2007:. The flight lasted only a few moments; as soon as it cleared the tower, there was a flash of light, and debris could be seen falling from the bottom of the first stage. All engines instantly shut down except engine #18. This caused the N-1 to lean over at a 45-degree angle and drop back onto the pad. The nearly 2300 tons of propellant on board triggered a massive blast and shock wave that shattered windows across the launch complex and sent debris flying as far as 10 kilometers (6 miles) from the center of the explosion. Launch crews were permitted outside half an hour after the accident and encountered droplets of unburnt fuel still raining down from the sky. The majority of the N-1's propellant load had not been consumed in the accident, and most of what had burned had been in the first stage of the rocket. However, the worst-case scenario, mixing of the fuel and LOX to form an explosive gel, had not occurred. The subsequent investigation revealed that up to 85% of the propellant on board the rocket had not detonated, reducing the force of the blast. The launch escape system had activated at the moment of engine shutdown (T+15 seconds) and pulled the L1S-2 capsule to safety 2.0 kilometers (1.2 miles) away. Impact with the pad occurred at T+23 seconds. Launch Complex 110 East was thoroughly leveled by the blast, with the concrete pad caved in and one of the lighting towers knocked over and twisted around itself. Despite the devastation, most of the telemetry tapes were found intact in the debris field and examined.
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the NK-15 engines were entirely blameless and Mishin, who had defended the use of
Kuznetsov's engines two years earlier, could not publicly come out and challenge him. Kuznetsov succeeded in getting the postflight investigative committee to rule the cause of the engine failure as "ingestion of foreign debris". After this flight, fuel filters were installed in later models. Vladimir Barmin, chief director of launch facilities at Baikonur, also argued that the KORD should be locked for the first 15–20 seconds of flight to prevent a shutdown command from being issued until the booster had cleared the pad area. The destroyed complex was photographed by American satellites, disclosing to the Western World that the Soviet Union had been constructing a Moon rocket. It took 18 months to rebuild the launch pad and delayed launches. The explosion had been visible that evening 35 kilometres (22 miles) away at
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seconds. The launch escape system activated and pulled the Soyuz 7K-LOK to safety. The upper stages were ejected from the stack and crashed into the steppe. An investigation revealed that the abrupt shutdown of the engines led to fluctuations in the fluid columns of the feeder pipes, which ruptured and spilled fuel and oxidizer onto the shut down, but still hot, engines. A failure of the #4 engine turbopump was also suspected. It was believed that the launch could have been salvaged had ground controllers sent a manual command to jettison the first stage and begin second stage burn early as the stage failed only 15 seconds before it was due to separate at T+125 seconds and it had reached the nominal burn time of 110 seconds according to the cyclogram.
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been caused by pyrotechnic devices opening a valve, which produced a high-frequency oscillation that went into adjacent wiring and was assumed by the KORD to be an overspeed condition in the engine's turbopump. The wiring in Engine #12 was believed to be particularly vulnerable to this effect due to its length; however, other engines had similar wiring and were unaffected. Also, the system's operating voltage increased to 25 V instead of the nominal 15 V. The control wiring was relocated and coated with asbestos for fireproofing and the operating frequency changed. The
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817:, or many warheads (up to 17) as further justification for the N1 design. Korolev was not inclined to use the rocket for military uses, but wanted to fulfill his space ambitions and saw military support as vital. The military response was lukewarm – they thought the N1 had little military usefulness and was worried it would divert funds away from pure military programs. Korolev's correspondence with military leaders continued until February 1962 with little progress.
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components in the thrust section leading to the engines gradually being shut down between T+10 and T+12 seconds. The KORD had shut off engines #7, #19, #20, and #21 after detecting abnormal pressure and pump speeds. Telemetry did not provide any explanation as to what shut off the other engines. Engine #18, which had caused the booster to lean over 45 degrees, continued operating until impact, something engineers were never able to satisfactorily explain.
