015).

3920:

influence that the morning star and an evening star were one and the same. The Egyptians knew the morning star as

2552:

Venus is often visible to the naked eye in daytime, as seen just prior to the lunar occultation of 7 December 2015

1268:

in 1970. These probes demonstrated the extreme surface conditions, an insight that has informed predictions about

16060: 15949: 9592:

Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A. (2006). "Chemical composition of Venus atmosphere and clouds: Some unsolved problems".

9449: 8346: 8259: 6889: 6317: 6232: 1345: 464: 19479: 18195: 12501: 11902: 9756: 9729: 7841: 7618: 3044:

of light from Venus, but found he could not detect any rotation. He surmised the planet must have a much longer

19109: 18846: 18262: 18096: 13213: 13160: 10868: 9927: 8938: 8375: 8185: 8030:. 21st EGU General Assembly, EGU2019, Proceedings from the conference held 7–12 April 2019 in Vienna, Austria. 6350: 2411:

of 13:8 (Earth orbits eight times for every 13 orbits of Venus). Therefore, they approach each other and reach

1324:(396.7 mi) less than Earth's—and its mass is 81.5% of Earth's, making it the third-smallest planet in the 1206: 1155: 930: 321: 15138: 12435: 12201:"The quantity of the Sun's parallax, as deduced from the observations of the transit of Venus on June 3, 1769" 12176: 9660: 6607:

Helbert, Jörn; Müller, Nils; Kostama, Petri; Marinangeli, Lucia; Piccioni, Giuseppe; Drossart, Pierre (2008).

5223: 5028: 3568:

the first private interplanetary space craft, to look for organics by entering the atmosphere of Venus with a

2640:

Historically, transits of Venus were important, because they allowed astronomers to determine the size of the

2431: 1194:

have been identified at its cloud layers. Venus may have had liquid surface water early in its history with a

19764: 19623: 18371: 18267: 16018: 13056: 11377: 9922: 6771:

Hahn, Rebecca M.; Byrne, Paul K. (April 2023). "A Morphological and Spatial Analysis of Volcanoes on Venus".

6741: 5553: 4945: 113: 18784: 8112: 4373:

km/h by reliable sources. The simplest way to determine the correct figure is to multiply Earth's radius of

3885:, what could be presumed to be, the mountains, replicating the rising and setting of Inanna to the West. In 3184:

data, analysed by a combined Soviet–American science team in a series of colloquia over the following year.

3152:

had calculated, at almost 500 °C (932 °F), determined that the atmosphere was 95% carbon dioxide (

2659:

Only seven Venus transits have been observed so far, since their occurrences were calculated in the 1621 by

2531:

view. The planet appears as a small and "full" disc when it is on the opposite side of the Sun (at superior

1676: 19981: 19799: 18871: 18426: 18406: 18301: 13489: 10596: 9779:

Normile, Dennis (7 May 2010). "Mission to probe Venus's curious winds and test solar sail for propulsion".

7887: 7192: 5249: 3913: 3589: 2371:

years later, according to the study, another impact reversed the planet's spin direction and the resulting

2284: 1353: 18789: 17427: 15930: 13402:

Goldstein, R. M.; Carpenter, R. L. (1963). "Rotation of Venus: Period Estimated from Radar Measurements".

1700:

Venusian craters range from 3 to 280 km (2 to 174 mi) in diameter. No craters are smaller than 3

19789: 18946: 18472: 18401: 18366: 17405: 17399: 17254: 17232: 11813: 10262: 9594: 9063: 8868: 6970: 5505: 3581: 2287:

and set in the east, although Venus's opaque clouds prevent observing the Sun from the planet's surface.

1704:

km, because of the effects of the dense atmosphere on incoming objects. Objects with less than a certain

18386: 4895: 4266:

Besides the Venus symbol, many other symbols have been associated with Venus, other common ones are the

3144:

was launched and successfully deployed science experiments in the Venusian atmosphere before impacting.

19912: 19188: 18861: 18662: 18545: 18528: 18494: 17426: 17368: 15167:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences

14075: 10215: 7682: 6244: 5412: 4737: 3094: 2742: 2494: 2380: 12574:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 398. 10990: 10933: 6660: 2419:

of 584 days, on average. The path that Venus makes in relation to Earth viewed geocentrically draws a

19873: 19125: 19102: 18704: 18679: 18489: 17314: 17309: 16682: 16611: 16576: 13188: 12172: 10710: 10632: 10169:

Kranopol'skii, V. A. (1980). "Lightning on Venus according to Information Obtained by the Satellites

8629: 8399: 4613: 4579: 3605: 3554: 3437: 3194: 3088: 3026: 2798: 2344: 1933: 1722: 1391: 1387: 1377: 1199: 1131:

cloud cover. At the surface it has a mean temperature of 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F) and a

131: 17423: 14721:

Izenberg, Noam R.; McNutt, Ralph L.; Runyon, Kirby D.; Byrne, Paul K.; MacDonald, Alexander (2021).

10298:

Russell, C. T.; Zhang, T. L.; Delva, M.; Magnes, W.; Strangeway, R. J.; Wei, H. Y. (November 2007).

7449: 7270:"The frequency-area distribution of volcanic units on Venus: Implications for planetary resurfacing" 4882: 1085:

for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the negative hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°.

19413: 18995: 18600: 17037: 16483: 16387: 16103: 15965: 12629: 12336: 8298: 7707: 6819: 6121: 6089: 4502: 4032: 3264: 2842:

theorized that both Mercury and Venus were located between the Sun and the Earth. The 11th-century

2746: 1853: 1786:

to be much weaker than that of Earth. This magnetic field is induced by an interaction between the

1472: 690: 13513: 13486:

Preliminary Report, COSPAR Twelfth Plenary Meeting and Tenth International Space Science Symposium

12107: 11558: 9822:

Lorenz, Ralph D.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Withers, Paul G.; McKay, Christopher P. (1 February 2001).

9000: 3513:

In August 2019, astronomers led by Yeon Joo Lee reported that long-term pattern of absorbance and

3074:

in its disk, suggesting a slow rotation, and some astronomers concluded based on this that it was

1135:

of 92 times that of Earth's at sea level. These extreme conditions compress carbon dioxide into a

19784: 19376: 18684: 18511: 18158: 18062: 17975: 17675: 17525: 17416: 17407: 17179: 17096: 16561: 16203: 16171: 15469:. American lectures on the history of religions. Vol. 10. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 300. 4664: 4618: 4584: 4541: 4506: 3775: 3643: 3635: 3056: 2532: 2442: 2256: 1218: 669: 503: 410: 363: 310: 296: 16023: 12200: 6001:(9 March 1984). "Sulfur Dioxide: Episodic Injection Shows Evidence for Active Venus Volcanism". 5159: 4607: 4126:

considered Venus to be the most important celestial body after the Sun and Moon. They called it

3403:

visible light footage (2021) of the nightside, showing the hot faintly glowing surface, and its

3326:

for the first time achieving atmospheric flight outside Earth by employing inflatable balloons.

1647:

Sun and because objects would require higher orbital eccentricities to collide with the planet.

19731: 19721: 18689: 18627: 18575: 18565: 18550: 18501: 18361: 18291: 17713: 17401: 17204: 17189: 16636: 16596: 16000: 15984: 15691: 15532: 15296: 10209: 9631:"Why Is Venus So Bright? Here's How Its Proximity to Earth, Highly Reflected Clouds Affects It" 9549:

Krasnopolsky, V. A.; Parshev, V. A. (1981). "Chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus".

8113:"The deep atmosphere of Venus and the possible role of density-driven separation of CO2 and N2" 6539:"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006" 6084: 5160:"Radiative energy balance of Venus based on improved models of the middle and lower atmosphere" 4877: 4810:"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006" 4173: 3992:", the traditional two Greek names continued to be used, though usually translated to Latin as 3887: 3794: 3752: 3639: 2940: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2649: 2548: 2536: 2177:

In December 2015, and to a lesser extent in April and May 2016, researchers working on Japan's

2033:

Types of cloud layers, as well as temperature and pressure change by altitude in the atmosphere

2005: 1803: 1597:

Radar mosaic of two 65 km (40 mi) wide (and less than 1 km (0.62 mi) high)

1576: 1564: 1511: 1230: 1195: 1171: 24: 18610: 17421: 17413: 17410: 15926: 15795: 15501: 15464: 15042: 14691: 12844: 12623: 9653: 2909:, despite remaining near the Sun in Earth's sky (first image). This proved that it orbits the 1490:

are named after historical and mythological women. Exceptions are Maxwell Montes, named after

19966: 19901:

Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned.

19883: 19858: 19837: 19686: 19593: 19244: 19238: 19151: 19055: 18982: 18856: 18709: 18672: 18560: 18555: 17361: 17238: 17227: 17119: 17063: 17031: 17026: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16752: 16747: 16352: 16322: 15079: 15008: 14778: 13662: 13588: 12805: 11958: 11087: 10894: 10864: 10798: 10794: 9983: 9716:

100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds

7134: 6165: 5499: 4949: 4626: 4592: 4178: 3681: 3612: 3550: 3413: 3360: 3331: 3268: 3260: 3226:

regions. The observations revealed a bright region attributed to mountains, which was called

2951: 2594: 2590: 2091: 1865:

to lower-mass hydrogen in the atmosphere 100 times compared to the rest of the solar system.

1730: 1664: 1543: 1398:

The Venusian surface was a subject of speculation until some of its secrets were revealed by

1292: 804: 476: 18724: 15683: 15493: 15236: 14393: 11775: 9607: 9475: 9187: 9076: 9041: 8286: 7945: 7773: 7417: 6134: 5351: 5275: 4781: 4750: 1536:

have consistently lower thermal emissivity than the surrounding basaltic plains measured by

1328:. Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense 19599: 18617: 18570: 18227: 17685: 17650: 17645: 17539: 17490: 17463: 17419: 17398: 17153: 17070: 16672: 16656: 15174: 14734: 14486: 14389: 14317: 14127: 13986: 13862: 13808: 13597: 13544: 13411: 13341: 13279: 13244: 13197: 13142: 13095: 13028: 12968: 12893: 12711: 12575: 12510: 12466: 12377: 11740: 11665: 11523: 11307: 11248: 11195: 11146: 11127:

Sheppard, Scott S.; Trujillo, Chadwick A. (July 2009). "A Survey for Satellites of Venus".

11096: 11055: 11005: 10948: 10651: 10538: 10316: 10224: 10186: 10133: 10081: 9936: 9842: 9838: 9788: 9743: 9603: 9558: 9528: 9471: 9363: 9289: 9183: 9117: 9072: 9033: 8914: 8849: 8783: 8726: 8642: 8591: 8544: 8473: 8461:"Possible cometary origin of heavy noble gases in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth and Mars" 8412: 8127: 8058: 8031: 7984: 7941: 7896: 7829: 7769: 7659: 7606: 7526: 7464: 7398: 7334: 7284: 7201: 7017: 6935: 6898: 6780: 6699: 6623: 6550: 6502: 6427: 6326: 6274: 6130: 6076: 6012: 5699: 5605: 5459: 5347: 5271: 5174: 5124: 5071: 5060:"Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015" 4994: 4869: 4823: 4777: 4746: 4136: 4036: 3593: 3337: 3335:

operated in orbit until deorbiting, mapping the surface of Venus. Furthermore, probes like

3006: 2863: 2609: 2412: 2228: 2068: 1818: 1593: 1369: 1344:), and the average surface temperature is 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F), above the 1312: 1132: 965: 332: 17402: 17400: 14313: 13632: 7752: 7418: 7238: 5935: 5773: 5250:"Revisiting the cosmic-ray induced Venusian radiation dose in the context of habitability" 3036:

Spectroscopic observations in the 1900s gave the first clues about the Venusian rotation.

2814: 2434:, the minimum distances will become greater over tens of thousands of years. From the year 8: 19357: 19069: 18958: 18796: 18769: 18719: 18523: 17987: 17680: 17532: 17342: 17077: 16616: 16551: 16108: 16053: 12076: 11634: 11349: 10496: 9519:

Moshkin, B. E.; Ekonomov, A. P.; Golovin, Iu. M. (1979). "Dust on the surface of Venus".

8287: 6416: 5896: 5868: 4291: 4207: 4076: 3929: 3770:

Venus is a primary feature of the night sky, and so has been of remarkable importance in

3650: 3623: 3480: 3343: 3215: 3098: 3002: 2986: 2935:

first observed the planet with a telescope in the early 17th century, he found it showed

2867: 2605: 2248: 1874: 1491: 1349: 1136: 1120: 421: 17883: 17762: 15178: 14738: 14490: 14131: 13990: 13866: 13812: 13601: 13548: 13415: 13345: 13283: 13248: 13201: 13146: 13099: 13032: 12972: 12897: 12715: 12579: 12470: 12381: 11744: 11669: 11527: 11311: 11252: 11199: 11150: 11100: 11059: 11009: 10952: 10655: 10565: 10542: 10320: 10228: 10190: 10137: 10085: 9940: 9846: 9792: 9747: 9562: 9532: 9367: 9293: 9121: 9037: 8918: 8853: 8787: 8730: 8646: 8595: 8548: 8477: 8416: 8131: 8062: 8035: 7988: 7900: 7833: 7663: 7610: 7530: 7468: 7402: 7338: 7288: 7205: 7063: 7021: 6939: 6902: 6784: 6703: 6627: 6554: 6506: 6431: 6330: 6278: 6080: 6016: 5703: 5609: 5463: 5178: 5128: 5075: 4998: 4873: 4827: 2420: 1284: 19950: 19938: 19878: 19804: 19168: 19049: 18919: 18866: 18744: 18714: 18622: 18435: 17572: 17403: 16621: 16566: 16556: 16536: 16410: 16302: 16209: 15841: 15833: 15814:

Stearn, William T. (May 1968). "The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology".

15756: 15723: 15206: 15198: 14950: 14760: 14502: 14476: 14436: 14405: 14379: 14236: 14210: 14151: 14117: 14044: 14016: 13896: 13829: 13796: 13613: 13568: 13435: 13111: 12986: 12909: 12727: 12682: 12482: 12286: 12278: 12221: 11936: 11898: 11689: 11539: 11513: 11382: 11325: 11297: 11266: 11238: 11162: 11136: 10767: 10740: 10641: 10392: 10340: 10099: 10071: 10024: 9952: 9858: 9823: 9707: 9574: 9489: 9461: 9418: 9381: 9353: 9305: 9279: 9207: 9173: 9143: 9058: 9014: 8812: 8773: 8761: 8716: 8580:"Volcanic degassing of argon and helium and the history of crustal production on Venus" 8505: 8338: 8151: 8090: 8008: 7957: 7931: 7630: 7480: 7219: 7040: 7003: 6975: 6951: 6796: 6723: 6518: 6381: 6342: 6290: 6146: 6036: 5715: 5621: 5558: 5417: 5363: 5337: 5295: 5261: 5140: 5114: 5010: 4984: 4305: 4106: 4080: 4046:

In India, Shukra Graha ("the planet Shukra") is named after the powerful saint Shukra.

4040: 3953: 3708: 3669: 3530: 3488: 3422: 2918: 2870:, though this cannot be true as there were no Venus transits in Ibn Bajjah's lifetime. 2738: 2653: 2561: 2477: 2384: 2372: 2352: 2321: 2140: 2064: 1993: 1830: 1697:

million years, subduction occurs on an enormous scale, completely recycling the crust.

1636: 1588: 1559:

Studies reported on 26 October 2023 suggest for the first time that Venus may have had

1444: 1420: 1320: 1295:

beside the Sun, arranged by the order of their orbits outward from the Sun (from left:

1289: 1167: 1108: 1077:

Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts

918: 17856: 17819: 13021:

Mikhail Lomonosov and the discovery of the atmosphere of Venus during the 1761 transit

12745: 11017: 10960: 9948: 9414: 9084: 7814: 7781: 4552: 3944:, and later depicting it two-headed with human or falco heads, and associated it with 3443:

Venus has been identified for future research as an important case for understanding:

2994: 2017:

and higher elevations exceeding evaporation temperature. The putative detection of an

19647: 19536: 19531: 19526: 18909: 18479: 18421: 18212: 18101: 18027: 17968: 17697: 17338: 17304: 17163: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16834: 16651: 16641: 16586: 16581: 16546: 15897: 15761: 15743: 15695: 15684: 15662: 15637: 15612: 15587: 15526: 15505: 15494: 15443: 15418: 15393: 15389: 15265: 15240: 15210: 15190: 15130: 15085: 15048: 14821: 14764: 14752: 14565: 14506: 14409: 14240: 14228: 14155: 14143: 13900: 13888: 13834: 13668: 13617: 13560: 13427: 13115: 12990: 12932: 12913: 12850: 12811: 12784: 12731: 12633: 12583: 12486: 12427: 12270: 12225: 11842: 11756: 11693: 11681: 11543: 11329: 11270: 11261: 11224: 11208: 11181: 11067: 10900: 10804: 10628:"Could the Migration of Jupiter Have Accelerated the Atmospheric Evolution of Venus?" 10396: 10332: 10236: 10151: 10103: 9991: 9804: 9761: 9493: 9422: 9385: 9309: 9211: 9199: 9147: 9135: 8930: 8926: 8817: 8799: 8742: 8658: 8609: 8560: 8556: 8497: 8489: 8428: 8302: 8197: 8155: 8143: 8082: 8074: 8000: 7961: 7845: 7719: 7686: 7622: 7597: 7514: 7484: 7425: 7369: 7365: 7045: 7008: 6825: 6800: 6727: 6715: 6641: 6522: 6388: 6346: 6212: 6171: 6028: 6003: 5998: 5966: 5892: 5872: 5666: 5656: 5625: 5590: 5475: 5445: 5299: 5287: 5144: 5087: 5059: 5014: 4808:

Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; et al. (2007).

4573: 4267: 4123: 3989: 3837: 3828: 3810: 3802: 3771: 3720: 3569: 3353:(2006/2007) visited Venus with flybys en route to other destinations. In April 2006, 3230:. These three features are now the only ones on Venus that do not have female names. 2990: 2978: 2955: 2729: 2645: 2641: 2528: 2408: 2208: 2170:

of Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to "the ion tail seen streaming from a

1921: 1734: 1399: 1058: 1052: 982: 722: 679: 487: 302: 286: 20: 17939: 16014: 15943: 15845: 14747: 14722: 14048: 13572: 13535:

Campbell, D. B.; Dyce, R. B.; Pettengill, G. H. (1976). "New radar image of Venus".

13439: 12700:

Goldstein, Bernard R. (March 1972). "Theory and Observation in Medieval Astronomy".

12290: 11166: 11046:

Gold, T.; Soter, S. (1969). "Atmospheric Tides and the Resonant Rotation of Venus".

9956: 9862: 9267: 8961: 8342: 8094: 7634: 7223: 6955: 6150: 6040: 5719: 5367: 3450:

how planetary bodies evolve from their primordial states to today's diverse objects.

2199: 2135: 1693:

they reach a critical level that weakens the crust. Then, over a period of about 100

19630: 19516: 19209: 18970: 18774: 18764: 18657: 18632: 18042: 18012: 17863: 17737: 17577: 17442: 17289: 17284: 16839: 16739: 16719: 16677: 16516: 16511: 16337: 16123: 16080: 15959: 15825: 15751: 15735: 15232: 15182: 14946: 14853: 14813: 14742: 14557: 14494: 14446: 14397: 14220: 14135: 14036: 14027: 13994: 13878: 13870: 13824: 13816: 13605: 13552: 13419: 13349: 13252: 13205: 13150: 13103: 13036: 12976: 12901: 12719: 12674: 12474: 12262: 12213: 11748: 11713: 11673: 11615: 11531: 11315: 11256: 11203: 11154: 11104: 11063: 11013: 10956: 10659: 10546: 10443: 10382: 10344: 10324: 10307: 10232: 10141: 10089: 9944: 9850: 9800: 9796: 9751: 9699: 9611: 9578: 9566: 9479: 9410: 9371: 9297: 9191: 9125: 9080: 8922: 8838:; Bullock, M. A. (October 2007). "Searching for Evidence of Past Oceans on Venus". 8807: 8791: 8734: 8650: 8599: 8552: 8509: 8481: 8420: 8135: 8066: 8012: 7992: 7949: 7904: 7837: 7777: 7715: 7614: 7534: 7472: 7342: 7292: 7209: 7126: 7035: 7025: 6943: 6906: 6788: 6707: 6631: 6558: 6510: 6334: 6282: 6138: 6094: 6067: 6020: 5707: 5613: 5596: 5467: 5450: 5355: 5279: 5182: 5132: 5079: 5002: 4887: 4860: 4831: 4785: 4715: 4415:

h. But the correct speed must be relative to inertial space, so the stellar day of

4327: 4319: 4256: 4166: 4098: 3779: 3762: 3757: 3747: 3519: 3493: 3322:

missions carried the last entry probes and carried the first ever extraterrestrial

3063:

radiation. He suggested this was due to a dense, yellow lower atmosphere with high

3010: 2959: 2944: 2922: 2851: 2585: 2388: 2340: 2283:

Venusian solar days. To an observer on the surface of Venus, the Sun would rise in

2276: 2097:

imaged a highly reflective substance at the tops of the highest mountain peaks, a "

1925: 1811: 1746: 1522: 1373: 1365: 1296: 1273: 1245: 1237: 1183: 1147: 1046: 945: 780: 643: 453: 279: 229: 191: 136: 66: 16237: 15349: 14968: 14551: 14401: 13556: 13454: 12927:

Fegley Jr, B. (2003). "Venus". In Holland, Heinrich D.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.).

10411: 9484: 9195: 7269: 7089: 6294: 6286: 6102: 6024: 5283: 4790: 4765: 3588:. Among their responsibilities is the development of recommendations for avoiding 1768:. Instead, Venus may lose its internal heat in periodic major resurfacing events. 1654:, in the form of four transient localized infrared hot spots within the rift zone 1650:

In 2008 and 2009, the first direct evidence for ongoing volcanism was observed by

1506:. The last three features were named before the current system was adopted by the 1478: 1382: 1256:

and the Sun. In 1961, Venus became the target of the first interplanetary flight,

19832: 19546: 19350: 18841: 18739: 18647: 18538: 18516: 18313: 18257: 18247: 18037: 18017: 17992: 17980: 17934: 17922: 17826: 17809: 17769: 17747: 17742: 16979: 16877: 16729: 16601: 16591: 16571: 16541: 16526: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16179: 15972: 15891: 15816: 15383: 14553:

Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Venus Missions: Letter Report

14287:"NASA chief calls for prioritizing Venus after surprise find hints at alien life" 13998: 13508: 13423: 12045: 11836: 11158: 9130: 9103:"Constraints on a potential aerial biosphere on Venus: II. Ultraviolet radiation" 8835: 8654: 8070: 7650: 7538: 7448:

Dumoulin, C.; Tobie, G.; Verhoeven, O.; Rosenblatt, P.; Rambaux, N. (June 2017).

7296: 7242: 7064:"Early, Energetic Collisions Could Have Fueled Venus Volcanism: Study | Sci.News" 6055: 5186: 5136: 4557: 4260: 4235: 4195: 4094: 4090: 4053: 3861: 3814: 3790: 3542: 3404: 3127: 3120: 3071: 3045: 2967: 2936: 2932: 2906: 2902: 2806: 2660: 2569: 2520: 2506: 2482: 2311: 2307: 2056: 2037: 2018: 1900: 1807: 1750: 1607: 1560: 1553: 1533: 1440: 1241: 1175: 1151: 1082: 1028: 1010: 898: 735: 657: 636: 11724: 8263: 6579: 6464: 5796: 5381: 5359: 1205:

The rotation of Venus has been slowed and turned against its orbital direction (

544: 271: 19971: 19737: 19094: 18825: 18605: 18595: 18533: 18396: 18323: 18284: 18205: 18178: 18032: 17902: 17873: 17851: 17841: 17831: 17784: 17332: 16724: 16646: 16631: 16521: 16448: 16443: 16420: 16415: 16357: 16317: 16297: 16247: 16232: 16046: 15724:"Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree" 15496:

The Japanese numbers game: the use and understanding of numbers in modern Japan

14498: 14080: 13883: 13874: 13736: 13658: 12905: 12702: 12678: 12567: 10932:

Correia, Alexandre C. M.; Laskar, Jacques; De Surgy, Olivier Néron (May 2003).

10672: 10094: 10059: 9376: 9337: 9096: 9094: 8903:"Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus" 8294: 7953: 7394: 5617: 5471: 5006: 4271: 4227: 4102: 4083: 3909: 3869: 3841: 3786: 3647: 3616: 3506: 3502: 3307: 3227: 3208: 3075: 2843: 2613: 2446: 2416: 2194: 2087: 2060: 2010: 1941: 1896: 1799: 1783: 1765: 1742: 1705: 1572: 1526: 1518: 1436: 1269: 1226: 1222: 1214: 1143: 1124: 998: 381: 343: 265: 110: 19794: 15739: 14861: 14817: 14714: 13041: 12981: 12953: 11535: 10146: 10121: 9615: 9301: 9102: 8424: 7004:"Present-day volcanism on Venus as evidenced from weathering rates of olivine" 6711: 6563: 6538: 6245:(27 May 2024) Rivers of Lava on Venus Reveal a More Volcanically Active Planet 5519: 5083: 4836: 4809: 3984:(Ἕσπερος), meaning "Western one", for the evening star, both children of dawn 3719:" in the Venusian atmosphere, an alternative to the popular idea of living on 3440:

as well as multiple proposed missions still in their early conceptual stages.

2203:

Venus is the second planet from the Sun, making a full orbit in about 224 days

19960: 19270: 19182: 18924: 18904: 18484: 18217: 18200: 18021: 17944: 17907: 17878: 17868: 17836: 17814: 17794: 17757: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17299: 17102: 16805: 16606: 16531: 16463: 16453: 16307: 16287: 16267: 16151: 15939: 15790: 15747: 15415:

Hindu Rites, Rituals, Customs and Traditions: A to Z on the Hindu Way of Life

15194: 15134: 14908:"Colonization of the Venusian Clouds: Is 'Surfacism' Clouding Our Judgement?" 14756: 14451: 14424: 13892: 13209: 13155: 12608: 12431: 12274: 11760: 11717: 11685: 11677: 10890: 10155: 9765: 9203: 9139: 8898: 8803: 8746: 8662: 8613: 8564: 8493: 8432: 8147: 8078: 8028:

Prospects for an ancient dynamo and modern crustal remnant magnetism on Venus

7849: 7626: 6719: 6645: 6208: 5479: 5291: 5091: 4356:

Misstated as "Ganiki Chasma" in the press release and scientific publication.

4231: 4219: 4211: 4154: 4149: 4142: 4024: 3905: 3728: 3476: 3463: 3426: 3355: 3052: 3041: 3037: 2892: 2761:

The Chinese historically referred to the morning Venus as "the Great White" (

2734: 2557: 2315: 2244: 2126: 2114: 2052: 2001: 1795: 1680: 1616: 1538: 1468: 1459: 1337: 1191: 1163: 1128: 976: 880: 394: 117: 19203: 15466:

Religion in China: universism. a key to the study of Taoism and Confucianism

14520: 14021: 13298: 12882:

Palmieri, Paolo (2001). "Galileo and the discovery of the phases of Venus".

12016:"Inferential Evidence for the Pre-telescopic Sighting of the Crescent Venus" 11592: 11473:"Parker Solar Probe Captures First Complete View of Venus Orbital Dust Ring" 10058:

McClintock, William M.; Holsclaw, Gregory; Roman, Anthony (26 August 2019).

9091: 8753: 5670: 4545: 4064:, it is held to affect wealth, pleasure and reproduction; it was the son of 3560:

Members of the team around Greaves, are working as part of a project by the

3367:

provided unprecedented observation of Venus's atmosphere. ESA concluded the

2251:

once every 243 Earth days—the slowest rotation of any planet. This Venusian

2235: 2029: 19926: 19842: 19002: 18988: 18779: 18734: 18391: 18274: 18168: 18108: 18091: 17917: 17895: 17846: 17804: 17789: 17774: 17640: 17599: 17564: 17384: 17209: 17045: 17014: 16800: 16473: 16468: 16342: 16327: 16257: 16242: 16184: 15765: 15186: 14964: 14232: 14147: 13845: 13838: 13564: 13431: 12478: 12266: 12217: 12015: 11320: 11285: 10336: 9808: 8934: 8821: 8501: 8460: 8086: 8004: 7346: 7049: 7030: 6818:

Karttunen, Hannu; Kroger, P.; Oja, H.; Poutanen, M.; Donner, K. J. (2007).

6535: 6098: 6032: 5860: 5446:"Evidence of ongoing volcanic activity on Venus revealed by Magellan radar" 4912: 4891: 4203: 4190: 4028: 3849: 3690: 3661: 3526: 3473: 3064: 3005:

observed a complete ring around the dark side of the planet when it was at

2829:, both of which are literal translations of their traditional Greek names. 2664: 2360: 2291: 2252: 2182: 2151: 1879: 1738: 1655: 1598: 1571:. Venus has gained interest as a case for research into the development of 1424: 1325: 1179: 1078: 1022: 15081:

Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

14224: 14139: 12251:

Woolley, Richard (1969). "Captain Cook and the Transit of Venus of 1769".