958:, a fairly small engine that would be delivered in several versions tuned to different altitudes. To achieve the required amount of thrust, it was proposed that 30 NK-15s would be used in a clustered configuration. An outer ring of 24 engines and an inner ring of six engines would be separated by an air gap, with airflow supplied via inlets near the top of the booster. The air would be mixed with the exhaust in order to provide some degree of
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1029:, who did not have Korolev's political astuteness or influence, and was reputed to be a heavy drinker. After a few years of setbacks and four failed launches, in May 1974 Mishin was fired and replaced by Glushko, who immediately ordered the cancellation of the N1 programme and the crewed lunar mission in general, despite Mishin's assertion that the rocket will be fully operational in under two years.
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KORD responded by issuing a general command to shut down the entire first stage at T+68 seconds into launch. This signal was also transmitted up to the second and third stages, "locking" them and preventing a manual ground command from being sent to start their engines. Telemetry also showed that the power generators in the N-1 continued functioning until the impact with the ground at T+183 seconds.
1238:, was powered by 30 NK-15 engines arranged in two rings, the main ring of 24 at the outer edge of the booster and the core propulsion system consisting of the inner 6 engines at about half diameter. The control system was primarily based on differential throttling of the engines of the outer ring for pitch and yaw. The core propulsion system was not used for control. The Block A also included four
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upper stages impacted about 7 kilometers (4 miles) from the launch complex. Despite the engine shutoff, the first and second stages still had enough momentum to travel for some distance before falling to earth about 15 kilometers (9 miles) from the launch complex and blasting a 15-meter-deep (50-foot) crater in the steppe. This N1 had dummy upper stages without the rescue system.
583:. However, each of the four attempts to launch an N1 failed in flight, with the second attempt resulting in the vehicle crashing back onto its launch pad shortly after liftoff. Adverse characteristics of the large cluster of thirty engines and its complex fuel and oxidizer feeder systems were not revealed earlier in development because static test firings had not been conducted.
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and the recovery of the generators from the crash site. They had survived in good condition and were shipped back to the Istra plant, where they were refurbished and worked without any problems under bench testing. The investigative team did not speculate as to whether the burning first stage could have continued flying if the KORD system had not shut it down.
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required to assemble the complex before any of the components ran out of consumables on-orbit. Korolev subsequently proposed that the N1 be enlarged to allow a single-launch lunar mission. In
November–December 1961, Korolev and others tried to further argue that a super heavy lift rocket could deliver ultra heavy nuclear weapons, such as the just tested
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performance at sea level. Further ideas wanted to forgo the NK-15Fs altogether and replace them with a radical annular combustion chamber. This chamber would surround the aerospike in its entirety. However, both ideas were thrown out as the calculated performance gains didn't outweigh the additional mass and complexities of the different engines.
757:. That knowledge influenced several key US decisions in the coming months. The satellite imagery appeared to show the USSR was close to a flight test of the N1, but did not reveal that this particular rocket was just a mockup and that the USSR was many months behind the US in the race to land a human on the Moon (though, at the very least, the
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NK-33/AJ-26. Given
Aerojet's previous problems with the NK-33/AJ-26 engine during the modification and test program (two engine failures in static test firings, one of which caused major damage to the test stand) and the later in-flight failure, Orbital decided that the NK-33/AJ-26 was not reliable enough for future use.
1447:. The N1 also wasted available propellant volume by using spherical propellant tanks under a roughly conical external skin, while the Saturn V used most of its available cylindrical skin volume to house capsule-shaped hydrogen and oxygen tanks, with common bulkheads between the tanks in the second and third stages.