10991:"Long-Term Evolution of the Spin of Venus, Part II: Numerical Simulations" 10387: 10374: 9159: 9157: 8678:"Venus was once more Earth-like, but climate change made it uninhabitable" 2564:

once witnessed a daytime apparition of the planet while at a reception in

1845:

Another possibility is that the absence of a late, large impact on Venus (

1737:, little direct information is available about the internal structure and 1683:

on the surface of Venus (false-colour image reconstructed from radar data)

19175: 19043: 19037: 18820: 18808: 18803: 18754: 18729: 18699: 18694: 18642: 18637: 18462: 18376: 18335: 18296: 18173: 18004: 17927: 17890: 17779: 17126: 16458: 16382: 16332: 16282: 16272: 16222: 16217: 16146: 15553: 15325: 14877:"A Look Into Whether Humans Should Try to Colonize Venus Instead of Mars" 13946: 13820: 11739:(6). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA): 776–783. 10664: 10627: 10626:

Kane, S. R.; Vervoort, P.; Horner, J.; Pozuelos, P. J. (September 2020).

9854: 9824:"Titan, Mars and Earth: Entropy Production by Latitudinal Heat Transport" 9228: 8795: 8738: 7476: 7214: 7187: 6911: 6880: 6792: 6636: 5711: 5444:

Sulcanese, Davide; Mitri, Giuseppe; Mastrogiuseppe, Marco (27 May 2024).

4234:. This gendered association of Venus and Mars has been used to pair them 4223: 3917: 3453:

the development of conditions leading to habitable environments and life.

3430: 3219: 3030: 2702: 2464: 2453: 2351:, but most were determined to be stars in the vicinity. Alex Alemi's and 2014: 1884: 1857: 1643:, a volcanic product that would weather quickly on the planet's surface. 1517:

The longitude of physical features on Venus is expressed relative to its

1495: 1081:

in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the

817: 798: 787: 760: 39: 15954: 15227:

Quack, Joachim Friedrich (23 May 2019). "The Planets in Ancient Egypt".

14337:"Update: Life Above Hell? Serious doubt cast on Venus phosphine finding" 13732:"Venus Express Out Of Gas; Mission Concludes, Spacecraft On Death Watch" 11223:

De la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; De la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (November 2012).

10770:. Canadian Astronomy, Satellite Tracking and Optical Research (CASTOR). 10328: 10300:"Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere" 7996: 6311:

Strom, Robert G.; Schaber, Gerald G.; Dawson, Douglas D. (25 May 1994).

4089:

In Chinese the planet is called Jīn-xīng (金星), the golden planet of the

3940:), calling it "the crosser" or "star with crosses", associating it with 3836:

a symbol used in some cultures for Venus, and sometimes combined into a

3218:, and the echoes revealed two highly reflective regions, designated the 19566: 19561: 19314: 19062: 19009: 18749: 18328: 17912: 17006: 16932: 16907: 16692: 16687: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16347: 16277: 16227: 16189: 16161: 16156: 15861:"Love/Hate Reads: 'Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus,' Revisited" 15837: 15379: 15009:"Aphrodite and the Gods of Love: Roman Venus (Getty Villa Exhibitions)" 14937:

Whitney, Charles A. (September 1986). "The Skies of Vincent van Gogh".

14692:"Astronauts bound for Mars should swing by Venus first, scientists say" 14012: 13609: 12686: 12366:

Baum, R. M. (2000). "The enigmatic ashen light of Venus: an overview".

10899:. Translated by Dunlop, Storm. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. 9711: 9154: 8869:"NASA Study: Massive Volcanism May Have Altered Ancient Venus' Climate" 6514: 6142: 4337: 4215: 3971: 3966: 3565: 3484: 3375: 3223: 3202: 3164:), and discovered that Venus's atmosphere was considerably denser than 3051:

The first ultraviolet observations were carried out in the 1920s, when

2998: 2914: 2859: 2855: 2818: 2810: 2565: 2330: 2167: 2098: 2083: 2079: 1937: 1929: 1892: 1822: 1791: 1787: 1620: 1568: 1503: 1499: 1341: 1329: 1210: 1159: 972: 861: 715: 533: 14857: 14369: 14040: 12282: 11442:"What Scientists Found After Sifting Through Dust in the Solar System" 11283: 11222: 9447: 8604: 8579: 7908: 7647: 7566:"We've measured the size of Venus's planetary core for the first time" 7131:"Transient hot spots on Venus: Best evidence yet for active volcanism" 6338: 4807: 2797:

The ancient Greeks initially believed Venus to be two separate stars:

1416:

in the atmosphere may indicate that there have been recent eruptions.

1412:

in 1990–91. The ground shows evidence of extensive volcanism, and the

1221:

of any pair of Solar System planets. This allows Venus to be the most

19759: 19754: 19556: 19551: 19541: 19521: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19449: 19444: 19364: 19334: 19329: 19324: 19319: 19309: 19294: 19264: 19259: 19254: 19215: 19023: 19016: 18445: 18411: 18242: 18163: 18086: 18081: 18052: 17799: 17752: 17621: 17604: 17279: 17089: 16999: 16992: 16985: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16897: 16882: 16872: 16312: 16292: 16262: 16252: 15584:

The Book of Chumayel: The Counsel Book of the Yucatec Maya, 1539–1638

15202: 10550: 10501: 9570: 8485: 8139: 6947: 5831:"Here's Carl Sagan's original essay on the dangers of climate change" 4061: 3961: 3845: 3798: 3534: 3349: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3255: 3180: 3115: 2755: 2750: 2725: 2598: 2473: 2272: 2212: 2102: 2022: 1989: 1862: 1826: 1659: 901: 883: 370: 186: 46: 18047: 15978: 15829: 13765:"Parker Solar Probe Captures Visible Light Images of Venus' Surface" 13183: 13130: 11284:

De la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; De la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (June 2013).

10527: 9703: 8902: 8371: 6312: 6263:

Nimmo, F.; McKenzie, D. (1998). "Volcanism and Tectonics on Venus".

4734: 3707:(Сергей Житомирский, 1929–2004) in 1971 and NASA aerospace engineer 2013:

at elevations of 54 to 48 km, with lower elevations inhibiting

19706: 19605: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19408: 19403: 19398: 19393: 19304: 19288: 19249: 19076: 18914: 18381: 18237: 18222: 17963: 17670: 17518: 17294: 17158: 17148: 16937: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16902: 16892: 16887: 16852: 16787: 16362: 15659:

Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate

15118: 14561: 14481: 14441: 14384: 14215: 14122: 13354: 13329: 13256: 13107: 12723: 12415: 12168: 11752: 11109: 11082: 10646: 10416: 10076: 9466: 9358: 9284: 9178: 8778: 8721: 8193: 7936: 5591:"Venus's atmospheric nitrogen explained by ancient plate tectonics" 5342: 5266: 5119: 5032: 4989: 4505:

has brought the only non-Soviet probes to enter the atmosphere, as

4411:

km/h is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by 24

4202:

The symbol of a circle with a small cross beneath is the so-called

4057: 3999: 3980: 3857: 3833: 3712: 3249: 3239: 3233: 3189: 3140: 3134: 3102: 3060: 2883: 2847: 2834: 2826: 2802: 2219:), and completes an orbit every 224.7 days. Although all planetary 1778: 1631: 1333: 1265: 1257: 1004: 437: 15609:

Star Gods of The Mayans: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars

13787: 13328:

Mayer, C. H.; McCullough, T. P.; Sloanaker, R. M. (January 1958).

13184:"A Spectrographic Investigation of the Rotation Velocity of Venus" 11518: 11302: 11243: 11141: 3912:

possibly knew by the second millennium BC or at the latest by the

3756:

Venus is portrayed just to the right of the large cypress tree in

3653:, demonstrating that they should be quicker and safer missions to 3298: 2399: 2162:

layer exists high in the atmosphere of Venus. On 29 January 2013,

1717: 19653: 18318: 18306: 18232: 17631: 17609: 17484: 17469: 17143: 16626: 14321: 12548:

Heimpel, W. (1982). "A catalogue of Near Eastern Venus deities".

11798: 9841:, University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory: 415–418. 9101:

Patel, M.R.; Mason, J.P.; Nordheim, T.A.; Dartnell, L.R. (2022).

7185: 5686: 5248:

Herbst, K.; Banjac, S; Atri D.; Nordheim, T. A (1 January 2020).

4248: 3993: 3865: 3853: 3672:

crewed flyby missions to Venus, though they were never realized.

3396: 3323: 2839: 2822: 2456:

on Earth, after the Moon and the Sun, though significantly less.

2224: 1883:

Cloud structure of the Venusian atmosphere, made visible through

1839: 1761: 1757: 1640: 1612: 1455: 1432: 1413: 847: 622: 447: 15611:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 200–204, 383. 13027:. Vol. 2004. Cambridge University Press. pp. 209–219. 12337:"Transits of Venus, Six Millennium Catalog: 2000 BCE to 4000 CE" 11216: 11180:

Mikkola, S.; Brasser, R.; Wiegert, P.; Innanen, K. (July 2004).

8026:

O'Rourke, Joseph; Gillmann, Cedric; Tackley, Paul (April 2019).

7447: 3113:

The first successful interplanetary mission, also to Venus, was

2973: 2693:

The next transit will occur in December 2117 and December 2125.

2608:

of Venus is the appearance of Venus in front of the Sun, during

2535:). Venus shows a larger disc and "quarter phase" at its maximum 1462:, demonstrating that the surface is relatively young, at 300–600 19820: 19500: 19495: 19474: 19469: 19370: 19344: 19339: 19299: 18759: 17956: 17951: 17665: 17660: 17626: 17614: 17559: 17511: 17504: 17479: 17474: 17353: 17083: 17055: 17050: 17019: 16846: 14465: 13851: 12665:

Dobbin, Robert (2002). "An Ironic Allusion at "Aeneid" 1.374".

11081:

Shapiro, I. I.; Campbell, D. B.; De Campli, W. M. (June 1979).

7921: 6606: 4535: 4252: 4048: 4020: 4012: 3978:(Ἠωσϕόρος), meaning "dawn-bringer"), for the morning star, and 3957: 3941: 3818: 3806: 3514: 3479:

might exist in the cooler, acidic upper layers of the Venusian

3379: 3318: 3312: 3302:

Global topographic map of Venus, with all probe landings marked

3107: 3017:

from the motions of markings on the planet's apparent surface.

2993:. Venus's atmosphere was observed in 1790 by German astronomer 2701:

A long-standing mystery of Venus observations is the so-called

2668: 2511: 2207:

Venus orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 0.72

2121: 2106: 1635:(discussed below) could originate from volcanic activity (i.e. 1549: 1428: 1404: 1348:

of both major constituents and making the surface atmosphere a

1332:

is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being

1100: 1034: 833: 771: 570: 13793: 12503:

The Exact Transmission of Texts in the First Millennium B.C.E.

11990:"What equipment do you need to see and photograph the planets" 11776:"Welcome to Cloud City: The case for going to Venus, not Mars" 6424:

Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXII

5208: 5056: 3001:

of sunlight in a dense atmosphere. Later, American astronomer

2227:, Venus's orbit is currently the closest to circular, with an 1202:

evaporated any water and turned Venus into its present state.

244: 212: 169: 75: 18076: 17655: 17587: 17497: 17452: 12607:. Translated by Healy, John F. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: 11501: 7515:"Venus' internal structure, temperature and core composition" 7420:

Introduction to planetary science: the geological perspective

6925: 4719: 4068:, preceptor of the Daityas, and guru of the Asuras. The word 4065: 4008: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3822: 3738:

is a mission concept that proposed a crewed aerostat design.

3695: 3400: 2652:

of a Venus transit (after history's first observed planetary

2481:

visible when the Sun is low on the horizon or setting. As an

2271:

minutes. Because of the retrograde rotation, the length of a

2220: 2171: 2159: 1300: 1187: 1116: 1016: 289: 151: 14513: 13484:"Report on the Activities of the COSPAR Working Group VII". 11730: 11618:, professor of planetary geosciences at the Open University. 11593:"BBC Radio 4—More or Less, Sugar, Outdoors Play and Planets" 11179: 10597:"Venus Smiled, With a Mysterious Wave Across Its Atmosphere" 6689: 5443: 4851:

Konopliv, A. S.; Banerdt, W. B.; Sjogren, W. L. (May 1999).

4605: 4109:

cultures refer to the planet literally as the "metal star" (

3211:

ever used, a technique which would be used by later probes.

3059:

revealed considerable detail that was absent in visible and

1217:

of 1.6 years. Venus and Earth have the lowest difference in

200: 17708: 17592: 17457: 14344: 14256:"Scientists find gas linked to life in atmosphere of Venus" 10736: 9757:

10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2053:CTWFVO>2.0.CO;2

8458:

Owen, Tobias; Bar-Nun, Akiva; Kleinfeld, Idit (July 1992).

8025: 7842:

10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0987:WDVLAM>2.0.CO;2

7619:

10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0987:WDVLAM>2.0.CO;2

5965:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology. 5247: 4916: 4365:

The equatorial speed of Earth is given as both about 1674.4

4016: 3949: 3724: 3654: 3538: 2947:

that the Solar System was concentric and centred on Earth.

2809:

credited the realization that they were a single object to

2524: 2359:

shows Venus likely had at least one moon created by a huge

2295: 2216: 1563:

during ancient times and, as a result, may have had a more

1451: 1308: 1304: 1272:

on Earth. This finding ended the theories and then popular

1253: 1040: 595: 250: 247: 215: 203: 172: 160: 157: 81: 19921: 15715: 15576: 14429:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

14106: 13975: 13693: 12108:"Planet Venus Visible in Daytime Sky Today: How to See It" 11631:"Venus Close Approaches to Earth as predicted by Solex 11" 10934:"Long-Term Evolution of the Spin of Venus, Part I: Theory" 10834:. Venus Express. European Space Agency. 10 February 2012. 10625: 9342:

in the Clouds of Venus is Consistent with Mesospheric SO2"

9334: 9264: 9100: 8762:"Was Venus the first habitable world of our solar system?" 8620: 8188:. In Tilman, Spohn; Breuer, Doris; Johnson, T. V. (eds.). 8048: 7188:"Active volcanism on Venus in the Ganiki Chasma rift zone" 6817: 6584:. California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. pp. 99–100. 5961:. In Tilman, Spohn; Breuer, Doris; Johnson, T. V. (eds.). 5655:(4th ed.). Boston: Sky Publishing. pp. 175–200. 2515:

The phases of Venus and evolution of its apparent diameter

148: 19825: 17437: 14720: 14549: 13586:

Colin, L.; Hall, C. (1977). "The Pioneer Venus Program".

13395: 13368: 12572:

Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

12459:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

10680:"The length of a day on Venus is always changing – Space" 10056: 7974: 7391:

Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference

7239:"Why the Discovery of an Active Volcano on Venus Matters" 6491: 4974: 3985: 3665: 3561: 3197:

and the first to transmit data from there back to Earth.

3110:

programme flying to Venus, but it lost contact en route.

2910: 2486: 2355:'s 2006 study of models of the early Solar System at the 2163: 2072: 2059:. Other possible constituents of the cloud particles are 1806:

provides negligible protection to the atmosphere against

1104: 443: 235: 197: 142: 16038: 14801: 13327: 12457:

Sachs, A. (1974). "Babylonian Observational Astronomy".

11411:"NASA's Parker Solar Probe Sees Venus Orbital Dust Ring" 11080: 9821: 9665:

ESA Blog Navigator – Navigator page for active ESA blogs

9163: 7885:

tidal Love number from Magellan and PVO tracking data".

5031:. International Astronomical Union. 2000. Archived from 3970:(Φωσϕόρος), meaning "light-bringer" (whence the element 3825:, who has been associated with the Roman goddess Venus. 3411:

As of 2023, the only active mission at Venus is Japan's

3371:

mission in December 2014 deorbiting it in January 2015.

2347:

and numerous sightings were reported over the following

14199: 13797:"Parker Solar Probe Imaging of the Night Side of Venus" 11653: 10297: 10162: 9661:"Venus and Earth: worlds apart – Transit of Venus blog" 9450:"Re-analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus" 9233:"Possible sign of life on Venus stirs up heated debate" 8177: 8126:(7). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 473–477. 8111:

Lebonnois, Sebastien; Schubert, Gerald (26 June 2017).

8019: 5865:

Volcanic worlds: exploring the Solar System's volcanoes

5682: 5680: 3619:

manoeuvres capturing some data about Venus on the way.

3472:

Some scientists have speculated that thermoacidophilic

2825:, literally "Light-Bringer", and the evening aspect as 2445:

difference to Earth than any other planet, needing the

15253: 13534: 13477: 9727: 9518: 9402:"More doubts cast on potential signs of life on Venus" 9260: 9258: 8700: 8627:

O'Rourke, Joseph G.; Korenaga, Jun (1 November 2015).

6167:

Planetology: Unlocking the Secrets of the Solar System

6047: 4850: 3897:

appear to parallel the motion of the planet Venus. In

2783:), and the evening Venus as "the Excellent West One" ( 2708: 1264:, such as the first soft landing on another planet by 19910: 12810:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 75. 12513:, Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. 11838:

NightWatch: A Practical Guide to Viewing the Universe

11706: 11286:"Asteroid 2012 XE133: A Transient Companion to Venus" 10982: 10931: 9982:

McGill, G. E.; Stofan, E. R.; Smrekar, S. E. (2010).

9728:

Rossow, W. B.; del Genio, A. D.; Eichler, T. (1990).

9328: 8962:"Venus' Atmosphere: Composition, Climate and Weather" 8759: 8400:"The origins of volatiles in the terrestrial planets" 7670: 7318: 7163:. European Space Agency. 18 June 2015. Archived from 6652: 6529: 6469:. California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. p. 93. 5323: 5321: 5104: 3174:

In an early example of space cooperation the data of

3033:

observations that more of its secrets were revealed.

2784: 2773: 2762: 2644:, and hence the size of the Solar System as shown by 1435:

goddess of love, and is about the size of Australia.

253: 241: 218: 194: 175: 163: 154: 84: 78: 19:

This article is about the planet. For the deity, see

15893:

Symbols: Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms

15165:

Parker, R. A. (1974). "Ancient Egyptian Astronomy".

14723:"Venus Exploration in the New Human Spaceflight Age" 14459: 14005: 13651: 13528: 10521: 10202: 10200: 9730:"Cloud-tracked winds from Pioneer Venus OCPP images" 8626: 8457: 7699: 7641: 7557: 7424:. Springer eBook collection. Springer. p. 201. 7388: 6811: 6659:

Petkowski, Janusz; Seager, Sara (18 November 2021).

6112: 5677: 4509:

only briefly signals were received from the surface.

4281: 3813:), all of whom were associated with the planet. The 3013:

and Schröter incorrectly estimated periods of about

2832:

In the second century, in his astronomical treatise

2724:

Venus is in Earth's sky bright enough to be visible

2243:

All planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in an

2239:

Venus and its rotation in respect to its revolution.

232: 209: 139: 72: 14363: 12797: 11929:"Venus: Twelve year planetary ephemeris, 1995–2006" 11173: 10925: 9981: 9548: 9512: 9441: 9255: 8772:(16). American Geophysical Union (AGU): 8376–8383. 8571: 7871: 7353: 7261: 6408: 5588:Weller, Matthew B.; et al. (26 October 2023). 5243: 5241: 4571: 3715:

for crewed exploration and possibly for permanent "

3686:

Floating cities and islands in fiction § Venus

2873: 238: 206: 145: 69: 14599:"Parker Solar Probe Primed for Fourth Venus Flyby" 14193: 14020: 13861:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 10. 13401: 13086:Russell, H. N. (1899). "The Atmosphere of Venus". 12746:"AVICENNA viii. Mathematics and Physical Sciences" 12199: 11935:. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from 10208: 9815: 9721: 9585: 9400: 8628: 8459: 8398: 8042: 7968: 7409: 6683: 6600: 6380: 6310: 5589: 5587: 5318: 4940: 4938: 4757: 4606: 4572: 4333:Physical properties of planets in the Solar System 4056:means "clear, pure" or "brightness, clearness" in 2617:transiting above Earth in a sequence of currently 1936:, Venus has been identified by scientists such as 15431: 15229:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science 14771: 14305: 14100: 13321: 13135:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12160: 11345:"Double Impact May Explain Why Venus Has No Moon" 11290:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11230:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11187:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 10989:Laskar, Jacques; De Surgy, Olivier Néron (2003). 10197: 10168: 10122:"Lightning detection on Venus: a critical review" 8860: 8630:"Thermal evolution of Venus with argon degassing" 8110: 7121: 7119: 7082: 6854:"Have Venusian volcanoes been caught in the act?" 6415:Batson, R.M.; Russell, J. F. (18–22 March 1991). 5157: 4968: 4692:"Horizons Web-Interface for Venus (Major Body=2)" 1154:. Venus lacks an internal dynamo, and its weakly 50:. A cloud layer permanently obscures the surface. 19958: 19124: 13579: 12254:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 11182:"Asteroid 2002 VE68: A Quasi-Satellite of Venus" 11126: 11039: 10115: 10113: 10052: 10050: 9914: 8834: 7878:Konopliv, A. S.; Yoder, C. F. (1996). "Venusian 6053: 5853: 5238: 5021: 4803: 4801: 3840:arrangement. Here the eight pointed star is the 3584:is a scientific organization established by the 3525:In September 2020, a team of astronomers led by 3392:List of missions to Venus § Future missions 3070:It had been noted that Venus had no discernible 2343:reported a moon orbiting Venus, which was named 2306:Venus has no natural satellites. It has several 1386:Color-coded elevation map, showing the elevated 1248:, Venus appears more prominent, since it is the 17397: 15260:Cattermole, Peter John; Moore, Patrick (1997). 15259: 15160: 15158: 15156: 15036: 15034: 14899: 13019:Marov, Mikhail Ya. (2004). Kurtz, D. W. (ed.). 12602: 12369:Journal of the British Astronomical Association 12206:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 12068: 11828: 10488: 10403: 10206: 9990:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–120. 8451: 7710:. In Shirley, J. H.; Fainbridge, R. W. (eds.). 7676: 7563: 7443: 7441: 7324: 6658: 6458: 6456: 5547: 5545: 5158:Haus, R.; Kappel, D.; Arnoldb, G. (July 2016). 4935: 4023:spoke of the star and its light. Poets such as 3696:High Altitude Venus Operational Concept (HAVOC) 3148:showed the surface temperature was hotter than 2004:from rising luminosity of the Sun and possibly 1158:is caused by atmospheric interactions with the 1123:of the terrestrial planets, composed mostly of 15779: 15777: 15775: 15456: 15222: 15220: 15119:"Inana and Šukaletuda: A Sumerian Astral Myth" 15084:. The British Museum Press. pp. 108–109. 14973:: A History of Matter and a Matter of History" 14839: 14837: 14311: 13624: 13330:"Observations of Venus at 3.15-cm Wave Length" 13270:Martz, Edwin P. Jr. (1934). "Venus and life". 12954:"William Crabtree's Venus transit observation" 12803: 12416:"Inana and Šukaletuda: A Sumerian Astral Myth" 11886: 11586: 11584: 11074: 10988: 9920: 9683: 9223: 9221: 7744: 7705: 7153: 7116: 6845: 6118: 5824: 5822: 5583: 5581: 4523: 4072:is also associated with semen, or generation. 3782:throughout history and in different cultures. 3020: 327:0.723332 AU (108.21 million km) 315:0.718440 AU (107.48 million km) 19110: 17558: 17369: 16054: 15852: 15518: 15442:(2nd ed.). Lotus Press. pp. 65–74. 15437: 15073: 15071: 14930: 14590: 14416: 14162: 14076:"Could microbes be affecting Venus' climate?" 14011: 13969: 13938: 13701:"Welcome to the Galileo Orbiter Archive Page" 13657: 13175: 13079: 12615: 12560: 12541: 12328: 12244: 12191: 12099: 11922: 11920: 11550: 11402: 11122: 11120: 10883: 10824: 10462: 10444:"ESA finds that Venus has an ozone layer too" 10291: 10110: 10047: 10025:""Heavy metal" snow on Venus is lead sulfide" 9884: 9026:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 8953: 8841:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 8577: 8390: 8315: 7877: 7359: 7267: 6571: 6414: 6266:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 6262: 5991: 5919: 5757: 5327: 5098: 4913:"Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics" 4853:"Venus Gravity: 180th Degree and Order Model" 4798: 4763: 4110: 3785:The English name of Venus was originally the 3509:—are plentiful in the vicinity of the clouds. 3385: 3374:In 2010, the first successful interplanetary 2789: 2778: 2767: 2426:When Venus lies between Earth and the Sun in 2051:layer are thick clouds, consisting mainly of 15318:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (12 September 2005). 15153: 15031: 14868: 14807: 14630:"Venus is a Russian planet—say the Russians" 14278: 14067: 13723: 13235:Ross, F. E. (1928). "Photographs of Venus". 13122: 12945: 12768: 12658: 12493: 12169:"Horrocks and the Dawn of British Astronomy" 12007: 11874:Mallama, A. (2011). "Planetary magnitudes". 11767: 11559:"The 5 petals of Venus and its 8-year cycle" 11433: 11369: 11336: 10786: 10557: 9986:. In Watters, T. R.; Schultz, R. A. (eds.). 9975: 9690:"The Unveiling of Venus: Hot and Stifling". 9591: 9521:Kosmicheskie Issledovaniia (Cosmic Research) 9051: 9007: 8984: 8706: 7915: 7450:"Tidal constraints on the interior of Venus" 7438: 7415: 7179: 6995: 6962: 6453: 6306: 6304: 5950: 5542: 5404: 4194: 2394: 15772: 15485: 15372: 15217: 15040: 14957: 14834: 14808:Badescu, Viorel; Zacny, Kris, eds. (2015). 14661:"Venus Is a Russian Planet ... Says Russia" 13916:"Acidic clouds of Venus could harbour life" 13907: 13446: 13290: 13263: 13049: 12951: 12738: 12596: 12450: 12297: 12166: 11867: 11841:. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 134. 11664:(3). AIP Publishing: 30593. 12 March 2019. 11581: 11505:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 10855: 10853: 10588: 10016: 9772: 9622: 9544: 9542: 9392: 9268:"Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus" 9218: 8866: 8828: 8669: 8578:Namiki, Noriyuki; Solomon, Sean C. (1998). 6543:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 6495:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 6485: 6417:"Naming the Newly Found Landforms on Venus" 6170:. National Geographic Society. p. 74. 6163: 6157: 5819: 5788: 5735:"Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life?" 5578: 5437: 5064:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 4844: 4815:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 3615:, and other probes routinely use Venus for 3359:, the first dedicated Venus mission by the 3263:, consisting of two separate missions: the 2989:was discovered in 1761 by Russian polymath 2772:) or "the Opener (Starter) of Brightness" ( 1940:as a warning and research object linked to 1630:Several lines of evidence point to ongoing 1279: 44:True colour image of Venus, as captured by 19987:Astronomical objects known since antiquity 19117: 19103: 17376: 17362: 16061: 16047: 16006:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Venus 15809: 15807: 15805: 15675: 15661:. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. 15650: 15636:. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 12. 15077: 15068: 13667:. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. 13496: 13362: 13228: 13012: 12693: 12625:Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism 12409: 12407: 12405: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12391: 12359: 12130: 11917: 11660:"Venus is not Earth's closest neighbour". 11464: 11117: 10803:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. 10566:"Venus wave may be Solar System's biggest" 10472:. European Space Agency. 29 January 2013. 10366: 10255: 8528: 8278: 8222: 7808: 7806: 7588: 7506: 7416:Faure, Gunter; Mensing, Teresa M. (2007). 7360:Morrison, David; Owens, Tobias C. (2003). 7125: 6872: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6060:"The Recent Evolution of Climate on Venus" 5859: 5726: 5151: 5052: 5050: 4247:The Venus symbol was also used in Western 3483:. Such speculations go back to 1967, when 1771: 1548:, indicating a different, possibly a more 1240:and in the history of astronomy. Orbiting 38: 15990: 15755: 15600: 15586:. Richard Luxton. 1899. pp. 6, 194. 15531:. Doubleday, Page & company. p. 15406: 15283: 15281: 15264:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 14905: 14746: 14683: 14621: 14543: 14480: 14450: 14440: 14383: 14214: 14121: 13882: 13828: 13585: 13353: 13154: 13040: 12980: 12926: 12875: 12699: 12074: 11951: 11834: 11517: 11319: 11301: 11277: 11260: 11242: 11225:"On the Dynamical Evolution of 2002 VE68" 11207: 11140: 11108: 11045: 10663: 10645: 10619: 10446:. European Space Agency. 6 October 2011. 10436: 10386: 10145: 10093: 10075: 9755: 9483: 9465: 9375: 9357: 9283: 9177: 9129: 8811: 8777: 8720: 8603: 8289:Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System 8248: 7935: 7750: 7708:"Venus: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere" 7213: 7039: 7029: 7001: 6919: 6910: 6770: 6635: 6562: 6301: 6088: 5698:(E5). Advancing Earth and Space Science. 5512: 5341: 5265: 5118: 4988: 4905: 4881: 4835: 4789: 4206:, gaining its name for being used as the 2962:, at each of their respective homes, on 4 2485:, it always lies within about 47° of the 2452:Tidally Venus exerts the third strongest 1988:Venus's atmosphere is rich in primordial 1920:-rich atmosphere generates the strongest 1868: 18889:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 15950:Image catalogue from the Venera missions 15889: 15786:"The Male and Female Symbols of Biology" 15606: 15462: 15110: 14422: 14247: 14073: 13762: 13630: 13452: 13296: 12881: 12836: 11987: 11892: 11623: 11556: 10850: 10729: 10497:"Venus Can Have 'Comet-Like' Atmosphere" 10207:Russell, C. T.; Phillips, J. L. (1990). 9539: 8960:Tillman, Nola Taylor (18 October 2018). 8891: 8709:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 8584:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 8396: 8321: 8106: 8104: 7677:Kivelson, G. M.; Russell, C. T. (1995). 7457:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 6773:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 6202: 6196: 5997: 5763: 5691:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 5216:"Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures" 4730: 4728: 4662: 3827: 3751: 3689: 3417:, having achieved orbital insertion on 7 3395: 3297: 3232: 2972: 2589: 2547: 2510: 2463: 2432:decreasing eccentricity of Earth's orbit 2398: 2234: 2198: 2028: 1878: 1716: 1675: 1592: 1477: 1381: 1283: 19085:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 18113:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 15923:at NASA's Solar System Exploration site 15859:Brammer, John Paul (10 February 2020). 15858: 15802: 15625: 15524: 15311: 14936: 14652: 14627: 14596: 14328: 14168: 13944: 13371:Mariner-Venus 1962 Final Project Report 13181: 13085: 12920: 12842: 12621: 12566: 12547: 12388: 12334: 12250: 12197: 12105: 12014:Goines, David Lance (18 October 1995). 11965:. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 11926: 11873: 11590: 11408: 10889: 10759: 10126:Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 9921:Basilevsky, A. T.; Head, J. W. (2003). 9778: 9057: 8959: 8897: 8715:(5). American Geophysical Union (AGU). 8364: 7815:"Why does Venus lack a magnetic field?" 7803: 7706:Luhmann, J. G.; Russell, C. T. (1997). 7564:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (29 April 2021). 7382: 6378: 6365: 6249: 5956: 5891: 5650: 5644: 5410: 5047: 4683: 4663:Williams, David R. (25 November 2020). 4658: 4656: 4241:Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus 3801:, who was herself based on the similar 3736:High Altitude Venus Operational Concept 3575: 2543: 1276:being a habitable or inhabited planet. 19959: 15981:, a search engine for surface features 15813: 15783: 15721: 15631: 15440:Myths & Symbols of Vedic Astrology 15438:Behari, Bepin; Frawley, David (2003). 15412: 15341: 15317: 15278: 15164: 15116: 15078:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). 15001: 14874: 14843: 14671:from the original on 20 September 2020 14640:from the original on 20 September 2020 14293:from the original on 15 September 2020 14284: 14253: 14181:from the original on 14 September 2020 14055:from the original on 17 September 2020 13957:from the original on 16 September 2020 13730:Howell, Elizabeth (16 December 2014). 13729: 13681:from the original on 29 September 2021 13465:from the original on 30 September 2018 13128: 12774: 12664: 12499: 12413: 12013: 11855:from the original on 29 September 2021 11773: 11495: 11439: 11375: 11357:from the original on 26 September 2007 11342: 10970:from the original on 27 September 2019 10792: 10717:from the original on 30 September 2019 10708: 10563: 10494: 10119: 9963:from the original on 29 September 2021 9316:from the original on 14 September 2020 9013: 8990: 8516:from the original on 29 September 2021 8439:from the original on 29 September 2021 8210:from the original on 29 September 2021 8183: 7545:from the original on 29 September 2021 7236: 6578:Young, Carolynn, ed. (1 August 1990). 6463:Young, Carolynn, ed. (1 August 1990). 6353:from the original on 16 September 2020 5979:from the original on 29 September 2021 5828: 5196:from the original on 22 September 2017 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4214:origin, and represents more generally 3789:name for it. Romans named Venus after 2715:Observations and explorations of Venus 2267:visits, with a difference of about 6.5 19098: 17357: 16042: 15784:Stearn, William T. (17 August 1961). 15564:from the original on 26 December 2022 15546: 15491: 15378: 15237:10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.61 15226: 15141:from the original on 24 December 2019 15098:from the original on 20 November 2020 14989:from the original on 23 November 2018 14963: 14918:from the original on 11 December 2019 14887:from the original on 1 September 2021 14852:. Vol. 654. pp. 1193–1198. 14812:. Springer International Publishing. 14789:from the original on 2 September 2021 14659:Leman, Jennifer (18 September 2020). 14658: 14628:Kolirin, Lianne (18 September 2020). 14334: 14312:@JimBridenstine (14 September 2020). 14088:from the original on 3 September 2019 13913: 13631:Williams, David R. (6 January 2005). 13383:from the original on 11 February 2014 13269: 13018: 12863:from the original on 25 November 2016 12824:from the original on 26 November 2016 12756:from the original on 20 February 2020 12520:from the original on 29 February 2012 12456: 12438:from the original on 24 December 2019 12303: 12077:"The Solar System with the naked eye" 12056:from the original on 15 November 2021 11569:from the original on 22 February 2022 10702: 10594: 10409: 10375:"European mission reports from Venus" 10022: 9641:from the original on 13 December 2022 9628: 9429:from the original on 26 December 2021 9398: 9227: 9040:. NASA/TM—2003-212310. Archived from 8867:Steigerwald, Bill (2 November 2022). 8675: 8534: 8284: 8101: 7812: 7594: 7512: 7306:from the original on 19 December 2019 6878: 6851: 6577: 6462: 5885: 5841:from the original on 3 September 2021 5732: 5551: 5382:"Encyclopedia – the brightest bodies" 5374: 4923:from the original on 7 September 2006 4766:"The solar system's invariable plane" 4764:Souami, D.; Souchay, J. (July 2012). 4725: 4697:JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System 2981:" as recorded during the 1769 transit 2966:December 1639 (24 November under the 2650:1639 with the first known observation 2519:As it orbits the Sun, Venus displays 2188: 2134:, the signatures of lightning. Their 1712: 1567:, possibly one capable of sustaining 1250:third brightest object in Earth's sky 1178:. Venus is one of two planets in the 465:Longitude of ascending node 15681: 15656: 14531:from the original on 8 February 2024 14351:from the original on 29 October 2020 14285:Kooser, Amanda (14 September 2020). 14266:from the original on 5 February 2021 13635:. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. 13309:from the original on 12 October 2018 13299:"Inventing The Interplanetary Probe" 13234: 13216:from the original on 27 October 2020 12885:Journal for the History of Astronomy 12804:Vaquero, J. M.; Vázquez, M. (2009). 12365: 12306:"Venus transit: A last-minute guide" 11786:from the original on 21 October 2022 11603:from the original on 12 January 2019 11483:from the original on 21 January 2023 11470: 11390:from the original on 24 October 2016 10838:from the original on 24 January 2016 10735: 10709:Petit, Gérard; Luzum, Brian (eds.). 10576:from the original on 17 January 2017 10470:"When A Planet Behaves Like A Comet" 10450:from the original on 27 January 2012 10424:from the original on 11 January 2009 10372: 10243:from the original on 8 December 2015 9500:from the original on 16 January 2022 8941:from the original on 7 December 2019 7161:"Hot lava flows discovered on Venus" 7104:from the original on 13 October 2018 7002:Filiberto, Justin (3 January 2020). 6968: 6588:from the original on 4 December 2016 6473:from the original on 4 December 2016 5829:Newitz, Annalee (11 December 2013). 5632:from the original on 27 October 2023 5566:from the original on 26 October 2023 5530:from the original on 19 October 2019 5306:from the original on 5 December 2021 4667:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 4627:participating institution membership 4593:participating institution membership 4407:km/h. The incorrect figure of 1669.8 4172:often depicted as warmer, but still 3928:. They depicted Venus at first as a 3894:Inanna's Descent into the Underworld 2958:and observed by him and his friend, 2719: 2113:fall in time with the Sun's 11-year 2078:The surface of Venus is effectively 1190:. Conditions perhaps favourable for 19869:List of artificial objects on Venus 14689: 14597:Frazier, Sarah (19 February 2021). 14074:Anderson, Paul (3 September 2019). 13947:"Venus clouds 'might harbour life'" 13914:Clark, Stuart (26 September 2003). 13763:Hatfield, Miles (9 February 2022). 13633:"Pioneer Venus Project Information" 11893:Flanders, Tony (25 February 2011). 11452:from the original on 1 January 2023 11421:from the original on 22 August 2022 10861:"Space Topics: Compare the Planets" 9872:from the original on 3 October 2018 9735:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 8991:Mullen, Leslie (13 November 2002). 8397:Halliday, Alex N. (15 March 2013). 8262:. 13 September 2006. Archived from 7924:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 7859:from the original on 1 October 2018 7791:from the original on 16 August 2017 7761:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 7268:Romeo, I.; Turcotte, D. L. (2009). 7094:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature 6983:from the original on 9 January 2020 6581:The Magellan Venus Explorer's Guide 6466:The Magellan Venus Explorer's Guide 5925: 5411:Andrews, Roy George (27 May 2024). 4704:from the original on 18 August 2023 4689: 4633: 4386:(WGS84) and Earth's angular speed, 3872:, dating to the twelfth century BC. 3821:, named after the Germanic goddess 3664:and the United States proposed the 3505:and sunlight—the prerequisites for 3363:(ESA), entered orbit around Venus. 2709:Observation and exploration history 1804:Venus's small induced magnetosphere 1482:Surface panorama taken by Venera 13 13: 17393: 15935:National Space Science Data Center 15871:from the original on 17 April 2023 15722:Schott, G. D. (22 December 2005). 15558:Vietnam Open Educational Resources 15463:De Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1912). 15173:(1257). The Royal Society: 51–65. 15019:from the original on 12 April 2023 14951:10.1111/j.1467-8365.1986.tb00206.x 14906:Warmflash, David (14 March 2017). 14702:from the original on 24 April 2023 14609:from the original on 22 April 2021 14550:National Research Council (2006). 14169:Perkins, Sid (14 September 2020). 13775:from the original on 14 April 2022 13744:from the original on 22 April 2021 13711:from the original on 11 April 2023 13455:"Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus" 13369:Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1962). 12961:Proceedings IAU Colloquium No. 196 12347:from the original on 19 March 2012 12118:from the original on 19 April 2017 11969:from the original on 10 April 2021 11343:Musser, George (10 October 2006). 10913:from the original on 3 August 2020 10795:"Rotational velocity (equatorial)" 10747:from the original on 11 March 2019 10690:from the original on 28 April 2023 10595:Chang, Kenneth (16 January 2017). 10495:Kramer, Miriam (30 January 2013). 10412:"Venus offers Earth climate clues" 10272:National Space Science Data Center 10035:from the original on 15 April 2008 10029:Washington University in St. Louis 9902:from the original on 14 April 2021 9399:Beall, Abigail (21 October 2020). 9061:(December 1999). "Life on Venus". 9019:"Astrobiology: The Case for Venus" 8688:from the original on 21 April 2023 8676:Ernst, Richard (3 November 2022). 8378:from the original on 7 August 2021 8331:Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 7751:Stevenson, D. J. (15 March 2003). 7712:Encyclopedia of Planetary Sciences 7249:from the original on 19 March 2023 6860:from the original on 14 April 2021 6752:from the original on 16 April 2023 6671:from the original on 13 April 2023 6233:(2024) Venus is volcanically alive 6164:Jones, Tom; Stofan, Ellen (2008). 5934:. Dundee, Scotland. Archived from 5907:from the original on 28 April 2014 5807:from the original on 29 March 2017 5794: 5766:"In Search of the Venusian Shadow" 5745:from the original on 24 March 2009 5552:Chang, Kenneth (26 October 2023). 3879:Inanna's Descent to the Underworld 3533:announced the likely detection of 3457: 3048:than had previously been thought. 2357:California Institute of Technology 912:0.092–22 μSv/h at cloud level 14: 19998: 15914: 15690:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 15473:from the original on 22 July 2011 15360:from the original on 14 July 2019 15347: 15295:. 24 January 2020. Archived from 15044:Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 14578:from the original on 17 July 2015 14254:Sample, Ian (14 September 2020). 13512:. 8 February 1971. Archived from 13163:from the original on 11 July 2020 13067:from the original on 25 July 2008 12179:from the original on 26 June 2013 12138:"2004 and 2012 Transits of Venus" 12087:from the original on 13 June 2015 12046:"Viewing Venus in Broad Daylight" 11988:Lavender, Gemma (26 March 2023). 11733:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 11712:. American Institute of Physics. 11376:Tytell, David (10 October 2006). 10774:from the original on 17 July 2019 10607:from the original on 15 July 2017 10120:Lorenz, Ralph D. (20 June 2018). 10004:from the original on 23 June 2016 9671:from the original on 11 June 2023 7732:from the original on 14 July 2010 7237:Kluger, Jeffrey (17 March 2023). 7141:from the original on 20 June 2015 7070:from the original on 21 July 2023 6852:Bauer, Markus (3 December 2012). 6313:"The global resurfacing of Venus" 6184:from the original on 16 July 2017 5797:"Viewing Venus in Broad Daylight" 5392:from the original on 24 July 2023 4268:crescent or particularly the star 4160: 3599: 3586:International Council for Science 3572:, set to launch in January 2025. 2905:observed with his telescope that 2597:, projected to a white card by a 2379:The orbital space of Venus has a 2319:and two other temporary trojans, 1390:"continents" in yellow and minor 1356:and some supercritical nitrogen. 705:Equatorial rotation velocity 19944: 19932: 19920: 19214: 19208: 19202: 18976: 18964: 18952: 17383: 17337: 17328: 17327: 16010:International Astronomical Union 15883: 15525:Hulbert, Homer Bezaleel (1909). 15041:Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998). 14556:. The National Academies Press. 13926:from the original on 16 May 2015 13756: 13639:from the original on 15 May 2019 13000:from the original on 19 May 2016 12807:The Sun Recorded Through History 12775:Ansari, S. M. Razaullah (2002). 12646:from the original on 9 June 2016 12532: 12106:Gaherty, Geoff (26 March 2012). 12081:The Gallery of Natural Phenomena 12038: 11981: 11700: 11591:Harford, Tim (11 January 2019). 11557:Ottewell, Guy (7 January 2022). 11409:Frazier, Sarah (16 April 2021). 11378:"Why Doesn't Venus Have a Moon?" 11262:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21936.x 11209:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07994.x 11083:"Nonresonance Rotation of Venus" 10800:The Cambridge Planetary Handbook 10765: 10564:Rincon, Paul (16 January 2017). 10279:from the original on 23 May 2019 9629:Davis, Margaret (14 July 2021). 8879:from the original on 10 May 2023 8190:Encyclopedia of the Solar System 7813:Nimmo, Francis (November 2002). 7098:USGS Astrogeology Science Center 6885:by explosive volcanism on Venus" 6441:from the original on 13 May 2011 5963:Encyclopedia of the Solar System 5733:Shiga, David (10 October 2007). 5486:from the original on 28 May 2024 5425:from the original on 28 May 2024 4956:from the original on 11 May 2012 4671:from the original on 11 May 2018 4495: 4485: 4470: 4359: 4312: 4298: 4284: 3698:crewed floating outpost on Venus 3629: 3564:to send with the rocket company 3382:travelled to Venus for a flyby. 2891: 2882: 2874:Venus and early modern astronomy 2459: 1508:International Astronomical Union 663:10.36 km/s (6.44 mi/s) 270: 228: 190: 135: 65: 18852:Gravitationally rounded objects 16035:, interactive map of the planet 15896:. HME Publishing. p. 228. 14748:10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.12.020 14335:Plait, Phil (26 October 2020). 13945:Redfern, Martin (25 May 2004). 13459:The Soviet Exploration of Venus 13303:The Soviet Exploration of Venus 13057:"Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov" 12781:Springer Science+Business Media 12556:(3). Undena Publications: 9–22. 12232:from the original on 9 May 2019 12148:from the original on 2 May 2023 12026:from the original on 4 May 2021 11933:NASA Reference Publication 1349 11027:from the original on 2 May 2019 10832:"Could Venus Be Shifting Gear?" 10509:from the original on 3 May 2019 10476:from the original on 2 May 2019 8972:from the original on 9 May 2023 8405:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 8260:Case Western Reserve University 8165:from the original on 4 May 2019 7576:from the original on 2 May 2021 7494:from the original on 9 May 2020 7364:(3rd ed.). San Francisco: 7230: 7056: 6969:Hall, Sannon (9 January 2020). 6890:Journal of Geophysical Research 6764: 6734: 6318:Journal of Geophysical Research 6237: 6225: 4350: 3793:, who in turn was based on the 3193:became the first spacecraft to 2913:and not Earth, as predicted by 2813:in the sixth century BC, while 2363:billions of years ago. About 10 2290:Venus may have formed from the 1842:, which is unknown at present. 1071: 15794:(248): 412–413. Archived from 15686:A Companion to Science Fiction 15293:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 14022:"Life in the Clouds of Venus?" 13061:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 12952:Kollerstrom, Nicholas (2004). 12931:. Elsevier. pp. 487–507. 12167:Kollerstrom, Nicholas (1998). 11895:"See Venus in Broad Daylight!" 11471:Rehm, Jeremy (15 April 2021). 9928:Reports on Progress in Physics 9801:10.1126/science.328.5979.677-a 6879:Glaze, Lori S. (August 1999). 6426:. Houston, Texas. p. 65. 6387:. Cambridge University Press. 5901:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5222:. 18 July 2013. Archived from 4599: 4565: 4558:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3638:have since the 1960s proposed 3622:The only nation that has sent 3097:was achieved in 1961 with the 2696: 2150:discovered that a huge double 2026:there was no absorption line. 1760:without water to make it less 1336:. The surface pressure is 9.3 1: 19864:Observations and explorations 19765:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe 16019:Lunar and Planetary Institute 14875:Tickle, Glen (5 March 2015). 