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blades had rubbed against the metal casing, creating a friction spark that had ignited the LOX. The #8 engine had operated erratically prior to shutdown and a pressure sensor detected "incredible force" in the pump. Vasily Mishin believed that a pump rotor had disintegrated, but
Kuznetsov argued that
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It was found that the LOX turbopump in the #8 engine had exploded just before liftoff. (The pump was recovered from the debris and found to have signs of fire and melting). The resultant shock wave severed surrounding propellant lines and started a fire from leaking fuel. The fire had damaged various
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The KORD was found to have a number of serious design flaws and poorly programmed logic. One unforeseen flaw was that its operating frequency, 1000 Hz, happened to perfectly coincide with vibration generated by the propulsion system, and the shutdown of Engine #12 at liftoff was believed to have
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to spill into the aft section of the booster. When it came into contact with the leaking gas, a fire started. The fire then burned through wiring in the power supply, causing electrical arcing that was picked up by sensors and interpreted by the KORD as a pressurization problem in the turbopumps. The
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The NK-15 engines had a number of valves that were activated by pyrotechnics rather than hydraulic or mechanical means, this being a weight-saving measure. Once shut, the valves could not be re-opened. This meant that the engines for Block A were only test-fired individually and the entire cluster of
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was the first Soviet digital guidance and control system, and unlike the KORD, which was essentially just an analogue engine control system, the S-530 supervised all control tasks in the launch vehicle and spacecraft, of which the N1 carried two, one located in the Block V third stage that controlled
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launch vehicle. Antares used two of these modified AJ-26 engines for first stage propulsion. The first four launches of the
Antares were successful, but on the fifth launch the rocket exploded shortly after launch. Preliminary failure analysis by Orbital pointed to a possible turbopump failure in one
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The two flight-ready N1Fs were scrapped and their remains could still be found around
Baikonur years later used as shelters and storage sheds. The boosters were deliberately broken up in an effort to cover up the USSR's failed Moon attempts, which was publicly stated to be a paper project in order to
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in the 1930s and
Glushko considering Korolev to be cavalier and autocratic towards things outside his competence. The difference of opinions led to a falling out between Korolev and Glushko. In 1962, a committee was appointed to resolve the dispute and agreed with Korolev. Glushko refused outright to
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Because the first stage was so big, the decision was made to forego building a separate test facility for it, and instead to try to discover any problems with a series of full-up launches. In hindsight, this would prove to be a mistake, because each of the four launch attempts of the N-1 resulted in
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Because of its technical difficulties and lack of funding for a comprehensive test campaign, the N1 never completed a test flight. Twelve test flights were planned, with only four flown. All four uncrewed launches ended in failure before first-stage separation. The longest flight lasted 107 seconds,
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The
Strategic Missile Forces of the Soviet military were reluctant to support a politically motivated project with little military utility, but both Korolev and Chelomei pushed for a lunar mission. Between 1961 and 1964, Chelomei's less aggressive proposal was accepted, and development of his UR-500
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Investigators discovered the remains of the rocket 52 kilometers (32 miles) from the launch pad. Vasily Mishin had initially blamed the generators for the failure, as he could not think of any other reason why all 30 engines would shut down at once, but this was quickly disproven by telemetry data
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stated that only two out of every batch of six engines were tested, and not the units actually intended for use in the booster. As a result, the complex and destructive vibrational modes (which ripped apart propellant lines and turbines), as well as exhaust plume and fluid dynamic problems (causing
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and counter-currents at the base of Block A (the first stage), the N-1 experienced an uncontrolled roll beyond the capability of the control system to compensate. The KORD computer sensed an abnormal situation and sent a shutdown command to the first stage, but as noted above, the guidance program
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diametrically opposing engines in the outer ring would generate, thus maintaining symmetrical thrust. Block A could perform nominally with two pairs of opposing engines shut down (26/30 engines). Unfortunately the KORD system was unable to react to rapidly occurring processes such as the exploding
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The second N-1 vehicle was launched on 3 July 1969 and carried a modified L1 Zond spacecraft and live escape tower. Boris
Chertok claimed that a mass model lunar module was also carried; however, most sources indicate that only the L1S-2 and boost stages were on board N-1 5L. Launch took place at
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and at T+48 seconds, the vehicle disintegrated from structural loads. The interstage truss between the second and third stages twisted apart and the latter separated from the stack and at T+50 seconds, the cutoff command to the first stage was unblocked and the engines immediately shut down. The
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17 meters (56 feet) wide at the base, while the L3 section was mostly cylindrical, carried inside a shroud an estimated 3.5 meters (11 feet) wide. The conical shaping of the lower stages was due to the arrangement of the tanks within, a smaller spherical kerosene tank on top of the larger liquid
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had successfully flown crew with similar hypergolic propellants. Korolev felt that the toxic nature of the fuels and their exhaust presented a safety risk for crewed space flight, and that kerosene/LOX was a better solution. The disagreement between
Korolev and Glushko over the question of fuels
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when the six engines were shut down abruptly, lines for feeding fuel and oxidizer to the core propulsion system burst and a fire started in the boattail of the booster; in addition, the #4 engine exploded. The first stage broke up starting at T+107 seconds and all telemetry data ceased at T+110
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The next, last vehicle would have a much more powerful stabilization system with dedicated engines (in the previous versions stabilization was done by directing exhaust from the main engines). The engine control system would also be reworked, increasing the number of sensors from 700 to 13,000.