13661:; Batson, Raymond M. (2007). 13557:10.1126/science.193.4258.1123 13492:. 11–24 May 1969. p. 94. 12777:History of Oriental Astronomy 11774:Taylor, Chris (9 July 2020). 11440:Garner, Rob (12 March 2019). 11018:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00043-5 10961:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00042-3 10023:Otten, Carolyn Jones (2004). 9698:(25): 388–389. 19 June 1976. 9415:10.1016/S0262-4079(20)31910-2 9085:10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00036-7 7782:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01126-3 7679:Introduction to Space Physics 6661:"Did Venus ever have oceans?" 6383:Volcanoes of the Solar System 6287:10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.23 6025:10.1126/science.223.4640.1072 5863:; Gregg, Tracy K. P. (2004). 5524:NASA Solar System Exploration 4516: 3964:). The Greeks used the names 3952:(which during the even later 3848:Venus goddess, alongside the 3741: 3711:in 2003 suggested the use of 3694:Artist's rendering of a NASA 3675: 2166:scientists reported that the 2158:discovered, in 2011, that an 1794:, rather than by an internal 1532:The stratigraphically oldest 1260:, followed by many essential 1121:by far the densest atmosphere 305:(108.94 million km) 19800:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar 15417:. Pustak Mahal. p. 29. 14844:Landis, Geoffrey A. (2003). 14372:Astronomy & Astrophysics 13999:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.05.006 13801:Geophysical Research Letters 13504:"Science: Onward from Venus" 13490:National Academy of Sciences 13424:10.1126/science.139.3558.910 11835:Dickinson, Terrence (1998). 11812:. 3 May 2000. Archived from 11159:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.008 11068:10.1016/0019-1035(69)90068-2 10373:Hand, Eric (November 2007). 10237:10.1016/0273-1177(90)90174-X 9831:Geophysical Research Letters 9454:Astronomy & Astrophysics 9166:Astronomy & Astrophysics 9131:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114796 8927:10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9 8766:Geophysical Research Letters 8655:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.07.009 8557:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90036-S 8230:"Venus: Facts & Figures" 8071:10.1126/science.216.4546.630 7888:Geophysical Research Letters 7539:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.01.007 7297:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.03.036 7193:Geophysical Research Letters 6616:Geophysical Research Letters 5959:"Venus Surface and Interior" 5254:Astronomy & Astrophysics 5187:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.048 5137:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.09.023 4770:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4210:for Venus. The symbol is of 4075:Venus is known as Kejora in 3590:interplanetary contamination 3436:There are currently several 3082: 2954:was accurately predicted by 2407:Earth and Venus have a near 1582: 1450:There is recent evidence of 1359: 1354:supercritical carbon dioxide 7: 19977:Planets of the Solar System 18947:Outline of the Solar System 18710:Interplanetary medium/space 17260:Artificial objects on Venus 17255:Geological mapping of Venus 15940:Soviet Exploration of Venus 15350:"Eospheros & Hespheros" 15231:. Oxford University Press. 15117:Cooley, Jeffrey L. (2008). 14402:10.1051/0004-6361/202039717 12414:Cooley, Jeffrey L. (2008). 12304:Boyle, Alan (5 June 2012). 11810:Science Mission Directorate 10793:Bakich, Michael E. (2000). 10743:. L'Observatoire de Paris. 9949:10.1088/0034-4885/66/10/R04 9595:Planetary and Space Science 9485:10.1051/0004-6361/202039717 9196:10.1051/0004-6361/201936968 9064:Planetary and Space Science 8184:Taylor, Fredric W. (2014). 7753:"Planetary magnetic fields" 5360:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002 5284:10.1051/0004-6361/201936968 4791:10.1051/0004-6361/201219011 4277: 4226:for male and sometimes the 3660:Early in the space age the 3642:missions instead of direct 3582:Committee on Space Research 3195:soft land on another planet 3171:designers had anticipated. 3021:Early 20th century advances 2931:When the Italian physicist 2850:claimed to have observed a 2785: 2774: 2763: 2654:transit in 1631, of Mercury 2579: 2174:under similar conditions." 1619:is continually recycled by 1274:science fiction about Venus 477:Argument of perihelion 10: 20003: 19480:Pioneer Venus Small Probes 19189:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 18663:Extraterrestrial materials 15890:Liungman, Carl G. (2004). 15047:. Greenwood. p. 203. 14850:AIP Conference Proceedings 14690:Rao, Rahul (7 July 2020). 14499:10.1038/s41550-021-01422-z 13875:10.1007/s11214-023-00956-0 13488:. Prague, Czechoslovakia: 13131:"On the Rotation of Venus" 12906:10.1177/002182860103200202 12843:Kennard, Fredrick (2015). 12679:10.1163/156852502320880285 10410:Staff (28 November 2007). 10216:Advances in Space Research 8196:Science & Technology. 7954:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.023 7683:Cambridge University Press 5618:10.1038/s41550-023-02102-w 5472:10.1038/s41550-024-02272-1 5007:10.1038/s41550-021-01339-7 4738:Astronomy and Astrophysics 4259:is also the symbol of the 4188: 4184: 4164: 3745: 3679: 3603: 3461: 3389: 3386:Active and future missions 3095:interplanetary spaceflight 3086: 2743:Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa 2712: 2583: 2504: 2495:unidentified flying object 2449:to transfer between them. 2192: 2154:exists at the south pole. 2006:large volcanic resurfacing 1982:820 °F (438 °C) 1974:847 °F (453 °C) 1966:900 °F (482 °C) 1872: 1671: 1658:, near the shield volcano 1586: 1510:, the body which oversees 1363: 1236:Venus figures prominently 803:232 K (−41 °C) ( 642:8.87 m/s (0.904 18: 16:Second planet from the Sun 19897: 19851: 19813: 19777: 19747: 19674: 19667: 19640: 19615: 19586: 19579: 19509: 19488: 19422: 19386: 19280: 19230: 19223: 19200: 19161: 19143: 19136: 18983:Earth sciences portal 18942: 18897: 18834: 18705:Interplanetary dust cloud 18584: 18420: 18350: 18061: 18003: 17696: 17549: 17391: 17323: 17310:Neith (hypothetical moon) 17272: 17247: 17218: 17172: 17136: 17111: 16827: 16818: 16786: 16738: 16712: 16705: 16665: 16482: 16429: 16396: 16202: 16170: 16139: 16132: 16096: 16089: 16076: 16068: 15740:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509 14818:10.1007/978-3-319-19569-8 14171:"Curious and unexplained" 13334:The Astrophysical Journal 13189:Astronomische Nachrichten 13042:10.1017/S1743921305001390 12982:10.1017/S1743921305001249 12849:. Lulu.com. p. 113. 12550:Syro-Mesopotamian Studies 12173:University College London 12075:Chatfield, Chris (2010). 11806:"Interplanetary Low Tide" 11536:10.1007/s10569-010-9266-6 10711:"IERS Conventions (2010)" 10633:Planetary Science Journal 10147:10.1186/s40645-018-0181-x 9616:10.1016/j.pss.2006.04.019 9346:The Astrophysical Journal 9302:10.1038/s41550-020-1174-4 8993:"Venusian Cloud Colonies" 8425:10.1016/j.gca.2012.11.015 8324:"Ice in the Solar System" 8322:Prockter, Louise (2005). 6856:. European Space Agency. 6824:. Springer. p. 162. 6712:10.1007/s11214-017-0370-8 6564:10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y 6379:Frankel, Charles (1996). 5220:American Chemical Society 5084:10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5 4837:10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y 4614:Oxford English Dictionary 4580:Oxford English Dictionary 4251:representing the element 4111: 3877:Inanna's dual nature. In 3606:List of missions to Venus 3555:statistically significant 3178:was joined with the 1967 3089:List of missions to Venus 2790: 2779: 2768: 2572:in Washington, D.C., on 4 2500: 2395:Orbit in respect to Earth 1934:runaway greenhouse effect 1488:Venusian surface features 1378:Surface features of Venus 1319:Venus is one of the four 1288:Venus to scale among the 1225:destination and a useful 1200:runaway greenhouse effect 1115:to its orbital neighbour 1067: 988: 962: 957: 943: 928: 916: 896: 878: 811: 797: 770: 757: 731: 713: 703: 688: 667: 655: 634: 619: 594: 569: 542: 532: 501: 496: 486: 474: 462: 420: 408: 391: 379: 344:Orbital period (sidereal) 341: 331: 319: 309: 295: 285: 278: 264: 124: 104: 60: 55: 37: 19414:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe 18996:Local Interstellar Cloud 17714:other near-Earth objects 17038:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe 16388:List of coronae on Venus 16028:Eötvös Loránd University 15607:Milbrath, Susan (1999). 15413:Bhalla, Prem P. (2006). 14733:. Elsevier BV: 100–104. 14423:Thompson, M. A. (2021). 13210:10.1002/asna.19031630303 12929:Treatise on Geochemistry 12630:Harvard University Press 12622:Burkert, Walter (1972). 12605:Natural History II:36–37 12603:Pliny the Elder (1991). 12500:Hobson, Russell (2009). 11718:10.1063/PT.6.3.20190312a 11678:10.1063/pt.6.3.20190312a 10095:10.3847/1538-3881/ab3120 10064:The Astronomical Journal 9892:"Interplanetary Seasons" 9377:10.3847/2041-8213/abde47 9338:"Claimed Detection of PH 7513:Aitta, A. (April 2012). 6203:Kaufmann, W. J. (1994). 6122:Earth, Moon, and Planets 4507:atmospheric entry probes 4503:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe 4343: 4218:, adopted by biology as 4052:which is used in Indian 4033:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 4007:Classical poets such as 3924:and the evening star as 3557:detection of phosphine. 3438:probes under development 3265:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe 2921:and disproved Ptolemy's 2801:, the morning star, and 2747:First Babylonian dynasty 2152:atmospheric polar vortex 1856:of water molecules from 1829:through the crust. This 1601:in Venus's Eistla region 1280:Physical characteristics 1142:Internally, Venus has a 931:Absolute magnitude 691:Sidereal rotation period 497:Physical characteristics 382:Orbital period (synodic) 19785:European Venus Explorer 18959:Solar System portal 18685:Giant-impact hypothesis 18292:Trans-Neptunian objects 17180:European Venus Explorer 16796:Venus-crosser asteroids 14846:"Colonization of Venus" 14394:2020A&A...644L...2S 13376:(Report). SP-59. NASA. 13182:Slipher, V. M. (1903). 9608:2006P&SS...54.1352K 9476:2020A&A...644L...2S 9188:2020A&A...633A..15H 9116:. Elsevier BV: 114796. 9077:1999P&SS...47.1487C 8285:Lewis, John S. (2004). 7946:2017E&PSL.474..375J 7774:2003E&PSL.208....1S 6135:1995EM&P...66..285B 5932:Encyclopedia of Science 5764:Lawrence, Pete (2005). 5504:: CS1 maint: bibcode ( 5352:2018A&C....25...10M 5330:Astronomy and Computing 5276:2020A&A...633A..15H 4782:2012A&A...543A.133S 4751:1994A&A...282..663S 4619:Oxford University Press 4585:Oxford University Press 4542:Oxford University Press 3817:and these goddesses is 3636:crewed missions to Mars 3329:Between 1990 and 1994, 3057:ultraviolet photographs 2728:, making it one of the 2443:gravitational potential 2339:. In the 17th century, 2215:; 67 million 2211:(108 million 1772:Magnetic field and core 1494:, and highland regions 1219:gravitational potential 670:Synodic rotation period 280:Orbital characteristics 226:or Venerean / Venerian 18847:Possible dwarf planets 18690:Gravitational collapse 18628:Circumstellar envelope 17433: 17040: / Pioneer 13 17034: / Pioneer 12 16001:U.S. Geological Survey 15991:Cartographic resources 15946:at Mentallandscape.com 15500:. Routledge. pp. 15492:Crump, Thomas (1992). 15187:10.1098/rsta.1974.0009 14525:Venus Cloud Life – MIT 14452:10.1093/mnrasl/slaa187 13453:Mitchell, Don (2003). 13297:Mitchell, Don (2003). 13156:10.1093/mnras/2.11.78d 12479:10.1098/rsta.1974.0008 12335:Espenak, Fred (2004). 12267:10.1098/rsnr.1969.0004 12218:10.1098/rstl.1771.0054 11927:Espenak, Fred (1996). 9923:"The surface of Venus" 9898:. NASA. 19 June 2000. 8232:. NASA. Archived from 7397:. pp. 1507–1516. 7347:10.1006/icar.1994.1180 7031:10.1126/sciadv.aax7445 6665:Venus Cloud Life – MIT 6099:10.1006/icar.2000.6570 5957:Mueller, Nils (2014). 4892:10.1006/icar.1999.6086 4718:values at the precise 4199: 3899:Inanna and Shukaletuda 3888:Inanna and Shukaletuda 3873: 3767: 3699: 3634:Studies of routes for 3408: 3303: 3244: 3119:of the United States' 2982: 2970:in use at that time). 2601: 2553: 2516: 2469: 2404: 2240: 2204: 2034: 1888: 1869:Atmosphere and climate 1821:liquid, rotation, and 1726: 1684: 1602: 1512:planetary nomenclature 1483: 1395: 1316: 1293:planetary-mass objects 1231:interplanetary flights 1111:and is the closest in 25:Venus (disambiguation) 23:. For other uses, see 19594:Venus Orbiter Mission 19245:Pioneer Venus Orbiter 19056:Laniakea Supercluster 18673:Sample-return mission 17432: 17032:Pioneer Venus Orbiter 16353:Scalloped margin dome 16323:Quetzalpetlatl Corona 16015:Venus crater database 15971:19 March 2012 at the 15657:Dick, Steven (2001). 14225:10.1089/ast.2020.2244 14140:10.1089/ast.2020.2352 14019:(16 September 1967). 13855:Space Science Reviews 13589:Space Science Reviews 13237:Astrophysical Journal 13088:Astrophysical Journal 12673:(6). Brill: 736–738. 11647:Numbers generated by 11088:Astrophysical Journal 10865:The Planetary Society 10388:10.1038/news.2007.297 9231:(14 September 2020). 9172:. EDP Sciences: A15. 8997:Astrobiology Magazine 7135:The Planetary Society 6821:Fundamental Astronomy 6692:Space Science Reviews 5801:Fourmilab Switzerland 4950:The Planetary Society 4538:UK English Dictionary 4222:for female, like the 4198: 3831: 3815:weekday of the planet 3791:their goddess of love 3755: 3693: 3682:Colonization of Venus 3399: 3390:Further information: 3361:European Space Agency 3301: 3269:Pioneer Venus Orbiter 3261:Pioneer Venus project 3236: 3187:On 15 December 1970, 3087:Further information: 3040:tried to measure the 2976: 2952:1639 transit of Venus 2595:2012 transit of Venus 2593: 2551: 2514: 2467: 2402: 2376:terrestrial planets. 2238: 2202: 2185:in the solar system. 2032: 1882: 1731:reflection seismology 1720: 1679: 1596: 1565:habitable environment 1481: 1458:. The planet has few 1421:highland "continents" 1402:in the 20th century. 1385: 1287: 1262:interplanetary firsts 1196:habitable environment 1156:induced magnetosphere 1127:with a thick, global 990:Composition by volume 805:blackbody temperature 19778:Cancelled / concepts 18971:Astronomy portal 18872:Solar System objects 18618:Circumplanetary disk 15798:on 23 November 2021. 15682:Seed, David (2005). 15632:Miller, Ron (2003). 15528:The passing of Korea 15328:on 12 September 2005 13821:10.1029/2021GL096302 13807:(3): e2021GL096302. 13705:PDS Atmospheres Node 12750:Encyclopædia Iranica 12511:University of Sydney 12198:Hornsby, T. (1771). 11905:on 11 September 2012 11321:10.1093/mnras/stt454 10713:. IERS. p. 19. 9855:10.1029/2000GL012336 9839:Ames Research Center 9602:(13–14): 1352–1359. 9243:on 14 September 2020 8796:10.1002/2016gl069790 8739:10.1029/2019je006276 8352:on 20 September 2019 8236:on 29 September 2006 7930:. Elsevier BV: 375. 7718:. pp. 905–907. 7477:10.1002/2016JE005249 7362:The Planetary System 7215:10.1002/2015GL064088 6912:10.1029/1998JE000619 6793:10.1029/2023JE007753 6779:(4): e2023JE007753. 6637:10.1029/2008GL033609 6231:National Geographic 5712:10.1029/2008JE003134 5653:The New Solar System 4608:"Venerean, Venerian" 4450:2π(6378.137 km) 4442:(23 h 56 m 4.0989 s) 4255:(like the symbol of 4137:Maya Codex of Mexico 4037:Alfred Lord Tennyson 3809:(which is Ishtar in 3646:missions with Venus 3594:planetary protection 3576:Planetary protection 3247:In 1975, the Soviet 3007:inferior conjunction 2805:, the evening star. 2674:The latest pair was 2633:, forming cycles of 2610:inferior conjunction 2544:Daylight apparitions 2413:inferior conjunction 2069:phosphoric anhydride 1733:or knowledge of its 1370:Geodynamics of Venus 1139:at Venus's surface. 19982:Terrestrial planets 19126:Spacecraft missions 19070:Observable universe 18867:Solar System models 18797:Protoplanetary disk 18720:Interstellar medium 18680:Frost/Ice/Snow line 15997:Map-a-Planet: Venus 15734:(7531): 1509–1510. 15179:1974RSPTA.276...51P 14739:2021AcAau.180..100I 14491:2021NatAs...5..631V 14132:2021AsBio..21.1277B 14035:(5107): 1259–1260. 14017:Morowitz, Harold J. 13991:2015Icar..257..396D 13884:20.500.11850/598198 13867:2023SSRv..219...10O 13813:2022GeoRL..4996302W 13707:. 18 October 1989. 13602:1977SSRv...20..283C 13549:1976Sci...193.1123C 13543:(4258): 1123–1124. 13516:on 21 December 2008 13416:1963Sci...139..910G 13346:1958ApJ...127....1M 13284:1934PA.....42..165M 13249:1928ApJ....68...57R 13202:1903AN....163...35S 13147:1832MNRAS...2...78H 13129:Hussey, T. (1832). 13100:1899ApJ.....9..284R 13033:2005tvnv.conf..209M 12973:2005tvnv.conf...34K 12898:2001JHA....32..109P 12716:1972Isis...63...39G 12580:1959scc3.book.....N 12471:1974RSPTA.276...43S 12382:2000JBAA..110..325B 12341:Transits of the Sun 11899:Sky & Telescope 11876:Sky & Telescope 11745:2000JSpRo..37..776P 11670:2019PhT..2019c0593. 11528:2010CeMDA.107...63B 11383:Sky & Telescope 11350:Scientific American 11312:2013MNRAS.432..886D 11253:2012MNRAS.427..728D 11200:2004MNRAS.351L..63M 11151:2009Icar..202...12S 11101:1979ApJ...230L.123S 11060:1969Icar...11..356G 11010:2003Icar..163...24C 10953:2003Icar..163....1C 10896:Solar System Voyage 10871:on 18 February 2006 10656:2020PSJ.....1...42K 10543:2017NatGe..10...85F 10329:10.1038/nature05930 10321:2007Natur.450..661R 10229:1990AdSpR..10e.137R 10191:1980CosRe..18..325K 10138:2018PEPS....5...34L 10086:2019AJ....158..126L 9988:Planetary Tectonics 9941:2003RPPh...66.1699B 9847:2001GeoRL..28..415L 9793:2010Sci...328..677N 9748:1990JAtS...47.2053R 9563:1981Natur.292..610K 9533:1979CosRe..17..232M 9368:2021ApJ...908L..44L 9294:2021NatAs...5..655G 9237:National Geographic 9122:2022Icar..37314796P 9059:Cockell, Charles S. 9038:2003JBIS...56..250L 9015:Landis, Geoffrey A. 8919:1988Icar...74..472K 8854:2007DPS....39.6109G 8836:Grinspoon, David H. 8788:2016GeoRL..43.8376W 8731:2020JGRE..12506276W 8647:2015Icar..260..128O 8596:1998JGR...103.3655N 8549:1991Icar...92....2P 8478:1992Natur.358...43O 8417:2013GeCoA.105..146H 8186:"Venus: Atmosphere" 8132:2017NatGe..10..473L 8063:1982Sci...216..630D 8036:2019EGUGA..2118876O 7997:10.1038/nature06432 7989:2007Natur.450..629S 7901:1996GeoRL..23.1857K 7834:2002Geo....30..987N 7664:1969CosRe...7..675D 7611:2002Geo....30..987N 7531:2012Icar..218..967A 7469:2017JGRE..122.1338D 7403:1982LPSC...12.1507G 7339:1994Icar..112..253H 7289:2009Icar..203...13R 7206:2015GeoRL..42.4762S 7022:2020SciA....6.7445F 6940:2013NatGe...6...25M 6903:1999JGR...10418899G 6897:(E8): 18899–18906. 6785:2023JGRE..12807753H 6746:skyandtelescope.org 6704:2017SSRv..212.1511G 6628:2008GeoRL..3511201H 6555:2007CeMDA..98..155S 6507:1996CeMDA..63..127D 6432:1991pggp.rept..490B 6331:1994JGR....9910899S 6325:(E5): 10899–10926. 6279:1998AREPS..26...23N 6243:The New York Times 6108:on 23 October 2003. 6081:2001Icar..150...19B 6056:Grinspoon, David H. 6017:1984Sci...223.1072E 6011:(4640): 1072–1074. 5869:Springer Publishing 5861:Lopes, Rosaly M. C. 5704:2008JGRE..113.0B24H 5610:2023NatAs...7.1436W 5464:2024NatAs.tmp..101S 5179:2016Icar..272..178H 5129:2017Icar..282...19M 5076:2018CeMDA.130...22A 4999:2021NatAs...5..676M 4919:. 5 November 2008. 4874:1999Icar..139....3K 4828:2007CeMDA..98..155S 4690:Yeomans, Donald K. 4617:(Online ed.). 4583:(Online ed.). 4444:must be used. Thus 4292:Solar System portal 4208:astronomical symbol 3731:in the atmosphere. 3705:Sergey Zhitomirskiy 3306:In 1985 the Soviet 3216:Arecibo Observatory 3099:robotic space probe 3003:Chester Smith Lyman 2987:atmosphere of Venus 2907:Venus showed phases 2868:Qotb al-Din Shirazi 2249:retrograde rotation 2132:whistler mode waves 1949: 1875:Atmosphere of Venus 1627:million years old. 1492:James Clerk Maxwell 1350:supercritical fluid 1321:terrestrial planets 1137:supercritical state 34: 19879:Manned Venus flyby 19169:Parker Solar Probe 19050:Virgo Supercluster 19031:Milky Way subgroup 18862:Natural satellites 18745:Nebular hypothesis 18725:Interstellar space 18715:Interstellar cloud 18623:Circumstellar disc 18213:Near-Earth objects 18097:names and meanings 17434: 16411:Guinevere Planitia 16303:Nightingale Corona 15392:. pp. 53–70. 15299:on 24 January 2020 14810:Inner Solar System 14779:"Архив фантастики" 14521:"Rocket Lab Probe" 13610:10.1007/BF02186467 11959:"Identifying UFOs" 10741:"Useful Constants" 10665:10.3847/PSJ/abae63 10601:The New York Times 9266:Hoge, Jim (2020). 9003:on 16 August 2014. 8372:"The Planet Venus" 6976:The New York Times 6515:10.1007/BF00693410 6143:10.1007/BF00579467 6054:Bullock, Mark A.; 5999:Esposito, Larry W. 5938:on 31 October 2021 5893:Squyres, Steven W. 5559:The New York Times 5418:The New York Times 5226:on 27 January 2023 4665:"Venus Fact Sheet" 4561:. Merriam-Webster. 4306:Outer space portal 4200: 4150:Estrella Solitaria 4060:. One of the nine 4043:wrote odes to it. 4041:William Wordsworth 3956:was together with 3954:Hellenistic period 3874: 3834:eight-pointed star 3768: 3721:planetary surfaces 3709:Geoffrey A. Landis 3700: 3670:Manned Venus flyby 3551:Runge's phenomenon 3531:Cardiff University 3489:Harold J. Morowitz 3423:Parker Solar Probe 3409: 3304: 3245: 3128:radar observations 2983: 2919:heliocentric model 2739:Jemdet Nasr period 2602: 2562:Napoleon Bonaparte 2554: 2523:like those of the 2517: 2478:apparent magnitude 2470: 2405: 2385:circumstellar disc 2373:tidal deceleration 2241: 2205: 2189:Orbit and rotation 2141:Venusian volcanoes 2065:aluminium chloride 2035: 1994:primary atmosphere 1948:Venus temperature 1947: 1895:composed of 96.5% 1891:Venus has a dense 1889: 1798:as in the Earth's 1729:Without data from 1727: 1725:structure of Venus 1713:Internal structure 1685: 1637:volcanic lightning 1603: 1589:Volcanism on Venus 1577:their habitability 1573:Earth-like planets 1484: 1445:Greek mythological 1396: 1317: 1290:Inner Solar System 1182:, the other being 1109:terrestrial planet 919:Apparent magnitude 727:177.36° (to orbit) 524:0.9499 Earths 32: 19908: 19907: 19814:Program overviews 19773: 19772: 19668:Proposed missions 19663: 19662: 19648:Venus Life Finder 19575: 19574: 19198: 19197: 19092: 19091: 18937: 18936: 18933: 18932: 18910:Lagrangian points 18882:by discovery date 18480:Human spaceflight 18451:historical models 18344: 18343: 17969:S/2015 (136472) 1 17351: 17350: 17268: 17267: 17164:Venus Life Finder 16835:Sputnik programme 16814: 16813: 16701: 16700: 16198: 16197: 15966:Transits of Venus 15927:Missions to Venus 15903:978-91-972705-0-2 15701:978-1-4051-1218-5 15668:978-0-521-79912-6 15643:978-0-7613-2359-4 15618:978-0-292-79793-2 15593:978-0-89412-244-6 15511:978-0-415-05609-0 15449:978-0-940985-51-3 15424:978-81-223-0902-7 15399:978-0-14-200116-5 15390:Harper Publishing 15271:978-0-521-49652-0 15246:978-0-19-064792-6 15091:978-0-7141-1705-8 15054:978-0-313-29497-6 14967:(December 1984). 14858:10.1063/1.1541418 14827:978-3-319-19568-1 14727:Acta Astronautica 14665:Popular Mechanics 14571:978-0-309-10150-9 14209:(10): 1206–1223. 14116:(10): 1277–1304. 14041:10.1038/2161198a0 13674:978-0-521-03373-2 13664:Planetary Mapping 13410:(3558): 910–911. 13272:Popular Astronomy 12938:978-0-08-043751-4 12856:978-1-329-00342-2 12817:978-0-387-92790-9 12790:978-1-4020-0657-9 12669:. Fourth series. 12639:978-0-674-53918-1 12611:. pp. 15–16. 12589:978-0-521-05801-8 11963:Night Sky Network 11939:on 17 August 2000 11848:978-1-55209-302-3 10906:978-0-521-80724-1 10810:978-0-521-63280-5 10766:Earl, Michael A. 10739:(13 March 2021). 10531:Nature Geoscience 10315:(7170): 661–662. 10210:"The Ashen Light" 9997:978-0-521-76573-2 9984:"Venus tectonics" 9935:(10): 1699–1734. 9742:(17): 2053–2084. 9557:(5824): 610–613. 9071:(12): 1487–1501. 9047:on 7 August 2011. 8605:10.1029/97JE03032 8590:(E2): 3655–3677. 8308:978-0-12-446744-6 8203:978-0-12-415845-0 8120:Nature Geoscience 8057:(4546): 630–633. 7983:(7170): 629–632. 7909:10.1029/96GL01589 7895:(14): 1857–1860. 7725:978-1-4020-4520-2 7692:978-0-521-45714-9 7431:978-1-4020-5233-0 7375:978-0-8053-8734-6 7366:Benjamin Cummings 7200:(12): 4762–4769. 7127:Lakdawalla, Emily 6928:Nature Geoscience 6831:978-3-540-34143-7 6394:978-0-521-47770-3 6339:10.1029/94JE00388 6218:978-0-7167-2379-0 6177:978-1-4262-0121-9 5972:978-0-12-415845-0 5878:978-3-540-00431-8 5770:Digitalsky.org.uk 5662:978-0-933346-86-4 5604:(12): 1436–1444. 4946:"Planetary Facts" 4625:(Subscription or 4591:(Subscription or 4548:on 23 March 2020. 4236:heteronormatively 3906:Ancient Egyptians 3838:star and crescent 3811:Akkadian religion 3803:Sumerian religion 3760:'s 1889 painting 3347:(1998/1999), and 3121:Mariner programme 3093:Humanity's first 2991:Mikhail Lomonosov 2979:black drop effect 2956:Jeremiah Horrocks 2815:Diogenes Laërtius 2730:classical planets 2720:Early observation 2646:Jeremiah Horrocks 2642:astronomical unit 2409:orbital resonance 2130:clearly detected 2105:to lead sulfide ( 1986: 1985: 1932:. Because of its 1922:greenhouse effect 1838:concentration of 1735:moment of inertia 1615:process. Earth's 1400:planetary science 1392:features of Venus 1094: 1093: 1059:hydrogen fluoride 1053:hydrogen chloride 874: 873: 684:1 Venus solar day 21:Venus (mythology) 19994: 19949: 19948: 19947: 19937: 19936: 19935: 19925: 19924: 19916: 19874:List of missions 19790:Inspiration Mars 19672: 19671: 19584: 19583: 19580:Planned missions 19517:Tyazhely Sputnik 19228: 19227: 19218: 19212: 19206: 19141: 19140: 19119: 19112: 19105: 19096: 19095: 19086: 19084: 19075: 19068: 19061: 19054: 19048: 19042: 19036: 19029: 19022: 19015: 19008: 19001: 18994: 18981: 18980: 18979: 18969: 18968: 18967: 18957: 18956: 18955: 18658:Exozodiacal dust 18348: 18347: 18314:Detached objects 17556: 17555: 17552: 17551: 17396: 17378: 17371: 17364: 17355: 17354: 17341: 17331: 17330: 17233:Inspiration Mars 16825: 16824: 16710: 16709: 16683:Surface features 16338:Sacajawea Patera 16137: 16136: 16124:Mapping of Venus 16094: 16093: 16081:Outline of Venus 16063: 16056: 16049: 16040: 16039: 15960:The Nine Planets 15908: 15907: 15887: 15881: 15880: 15878: 15876: 15856: 15850: 15849: 15811: 15800: 15799: 15781: 15770: 15769: 15759: 15719: 15713: 15712: 15710: 15708: 15689: 15679: 15673: 15672: 15654: 15648: 15647: 15629: 15623: 15622: 15604: 15598: 15597: 15580: 15574: 15573: 15571: 15569: 15554:"Sao Kim – VOER" 15550: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15539: 15522: 15516: 15515: 15499: 15489: 15483: 15482: 15480: 15478: 15460: 15454: 15453: 15435: 15429: 15428: 15410: 15404: 15403: 15376: 15370: 15369: 15367: 15365: 15348:Atsma, Aaron J. 15345: 15339: 15337: 15335: 15333: 15324:. Archived from 15321:De Natura Deorum 15315: 15309: 15308: 15306: 15304: 15285: 15276: 15275: 15257: 15251: 15250: 15224: 15215: 15214: 15162: 15151: 15150: 15148: 15146: 15114: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15103: 15075: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15061: 15038: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15024: 15005: 14999: 14998: 14996: 14994: 14988: 14977: 14961: 14955: 14954: 14934: 14928: 14927: 14925: 14923: 14903: 14897: 14896: 14894: 14892: 14872: 14866: 14865: 14864:on 11 July 2012. 14860:. Archived from 14841: 14832: 14831: 14805: 14799: 14798: 14796: 14794: 14783:Архив фантастики 14775: 14769: 14768: 14750: 14718: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14707: 14687: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14676: 14656: 14650: 14649: 14647: 14645: 14625: 14619: 14618: 14616: 14614: 14594: 14588: 14587: 14585: 14583: 14547: 14541: 14540: 14538: 14536: 14527:. 7 March 2023. 14517: 14511: 14510: 14484: 14469:Nature Astronomy 14463: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14444: 14420: 14414: 14413: 14387: 14367: 14361: 14360: 14358: 14356: 14332: 14326: 14325: 14314:"Life on Venus?" 14309: 14303: 14302: 14300: 14298: 14282: 14276: 14275: 14273: 14271: 14251: 14245: 14244: 14218: 14197: 14191: 14190: 14188: 14186: 14166: 14160: 14159: 14125: 14104: 14098: 14097: 14095: 14093: 14071: 14065: 14064: 14062: 14060: 14024: 14009: 14003: 14002: 13973: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13962: 13942: 13936: 13935: 13933: 13931: 13911: 13905: 13904: 13886: 13853:Sister Planet". 13849: 13843: 13842: 13832: 13791: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13780: 13760: 13754: 13753: 13751: 13749: 13727: 13721: 13720: 13718: 13716: 13697: 13691: 13690: 13688: 13686: 13655: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13644: 13628: 13622: 13621: 13583: 13577: 13576: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13521: 13500: 13494: 13493: 13481: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13470: 13450: 13444: 13443: 13399: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13388: 13382: 13375: 13366: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13325: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13314: 13294: 13288: 13287: 13267: 13261: 13260: 13232: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13179: 13173: 13172: 13170: 13168: 13158: 13126: 13120: 13119: 13083: 13077: 13076: 13074: 13072: 13053: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13016: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13005: 12999: 12984: 12958: 12949: 12943: 12942: 12924: 12918: 12917: 12879: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12868: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12829: 12801: 12795: 12794: 12772: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12761: 12742: 12736: 12735: 12697: 12691: 12690: 12662: 12656: 12655: 12653: 12651: 12619: 12613: 12612: 12600: 12594: 12593: 12564: 12558: 12557: 12545: 12539: 12536: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12525: 12519: 12508: 12497: 12491: 12490: 12454: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12443: 12411: 12386: 12385: 12363: 12357: 12356: 12354: 12352: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12312:. Archived from 12301: 12295: 12294: 12248: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12237: 12203: 12195: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12164: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12153: 12134: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12123: 12103: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12072: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12050:www.fourmilab.ch 12042: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12011: 12005: 12004: 12002: 12000: 11985: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11955: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11924: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11901:. Archived from 11890: 11884: 11883: 11871: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11832: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11802: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11771: 11765: 11764: 11728: 11722: 11721: 11704: 11698: 11697: 11657: 11651: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11637:on 9 August 2012 11633:. Archived from 11627: 11621: 11620: 11616:David A. Rothery 11610: 11608: 11588: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11521: 11499: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11468: 11462: 11461: 11459: 11457: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11426: 11406: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11395: 11373: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11340: 11334: 11333: 11323: 11305: 11281: 11275: 11274: 11264: 11246: 11220: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11177: 11171: 11170: 11144: 11124: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11078: 11072: 11071: 11043: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11026: 10995: 10986: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10969: 10938: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10887: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10867:. Archived from 10857: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10828: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10790: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10779: 10768:"Rotation Speed" 10763: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10706: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10676: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10649: 10623: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10592: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10581: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10551:10.1038/ngeo2873 10525: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10492: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10440: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10407: 10401: 10400: 10390: 10381:(450): 633–660. 10370: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10353: 10347:. Archived from 10304: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10212: 10204: 10195: 10194: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10149: 10117: 10108: 10107: 10097: 10079: 10054: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 9979: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9888: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9871: 9828: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9759: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9571:10.1038/292610a0 9546: 9537: 9536: 9516: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9487: 9469: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9404: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9379: 9361: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9287: 9272:Nature Astronomy 9262: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9239:. Archived from 9225: 9216: 9215: 9181: 9161: 9152: 9151: 9133: 9107: 9098: 9089: 9088: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9032:(7–8): 250–254. 9023: 9011: 9005: 9004: 8999:. Archived from 8988: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8957: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8815: 8781: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8724: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8682:The Conversation 8673: 8667: 8666: 8632: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8607: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8486:10.1038/358043a0 8463: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8402: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8351: 8345:. Archived from 8328: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8293:(2nd ed.). 8292: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8266:on 26 April 2012 8252: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8164: 8140:10.1038/ngeo2971 8117: 8108: 8099: 8098: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8023: 8017: 8016: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7939: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7858: 7819: 7810: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7790: 7757: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7716:Chapman and Hall 7703: 7697: 7696: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7493: 7463:(6): 1338–1352. 7454: 7445: 7436: 7435: 7423: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7305: 7274: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7217: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7129:(18 June 2015). 7123: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7066:. 20 July 2023. 7060: 7054: 7053: 7043: 7033: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6948:10.1038/ngeo1650 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6881:"Transport of SO 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6698:(3): 1511–1540. 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6639: 6613: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6460: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6440: 6421: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6386: 6376: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6308: 6299: 6298: 6260: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6101:. Archived from 6092: 6064: 6051: 6045: 6044: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5926:Darling, David. 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5826: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5772:. Archived from 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5684: 5675: 5674: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5597:Nature Astronomy 5593: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5549: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5503: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5451:Nature Astronomy 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5345: 5325: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5269: 5245: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5195: 5164: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5122: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5025: 5019: 5018: 4992: 4977:Nature Astronomy 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4894:. Archived from 4885: 4857: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4732: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4660: 4631: 4630: 4622: 4610: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4588: 4576: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4549: 4544:. Archived from 4527: 4510: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4328:Outline of Venus 4322: 4320:Astronomy portal 4317: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4167:Venus in fiction 4115:), based on the 4114: 4113: 3960:identified with 3860:of their father 3797:goddess of love 3763:The Starry Night 3758:Vincent van Gogh 3748:Venus in culture 3520:light absorbance 3420: 3170: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3079:was retrograde. 3016: 3011:Giovanni Cassini 2965: 2960:William Crabtree 2945:geocentric model 2923:geocentric model 2895: 2886: 2852:transit of Venus 2793: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2636: 2632: 2631:121.5 years 2628: 2624: 2623:105.5 years 2620: 2586:Transit of Venus 2575: 2437: 2389:planetary system 2387:that formed the 2370: 2366: 2350: 2341:Giovanni Cassini 2338: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2318: 2308:trojan asteroids 2302: 2282: 2270: 2050: 2044:Above the dense 1950: 1946: 1919: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1812:cosmic radiation 1703: 1696: 1691: 1626: 1534:tessera terrains 1465: 1374:Mapping of Venus 1366:Geology of Venus 1238:in human culture 1168:active volcanism 1166:escapes through 1086: 1075: 1047:carbonyl sulfide 953: 946:Angular diameter 909: 891: 813: 812: 759:North pole 747: 738: 733:North pole 698: 697:−243.0226 d 677: 630: 609: 607: 584: 582: 559: 557: 525: 520: 519: 517: 454:invariable plane 435: 433: 403: 366: 361: 354: 274: 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 184: 182: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 166: 165: 162: 159: 156: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 100: 99: 98: 97: 90: 87: 86: 83: 80: 77: 74: 71: 42: 35: 31: 20002: 20001: 19997: 19996: 19995: 19993: 19992: 19991: 19957: 19956: 19955: 19945: 19943: 19933: 19931: 19919: 19911: 19909: 19904: 19893: 19847: 19809: 19769: 19743: 19659: 19636: 19611: 19571: 19510:Failed launches 19505: 19484: 19418: 19382: 19358:Cassini–Huygens 19276: 19219: 19213: 19207: 19194: 19157: 19137:Active missions 19132: 19123: 19093: 19088: 19082: 19080: 19079: 19073: 19066: 19059: 19052: 19046: 19040: 19034: 19027: 19020: 19013: 19006: 18999: 18992: 18977: 18975: 18965: 18963: 18953: 18951: 18938: 18929: 18893: 18830: 18814:vs. Hill sphere 18740:Molecular cloud 18668:Sample curation 18648:Detached object 18587: 18580: 18424: 18416: 18353: 18340: 18285:Neptune trojans 18068: 18066: 18064: 18057: 17999: 17692: 17563: 17545: 17431: 17394: 17387: 17382: 17352: 17347: 17319: 17264: 17243: 17220: 17214: 17168: 17132: 17107: 17078:Cassini–Huygens 16980:Mariner program 16810: 16782: 16734: 16697: 16661: 16478: 16434: 16425: 16401: 16392: 16208: 16206: 16194: 16180:Aphrodite Terra 16166: 16128: 16085: 16072: 16067: 16033:Google Venus 3D 15993: 15973:Wayback Machine 15944:Image catalogue 15931:Image catalogue 15917: 15912: 15911: 15904: 15888: 15884: 15874: 15872: 15857: 15853: 15830:10.2307/1217734 15812: 15803: 15782: 15773: 15720: 15716: 15706: 15704: 15702: 15680: 15676: 15669: 15655: 15651: 15644: 15630: 15626: 15619: 15605: 15601: 15594: 15582: 15581: 15577: 15567: 15565: 15552: 15551: 15547: 15537: 15535: 15523: 15519: 15512: 15490: 15486: 15476: 15474: 15461: 15457: 15450: 15436: 15432: 15425: 15411: 15407: 15400: 15377: 15373: 15363: 15361: 15346: 15342: 15331: 15329: 15316: 15312: 15302: 15300: 15287: 15286: 15279: 15272: 15258: 15254: 15247: 15225: 15218: 15163: 15154: 15144: 15142: 15115: 15111: 15101: 15099: 15092: 15076: 15069: 15059: 15057: 15055: 15039: 15032: 15022: 15020: 15007: 15006: 15002: 14992: 14990: 14986: 14975: 14962: 14958: 14935: 14931: 14921: 14919: 14912:Vision Learning 14904: 14900: 14890: 14888: 14873: 14869: 14842: 14835: 14828: 14806: 14802: 14792: 14790: 14777: 14776: 14772: 14719: 14715: 14705: 14703: 14688: 14684: 14674: 14672: 14657: 14653: 14643: 14641: 14626: 14622: 14612: 14610: 14595: 14591: 14581: 14579: 14572: 14548: 14544: 14534: 14532: 14519: 14518: 14514: 14464: 14460: 14421: 14417: 14368: 14364: 14354: 14352: 14333: 14329: 14310: 14306: 14296: 14294: 14283: 14279: 14269: 14267: 14252: 14248: 14198: 14194: 14184: 14182: 14167: 14163: 14105: 14101: 14091: 14089: 14081:Earth & Sky 14072: 14068: 14058: 14056: 14010: 14006: 13974: 13970: 13960: 13958: 13943: 13939: 13929: 13927: 13912: 13908: 13850: 13846: 13792: 13788: 13778: 13776: 13761: 13757: 13747: 13745: 13728: 13724: 13714: 13712: 13699: 13698: 13694: 13684: 13682: 13675: 13659:Greeley, Ronald 13656: 13652: 13642: 13640: 13629: 13625: 13584: 13580: 13533: 13529: 13519: 13517: 13502: 13501: 13497: 13483: 13482: 13478: 13468: 13466: 13451: 13447: 13400: 13396: 13386: 13384: 13380: 13373: 13367: 13363: 13326: 13322: 13312: 13310: 13295: 13291: 13268: 13264: 13233: 13229: 13219: 13217: 13180: 13176: 13166: 13164: 13127: 13123: 13084: 13080: 13070: 13068: 13055: 13054: 13050: 13017: 13013: 13003: 13001: 12997: 12956: 12950: 12946: 12939: 12925: 12921: 12880: 12876: 12866: 12864: 12857: 12841: 12837: 12827: 12825: 12818: 12802: 12798: 12791: 12783:. p. 137. 12773: 12769: 12759: 12757: 12744: 12743: 12739: 12698: 12694: 12663: 12659: 12649: 12647: 12640: 12632:. p. 307. 12620: 12616: 12601: 12597: 12590: 12568:Needham, Joseph 12565: 12561: 12546: 12542: 12537: 12533: 12523: 12521: 12517: 12506: 12498: 12494: 12465:(1257): 43–50. 12455: 12451: 12441: 12439: 12412: 12389: 12364: 12360: 12350: 12348: 12333: 12329: 12319: 12317: 12316:on 18 June 2013 12302: 12298: 12249: 12245: 12235: 12233: 12196: 12192: 12182: 12180: 12165: 12161: 12151: 12149: 12144:. 8 June 2004. 12136: 12135: 12131: 12121: 12119: 12104: 12100: 12090: 12088: 12073: 12069: 12059: 12057: 12044: 12043: 12039: 12029: 12027: 12012: 12008: 11998: 11996: 11986: 11982: 11972: 11970: 11957: 11956: 11952: 11942: 11940: 11925: 11918: 11908: 11906: 11891: 11887: 11872: 11868: 11858: 11856: 11849: 11833: 11829: 11819: 11817: 11804: 11803: 11799: 11789: 11787: 11772: 11768: 11729: 11725: 11705: 11701: 11659: 11658: 11654: 11640: 11638: 11629: 11628: 11624: 11606: 11604: 11589: 11582: 11572: 11570: 11555: 11551: 11500: 11496: 11486: 11484: 11469: 11465: 11455: 11453: 11438: 11434: 11424: 11422: 11407: 11403: 11393: 11391: 11374: 11370: 11360: 11358: 11341: 11337: 11282: 11278: 11221: 11217: 11178: 11174: 11125: 11118: 11079: 11075: 11044: 11040: 11030: 11028: 11024: 10993: 10987: 10983: 10973: 10971: 10967: 10936: 10930: 10926: 10916: 10914: 10907: 10888: 10884: 10874: 10872: 10859: 10858: 10851: 10841: 10839: 10830: 10829: 10825: 10815: 10813: 10811: 10791: 10787: 10777: 10775: 10764: 10760: 10750: 10748: 10734: 10730: 10720: 10718: 10707: 10703: 10693: 10691: 10678: 10677: 10673: 10624: 10620: 10610: 10608: 10593: 10589: 10579: 10577: 10562: 10558: 10526: 10522: 10512: 10510: 10493: 10489: 10479: 10477: 10468: 10467: 10463: 10453: 10451: 10442: 10441: 10437: 10427: 10425: 10408: 10404: 10371: 10367: 10357: 10355: 10354:on 4 March 2016 10351: 10302: 10296: 10292: 10282: 10280: 10261: 10260: 10256: 10246: 10244: 10205: 10198: 10179:Cosmic Research 10167: 10163: 10118: 10111: 10055: 10048: 10038: 10036: 10021: 10017: 10007: 10005: 9998: 9980: 9976: 9966: 9964: 9919: 9915: 9905: 9903: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9826: 9820: 9816: 9777: 9773: 9726: 9722: 9704:10.2307/3960800 9689: 9688: 9684: 9674: 9672: 9667:. 31 May 2012. 9659: 9658: 9654: 9644: 9642: 9627: 9623: 9590: 9586: 9547: 9540: 9517: 9513: 9503: 9501: 9446: 9442: 9432: 9430: 9397: 9393: 9341: 9333: 9329: 9319: 9317: 9263: 9256: 9246: 9244: 9226: 9219: 9162: 9155: 9105: 9099: 9092: 9056: 9052: 9044: 9021: 9012: 9008: 8989: 8985: 8975: 8973: 8958: 8954: 8944: 8942: 8896: 8892: 8882: 8880: 8865: 8861: 8833: 8829: 8758: 8754: 8705: 8701: 8691: 8689: 8674: 8670: 8625: 8621: 8576: 8572: 8533: 8529: 8519: 8517: 8472:(6381): 43–46. 8456: 8452: 8442: 8440: 8395: 8391: 8381: 8379: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8326: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8283: 8279: 8269: 8267: 8254: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8237: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8213: 8211: 8204: 8182: 8178: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8115: 8109: 8102: 8047: 8043: 8024: 8020: 7973: 7969: 7920: 7916: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7828:(11): 987–990. 7817: 7811: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7755: 7749: 7745: 7735: 7733: 7726: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7675: 7671: 7651:Cosmic Research 7646: 7642: 7605:(11): 987–990. 7593: 7589: 7579: 7577: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7511: 7507: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7452: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7414: 7410: 7393:. Houston, TX: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7358: 7354: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7272: 7266: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7235: 7231: 7184: 7180: 7170: 7168: 7167:on 19 June 2015 7159: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7124: 7117: 7107: 7105: 7088: 7087: 7083: 7073: 7071: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7016:(1): eaax7445. 7000: 6996: 6986: 6984: 6967: 6963: 6924: 6920: 6884: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6816: 6812: 6769: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6657: 6653: 6611: 6605: 6601: 6591: 6589: 6576: 6572: 6534: 6530: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6474: 6461: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6419: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6377: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6309: 6302: 6261: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6211:. p. 204. 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6178: 6162: 6158: 6117: 6113: 6105: 6062: 6052: 6048: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5973: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5827: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5776:on 11 June 2012 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5731: 5727: 5685: 5678: 5663: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5586: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5550: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5487: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5326: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5246: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5103: 5099: 5055: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5027: 5026: 5022: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4901:on 26 May 2010. 4898: 4883:10.1.1.524.5176 4855: 4849: 4845: 4806: 4799: 4762: 4758: 4733: 4726: 4707: 4705: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4661: 4634: 4624: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4570: 4566: 4551: 4550: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4369:km/h and 1669.8 4366: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4261:element mercury 4193: 4187: 4179:terraform Venus 4169: 4163: 4157:depicts Venus. 4054:Vedic astrology 3852:of her brother 3750: 3744: 3717:floating cities 3688: 3678: 3632: 3608: 3602: 3578: 3543:Jim Bridenstine 3491:suggested in a 3466: 3460: 3458:Search for life 3418: 3405:Aphrodite Terra 3394: 3388: 3344:Cassini–Huygens 3283:landers. After 3168: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3091: 3085: 3046:rotation period 3023: 3014: 2995:Johann Schröter 2968:Julian calendar 2963: 2933:Galileo Galilei 2929: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2925:(second image). 2903:Galileo Galilei 2898: 2897: 2896: 2888: 2887: 2876: 2807:Pliny the Elder 2722: 2717: 2711: 2699: 2661:Johannes Kepler 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2588: 2582: 2573: 2570:Abraham Lincoln 2546: 2509: 2507:Phases of Venus 2503: 2483:inferior planet 2462: 2435: 2417:synodic periods 2397: 2381:dust ring-cloud 2368: 2364: 2353:David Stevenson 2348: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2314: 2312:quasi-satellite 2300: 2280: 2268: 2197: 2191: 2057:ferric chloride 2049: 2045: 2038:Thermal inertia 2019:absorption line 1957: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901:sulphur dioxide 1877: 1871: 1774: 1715: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1674: 1624: 1591: 1585: 1561:plate tectonics 1554:plate tectonics 1463: 1441:Aphrodite Terra 1380: 1364:Main articles: 1362: 1346:critical points 1282: 1215:synodic periods 1186:, that have no 1176:plate tectonics 1170:, resulting in 1090: 1089: 1083:right-hand rule 1076: 1072: 1063: 1029:carbon monoxide 1011:sulphur dioxide 980: 968: 951: 948: 936: 921: 911: 907: 899:equivalent dose 889: 793: 763: 753: 745: 739: 736:right ascension 734: 726: 718: 706: 696: 693: 683: 675: 672: 660: 658:Escape velocity 649: 639: 637:Surface gravity 629:5.243 g/cm 628: 625: 615: 605: 603: 590: 580: 578: 565: 555: 553: 547: 528: 523: 515: 513: 512: 506: 479: 467: 458: 431: 429: 413: 401: 397: 384: 375: 359: 357: 352: 346: 324: 322:Semi-major axis 231: 227: 193: 189: 168: 138: 134: 130: 114:goddess of love 107: 93: 92: 68: 64: 51: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20000: 19990: 19989: 19984: 19979: 19974: 19969: 19954: 19953: 19941: 19929: 19906: 19905: 19903: 19902: 19898: 19895: 19894: 19892: 19891: 19886: 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19855: 19853: 19849: 19848: 19846: 19845: 19840: 19835: 19830: 19829: 19828: 19817: 19815: 19811: 19810: 19808: 19807: 19802: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19781: 19779: 19775: 19774: 19771: 19770: 19768: 19767: 19762: 19757: 19751: 19749: 19745: 19744: 19742: 19741: 19734: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19699: 19694: 19689: 19684: 19678: 19676: 19675:Venus missions 19669: 19665: 19664: 19661: 19660: 19658: 19657: 19651: 19644: 19642: 19641:Descent probes 19638: 19637: 19635: 19634: 19628: 19619: 19617: 19613: 19612: 19610: 19609: 19603: 19597: 19590: 19588: 19581: 19577: 19576: 19573: 19572: 19570: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19519: 19513: 19511: 19507: 19506: 19504: 19503: 19498: 19492: 19490: 19489:Balloon probes 19486: 19485: 19483: 19482: 19477: 19472: 19467: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19426: 19424: 19420: 19419: 19417: 19416: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19390: 19388: 19387:Descent probes 19384: 19383: 19381: 19380: 19373: 19368: 19361: 19354: 19347: 19342: 19337: 19332: 19327: 19322: 19317: 19312: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19292: 19284: 19282: 19278: 19277: 19275: 19274: 19267: 19262: 19257: 19252: 19247: 19242: 19234: 19232: 19225: 19221: 19220: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19195: 19193: 19192: 19186: 19180: 19172: 19165: 19163: 19159: 19158: 19156: 19155: 19147: 19145: 19138: 19134: 19133: 19122: 19121: 19114: 19107: 19099: 19090: 19089: 18986: 18985: 18973: 18961: 18949: 18943: 18940: 18939: 18935: 18934: 18931: 18930: 18928: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18901: 18899: 18895: 18894: 18892: 18891: 18886: 18885: 18884: 18879: 18869: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18838: 18836: 18832: 18831: 18829: 18828: 18826:Scattered disc 18823: 18818: 18817: 18816: 18806: 18801: 18800: 18799: 18794: 18793: 18792: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18767: 18757: 18752: 18747: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18727: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18692: 18687: 18682: 18677: 18676: 18675: 18670: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18635: 18630: 18625: 18620: 18615: 18614: 18613: 18611:Excretion disk 18606:Accretion disk 18603: 18598: 18596:Star formation 18592: 18590: 18582: 18581: 18579: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18542: 18541: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18520: 18519: 18509: 18504: 18499: 18498: 18497: 18492: 18487: 18485:space stations 18477: 18476: 18475: 18470: 18460: 18459: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18438: 18432: 18430: 18418: 18417: 18415: 18414: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18394: 18389: 18384: 18379: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18358: 18356: 18345: 18342: 18341: 18339: 18338: 18333: 18332: 18331: 18326: 18324:Scattered disc 18321: 18316: 18311: 18310: 18309: 18304: 18289: 18288: 18287: 18282: 18272: 18271: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18209: 18208: 18203: 18198: 18193: 18192: 18191: 18186: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18156: 18155: 18154: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18119: 18111: 18106: 18105: 18104: 18099: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18073: 18071: 18059: 18058: 18056: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18015: 18009: 18007: 18001: 18000: 17998: 17997: 17996: 17995: 17985: 17984: 17983: 17973: 17972: 17971: 17961: 17960: 17959: 17949: 17948: 17947: 17942: 17932: 17931: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17900: 17899: 17898: 17888: 17887: 17886: 17881: 17876: 17871: 17861: 17860: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17824: 17823: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17767: 17766: 17765: 17760: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17735: 17734: 17733: 17728: 17718: 17717: 17716: 17711: 17702: 17700: 17694: 17693: 17691: 17690: 17689: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17638: 17637: 17636: 17635: 17634: 17629: 17619: 17618: 17617: 17612: 17597: 17596: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17569: 17567: 17550: 17547: 17546: 17544: 17543: 17536: 17529: 17522: 17515: 17508: 17501: 17494: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17467: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17392: 17389: 17388: 17381: 17380: 17373: 17366: 17358: 17349: 17348: 17346: 17345: 17335: 17324: 17321: 17320: 17318: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17276: 17274: 17270: 17269: 17266: 17265: 17263: 17262: 17257: 17251: 17249: 17245: 17244: 17242: 17241: 17236: 17230: 17224: 17222: 17216: 17215: 17213: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17176: 17174: 17170: 17169: 17167: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17140: 17138: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17130: 17123: 17115: 17113: 17109: 17108: 17106: 17105: 17100: 17093: 17086: 17081: 17074: 17067: 17060: 17059: 17058: 17053: 17043: 17042: 17041: 17035: 17024: 17023: 17022: 17012: 17011: 17010: 17003: 16996: 16989: 16977: 16976: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16844: 16843: 16842: 16831: 16829: 16822: 16816: 16815: 16812: 16811: 16809: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16792: 16790: 16784: 16783: 16781: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16744: 16742: 16736: 16735: 16733: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16716: 16714: 16707: 16703: 16702: 16699: 16698: 16696: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16669: 16667: 16663: 16662: 16660: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16562:Goeppert-Mayer 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16488: 16486: 16480: 16479: 16477: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16449:Artemis Chasma 16446: 16444:Aikhulu Chasma 16440: 16438: 16427: 16426: 16424: 16423: 16421:Sedna Planitia 16418: 16416:Lakshmi Planum 16413: 16407: 16405: 16394: 16393: 16391: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16358:Siddons Patera 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16318:Pavlova Corona 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16298:Maxwell Montes 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16248:Ciuacoatl Mons 16245: 16240: 16235: 16233:Artemis Corona 16230: 16225: 16220: 16214: 16212: 16200: 16199: 16196: 16195: 16193: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16176: 16174: 16168: 16167: 16165: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16143: 16141: 16134: 16130: 16129: 16127: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16100: 16098: 16091: 16087: 16086: 16084: 16083: 16077: 16074: 16073: 16066: 16065: 16058: 16051: 16043: 16037: 16036: 16030: 16021: 16012: 16003: 15992: 15989: 15988: 15987: 15982: 15976: 15963: 15952: 15947: 15937: 15924: 15916: 15915:External links 15913: 15910: 15909: 15902: 15882: 15851: 15824:(4): 109–113. 15801: 15771: 15714: 15700: 15674: 15667: 15649: 15642: 15624: 15617: 15599: 15592: 15575: 15545: 15517: 15510: 15484: 15455: 15448: 15430: 15423: 15405: 15398: 15371: 15340: 15310: 15277: 15270: 15262:Atlas of Venus 15252: 15245: 15216: 15152: 15109: 15090: 15067: 15053: 15030: 15000: 14956: 14929: 14898: 14881:Laughing Squid 14867: 14833: 14826: 14800: 14785:(in Russian). 14770: 14713: 14682: 14651: 14620: 14589: 14570: 14562:10.17226/11584 14542: 14512: 14475:(7): 631–635. 14458: 14415: 14362: 14327: 14320:) – via 14304: 14277: 14246: 14192: 14161: 14099: 14066: 14004: 13968: 13937: 13906: 13844: 13786: 13755: 13737:Universe Today 13722: 13692: 13673: 13650: 13623: 13596:(3): 283–306. 13578: 13527: 13495: 13476: 13445: 13394: 13361: 13355:10.1086/146433 13320: 13289: 13262: 13257:10.1086/143130 13227: 13196:(3–4): 35–52. 13174: 13141:(11): 78–126. 13121: 13108:10.1086/140593 13078: 13048: 13011: 12944: 12937: 12919: 12892:(2): 109–129. 12874: 12855: 12835: 12816: 12796: 12789: 12767: 12737: 12724:10.1086/350839 12692: 12657: 12638: 12614: 12595: 12588: 12559: 12540: 12531: 12492: 12449: 12387: 12358: 12327: 12296: 12243: 12190: 12159: 12129: 12098: 12067: 12037: 12006: 11980: 11950: 11916: 11885: 11866: 11847: 11827: 11816:on 4 June 2023 11797: 11766: 11753:10.2514/2.3650 11723: 11699: 11652: 11622: 11580: 11549: 11494: 11463: 11432: 11401: 11368: 11335: 11276: 11215: 11172: 11116: 11110:10.1086/182975 11073: 11038: 10981: 10924: 10905: 10891:Brunier, Serge 10882: 10849: 10823: 10809: 10785: 10758: 10728: 10701: 10686:. 5 May 2021. 10671: 10618: 10587: 10556: 10520: 10487: 10461: 10435: 10402: 10365: 10290: 10267:Descent Craft" 10254: 10223:(5): 137–141. 10196: 10185:(3): 325–330. 10161: 10109: 10046: 10015: 9996: 9974: 9913: 9883: 9814: 9771: 9720: 9682: 9652: 9621: 9584: 9538: 9527:(2): 280–285. 9511: 9440: 9391: 9339: 9327: 9278:(7): 655–664. 9254: 9217: 9153: 9090: 9050: 9006: 8983: 8952: 8913:(3): 472–494. 8899:Kasting, J. F. 8890: 8859: 8827: 8752: 8699: 8668: 8619: 8570: 8527: 8450: 8389: 8363: 8337:(2): 175–188. 8314: 8307: 8295:Academic Press 8277: 8247: 8221: 8202: 8176: 8100: 8041: 8018: 7967: 7914: 7882: 7870: 7802: 7743: 7724: 7698: 7691: 7669: 7640: 7587: 7556: 7525:(2): 967–974. 7505: 7437: 7430: 7408: 7395:Pergamon Press 7381: 7374: 7352: 7333:(1): 253–281. 7317: 7260: 7229: 7178: 7152: 7115: 7090:"Ganis Chasma" 7081: 7055: 6994: 6961: 6918: 6882: 6871: 6844: 6830: 6810: 6763: 6733: 6682: 6651: 6622:(11): L11201. 6599: 6570: 6549:(3): 155–180. 6528: 6501:(2): 127–148. 6484: 6452: 6407: 6393: 6364: 6300: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6217: 6195: 6176: 6156: 6129:(3): 285–336. 6111: 6090:10.1.1.22.6440 6058:(March 2001). 6046: 5990: 5971: 5949: 5918: 5884: 5877: 5871:. p. 61. 5852: 5818: 5795:Walker, John. 5787: 5756: 5725: 5676: 5661: 5643: 5577: 5541: 5511: 5458:(8): 973–982. 5436: 5403: 5373: 5317: 5237: 5207: 5150: 5097: 5046: 5035:on 12 May 2020 5020: 4983:(7): 676–683. 4967: 4934: 4904: 4843: 4822:(3): 155–180. 4797: 4756: 4745:(2): 663–683. 4724: 4682: 4632: 4598: 4564: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4494: 4484: 4469: 4401:465.1011 m/s = 4358: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4309: 4295: 4279: 4276: 4272:Star of Ishtar 4270:, as with the 4228:Mercury symbol 4189:Main article: 4186: 4183: 4162: 4161:Modern culture 4159: 4153:("Lone Star") 3974:; alternately 3910:ancient Greeks 3870:Meli-Shipak II 3866:boundary stone 3842:Star of Ishtar 3746:Main article: 3743: 3740: 3677: 3674: 3648:gravity assist 3631: 3628: 3617:gravity assist 3604:Main article: 3601: 3600:Human presence 3598: 3577: 3574: 3541:administrator 3511: 3510: 3507:photosynthesis 3503:carbon dioxide 3477:microorganisms 3462:Main article: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3387: 3384: 3308:Vega programme 3274:Venera 13 3228:Maxwell Montes 3209:gravity assist 3158: 3106:of the Soviet 3084: 3081: 3076:tidally locked 3022: 3019: 2941:half-lit phase 2900: 2899: 2890: 2889: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2721: 2718: 2713:Main article: 2710: 2707: 2698: 2695: 2680:June 5–6, 2012 2635:243 years 2614:synodic period 2584:Main article: 2581: 2578: 2545: 2542: 2505:Main article: 2502: 2499: 2461: 2458: 2447:lowest delta-v 2396: 2393: 2349:200 years 2323: 2195:Orbit of Venus 2193:Main article: 2190: 2187: 2124:. In 2006–07, 2088:Maxwell Montes 2061:ferric sulfate 2047: 2011:habitable zone 1984: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1942:climate change 1916: 1897:carbon dioxide 1873:Main article: 1870: 1867: 1784:magnetic field 1782:found Venus's 1773: 1770: 1766:magnetic field 1723:differentiated 1714: 1711: 1706:kinetic energy 1681:Impact craters 1673: 1670: 1587:Main article: 1584: 1581: 1527:Sedna Planitia 1523:crater Ariadne 1519:prime meridian 1460:impact craters 1437:Maxwell Montes 1361: 1358: 1352:out of mainly 1281: 1278: 1270:global warming 1227:gravity assist 1125:carbon dioxide 1099:is the second 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1001: 999:carbon dioxide 994: 992: 986: 985: 969: 963: 960: 959: 955: 954: 949: 944: 941: 940: 937: 929: 926: 925: 924:−4.92 to −2.98 922: 917: 914: 913: 904: 894: 893: 886: 876: 875: 872: 871: 869: 866: 864: 858: 857: 855: 852: 850: 844: 843: 841: 838: 836: 830: 829: 826: 823: 820: 809: 808: 801: 795: 794: 792: 791: 784: 776: 774: 768: 767: 764: 758: 755: 754: 752: 751: 748: 742: 740: 732: 729: 728: 719: 714: 711: 710: 707: 704: 701: 700: 694: 689: 686: 685: 676:−116.75 d 673: 668: 665: 664: 661: 656: 653: 652: 647: 640: 635: 632: 631: 626: 620: 617: 616: 614: 613: 610: 600: 598: 592: 591: 589: 588: 585: 575: 573: 567: 566: 564: 563: 560: 550: 548: 543: 540: 539: 536: 530: 529: 527: 526: 521: 509: 507: 502: 499: 498: 494: 493: 490: 484: 483: 480: 475: 472: 471: 468: 463: 460: 459: 457: 456: 450: 440: 426: 424: 418: 417: 414: 409: 406: 405: 398: 392: 389: 388: 385: 380: 377: 376: 374: 373: 367: 355: 353:224.701 d 349: 347: 342: 339: 338: 335: 329: 328: 325: 320: 317: 316: 313: 307: 306: 301:0.728213 299: 293: 292: 283: 282: 276: 275: 268: 262: 261: 128: 122: 121: 108: 105: 102: 101: 62: 58: 57: 53: 52: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19999: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19965: 19964: 19962: 19952: 19942: 19940: 19930: 19928: 19923: 19918: 19917: 19914: 19900: 19899: 19896: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19856: 19854: 19850: 19844: 19841: 19839: 19838:Pioneer Venus 19836: 19834: 19831: 19827: 19824: 19823: 19822: 19819: 19818: 19816: 19812: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19782: 19780: 19776: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19752: 19750: 19746: 19740: 19739: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19688: 19685: 19683: 19680: 19679: 19677: 19673: 19670: 19666: 19655: 19652: 19649: 19646: 19645: 19643: 19639: 19632: 19629: 19626: 19625: 19621: 19620: 19618: 19614: 19607: 19604: 19601: 19598: 19595: 19592: 19591: 19589: 19585: 19582: 19578: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19518: 19515: 19514: 19512: 19508: 19502: 19499: 19497: 19494: 19493: 19491: 19487: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19427: 19425: 19421: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19391: 19389: 19385: 19379: 19378: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19366: 19362: 19360: 19359: 19355: 19353: 19352: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19328: 19326: 19323: 19321: 19318: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19290: 19286: 19285: 19283: 19279: 19273: 19272: 19271:Venus Express 19268: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19258: 19256: 19253: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19240: 19236: 19235: 19233: 19229: 19226: 19224:Past missions 19222: 19217: 19211: 19205: 19190: 19187: 19184: 19183:Solar Orbiter 19181: 19178: 19177: 19173: 19170: 19167: 19166: 19164: 19160: 19154: 19153: 19149: 19148: 19146: 19142: 19139: 19135: 19131: 19127: 19120: 19115: 19113: 19108: 19106: 19101: 19100: 19097: 19087: 19078: 19071: 19064: 19057: 19051: 19045: 19039: 19032: 19025: 19018: 19011: 19004: 18997: 18990: 18984: 18974: 18972: 18962: 18960: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18944: 18941: 18926: 18925:Tidal locking 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18905:Double planet 18903: 18902: 18900: 18896: 18890: 18887: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18874: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18857:Minor planets 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18839: 18837: 18833: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18815: 18812: 18811: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18798: 18795: 18791: 18790:Merging stars 18788: 18787: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18762: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18681: 18678: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18665: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18612: 18609: 18608: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18593: 18591: 18589: 18583: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18540: 18537: 18536: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18518: 18515: 18514: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18482: 18481: 18478: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18465: 18464: 18461: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18443: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18423: 18419: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18392:Subsatellites 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18359: 18357: 18355: 18352:Hypothetical 18349: 18346: 18337: 18334: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18299: 18298: 18295: 18294: 18293: 18290: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18277: 18276: 18273: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18225: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18218:Asteroid belt 18216: 18214: 18211: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18194: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18181: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18161: 18160: 18157: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18114: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18094: 18093: 18092:Minor planets 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18074: 18072: 18070: 18060: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18023: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18010: 18008: 18006: 18002: 17994: 17991: 17990: 17989: 17986: 17982: 17979: 17978: 17977: 17974: 17970: 17967: 17966: 17965: 17962: 17958: 17955: 17954: 17953: 17950: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17937: 17936: 17933: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17905: 17904: 17901: 17897: 17894: 17893: 17892: 17889: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17866: 17865: 17862: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17829: 17828: 17825: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17772: 17771: 17768: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17740: 17739: 17736: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17723: 17722: 17719: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17706: 17704: 17703: 17701: 17699: 17695: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17643: 17642: 17639: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17624: 17623: 17620: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17607: 17606: 17603: 17602: 17601: 17598: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17575: 17574: 17571: 17570: 17568: 17566: 17561: 17557: 17554: 17553: 17548: 17542: 17541: 17537: 17535: 17534: 17530: 17528: 17527: 17523: 17521: 17520: 17516: 17514: 17513: 17509: 17507: 17506: 17502: 17500: 17499: 17495: 17493: 17492: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17465: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17435: 17390: 17386: 17379: 17374: 17372: 17367: 17365: 17360: 17359: 17356: 17344: 17340: 17336: 17334: 17326: 17325: 17322: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17277: 17275: 17271: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17252: 17250: 17246: 17240: 17237: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17225: 17223: 17217: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17177: 17175: 17171: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17141: 17139: 17135: 17129: 17128: 17124: 17122: 17121: 17117: 17116: 17114: 17110: 17104: 17103:Venus Express 17101: 17099: 17098: 17094: 17092: 17091: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17079: 17075: 17073: 17072: 17068: 17066: 17065: 17061: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17048: 17047: 17044: 17039: 17036: 17033: 17030: 17029: 17028: 17027:Pioneer Venus 17025: 17021: 17018: 17017: 17016: 17013: 17009: 17008: 17004: 17002: 17001: 16997: 16995: 16994: 16990: 16988: 16987: 16983: 16982: 16981: 16978: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16841: 16838: 16837: 16836: 16833: 16832: 16830: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16817: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16801:Venus trojans 16799: 16797: 16794: 16793: 16791: 16789: 16785: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16745: 16743: 16741: 16737: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16717: 16715: 16711: 16708: 16704: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16670: 16668: 16664: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16597:Maria Celeste 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16489: 16487: 16485: 16481: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16464:Devana Chasma 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16454:Baltis Vallis 16452: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16441: 16439: 16437: 16432: 16428: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16408: 16406: 16404: 16399: 16395: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16308:Onatah Corona 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16288:Jaszai Patera 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16268:Heng-o Corona 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16238:Baʽhet Corona 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16215: 16213: 16211: 16205: 16201: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16177: 16175: 16173: 16169: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16152:Asteria Regio 16150: 16148: 16145: 16144: 16142: 16138: 16135: 16131: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16095: 16092: 16088: 16082: 16079: 16078: 16075: 16071: 16064: 16059: 16057: 16052: 16050: 16045: 16044: 16041: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15998: 15995: 15994: 15986: 15983: 15980: 15977: 15974: 15970: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15961: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15945: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15932: 15928: 15925: 15922: 15921:Venus profile 15919: 15918: 15905: 15899: 15895: 15894: 15886: 15870: 15866: 15862: 15855: 15847: 15843: 15839: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15823: 15819: 15818: 15810: 15808: 15806: 15797: 15793: 15792: 15791:New Scientist 15787: 15780: 15778: 15776: 15767: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15749: 15745: 15741: 15737: 15733: 15729: 15725: 15718: 15703: 15697: 15693: 15688: 15687: 15678: 15670: 15664: 15660: 15653: 15645: 15639: 15635: 15628: 15620: 15614: 15610: 15603: 15595: 15589: 15585: 15579: 15563: 15559: 15555: 15549: 15534: 15530: 15529: 15521: 15513: 15507: 15503: 15498: 15497: 15488: 15472: 15468: 15467: 15459: 15451: 15445: 15441: 15434: 15426: 15420: 15416: 15409: 15401: 15395: 15391: 15387: 15386: 15381: 15375: 15359: 15355: 15351: 15344: 15327: 15323: 15322: 15314: 15298: 15294: 15290: 15284: 15282: 15273: 15267: 15263: 15256: 15248: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15230: 15223: 15221: 15212: 15208: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15192: 15188: 15184: 15180: 15176: 15172: 15168: 15161: 15159: 15157: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15120: 15113: 15097: 15093: 15087: 15083: 15082: 15074: 15072: 15056: 15050: 15046: 15045: 15037: 15035: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15004: 14985: 14981: 14980:Arts Magazine 14974: 14972: 14966: 14965:Boime, Albert 14960: 14952: 14948: 14944: 14940: 14933: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14902: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14871: 14863: 14859: 14855: 14851: 14847: 14840: 14838: 14829: 14823: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14804: 14788: 14784: 14780: 14774: 14766: 14762: 14758: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14740: 14736: 14732: 14728: 14724: 14717: 14701: 14697: 14693: 14686: 14670: 14666: 14662: 14655: 14639: 14635: 14631: 14624: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14593: 14577: 14573: 14567: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14554: 14546: 14530: 14526: 14522: 14516: 14508: 14504: 14500: 14496: 14492: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14474: 14470: 14462: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14434: 14430: 14426: 14419: 14411: 14407: 14403: 14399: 14395: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14377: 14373: 14366: 14350: 14346: 14342: 14338: 14331: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14308: 14292: 14288: 14281: 14265: 14261: 14257: 14250: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14196: 14180: 14176: 14172: 14165: 14157: 14153: 14149: 14145: 14141: 14137: 14133: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14115: 14111: 14103: 14087: 14083: 14082: 14077: 14070: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14042: 14038: 14034: 14030: 14029: 14023: 14018: 14014: 14008: 14000: 13996: 13992: 13988: 13984: 13980: 13972: 13956: 13952: 13948: 13941: 13925: 13921: 13920:New Scientist 13917: 13910: 13902: 13898: 13894: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13868: 13864: 13860: 13856: 13848: 13840: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13822: 13818: 13814: 13810: 13806: 13802: 13798: 13790: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13759: 13743: 13739: 13738: 13733: 13726: 13710: 13706: 13702: 13696: 13680: 13676: 13670: 13666: 13665: 13660: 13654: 13638: 13634: 13627: 13619: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13590: 13582: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13531: 13515: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13499: 13491: 13487: 13480: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13449: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13429: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13405: 13398: 13379: 13372: 13365: 13356: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13324: 13308: 13304: 13300: 13293: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13266: 13258: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13242: 13238: 13231: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13178: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13125: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13082: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13052: 13043: 13038: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13022: 13015: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12955: 12948: 12940: 12934: 12930: 12923: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12899: 12895: 12891: 12887: 12886: 12878: 12862: 12858: 12852: 12848: 12847: 12839: 12823: 12819: 12813: 12809: 12808: 12800: 12792: 12786: 12782: 12778: 12771: 12755: 12751: 12747: 12741: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12710:(1): 39–47 . 12709: 12705: 12704: 12696: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12661: 12645: 12641: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12626: 12618: 12610: 12606: 12599: 12591: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12563: 12555: 12551: 12544: 12535: 12516: 12512: 12505: 12504: 12496: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12453: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12370: 12362: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12331: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12300: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12255: 12247: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12202: 12194: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12163: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12133: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12102: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12071: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12041: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12010: 11995: 11991: 11984: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11923: 11921: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11889: 11881: 11877: 11870: 11854: 11850: 11844: 11840: 11839: 11831: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11801: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11770: 11762: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11727: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11710:Physics Today 11703: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11662:Physics Today 11656: 11650: 11636: 11632: 11626: 11619: 11617: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11587: 11585: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11553: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11506: 11498: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11467: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11436: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11405: 11389: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11372: 11356: 11352: 11351: 11346: 11339: 11331: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11296:(2): 886–93. 11295: 11291: 11287: 11280: 11272: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11237:(1): 728–39. 11236: 11232: 11231: 11226: 11219: 11210: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11188: 11183: 11176: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11123: 11121: 11111: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11095:: L123–L126. 11094: 11090: 11089: 11084: 11077: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11054:(3): 356–66. 11053: 11049: 11042: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10992: 10985: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10935: 10928: 10912: 10908: 10902: 10898: 10897: 10892: 10886: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10856: 10854: 10837: 10833: 10827: 10812: 10806: 10802: 10801: 10796: 10789: 10773: 10769: 10762: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10732: 10716: 10712: 10705: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10675: 10666: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10622: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10591: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10560: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10524: 10508: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10491: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10449: 10445: 10439: 10423: 10419: 10418: 10413: 10406: 10398: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10369: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10309: 10301: 10294: 10278: 10274: 10273: 10268: 10266: 10258: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10217: 10211: 10203: 10201: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10165: 10157: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10116: 10114: 10105: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10053: 10051: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10019: 10003: 9999: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9978: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9917: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9825: 9818: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9787:(5979): 677. 9786: 9782: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9724: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9686: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9656: 9640: 9636: 9635:Science Times 9632: 9625: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9596: 9588: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9545: 9543: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9515: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9444: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9407:New Scientist 9403: 9395: 9387: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9331: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9261: 9259: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9222: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9160: 9158: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9095: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9054: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9020: 9017:(July 2003). 9016: 9010: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8987: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8863: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8831: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8703: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8672: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8631: 8623: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8531: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8462: 8454: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8401: 8393: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8310: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8281: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8235: 8231: 8225: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8114: 8107: 8105: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8045: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7881: 7874: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7807: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7768:(1–2): 1–11. 7767: 7763: 7762: 7754: 7747: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7694: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7644: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7591: 7575: 7571: 7570:New Scientist 7567: 7560: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7442: 7433: 7427: 7422: 7421: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7321: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7264: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7005: 6998: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6875: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6814: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6574: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6488: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6459: 6457: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6396: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6305: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6209:W. H. Freeman 6206: 6199: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6115: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5823: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5744: 5740: 5739:New Scientist 5736: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5692: 5683: 5681: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5584: 5582: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5548: 5546: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5515: 5507: 5501: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5322: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5242: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5051: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4847: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4802: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4686: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4508: 4504: 4501:The American 4498: 4488: 4480: 4473: 4362: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4310: 4307: 4296: 4293: 4282: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4232:hermaphrodite 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220:gender symbol 4217: 4213: 4212:ancient Greek 4209: 4205: 4197: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4175: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4155:Flag of Chile 4152: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4143:Dresden Codex 4139: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4117:Five elements 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4091:metal element 4087: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4025:William Blake 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3858:crescent moon 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3795:ancient Greek 3792: 3788: 3787:ancient Roman 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3729:sulfuric acid 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630:Crewed flight 3627: 3625: 3624:lander probes 3620: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3464:Life on Venus 3452: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3427:Solar Orbiter 3424: 3416: 3415: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3369:Venus Express 3366: 3365:Venus Express 3362: 3358: 3357: 3356:Venus Express 3352: 3351: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3240:Venera 9 3235: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3126:Additionally 3124: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3065:cirrus clouds 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053:Frank E. Ross 3049: 3047: 3043: 3042:Doppler shift 3039: 3038:Vesto Slipher 3034: 3032: 3028: 3027:spectroscopic 3018: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2885: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2787: 2776: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735:cylinder seal 2731: 2727: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2688:December 1882 2685: 2684:December 1874 2681: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2558:Edmund Halley 2550: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2513: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2460:Observability 2457: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2326: 2317: 2316:524522 Zoozve 2313: 2309: 2304: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2265:Venus Express 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245:anticlockwise 2237: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2201: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2183:gravity waves 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:Venus Express 2153: 2149: 2148:Venus Express 2144: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2127:Venus Express 2123: 2122:Venera probes 2118: 2116: 2115:sunspot cycle 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:sulfuric acid 2042: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2003: 2002:solar forcing 1997: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1719: 1710: 1707: 1698: 1682: 1678: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652:Venus Express 1648: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1617:oceanic crust 1614: 1609: 1600: 1599:pancake domes 1595: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1539:Venus Express 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1229:waypoint for 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192:life on Venus 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164:Internal heat 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:sulfuric acid 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:mass and size 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1002: 1000: 996: 995: 993: 991: 987: 984: 978: 974: 970: 967: 961: 956: 950: 947: 942: 938: 935: 934: 927: 923: 920: 915: 910:10 μSv/h 905: 903: 900: 895: 892:10 μGy/h 887: 885: 882: 881:absorbed dose 877: 870: 867: 865: 863: 860: 859: 856: 853: 851: 849: 846: 845: 842: 839: 837: 835: 832: 831: 827: 824: 821: 819: 815: 814: 810: 806: 802: 800: 796: 789: 785: 782: 778: 777: 775: 773: 769: 765: 762: 756: 749: 744: 743: 741: 737: 730: 724: 720: 717: 712: 709:1.81 m/s 708: 702: 695: 692: 687: 681: 674: 671: 666: 662: 659: 654: 650: 646: 641: 638: 633: 627: 624: 618: 611: 602: 601: 599: 597: 593: 586: 577: 576: 574: 572: 568: 561: 552: 551: 549: 546: 541: 537: 535: 531: 522: 511: 510: 508: 505: 500: 495: 491: 489: 485: 481: 478: 473: 469: 466: 461: 455: 451: 449: 445: 441: 439: 428: 427: 425: 423: 419: 415: 412: 407: 399: 396: 395:orbital speed 390: 386: 383: 378: 372: 368: 365: 356: 351: 350: 348: 345: 340: 336: 334: 330: 326: 323: 318: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 298: 294: 291: 288: 284: 281: 277: 273: 269: 267: 263: 258: 223: 188: 180: 133: 129: 127: 123: 119: 118:goddess Venus 115: 112: 109: 103: 96: 89: 63: 61:Pronunciation 59: 54: 49: 48: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 19967:Solar System 19884:Terraforming 19859:Colonization 19736: 19631:MBR Explorer 19622: 19375: 19363: 19356: 19349: 19287: 19269: 19237: 19174: 19150: 19129: 19081:Each arrow ( 19003:Local Bubble 18989:Solar System 18987: 18780:Planetesimal 18735:Kuiper cliff 18463:Space probes 18436:Colonization 18275:Kirkwood gap 18196:Saturn Moons 18109:Planetesimal 17582: 17573:Terrestrials 17538: 17531: 17524: 17517: 17510: 17503: 17496: 17489: 17462: 17447: 17385:Solar System 17239:Terraforming 17228:Colonization 17210:Shukrayaan-1 17125: 17118: 17095: 17088: 17076: 17069: 17062: 17046:Vega program 17015:Zond program 17005: 16998: 16991: 16984: 16878:Venera 1964A 16474:Ganis Chasma 16469:Diana Chasma 16343:Sachs Patera 16328:Pancake dome 16258:Fotla Corona 16243:Boala Corona 16185:Ishtar Terra 16069: 16024:Map of Venus 15958: 15892: 15885: 15873:. Retrieved 15864: 15854: 15821: 15815: 15796:the original 15789: 15731: 15727: 15717: 15705:. Retrieved 15685: 15677: 15658: 15652: 15633: 15627: 15608: 15602: 15583: 15578: 15566:. Retrieved 15557: 15548: 15536:. Retrieved 15527: 15520: 15495: 15487: 15475:. Retrieved 15465: 15458: 15439: 15433: 15414: 15408: 15384: 15374: 15362:. Retrieved 15353: 15343: 15330:. Retrieved 15326:the original 15320: 15313: 15301:. Retrieved 15297:the original 15292: 15261: 15255: 15228: 15170: 15166: 15143:. Retrieved 15126: 15122: 15112: 15100:. Retrieved 15080: 15058:. Retrieved 15043: 15021:. Retrieved 15012: 15003: 14991:. Retrieved 14979: 14971:Starry Night 14970: 14969:"Van Gogh's 14959: 14942: 14938: 14932: 14922:20 September 14920:. Retrieved 14911: 14901: 14889:. Retrieved 14880: 14870: 14862:the original 14849: 14809: 14803: 14791:. Retrieved 14782: 14773: 14730: 14726: 14716: 14704:. Retrieved 14695: 14685: 14675:21 September 14673:. Retrieved 14664: 14654: 14644:21 September 14642:. Retrieved 14633: 14623: 14611:. Retrieved 14602: 14592: 14580:. Retrieved 14552: 14545: 14533:. Retrieved 14524: 14515: 14472: 14468: 14461: 14432: 14428: 14418: 14375: 14371: 14365: 14353:. Retrieved 14340: 14330: 14307: 14297:14 September 14295:. Retrieved 14280: 14270:16 September 14268:. Retrieved 14260:The Guardian 14259: 14249: 14206: 14203:Astrobiology 14202: 14195: 14185:14 September 14183:. Retrieved 14174: 14164: 14113: 14110:Astrobiology 14109: 14102: 14090:. Retrieved 14079: 14069: 14059:17 September 14057:. Retrieved 14032: 14026: 14007: 13982: 13978: 13971: 13959:. Retrieved 13950: 13940: 13928:. Retrieved 13919: 13909: 13858: 13854: 13847: 13804: 13800: 13789: 13777:. Retrieved 13768: 13758: 13746:. Retrieved 13735: 13725: 13713:. Retrieved 13704: 13695: 13683:. Retrieved 13663: 13653: 13641:. Retrieved 13626: 13593: 13587: 13581: 13540: 13536: 13530: 13518:. Retrieved 13514:the original 13507: 13498: 13485: 13479: 13467:. Retrieved 13458: 13448: 13407: 13403: 13397: 13385:. Retrieved 13364: 13337: 13333: 13323: 13311:. Retrieved 13302: 13292: 13275: 13271: 13265: 13240: 13236: 13230: 13218:. Retrieved 13193: 13187: 13177: 13165:. Retrieved 13138: 13134: 13124: 13091: 13087: 13081: 13069:. Retrieved 13060: 13051: 13024: 13020: 13014: 13002:. Retrieved 12964: 12960: 12947: 12928: 12922: 12889: 12883: 12877: 12865:. Retrieved 12845: 12838: 12826:. Retrieved 12806: 12799: 12776: 12770: 12758:. Retrieved 12749: 12740: 12707: 12701: 12695: 12670: 12666: 12660: 12648:. Retrieved 12624: 12617: 12604: 12598: 12571: 12562: 12553: 12549: 12543: 12534: 12522:. Retrieved 12502: 12495: 12462: 12458: 12452: 12440:. Retrieved 12423: 12419: 12373: 12367: 12361: 12349:. Retrieved 12340: 12330: 12318:. Retrieved 12314:the original 12309: 12299: 12261:(1): 19–32. 12258: 12252: 12246: 12234:. Retrieved 12209: 12205: 12193: 12181:. Retrieved 12162: 12150:. Retrieved 12141: 12132: 12120:. Retrieved 12111: 12101: 12089:. Retrieved 12080: 12070: 12058:. Retrieved 12049: 12040: 12028:. Retrieved 12019: 12009: 11997:. Retrieved 11993: 11983: 11971:. Retrieved 11962: 11953: 11941:. Retrieved 11937:the original 11932: 11907:. Retrieved 11903:the original 11888: 11879: 11875: 11869: 11857:. Retrieved 11837: 11830: 11818:. Retrieved 11814:the original 11809: 11800: 11788:. Retrieved 11779: 11769: 11736: 11732: 11726: 11709: 11702: 11661: 11655: 11639:. Retrieved 11635:the original 11625: 11612: 11605:. Retrieved 11596: 11571:. Retrieved 11562: 11552: 11512:(1): 63–76. 11509: 11503: 11497: 11485:. Retrieved 11476: 11466: 11454:. Retrieved 11445: 11435: 11423:. Retrieved 11414: 11404: 11392:. Retrieved 11381: 11371: 11359:. Retrieved 11348: 11338: 11293: 11289: 11279: 11234: 11228: 11218: 11191: 11185: 11175: 11135:(1): 12–16. 11132: 11128: 11092: 11086: 11076: 11051: 11047: 11041: 11029:. Retrieved 11004:(1): 24–45. 11001: 10997: 10984: 10972:. Retrieved 10944: 10940: 10927: 10917:17 September 10915:. Retrieved 10895: 10885: 10873:. Retrieved 10869:the original 10840:. Retrieved 10826: 10814:. Retrieved 10799: 10788: 10776:. Retrieved 10761: 10749:. Retrieved 10731: 10719:. Retrieved 10704: 10692:. Retrieved 10683: 10674: 10640:(2): 42–51. 10637: 10631: 10621: 10609:. Retrieved 10600: 10590: 10578:. Retrieved 10569: 10559: 10537:(2): 85–88. 10534: 10530: 10523: 10511:. Retrieved 10500: 10490: 10478:. Retrieved 10464: 10452:. Retrieved 10438: 10426:. Retrieved 10415: 10405: 10378: 10368: 10358:10 September 10356:. Retrieved 10349:the original 10312: 10306: 10293: 10283:10 September 10281:. Retrieved 10270: 10264: 10257: 10247:10 September 10245:. Retrieved 10220: 10214: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10129: 10125: 10067: 10063: 10037:. Retrieved 10018: 10006:. Retrieved 9987: 9977: 9965:. Retrieved 9932: 9926: 9916: 9904:. Retrieved 9896:NASA Science 9895: 9886: 9874:. Retrieved 9834: 9830: 9817: 9784: 9780: 9774: 9739: 9733: 9723: 9715: 9695: 9692:Science News 9691: 9685: 9673:. Retrieved 9664: 9655: 9643:. Retrieved 9634: 9624: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9554: 9550: 9524: 9520: 9514: 9502:. Retrieved 9457: 9453: 9443: 9431:. Retrieved 9406: 9394: 9349: 9345: 9330: 9320:14 September 9318:. Retrieved 9275: 9271: 9247:14 September 9245:. Retrieved 9241:the original 9236: 9229:Drake, Nadia 9169: 9165: 9113: 9109: 9068: 9062: 9053: 9042:the original 9029: 9025: 9009: 9001:the original 8996: 8986: 8974:. Retrieved 8965: 8955: 8943:. Retrieved 8910: 8906: 8893: 8881:. Retrieved 8872: 8862: 8845: 8839: 8830: 8769: 8765: 8755: 8712: 8708: 8702: 8690:. Retrieved 8681: 8671: 8638: 8634: 8622: 8587: 8583: 8573: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8518:. Retrieved 8469: 8465: 8453: 8441:. Retrieved 8408: 8404: 8392: 8380:. Retrieved 8366: 8354:. Retrieved 8347:the original 8334: 8330: 8317: 8288: 8280: 8268:. Retrieved 8264:the original 8250: 8238:. Retrieved 8234:the original 8224: 8212:. Retrieved 8189: 8179: 8167:. Retrieved 8123: 8119: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8027: 8021: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7892: 7886: 7879: 7873: 7861:. Retrieved 7825: 7821: 7793:. Retrieved 7765: 7759: 7746: 7734:. Retrieved 7714:. New York: 7711: 7701: 7678: 7672: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7578:. Retrieved 7569: 7559: 7547:. Retrieved 7522: 7518: 7508: 7496:. Retrieved 7460: 7456: 7419: 7411: 7390: 7384: 7361: 7355: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7308:. Retrieved 7283:(1): 13–19. 7280: 7276: 7263: 7251:. Retrieved 7232: 7197: 7191: 7181: 7169:. Retrieved 7165:the original 7155: 7143:. Retrieved 7106:. Retrieved 7093: 7084: 7072:. Retrieved 7058: 7013: 7007: 6997: 6985:. Retrieved 6974: 6964: 6934:(1): 25–28. 6931: 6927: 6921: 6894: 6888: 6874: 6862:. Retrieved 6847: 6835:. Retrieved 6820: 6813: 6804: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6754:. Retrieved 6745: 6736: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6673:. Retrieved 6664: 6654: 6619: 6615: 6602: 6590:. Retrieved 6580: 6573: 6546: 6542: 6531: 6498: 6494: 6487: 6475:. Retrieved 6465: 6443:. Retrieved 6423: 6410: 6398:. Retrieved 6382: 6355:. Retrieved 6322: 6316: 6273:(1): 23–53. 6270: 6264: 6239: 6227: 6207:. New York: 6204: 6198: 6186:. Retrieved 6166: 6159: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6103:the original 6075:(1): 19–37. 6072: 6066: 6049: 6008: 6002: 5993: 5981:. Retrieved 5962: 5952: 5940:. Retrieved 5936:the original 5931: 5921: 5909:. Retrieved 5900: 5887: 5864: 5855: 5843:. Retrieved 5834: 5809:. Retrieved 5800: 5790: 5778:. Retrieved 5774:the original 5769: 5759: 5749:17 September 5747:. Retrieved 5738: 5728: 5695: 5689: 5652: 5646: 5634:. Retrieved 5601: 5595: 5568:. Retrieved 5557: 5532:. Retrieved 5523: 5514: 5500:cite journal 5488:. Retrieved 5455: 5449: 5439: 5427:. Retrieved 5416: 5406: 5394:. Retrieved 5385: 5376: 5333: 5329: 5308:. Retrieved 5257: 5253: 5228:. Retrieved 5224:the original 5219: 5210: 5198:. Retrieved 5170: 5166: 5153: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5067: 5063: 5037:. Retrieved 5033:the original 5023: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4958:. Retrieved 4925:. Retrieved 4907: 4896:the original 4865: 4859: 4846: 4819: 4813: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4742: 4736: 4706:. Retrieved 4695: 4685: 4673:. Retrieved 4612: 4601: 4578: 4567: 4556: 4546:the original 4534: 4525: 4497: 4487: 4478: 4472: 4361: 4352: 4265: 4246: 4239: 4204:Venus symbol 4201: 4191:Venus symbol 4170: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4088: 4074: 4069: 4047: 4045: 4029:Robert Frost 4006: 4000: 3994: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3925: 3921: 3918:mesopotamian 3903: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3784: 3769: 3761: 3733: 3701: 3662:Soviet Union 3659: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3579: 3559: 3547: 3527:Jane Greaves 3524: 3512: 3492: 3474:extremophile 3471: 3467: 3442: 3435: 3425:, and ESA's 3412: 3410: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3238: 3213: 3201: 3199: 3188: 3186: 3179: 3175: 3173: 3165: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3125: 3114: 3112: 3101: 3092: 3069: 3050: 3035: 3024: 2984: 2949: 2930: 2833: 2831: 2817:argued that 2796: 2760: 2723: 2700: 2692: 2676:June 8, 2004 2673: 2665:Captain Cook 2658: 2639: 2627:8 years 2619:8 years 2603: 2576:March 1865. 2555: 2518: 2491: 2471: 2451: 2440: 2425: 2406: 2378: 2361:impact event 2305: 2292:solar nebula 2289: 2264: 2260: 2253:sidereal day 2242: 2229:eccentricity 2206: 2178: 2176: 2155: 2147: 2145: 2136:intermittent 2125: 2119: 2111: 2092: 2077: 2043: 2036: 1998: 1987: 1958:temperature 1890: 1854:dissociation 1851: 1846: 1844: 1836: 1816: 1777: 1775: 1755: 1739:geochemistry 1728: 1699: 1686: 1663: 1656:Ganis Chasma 1651: 1649: 1645: 1629: 1604: 1558: 1544: 1537: 1531: 1516: 1485: 1449: 1443:, after the 1425:Ishtar Terra 1418: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1326:Solar System 1318: 1235: 1233:from Earth. 1204: 1180:Solar System 1141: 1119:. Venus has 1096: 1095: 1079:Ishtar Terra 1073: 1023:water vapour 932: 699:(retrograde) 644: 612:0.815 Earths 587:0.857 Earths 562:0.902 Earths 545:Surface area 411:Mean anomaly 333:Eccentricity 56:Designations 45: 29: 19951:Outer space 19939:Spaceflight 19656:(2031–2032) 19176:BepiColombo 19044:Local Sheet 19038:Local Group 18821:Rubble pile 18809:Roche limit 18804:Ring system 18755:Outer space 18730:Kuiper belt 18700:Hill sphere 18695:Hills cloud 18643:Debris disk 18638:Cosmic dust 18422:Exploration 18377:Planet Nine 18362:Fifth giant 18336:Hills cloud 18297:Kuiper belt 18268:exceptional 18184:Trojan camp 17127:BepiColombo 16820:Exploration 16673:Geodynamics 16657:Yablochkina 16459:Dali Chasma 16383:Zisa Corona 16333:Renpet Mons 16283:Irnini Mons 16273:Iaso Tholus 16223:Akna Montes 16218:Abeona Mons 16147:Alpha Regio 16114:Dune fields 15979:Geody Venus 15975:at NASA.gov 15568:26 December 15385:The Planets 15380:Sobel, Dava 15145:28 December 15129:: 163–164. 14939:Art History 14891:1 September 14793:2 September 14435:: L18–L22. 14092:3 September 14013:Sagan, Carl 13985:: 396–405. 13961:30 December 13930:30 December 13469:27 December 13313:27 December 13094:: 284–299. 12650:28 December 12524:26 December 12442:28 December 12426:: 161–172. 12212:: 574–579. 11882:(1): 51–56. 11031:9 September 10974:9 September 10947:(1): 1–23. 10454:25 December 10428:29 November 8641:: 128–140. 8543:(1): 2–79. 8411:: 146–171. 8270:21 December 7310:15 December 5845:3 September 5310:20 November 5173:: 178–205. 4868:(1): 3–18. 4708:30 November 4574:"Cytherean" 4456:23.934472 h 4399:, yielding 4224:Mars symbol 3922:Tioumoutiri 3914:Late Period 3644:conjunction 3431:BepiColombo 3378:spacecraft 3055:found that 3031:ultraviolet 2866:astronomer 2858:astronomer 2846:astronomer 2726:without aid 2703:ashen light 2697:Ashen light 2537:elongations 2533:conjunction 2454:tidal force 2015:cell growth 1990:noble gases 1885:ultraviolet 1858:ultraviolet 1496:Alpha Regio 1338:megapascals 1198:, before a 1174:instead of 1172:resurfacing 1150:, and 799:Temperature 761:declination 721:2.64° (for 518:1.0 km 504:Mean radius 422:Inclination 387:583.92 days 369:1.92 Venus 106:Named after 19961:Categories 19547:3MV-1 No.2 19537:2MV-2 No.1 19532:2MV-1 No.2 19527:2MV-1 No.1 19191:(en route) 19185:(en route) 19179:(en route) 19171:(en route) 19063:Local Hole 19010:Gould Belt 18750:Oort cloud 18586:Formation, 18576:Deep space 18412:Vulcanoids 18329:Oort cloud 18253:first 1000 18189:Greek camp 18087:Meteoroids 18082:Damocloids 18028:Charikloan 17315:Phosphorus 17290:In fiction 17285:In culture 17007:Mariner 10 16933:Kosmos 482 16908:Kosmos 167 16868:Sputnik 21 16863:Sputnik 20 16858:Sputnik 19 16693:Venusquake 16688:Venus snow 16617:Merit Ptah 16552:De Lalande 16378:Ushas Mons 16373:Theia Mons 16368:Skadi Mons 16348:Sapas Mons 16278:Idunn Mons 16228:Anala Mons 16190:Lada Terra 16162:Ovda Regio 16157:Beta Regio 16109:Atmosphere 15955:Venus page 15707:3 February 15364:15 January 15332:3 February 15303:3 February 15060:2 February 14945:(3): 356. 14582:19 January 14482:2010.14305 14442:2010.15188 14385:2010.09761 14355:26 October 14216:2009.06474 14123:2009.06499 12320:11 January 12020:Goines.net 11909:11 January 11859:12 January 11790:21 October 11607:30 October 11487:21 January 11456:21 January 11425:21 January 11194:(3): L63. 10875:12 January 10816:31 January 10647:2008.04927 10611:17 January 10580:17 January 10513:31 January 10480:31 January 10077:1907.09683 10070:(3): 126. 10008:18 October 9967:2 December 9504:29 January 9467:2010.09761 9433:29 January 9359:2101.09837 9352:(2): L44. 9285:2009.06593 9179:1911.12788 8779:1608.00706 8722:2003.05704 8297:. p. 8214:12 January 8192:. Oxford: 7937:1710.01770 7795:6 November 7549:17 January 6987:10 January 6837:30 January 6592:13 January 6477:13 January 6400:30 January 5983:12 January 5636:27 October 5570:27 October 5343:1808.01973 5267:1911.12788 5260:. Fig. 6. 5120:1609.05048 4990:2103.01504 4960:20 January 4716:osculating 4629:required.) 4595:required.) 4553:"Venusian" 4531:"Venusian" 4517:References 4338:Venus zone 4216:femininity 4165:See also: 4107:Vietnamese 4077:Indonesian 3972:phosphorus 3967:Phōsphoros 3850:solar disk 3846:Babylonian 3742:In culture 3680:See also: 3676:Habitation 3668:-MAVR and 3640:opposition 3566:Rocket Lab 3485:Carl Sagan 3481:atmosphere 3376:solar sail 3203:Mariner 10 3072:oblateness 3067:above it. 2999:scattering 2915:Copernicus 2860:Ibn Bajjah 2856:Andalusian 2819:Parmenides 2811:Pythagoras 2799:Phosphorus 2751:Babylonian 2667:sailed to 2566:Luxembourg 2529:telescopic 2257:fluctuates 2225:elliptical 2168:ionosphere 2099:Venus snow 2095:spacecraft 2084:axial tilt 2080:isothermal 1944:on Earth. 1938:Carl Sagan 1930:irradiance 1893:atmosphere 1831:insulating 1823:convection 1819:conducting 1792:solar wind 1788:ionosphere 1621:subduction 1608:Big Island 1504:Ovda Regio 1500:Beta Regio 1473:arachnoids 1433:Babylonian 1330:atmosphere 1252:after the 1242:inferiorly 1223:accessible 1211:solar year 1207:retrograde 1160:solar wind 1107:. It is a 975:(9.3 958:Atmosphere 952:9.7″–66.0″ 862:Fahrenheit 723:retrograde 716:Axial tilt 680:retrograde 608:10 kg 583:10 km 558:10 km 534:Flattening 488:Satellites 311:Perihelion 126:Adjectives 19760:Laplace-P 19755:Mercury-P 19624:Dragonfly 19552:Kosmos 27 19542:Kosmos 21 19522:Mariner 1 19365:MESSENGER 19320:Venera 11 19310:Mariner 5 19295:Mariner 2 19024:Milky Way 19017:Orion Arm 18785:Formation 18770:Migration 18765:Disrupted 18633:Coatlicue 18601:Accretion 18588:evolution 18534:Asteroids 18446:astronomy 18441:Discovery 18302:Cubewanos 18223:Asteroids 18053:Quaoarian 18043:Neptunian 18033:Chironean 18018:Saturnian 17800:Enceladus 17305:Mythology 17280:Cytherean 17090:MESSENGER 17000:Mariner 5 16993:Mariner 2 16986:Mariner 1 16973:Venera 16 16968:Venera 15 16963:Venera 14 16958:Venera 13 16953:Venera 12 16948:Venera 11 16943:Venera 10 16898:Kosmos 96 16883:Kosmos 27 16873:Kosmos 21 16840:Sputnik 7 16788:Asteroids 16706:Astronomy 16622:Mona Lisa 16567:Golubkina 16557:Dickinson 16537:Cleopatra 16313:Ozza Mons 16293:Maat Mons 16263:Gula Mons 16253:Fand Mons 16210:volcanoes 16204:Mountains 16104:Arachnoid 16090:Geography 15748:0959-8138 15538:8 January 15477:8 January 15354:Theoi.com 15289:"Lucifer" 15211:120565237 15195:0080-4614 15135:1971-8608 15102:23 August 14765:219558707 14757:0094-5765 14696:Space.com 14507:236090264 14410:224803085 14241:221127006 14156:221655331 13901:256599851 13893:0038-6308 13618:122107496 13520:2 January 13167:25 August 13116:123671250 12991:162838538 12967:: 34–40. 12914:117985979 12732:120700705 12667:Mnemosyne 12509:(Ph.D.). 12487:121539390 12432:1971-8608 12275:0035-9149 12236:8 January 12226:186212060 12112:Space.com 11994:Space.com 11761:0022-4650 11694:241077611 11686:1945-0699 11544:117795811 11519:0911.2357 11394:7 January 11361:7 January 11330:118661720 11303:1303.3705 11271:118535095 11244:1208.4444 11142:0906.2781 10842:7 January 10502:Space.com 10397:129514118 10265:Venera 12 10156:2197-4284 10132:(1): 34. 10104:198179774 10039:21 August 9876:21 August 9766:1520-0469 9494:224803085 9423:229020261 9386:231699227 9310:221655755 9212:208513344 9204:0004-6361 9148:244168415 9140:0019-1035 8966:Space.com 8804:0094-8276 8747:2169-9097 8663:0019-1035 8614:2156-2202 8565:0019-1035 8494:1476-4687 8433:0016-7037 8382:17 August 8169:11 August 8156:133864520 8148:1752-0894 8079:0036-8075 7962:119487513 7850:0091-7613 7627:0091-7613 7485:134766723 6801:257745255 6728:126225959 6720:1572-9672 6646:1944-8007 6523:189850694 6347:127759323 6085:CiteSeerX 5911:7 January 5626:264530764 5534:26 August 5480:2397-3366 5336:: 10–24. 5300:208513344 5292:0004-6361 5230:3 January 5145:119307693 5113:: 19–33. 5092:0923-2958 5070:(3): 22. 5015:232092194 4927:26 August 4878:CiteSeerX 4492:location. 4174:habitable 4093:. Modern 4081:Malaysian 4062:Navagraha 3976:Ēōsphoros 3962:Aphrodite 3948:, son of 3799:Aphrodite 3776:astrology 3772:mythology 3713:aerostats 3535:phosphine 3350:MESSENGER 3310:with its 3286:Venera 15 3200:In 1974, 3181:Mariner 5 3150:Mariner 2 3116:Mariner 2 3083:Space age 3015:24 h 2786:Chánggēng 2756:cuneiform 2745:from the 2737:from the 2599:telescope 2474:naked eye 2421:pentagram 2273:solar day 2146:In 2007, 2103:tellurium 2023:phosphine 1863:deuterium 1827:heat flux 1776:In 1967, 1660:Maat Mons 1583:Volcanism 1360:Geography 1299:, Venus, 1103:from the 781:geometric 725:rotation) 452:2.15° to 442:3.86° to 371:solar day 187:Cytherean 47:MESSENGER 19795:TMK-Mavr 19707:Venera-D 19606:EnVision 19587:Orbiters 19430:Venera 7 19394:Venera 3 19305:Venera 2 19289:Venera 1 19250:Venera 9 19239:Magellan 19231:Orbiters 19152:Akatsuki 19144:Orbiters 19077:Universe 18915:Moonlets 18495:programs 18468:timeline 18456:timeline 18387:Planet X 18382:Planet V 18319:Sednoids 18307:Plutinos 18280:Centaurs 18258:families 17993:Dysnomia 17981:Xiangliu 17976:Gonggong 17964:Makemake 17923:Kerberos 17810:Hyperion 17748:Callisto 17743:Ganymede 17676:Gonggong 17671:Makemake 17526:Gonggong 17519:Makemake 17333:Category 17295:Hesperus 17219:Proposed 17173:Proposed 17159:Venera-D 17149:EnVision 17120:Akatsuki 17064:Magellan 16938:Venera 9 16928:Venera 8 16923:Venera 7 16918:Venera 6 16913:Venera 5 16903:Venera 4 16893:Venera 3 16888:Venera 2 16853:Venera 1 16849:program 16740:Transits 16652:Wheatley 16642:Stefania 16587:Isabella 16582:Guilbert 16547:Danilova 16403:plateaus 16363:Sif Mons 16119:Features 15969:Archived 15875:17 April 15869:Archived 15846:87030547 15766:16373733 15562:Archived 15471:Archived 15382:(2005). 15358:Archived 15139:Archived 15096:Archived 15023:15 April 15017:Archived 14984:Archived 14916:Archived 14885:Archived 14787:Archived 14706:24 April 14700:Archived 14669:Archived 14638:Archived 14613:22 April 14607:Archived 14576:Archived 14529:Archived 14349:Archived 14341:Syfy.com 14291:Archived 14289:. CNet. 14264:Archived 14233:32787733 14179:Archived 14148:34283644 14086:Archived 14053:Archived 14049:11784372 13955:Archived 13951:BBC News 13924:Archived 13839:35864851 13779:29 April 13773:Archived 13748:22 April 13742:Archived 13715:11 April 13709:Archived 13679:Archived 13637:Archived 13573:32590584 13565:17792750 13463:Archived 13440:21133097 13432:17743054 13378:Archived 13307:Archived 13214:Archived 13161:Archived 13065:Archived 12995:Archived 12861:Archived 12822:Archived 12754:Archived 12644:Archived 12570:(1959). 12515:Archived 12436:Archived 12345:Archived 12343:. NASA. 12310:NBC News 12291:59314888 12230:Archived 12177:Archived 12146:Archived 12122:19 April 12116:Archived 12091:19 April 12085:Archived 12054:Archived 12030:19 April 12024:Archived 11973:10 April 11967:Archived 11853:Archived 11784:Archived 11780:Mashable 11641:19 March 11601:Archived 11573:17 March 11567:Archived 11563:EarthSky 11481:Archived 11450:Archived 11419:Archived 11388:Archived 11355:Archived 11167:15252548 11022:Archived 10965:Archived 10911:Archived 10893:(2002). 10836:Archived 10778:16 April 10772:Archived 10751:16 April 10745:Archived 10721:16 April 10715:Archived 10694:28 April 10688:Archived 10684:EarthSky 10605:Archived 10574:Archived 10570:BBC News 10507:Archived 10474:Archived 10448:Archived 10422:Archived 10417:BBC News 10337:18046401 10277:Archived 10275:. NASA. 10241:Archived 10171:Venera 9 10033:Archived 10002:Archived 9961:Archived 9957:13338382 9906:14 April 9900:Archived 9867:Archived 9863:15670045 9809:20448159 9669:Archived 9639:Archived 9498:Archived 9427:Archived 9314:Archived 8970:Archived 8939:Archived 8935:11538226 8901:(1988). 8877:Archived 8822:28408771 8692:21 April 8686:Archived 8514:Archived 8502:11536499 8437:Archived 8376:Archived 8343:17893191 8240:12 April 8208:Archived 8194:Elsevier 8160:Archived 8095:36740141 8087:17783310 8038:. 18876. 8005:18046393 7854:Archived 7786:Archived 7730:Archived 7635:13293506 7574:Archived 7543:Archived 7489:Archived 7301:Archived 7253:19 March 7247:Archived 7224:16309185 7139:Archived 7108:14 April 7102:Archived 7068:Archived 7050:31922004 6981:Archived 6956:59323909 6864:14 April 6858:Archived 6756:16 April 6750:Archived 6675:13 April 6669:Archived 6586:Archived 6471:Archived 6436:Archived 6351:Archived 6205:Universe 6188:20 April 6182:Archived 6151:21736261 6041:12832924 6033:17830154 5977:Archived 5942:24 March 5905:Archived 5895:(2016). 5839:Archived 5811:19 April 5805:Archived 5743:Archived 5720:45474562 5671:39464951 5630:Archived 5564:Archived 5528:Archived 5484:Archived 5423:Archived 5390:Archived 5368:69912809 5304:Archived 5191:Archived 5039:12 April 4954:Archived 4921:Archived 4702:Archived 4675:15 April 4669:Archived 4463:1674.364 4430:s/3600 = 4403:1674.364 4397:10 rad/s 4278:See also 4099:Japanese 4058:Sanskrit 3981:Hesperos 3916:, under 3856:and the 3805:goddess 3723:such as 3613:Akatsuki 3414:Akatsuki 3341:(1990), 3332:Magellan 3324:aerobots 3250:Venera 9 3190:Venera 7 3176:Venera 4 3166:Venera 4 3146:Venera 4 3141:Venera 4 3135:Venera 3 3103:Venera 1 3061:infrared 2901:In 1610 2848:Avicenna 2835:Almagest 2803:Hesperus 2741:and the 2580:Transits 2428:inferior 2285:the west 2261:Magellan 2179:Akatsuki 2093:Magellan 1790:and the 1779:Venera 4 1665:Magellan 1632:volcanic 1545:Magellan 1456:calderas 1410:Magellan 1334:nitrogen 1266:Venera 7 1258:Venera 1 1133:pressure 1039:0.0007% 1033:0.0012% 1027:0.0017% 1021:0.0020% 1015:0.0070% 1005:nitrogen 971:93 966:pressure 964:Surface 897:Surface 879:Surface 816:Surface 750:272.76° 438:ecliptic 393:Average 337:0.006772 297:Aphelion 132:Venusian 19913:Portals 19852:Related 19833:Mariner 19654:DAVINCI 19600:VERITAS 19423:Landers 19377:Shin-en 19351:Galileo 18898:Related 18877:by size 18566:Neptune 18551:Jupiter 18502:Mercury 18427:outline 18372:Phaeton 18367:Nemesis 18354:objects 18206:Neptune 18179:Jupiter 18159:Trojans 18152:Neptune 18137:Jupiter 18117:Mercury 18048:Haumean 18038:Uranian 18020: ( 17940:Hiʻiaka 17874:Proteus 17864:Neptune 17852:Miranda 17842:Umbriel 17832:Titania 17820:all 146 17785:Iapetus 17738:Jupiter 17632:Neptune 17610:Jupiter 17578:Mercury 17560:Planets 17485:Neptune 17470:Jupiter 17443:Mercury 17273:Related 17235:(flyby) 17154:VERITAS 17144:DAVINCI 17137:Planned 17112:Current 17097:Shin'en 17071:Galileo 16720:Aspects 16713:General 16678:Geology 16627:Nanichi 16612:Meitner 16577:Gregory 16517:Aurelia 16512:Ariadne 16484:Craters 16436:valleys 16431:Canyons 16133:Regions 16097:General 16017:by the 16008:by the 15999:by the 15933:at the 15838:1217734 15757:1322246 15175:Bibcode 14993:28 July 14735:Bibcode 14487:Bibcode 14390:Bibcode 14322:Twitter 14175:Science 14128:Bibcode 13987:Bibcode 13863:Bibcode 13830:9286398 13809:Bibcode 13685:19 July 13643:19 July 13598:Bibcode 13545:Bibcode 13537:Science 13412:Bibcode 13404:Science 13342:Bibcode 13280:Bibcode 13278:: 165. 13245:Bibcode 13198:Bibcode 13143:Bibcode 13096:Bibcode 13071:12 July 13029:Bibcode 12969:Bibcode 12894:Bibcode 12760:4 March 12712:Bibcode 12687:4433390 12609:Penguin 12576:Bibcode 12467:Bibcode 12378:Bibcode 12376:: 325. 12060:17 July 11943:20 June 11820:25 June 11741:Bibcode 11666:Bibcode 11524:Bibcode 11308:Bibcode 11249:Bibcode 11196:Bibcode 11147:Bibcode 11097:Bibcode 11056:Bibcode 11006:Bibcode 10949:Bibcode 10652:Bibcode 10539:Bibcode 10345:4418778 10317:Bibcode 10225:Bibcode 10187:Bibcode 10134:Bibcode 10082:Bibcode 9937:Bibcode 9843:Bibcode 9789:Bibcode 9781:Science 9744:Bibcode 9712:3960800 9675:11 June 9645:11 June 9604:Bibcode 9579:4369293 9559:Bibcode 9529:Bibcode 9472:Bibcode 9364:Bibcode 9290:Bibcode 9184:Bibcode 9118:Bibcode 9073:Bibcode 9034:Bibcode 8945:25 June 8915:Bibcode 8850:Bibcode 8848:: 540. 8813:5385710 8784:Bibcode 8727:Bibcode 8643:Bibcode 8592:Bibcode 8545:Bibcode 8520:14 July 8510:4357750 8474:Bibcode 8443:14 July 8413:Bibcode 8356:27 July 8256:"Venus" 8128:Bibcode 8059:Bibcode 8051:Science 8032:Bibcode 8013:1242297 7985:Bibcode 7942:Bibcode 7897:Bibcode 7863:28 June 7830:Bibcode 7822:Geology 7770:Bibcode 7736:19 July 7660:Bibcode 7658:: 675. 7607:Bibcode 7598:Geology 7527:Bibcode 7465:Bibcode 7399:Bibcode 7335:Bibcode 7285:Bibcode 7202:Bibcode 7171:20 June 7145:20 June 7074:21 July 7041:6941908 7018:Bibcode 7009:Science 6936:Bibcode 6899:Bibcode 6781:Bibcode 6700:Bibcode 6624:Bibcode 6551:Bibcode 6503:Bibcode 6445:12 July 6428:Bibcode 6357:25 June 6327:Bibcode 6275:Bibcode 6131:Bibcode 6077:Bibcode 6013:Bibcode 6004:Science 5928:"Venus" 5897:"Venus" 5835:Gizmodo 5780:13 June 5700:Bibcode 5606:Bibcode 5520:"Moons" 5460:Bibcode 5348:Bibcode 5272:Bibcode 5200:25 June 5175:Bibcode 5125:Bibcode 5072:Bibcode 4995:Bibcode 4870:Bibcode 4824:Bibcode 4794:. A133. 4778:Bibcode 4747:Bibcode 4459:⁠ 4447:⁠ 4257:Mercury 4249:alchemy 4185:Symbols 4128:Chac ek 4095:Chinese 3995:Lūcifer 3930:phoenix 3854:Shamash 3780:fiction 3734:NASA's 3338:Galileo 2864:Maragha 2844:Persian 2840:Ptolemy 2823:Lucifer 2606:transit 2472:To the 2367:million 2331:2012 XE 2322:2001 CK 2277:Mercury 1979:Minimum 1963:Maximum 1956:Surface 1926:Mercury 1908:⁄ 1887:imaging 1840:sulphur 1762:viscous 1758:subduct 1672:Craters 1641:olivine 1613:erosion 1414:sulphur 1297:Mercury 1246:Mercury 1184:Mercury 1146:, 1009:0.015% 848:Celsius 779:0.689 ( 766:67.16° 746:18 11 2 623:density 514:6,051.8 482:54.884° 470:76.680° 448:equator 416:50.115° 185:rarely 19821:Venera 19748:Flybys 19738:Zephyr 19717:VISAGE 19650:(2025) 19633:(2028) 19627:(2028) 19616:Flybys 19608:(2031) 19602:(2031) 19596:(2028) 19496:Vega 1 19470:Vega 1 19371:IKAROS 19340:Vega 1 19300:Zond 1 19281:Flybys 19162:Flybys 19072: 19065: 19058: 19033: 19026: 19019: 19012: 19005: 18998: 18991: 18920:Syzygy 18842:Comets 18775:System 18760:Planet 18653:EXCEDE 18561:Uranus 18556:Saturn 18546:Comets 18539:mining 18517:mining 18407:Vulcan 18248:active 18243:Hygiea 18238:Pallas 18201:Uranus 18147:Uranus 18142:Saturn 18077:Comets 18069:bodies 18067:System 18013:Jovian 17957:Weywot 17952:Quaoar 17945:Namaka 17935:Haumea 17908:Charon 17884:all 16 17879:Nereid 17869:Triton 17857:all 28 17837:Oberon 17827:Uranus 17815:Phoebe 17795:Tethys 17770:Saturn 17763:all 95 17758:Europa 17731:Deimos 17726:Phobos 17705:Earth 17666:Quaoar 17661:Haumea 17641:Dwarfs 17627:Uranus 17615:Saturn 17600:Giants 17565:dwarfs 17512:Quaoar 17505:Haumea 17480:Uranus 17475:Saturn 17343:Portal 17221:crewed 17195:VISAGE 17084:IKAROS 17056:Vega 2 17051:Vega 1 17020:Zond 1 16847:Venera 16806:Zoozve 16730:Phases 16602:Mariko 16592:Jeanne 16572:Grimke 16542:Cunitz 16527:Barton 16507:Alcott 16502:Agnesi 16497:Adivar 16492:Addams 16398:Plains 16172:Terrae 15900: 15844: 15836: 15764: 15754: 15746: 15698: 15694:–135. 15665: 15640: 15615: 15590: 15508: 15446: 15421: 15396: 15268: 15243: 15209: 15201: 15193: 15133: 15123:KASKAL 15088: 15051: 14982:: 88. 14824: 14763: 14755: 14568: 14535:13 May 14505: 14408: 14378:: L2. 14239: 14231: 14154: 14146: 14047: 14028:Nature 13979:Icarus 13899: 13891: 13837: 13827: 13671: 13616: 13571: 13563: 13438: 13430: 13387:7 July 13243:: 57. 13114: 13004:10 May 12989: 12935: 12912: 12867:18 May 12853: 12828:18 May 12814: 12787: 12730: 12685: 12636: 12586: 12485: 12430: 12420:KASKAL 12351:14 May 12289: 12283:530738 12281: 12273: 12224: 12183:11 May 11999:5 June 11845: 11759: 11692: 11684: 11542: 11477:JHUAPL 11328: 11269: 11165: 11129:Icarus 11048:Icarus 10998:Icarus 10941:Icarus 10903: 10807: 10395: 10379:Nature 10343: 10335: 10308:Nature 10154: 10102: 9994: 9955: 9861: 9807: 9764: 9710: 9577: 9551:Nature 9492: 9460:: L2. 9421: 9384: 9308: 9210: 9202: 9146: 9138: 9110:Icarus 8933: 8907:Icarus 8820: 8810: 8802: 8745: 8661: 8635:Icarus 8612: 8563: 8537:Icarus 8508: 8500: 8492: 8466:Nature 8431: 8341: 8305: 8200: 8154: 8146: 8093: 8085: 8077: 8011: 8003: 7977:Nature 7960: 7848: 7722: 7689: 7633: 7625: 7519:Icarus 7483: 7428: 7372: 7327:Icarus 7277:Icarus 7222: 7048: 7038: 6954: 6828: 6799: 6726: 6718: 6644: 6521: 6391: 6345: 6295:862354 6293: 6215: 6174: 6149: 6087: 6068:Icarus 6039: 6031: 5969: 5875: 5718: 5669: 5659: 5624: 5490:28 May 5478: 5429:28 May 5396:29 May 5366: 5298: 5290: 5167:Icarus 5143: 5107:Icarus 5090: 5013: 4880: 4861:Icarus 4776:: 11. 4722:epoch. 4536:Lexico 4465: 4434:23.934 4413: 4409: 4405: 4371: 4367: 4253:copper 4132:Noh Ek 4103:Korean 4070:Shukra 4049:Shukra 4021:Virgil 4013:Sappho 4001:Vesper 3958:Hathor 3942:Osiris 3926:Ouaiti 3844:, the 3819:Friday 3807:Inanna 3651:flybys 3515:albedo 3494:Nature 3419: 3380:IKAROS 3319:Vega 2 3313:Vega 1 3169:'s 3108:Venera 2964: 2937:phases 2827:Vesper 2775:Qǐmíng 2764:Tàibái 2669:Tahiti 2574: 2521:phases 2501:Phases 2436: 2369: 2365: 2310:: the 2301: 2281: 2269: 2221:orbits 2107:galena 1971:Normal 1847:contra 1796:dynamo 1749:, and 1747:mantle 1702: 1695: 1690: 1625: 1550:felsic 1502:, and 1464: 1431:, the 1429:Ishtar 1427:after 1405:Venera 1388:terrae 1376:, and 1303:, the 1148:mantle 1101:planet 1057:Trace 1051:Trace 1045:Trace 1035:helium 997:96.5% 868:867 °F 854:464 °C 834:Kelvin 786:0.76 ( 772:Albedo 604:4.8675 579:9.2843 571:Volume 554:4.6023 402: 362: 266:Symbol 19972:Venus 19927:Stars 19889:VeSpR 19805:Vesta 19727:VOICE 19697:HOVER 19692:HAVOC 19130:Venus 18835:Lists 18571:Pluto 18529:Ceres 18507:Venus 18402:Tyche 18397:Theia 18233:Vesta 18228:Ceres 18169:Earth 18164:Venus 18127:Earth 18122:Venus 18102:moons 18065:Solar 18063:Small 18022:Rhean 18005:Rings 17918:Hydra 17903:Pluto 17896:Vanth 17891:Orcus 17847:Ariel 17805:Mimas 17790:Dione 17775:Titan 17698:Moons 17686:Sedna 17656:Pluto 17651:Orcus 17646:Ceres 17588:Earth 17583:Venus 17540:Sedna 17498:Pluto 17491:Orcus 17464:Ceres 17453:Earth 17448:Venus 17248:Other 16725:Orbit 16666:Other 16647:Wanda 16632:Riley 16522:Balch 16140:Regio 16070:Venus 15842:S2CID 15834:JSTOR 15817:Taxon 15634:Venus 15504:–40. 15207:S2CID 15203:74274 15199:JSTOR 15013:Getty 14987:(PDF) 14976:(PDF) 14761:S2CID 14503:S2CID 14477:arXiv 14437:arXiv 14406:S2CID 14380:arXiv 14318:Tweet 14237:S2CID 14211:arXiv 14152:S2CID 14118:arXiv 14045:S2CID 13897:S2CID 13614:S2CID 13569:S2CID 13436:S2CID 13381:(PDF) 13374:(PDF) 13340:: 1. 13220:4 May 13112:S2CID 12998:(PDF) 12987:S2CID 12957:(PDF) 12910:S2CID 12728:S2CID 12683:JSTOR 12518:(PDF) 12507:(PDF) 12483:S2CID 12287:S2CID 12279:JSTOR 12222:S2CID 12152:2 May 11690:S2CID 11649:Solex 11540:S2CID 11514:arXiv 11326:S2CID 11298:arXiv 11267:S2CID 11239:arXiv 11163:S2CID 11137:arXiv 11025:(PDF) 10994:(PDF) 10968:(PDF) 10937:(PDF) 10642:arXiv 10393:S2CID 10352:(PDF) 10341:S2CID 10303:(PDF) 10100:S2CID 10072:arXiv 9953:S2CID 9870:(PDF) 9859:S2CID 9837:(3). 9827:(PDF) 9708:JSTOR 9575:S2CID 9490:S2CID 9462:arXiv 9419:S2CID 9382:S2CID 9354:arXiv 9306:S2CID 9280:arXiv 9208:S2CID 9174:arXiv 9144:S2CID 9106:(PDF) 9045:(PDF) 9022:(PDF) 8976:9 May 8883:5 May 8774:arXiv 8717:arXiv 8506:S2CID 8350:(PDF) 8339:S2CID 8327:(PDF) 8163:(PDF) 8152:S2CID 8116:(PDF) 8091:S2CID 8009:S2CID 7958:S2CID 7932:arXiv 7857:(PDF) 7818:(PDF) 7789:(PDF) 7756:(PDF) 7631:S2CID 7580:2 May 7498:3 May 7492:(PDF) 7481:S2CID 7453:(PDF) 7304:(PDF) 7273:(PDF) 7220:S2CID 6952:S2CID 6797:S2CID 6724:S2CID 6612:(PDF) 6519:S2CID 6439:(PDF) 6420:(PDF) 6343:S2CID 6291:S2CID 6147:S2CID 6106:(PDF) 6063:(PDF) 6037:S2CID 5716:S2CID 5622:S2CID 5386:IMCCE 5364:S2CID 5338:arXiv 5296:S2CID 5262:arXiv 5194:(PDF) 5163:(PDF) 5141:S2CID 5115:arXiv 5011:S2CID 4985:arXiv 4899:(PDF) 4856:(PDF) 4720:J2000 4623: 4589: 4482:well. 4467:km/h. 4389:7.292 4344:Notes 4130:, or 4084:Malay 4066:Bhrgu 4009:Homer 3990:Venus 3946:Horus 3938:Bennu 3936:(see 3934:heron 3864:on a 3823:Frigg 3570:probe 3529:from 3401:WISPR 3220:Alpha 2977:The " 2527:in a 2345:Neith 2296:tidal 2172:comet 2160:ozone 1808:solar 1751:crust 1486:Most 1469:farra 1313:Ceres 1301:Earth 1188:moons 1152:crust 1117:Earth 1097:Venus 1017:argon 1003:3.5% 840:737 K 818:temp. 621:Mean 430:3.394 400:35.02 358:0.615 290:J2000 287:Epoch 116:(see 111:Roman 91: 33:Venus 19843:Vega 19722:VISE 19712:VICI 19702:VAMP 19687:CUVE 19682:AREE 18524:Mars 18512:Moon 18490:list 18473:list 18174:Mars 18132:Mars 17988:Eris 17928:Styx 17780:Rhea 17721:Mars 17709:Moon 17681:Eris 17593:Mars 17533:Eris 17458:Mars 17300:Life 17200:VICI 17190:VISE 17185:VAMP 16828:Past 16778:2012 16773:2004 16768:1882 16763:1874 16758:1769 16753:1761 16748:1639 16637:Ruth 16607:Mead 16532:Buck 15942:and 15929:and 15898:ISBN 15877:2023 15865:VICE 15762:PMID 15744:ISSN 15709:2023 15696:ISBN 15663:ISBN 15638:ISBN 15613:ISBN 15588:ISBN 15570:2022 15540:2010 15506:ISBN 15479:2010 15444:ISBN 15419:ISBN 15394:ISBN 15366:2016 15334:2023 15305:2023 15266:ISBN 15241:ISBN 15191:ISSN 15147:2017 15131:ISSN 15104:2020 15086:ISBN 15062:2023 15049:ISBN 15025:2023 14995:2018 14924:2019 14893:2021 14822:ISBN 14795:2021 14753:ISSN 14708:2023 14677:2020 14646:2020 14615:2021 14603:NASA 14584:2021 14566:ISBN 14537:2023 14357:2020 14345:Syfy 14299:2020 14272:2020 14229:PMID 14187:2020 14144:PMID 14094:2019 14061:2020 13963:2015 13932:2015 13889:ISSN 13835:PMID 13781:2022 13769:NASA 13750:2021 13717:2023 13687:2009 13669:ISBN 13645:2009 13561:PMID 13522:2013 13509:Time 13471:2007 13428:PMID 13389:2017 13315:2007 13222:2020 13169:2019 13073:2009 13006:2012 12965:2004 12933:ISBN 12869:2016 12851:ISBN 12830:2016 12812:ISBN 12785:ISBN 12762:2016 12703:Isis 12652:2015 12634:ISBN 12584:ISBN 12526:2015 12444:2017 12428:ISSN 12353:2009 12322:2016 12271:ISSN 12238:2008 12185:2012 12154:2023 12142:NASA 12124:2017 12093:2017 12062:2023 12032:2017 12001:2024 11975:2021 11945:2006 11911:2016 11861:2016 11843:ISBN 11822:2023 11792:2022 11757:ISSN 11682:ISSN 11643:2009 11609:2019 11575:2022 11489:2023 11458:2023 11446:NASA 11427:2023 11415:NASA 11396:2016 11363:2016 11033:2006 10976:2006 10919:2017 10901:ISBN 10877:2016 10844:2016 10818:2023 10805:ISBN 10780:2021 10753:2021 10737:IERS 10723:2021 10696:2023 10613:2017 10582:2017 10515:2013 10482:2013 10456:2011 10430:2007 10360:2015 10333:PMID 10285:2015 10249:2015 10173:and 10152:ISSN 10041:2007 10010:2015 9992:ISBN 9969:2019 9908:2021 9878:2007 9805:PMID 9762:ISSN 9677:2023 9647:2023 9506:2023 9435:2023 9322:2020 9249:2020 9200:ISSN 9136:ISSN 8978:2023 8947:2019 8931:PMID 8885:2023 8873:NASA 8818:PMID 8800:ISSN 8743:ISSN 8694:2023 8659:ISSN 8610:ISSN 8561:ISSN 8522:2020 8498:PMID 8490:ISSN 8445:2020 8429:ISSN 8384:2021 8358:2009 8303:ISBN 8272:2011 8242:2007 8216:2016 8198:ISBN 8171:2023 8144:ISSN 8083:PMID 8075:ISSN 8001:PMID 7865:2009 7846:ISSN 7797:2018 7738:2006 7720:ISBN 7687:ISBN 7623:ISSN 7582:2021 7551:2016 7500:2021 7426:ISBN 7370:ISBN 7312:2018 7255:2023 7243:Time 7173:2015 7147:2015 7110:2021 7076:2023 7046:PMID 6989:2020 6866:2021 6839:2023 6826:ISBN 6758:2023 6716:ISSN 6677:2023 6642:ISSN 6594:2016 6479:2016 6447:2009 6402:2023 6389:ISBN 6359:2019 6213:ISBN 6190:2017 6172:ISBN 6029:PMID 5985:2016 5967:ISBN 5944:2022 5913:2016 5873:ISBN 5847:2021 5813:2017 5782:2012 5751:2017 5667:OCLC 5657:ISBN 5638:2023 5572:2023 5536:2019 5506:link 5492:2024 5476:ISSN 5431:2024 5398:2023 5312:2021 5288:ISSN 5232:2023 5202:2019 5088:ISSN 5041:2007 4962:2016 4929:2015 4917:NASA 4710:2010 4677:2021 4422:.098 4391:1150 4230:for 4147:The 4140:and 4124:Maya 4122:The 4105:and 4079:and 4039:and 4019:and 4017:Ovid 3998:and 3950:Isis 3908:and 3904:The 3891:and 3832:The 3778:and 3725:Mars 3684:and 3655:Mars 3580:The 3539:NASA 3487:and 3429:and 3316:and 3289:and 3277:and 3267:and 3253:and 3224:Beta 3222:and 3029:and 2985:The 2950:The 2686:and 2678:and 2629:and 2525:Moon 2328:and 2223:are 2067:and 1953:Type 1810:and 1800:core 1743:core 1721:The 1575:and 1569:life 1542:and 1452:lava 1342:bars 1340:(93 1311:and 1309:Mars 1305:Moon 1254:Moon 1144:core 1041:neon 939:−4.4 902:rate 884:rate 825:mean 788:Bond 596:Mass 492:None 404:km/s 19826:3MV 19732:VOX 19567:482 19562:167 19128:to 18263:PHA 17913:Nix 17622:Ice 17605:Gas 17438:Sun 17205:VOX 16433:and 16400:and 16207:and 16026:by 15957:at 15826:doi 15752:PMC 15736:doi 15732:331 15728:BMJ 15692:134 15533:426 15233:doi 15183:doi 15171:276 14947:doi 14854:doi 14814:doi 14743:doi 14731:180 14634:CNN 14558:doi 14495:doi 14447:doi 14433:501 14398:doi 14376:644 14221:doi 14136:doi 14037:doi 14033:215 13995:doi 13983:257 13879:hdl 13871:doi 13859:219 13825:PMC 13817:doi 13606:doi 13553:doi 13541:193 13420:doi 13408:139 13350:doi 13338:127 13253:doi 13206:doi 13194:163 13151:doi 13104:doi 13037:doi 12977:doi 12902:doi 12720:doi 12675:doi 12475:doi 12463:276 12374:110 12263:doi 12214:doi 11880:121 11749:doi 11714:doi 11674:doi 11597:BBC 11532:doi 11510:107 11316:doi 11294:432 11257:doi 11235:427 11204:doi 11192:351 11155:doi 11133:202 11105:doi 11093:230 11064:doi 11014:doi 11002:163 10957:doi 10945:163 10660:doi 10547:doi 10383:doi 10325:doi 10313:450 10233:doi 10177:". 10142:doi 10090:doi 10068:158 9945:doi 9851:doi 9797:doi 9785:328 9752:doi 9700:doi 9696:109 9612:doi 9567:doi 9555:292 9480:doi 9458:644 9411:doi 9372:doi 9350:908 9298:doi 9192:doi 9170:633 9126:doi 9114:373 9081:doi 8923:doi 8808:PMC 8792:doi 8735:doi 8713:125 8651:doi 8639:260 8600:doi 8588:103 8553:doi 8482:doi 8470:358 8421:doi 8409:105 8299:463 8136:doi 8067:doi 8055:216 7993:doi 7981:450 7950:doi 7928:474 7905:doi 7838:doi 7778:doi 7766:208 7615:doi 7535:doi 7523:218 7473:doi 7461:122 7343:doi 7331:112 7293:doi 7281:203 7210:doi 7036:PMC 7026:doi 6944:doi 6907:doi 6895:104 6789:doi 6777:128 6708:doi 6696:212 6632:doi 6559:doi 6511:doi 6335:doi 6283:doi 6139:doi 6095:doi 6073:150 6021:doi 6009:223 5708:doi 5696:113 5614:doi 5468:doi 5356:doi 5280:doi 5258:633 5183:doi 5171:272 5133:doi 5111:282 5080:doi 5068:130 5003:doi 4888:doi 4866:139 4832:doi 4786:doi 4774:543 4743:282 4479:all 4436:472 4427:691 4424:903 4420:164 4381:137 4378:378 3986:Eos 3932:or 3883:Kur 3868:of 3862:Sin 3666:TMK 3562:MIT 2917:'s 2911:Sun 2794:). 2656:). 2648:in 2497:". 2487:Sun 2415:in 2334:133 2164:ESA 2109:). 2073:lux 2021:of 1525:on 1105:Sun 983:atm 981:92 977:MPa 973:bar 933:(H) 906:2.2 888:2.1 828:max 822:min 446:'s 444:Sun 436:to 360:198 245:ɪər 19963:: 19557:96 19465:14 19460:13 19455:12 19450:11 19445:10 19335:14 19330:13 19325:12 19315:10 19265:16 19260:15 19255:10 18024:?) 17753:Io 15867:. 15863:. 15840:. 15832:. 15822:11 15820:. 15804:^ 15788:. 15774:^ 15760:. 15750:. 15742:. 15730:. 15726:. 15560:. 15556:. 15502:39 15388:. 15356:. 15352:. 15291:. 15280:^ 15239:. 15219:^ 15205:. 15197:. 15189:. 15181:. 15169:. 15155:^ 15137:. 15125:. 15121:. 15094:. 15070:^ 15033:^ 15015:. 15011:. 14978:. 14941:. 14914:. 14910:. 14883:. 14879:. 14848:. 14836:^ 14820:. 14781:. 14759:. 14751:. 14741:. 14729:. 14725:. 14698:. 14694:. 14667:. 14663:. 14636:. 14632:. 14605:. 14601:. 14574:. 14564:. 14523:. 14501:. 14493:. 14485:. 14471:. 14445:. 14431:. 14427:. 14404:. 14396:. 14388:. 14374:. 14347:. 14343:. 14339:. 14262:. 14258:. 14235:. 14227:. 14219:. 14207:21 14205:. 14177:. 14173:. 14150:. 14142:. 14134:. 14126:. 14114:21 14112:. 14084:. 14078:. 14051:. 14043:. 14031:. 14025:. 14015:; 13993:. 13981:. 13953:. 13949:. 13922:. 13918:. 13895:. 13887:. 13877:. 13869:. 13857:. 13833:. 13823:. 13815:. 13805:49 13803:. 13799:. 13771:. 13767:. 13740:. 13734:. 13703:. 13677:. 13612:. 13604:. 13594:20 13592:. 13567:. 13559:. 13551:. 13539:. 13506:. 13461:. 13457:. 13434:. 13426:. 13418:. 13406:. 13348:. 13336:. 13332:. 13305:. 13301:. 13276:42 13274:. 13251:. 13241:68 13239:. 13212:. 13204:. 13192:. 13186:. 13159:. 13149:. 13137:. 13133:. 13110:. 13102:. 13090:. 13063:. 13059:. 13035:. 13023:. 12993:. 12985:. 12975:. 12963:. 12959:. 12908:. 12900:. 12890:21 12888:. 12859:. 12820:. 12752:. 12748:. 12726:. 12718:. 12708:63 12706:. 12681:. 12671:55 12642:. 12628:. 12582:. 12552:. 12481:. 12473:. 12461:. 12434:. 12422:. 12418:. 12390:^ 12372:. 12339:. 12308:. 12285:. 12277:. 12269:. 12259:24 12257:. 12228:. 12220:. 12210:61 12208:. 12204:. 12175:. 12171:. 12140:. 12114:. 12110:. 12083:. 12079:. 12052:. 12048:. 12022:. 12018:. 11992:. 11961:. 11931:. 11919:^ 11897:. 11878:. 11851:. 11808:. 11782:. 11778:. 11755:. 11747:. 11737:37 11735:. 11688:. 11680:. 11672:. 11611:. 11599:. 11595:. 11583:^ 11565:. 11561:. 11538:. 11530:. 11522:. 11508:. 11479:. 11475:. 11448:. 11444:. 11417:. 11413:. 11386:. 11380:. 11353:. 11347:. 11324:. 11314:. 11306:. 11292:. 11288:. 11265:. 11255:. 11247:. 11233:. 11227:. 11202:. 11190:. 11184:. 11161:. 11153:. 11145:. 11131:. 11119:^ 11103:. 11091:. 11085:. 11062:. 11052:11 11050:. 11020:. 11012:. 11000:. 10996:. 10963:. 10955:. 10943:. 10939:. 10909:. 10863:. 10852:^ 10797:. 10682:. 10658:. 10650:. 10636:. 10630:. 10603:. 10599:. 10572:. 10568:. 10545:. 10535:10 10533:. 10505:. 10499:. 10420:. 10414:. 10391:. 10377:. 10339:. 10331:. 10323:. 10311:. 10305:. 10269:. 10239:. 10231:. 10221:10 10219:. 10213:. 10199:^ 10183:18 10181:. 10175:10 10150:. 10140:. 10128:. 10124:. 10112:^ 10098:. 10088:. 10080:. 10066:. 10062:. 10049:^ 10031:. 10027:. 10000:. 9959:. 9951:. 9943:. 9933:66 9931:. 9925:. 9894:. 9865:. 9857:. 9849:. 9835:28 9833:. 9829:. 9803:. 9795:. 9783:. 9760:. 9750:. 9740:47 9738:. 9732:. 9714:. 9706:. 9694:. 9663:. 9637:. 9633:. 9610:. 9600:54 9598:. 9573:. 9565:. 9553:. 9541:^ 9525:17 9523:. 9496:. 9488:. 9478:. 9470:. 9456:. 9452:. 9425:. 9417:. 9409:. 9405:. 9380:. 9370:. 9362:. 9348:. 9344:. 9312:. 9304:. 9296:. 9288:. 9274:. 9270:. 9257:^ 9235:. 9220:^ 9206:. 9198:. 9190:. 9182:. 9168:. 9156:^ 9142:. 9134:. 9124:. 9112:. 9108:. 9093:^ 9079:. 9069:47 9067:. 9030:56 9028:. 9024:. 8995:. 8968:. 8964:. 8937:. 8929:. 8921:. 8911:74 8909:. 8905:. 8875:. 8871:. 8846:39 8844:. 8816:. 8806:. 8798:. 8790:. 8782:. 8770:43 8768:. 8764:. 8741:. 8733:. 8725:. 8711:. 8684:. 8680:. 8657:. 8649:. 8637:. 8633:. 8608:. 8598:. 8586:. 8582:. 8559:. 8551:. 8541:92 8539:. 8512:. 8504:. 8496:. 8488:. 8480:. 8468:. 8464:. 8435:. 8427:. 8419:. 8407:. 8403:. 8374:. 8335:26 8333:. 8329:. 8301:. 8258:. 8206:. 8158:. 8150:. 8142:. 8134:. 8124:10 8122:. 8118:. 8103:^ 8089:. 8081:. 8073:. 8065:. 8053:. 8007:. 7999:. 7991:. 7979:. 7956:. 7948:. 7940:. 7926:. 7903:. 7893:23 7891:. 7852:. 7844:. 7836:. 7826:30 7824:. 7820:. 7805:^ 7784:. 7776:. 7764:. 7758:. 7728:. 7685:. 7681:. 7654:. 7629:. 7621:. 7613:. 7603:30 7601:. 7572:. 7568:. 7541:. 7533:. 7521:. 7517:. 7487:. 7479:. 7471:. 7459:. 7455:. 7440:^ 7368:. 7341:. 7329:. 7299:. 7291:. 7279:. 7275:. 7245:. 7241:. 7218:. 7208:. 7198:42 7196:. 7190:. 7137:. 7133:. 7118:^ 7100:. 7096:. 7092:. 7044:. 7034:. 7024:. 7012:. 7006:. 6979:. 6973:. 6950:. 6942:. 6930:. 6905:. 6893:. 6887:. 6803:. 6795:. 6787:. 6775:. 6748:. 6744:. 6722:. 6714:. 6706:. 6694:. 6667:. 6663:. 6640:. 6630:. 6620:35 6618:. 6614:. 6557:. 6547:98 6545:. 6541:. 6517:. 6509:. 6499:63 6497:. 6455:^ 6434:. 6422:. 6367:^ 6349:. 6341:. 6333:. 6323:99 6321:. 6315:. 6303:^ 6289:. 6281:. 6271:26 6269:. 6251:^ 6180:. 6145:. 6137:. 6127:66 6125:. 6093:. 6083:. 6071:. 6065:. 6035:. 6027:. 6019:. 6007:. 5975:. 5930:. 5903:. 5899:. 5867:. 5837:. 5833:. 5821:^ 5803:. 5799:. 5768:. 5741:. 5737:. 5714:. 5706:. 5694:. 5679:^ 5665:. 5628:. 5620:. 5612:. 5600:. 5594:. 5580:^ 5562:. 5556:. 5544:^ 5526:. 5522:. 5502:}} 5498:{{ 5482:. 5474:. 5466:. 5454:. 5448:. 5421:. 5415:. 5388:. 5384:. 5362:. 5354:. 5346:. 5334:25 5332:. 5320:^ 5302:. 5294:. 5286:. 5278:. 5270:. 5256:. 5252:. 5240:^ 5218:. 5189:. 5181:. 5169:. 5165:. 5139:. 5131:. 5123:. 5109:. 5086:. 5078:. 5066:. 5062:. 5049:^ 5009:. 5001:. 4993:. 4979:. 4952:. 4948:. 4937:^ 4915:. 4886:. 4876:. 4864:. 4858:. 4830:. 4820:98 4818:. 4812:. 4800:^ 4784:. 4772:. 4768:. 4741:. 4727:^ 4700:. 4694:. 4635:^ 4611:. 4577:. 4555:. 4540:. 4533:. 4418:86 4274:. 4244:. 4181:. 4119:. 4112:金星 4101:, 4097:, 4086:. 4035:, 4031:, 4027:, 4015:, 4011:, 4004:. 3774:, 3433:. 3292:16 3280:14 3256:10 3154:CO 2838:, 2791:長庚 2780:啟明 2769:太白 2690:. 2663:. 2637:. 2625:, 2621:, 2604:A 2489:. 2391:. 2324:32 2217:mi 2213:km 2209:AU 2143:. 2117:. 2063:, 2046:CO 1915:CO 1814:. 1802:. 1745:, 1579:. 1529:. 1514:. 1498:, 1372:, 1368:, 1307:, 1162:. 682:) 432:58 364:yr 303:AU 213:iː 167:,- 152:uː 149:nj 76:iː 19915:: 19501:2 19475:2 19440:9 19435:8 19409:6 19404:5 19399:4 19345:2 19118:e 19111:t 19104:v 19083:→ 19074:→ 19067:→ 19060:→ 19053:→ 19047:→ 19041:→ 19035:→ 19028:→ 19021:→ 19014:→ 19007:→ 19000:→ 18993:→ 18429:) 18425:( 17562:, 17377:e 17370:t 17363:v 16062:e 16055:t 16048:v 15906:. 15879:. 15848:. 15828:: 15768:. 15738:: 15711:. 15671:. 15646:. 15621:. 15596:. 15572:. 15542:. 15514:. 15481:. 15452:. 15427:. 15402:. 15368:. 15338:. 15336:. 15307:. 15274:. 15249:. 15235:: 15213:. 15185:: 15177:: 15149:. 15127:5 15106:. 15064:. 15027:. 14997:. 14953:. 14949:: 14943:9 14926:. 14895:. 14856:: 14830:. 14816:: 14797:. 14767:. 14745:: 14737:: 14710:. 14679:. 14648:. 14617:. 14586:. 14560:: 14539:. 14509:. 14497:: 14489:: 14479:: 14473:5 14455:. 14449:: 14439:: 14412:. 14400:: 14392:: 14382:: 14359:. 14324:. 14316:( 14301:. 14274:. 14243:. 14223:: 14213:: 14189:. 14158:. 14138:: 14130:: 14120:: 14096:. 14063:. 14039:: 14001:. 13997:: 13989:: 13965:. 13934:. 13903:. 13881:: 13873:: 13865:: 13841:. 13819:: 13811:: 13783:. 13752:. 13719:. 13689:. 13647:. 13620:. 13608:: 13600:: 13575:. 13555:: 13547:: 13524:. 13473:. 13442:. 13422:: 13414:: 13391:. 13358:. 13352:: 13344:: 13317:. 13286:. 13282:: 13259:. 13255:: 13247:: 13224:. 13208:: 13200:: 13171:. 13153:: 13145:: 13139:2 13118:. 13106:: 13098:: 13092:9 13075:. 13045:. 13039:: 13031:: 13008:. 12979:: 12971:: 12941:. 12916:. 12904:: 12896:: 12871:. 12832:. 12793:. 12764:. 12734:. 12722:: 12714:: 12689:. 12677:: 12654:. 12592:. 12578:: 12554:4 12528:. 12489:. 12477:: 12469:: 12446:. 12424:5 12384:. 12380:: 12355:. 12324:. 12293:. 12265:: 12240:. 12216:: 12187:. 12156:. 12126:. 12095:. 12064:. 12034:. 12003:. 11977:. 11947:. 11913:. 11863:. 11824:. 11794:. 11763:. 11751:: 11743:: 11720:. 11716:: 11696:. 11676:: 11668:: 11645:. 11577:. 11546:. 11534:: 11526:: 11516:: 11491:. 11460:. 11429:. 11398:. 11365:. 11332:. 11318:: 11310:: 11300:: 11273:. 11259:: 11251:: 11241:: 11212:. 11206:: 11198:: 11169:. 11157:: 11149:: 11139:: 11113:. 11107:: 11099:: 11070:. 11066:: 11058:: 11035:. 11016:: 11008:: 10978:. 10959:: 10951:: 10921:. 10879:. 10846:. 10820:. 10782:. 10755:. 10725:. 10698:. 10668:. 10662:: 10654:: 10644:: 10638:1 10615:. 10584:. 10553:. 10549:: 10541:: 10517:. 10484:. 10458:. 10432:. 10399:. 10385:: 10362:. 10327:: 10319:: 10287:. 10263:" 10251:. 10235:: 10227:: 10193:. 10189:: 10158:. 10144:: 10136:: 10130:5 10106:. 10092:: 10084:: 10074:: 10043:. 10012:. 9971:. 9947:: 9939:: 9910:. 9880:. 9853:: 9845:: 9811:. 9799:: 9791:: 9768:. 9754:: 9746:: 9702:: 9679:. 9649:. 9618:. 9614:: 9606:: 9581:. 9569:: 9561:: 9535:. 9531:: 9508:. 9482:: 9474:: 9464:: 9437:. 9413:: 9388:. 9374:: 9366:: 9356:: 9340:3 9324:. 9300:: 9292:: 9282:: 9276:5 9251:. 9214:. 9194:: 9186:: 9176:: 9150:. 9128:: 9120:: 9087:. 9083:: 9075:: 9036:: 8980:. 8949:. 8925:: 8917:: 8887:. 8856:. 8852:: 8824:. 8794:: 8786:: 8776:: 8749:. 8737:: 8729:: 8719:: 8696:. 8665:. 8653:: 8645:: 8616:. 8602:: 8594:: 8567:. 8555:: 8547:: 8524:. 8484:: 8476:: 8447:. 8423:: 8415:: 8386:. 8360:. 8311:. 8274:. 8244:. 8218:. 8173:. 8138:: 8130:: 8097:. 8069:: 8061:: 8034:: 8015:. 7995:: 7987:: 7964:. 7952:: 7944:: 7934:: 7911:. 7907:: 7899:: 7883:2 7880:k 7867:. 7840:: 7832:: 7799:. 7780:: 7772:: 7740:. 7695:. 7666:. 7662:: 7656:7 7637:. 7617:: 7609:: 7584:. 7553:. 7537:: 7529:: 7502:. 7475:: 7467:: 7434:. 7405:. 7401:: 7378:. 7349:. 7345:: 7337:: 7314:. 7295:: 7287:: 7257:. 7226:. 7212:: 7204:: 7175:. 7149:. 7112:. 7078:. 7052:. 7028:: 7020:: 7014:6 6991:. 6958:. 6946:: 6938:: 6932:6 6915:. 6909:: 6901:: 6883:2 6868:. 6841:. 6791:: 6783:: 6760:. 6730:. 6710:: 6702:: 6679:. 6648:. 6634:: 6626:: 6596:. 6567:. 6561:: 6553:: 6525:. 6513:: 6505:: 6481:. 6449:. 6430:: 6404:. 6361:. 6337:: 6329:: 6297:. 6285:: 6277:: 6221:. 6192:. 6153:. 6141:: 6133:: 6097:: 6079:: 6043:. 6023:: 6015:: 5987:. 5946:. 5915:. 5881:. 5849:. 5815:. 5784:. 5753:. 5722:. 5710:: 5702:: 5673:. 5640:. 5616:: 5608:: 5602:7 5574:. 5538:. 5508:) 5494:. 5470:: 5462:: 5456:8 5433:. 5400:. 5370:. 5358:: 5350:: 5340:: 5314:. 5282:: 5274:: 5264:: 5234:. 5204:. 5185:: 5177:: 5147:. 5135:: 5127:: 5117:: 5094:. 5082:: 5074:: 5043:. 5017:. 5005:: 4997:: 4987:: 4981:5 4964:. 4931:. 4890:: 4872:: 4840:. 4834:: 4826:: 4788:: 4780:: 4753:. 4749:: 4712:. 4679:. 4621:. 4587:. 4461:= 4453:/ 4439:h 4395:× 4384:m 4376:6 4145:. 3766:. 3159:2 2048:2 1917:2 1910:8 1906:5 1467:" 1394:. 1315:) 979:) 908:× 890:× 807:) 790:) 783:) 678:( 651:) 648:0 645:g 606:× 581:× 556:× 538:0 516:± 434:° 257:/ 254:n 251:ə 248:i 242:n 239:ˈ 236:ɪ 233:v 230:/ 222:/ 219:n 216:ə 210:r 207:ˈ 204:ə 201:θ 198:ɪ 195:s 192:/ 183:, 179:/ 176:n 173:ə 170:ʒ 164:n 161:ə 158:i 155:z 146:ˈ 143:ɪ 140:v 137:/ 120:) 88:/ 85:s 82:ə 79:n 73:v 70:ˈ 67:/ 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index