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rocket launches would be used to build up a complete Moon mission package, including one for the Soyuz spacecraft, another for the lunar lander, and a few with cislunar engines and fuel. This approach, driven by the limited capacity of the Soyuz rocket, meant that a rapid launch rate would be
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for "Z" and the numeral "3". Sometimes both forms are used within the same Russian website (or even the same article). English sources refer only to N1-L3. The correct designation is L3, representing one of the five branches of Soviet lunar exploration. Stage 1 (Л1) was planned as a crewed
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While trying to find ways for more performance, research was conducted on the feasibility of using an aerospike engine in the first stage. To achieve this, they would lower the initial 30 NK15-F engines to 24 engines around the rim, leaving the center free. Their goal was to achieve better
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worked on incorporating these engines into a new rocket design with the intention of offering commercial launch services, but the company eventually went into bankruptcy before seeing a single launch. Aerojet also modified the NK-33 to incorporate thrust vector control capability for
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know that the rocket was a mockup per the daily presidential briefing of 27 December 1967). The Soviets were hopeful that they could carry out a test flight of the N1 in the first half of 1968, but for a variety of technical reasons the attempt did not occur for more than a year.
1424:, with the fourth stage included in the L3 complex intended to place 23.5 t (52,000 lb) into translunar orbit. In comparison, the Saturn V placed the roughly 45 t (100,000 lb) Apollo spacecraft plus about 74.4 t (164,100 lb) of fuel remaining in the
1413:(111 meters, 363 ft). The N-1 had a smaller overall diameter but a greater maximum diameter (17 m/56 ft vs. 10 m/33 ft). The N1 produced more thrust in each of its first three stages than the corresponding stages of the Saturn V. The N1-L3 produced more
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proposed an alternate mission with much lower risk. Instead of a crewed landing, Chelomei proposed a series of circumlunar missions to beat the US to the vicinity of the Moon. He also proposed a new booster for the mission, clustering four of his existing UR-200s (known as the
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In Russia, N1 engines were not used again until 2004, when the remaining 70 or so engines were incorporated into a new rocket design, the Soyuz 3. As of 2005, the project was frozen due to the lack of funding. Instead, the NK-33 was incorporated into the first stage of a
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In total, the Block A produced 45,400 kN (10,200,000 lbf) of thrust, the most powerful rocket stage flown to date. This exceeded the 33,700 kN (7,600,000 lbf) thrust of the Saturn V, and the record would stand for over half a century, until the
1307:, was powered by 8 NK-15V engines arranged in a single ring. The only major difference between the NK-15 and -15V was the engine bell and various tunings for air-start and high-altitude performance. The N1F Block B replaced the NK-15 engines with upgraded
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When Khrushchev was overthrown later in 1964, infighting between the two teams started anew. In October 1965, the Soviet government ordered a compromise; the circumlunar mission would be launched on Chelomei's UR-500 using Korolev's Soyuz spacecraft
730:. This Facilities Systems Logistic Test and Training Vehicle, designated 1M1, was designed to give engineers valuable experience in the rollout, launch pad integration, and rollback activities, similar to the Saturn V Facilities Integration Vehicle
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had since been modified to prevent this from happening until 50 seconds into launch. The roll, which had initially been 6° per second, began rapidly accelerating. At T+39 seconds, the booster was rolling at nearly 40° per second, causing the
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The start and lift-off went well. At T+90 seconds, a programmed shutdown of the core propulsion system (the six center engines) was performed to reduce structural stress on the booster. Because of excessive dynamic loads caused by a
2141:); stage 3 (Л3) was to have been a crewed lunar landing; stage 4 (Л4) was conceptualized as a crewed spacecraft in lunar orbit; and stage 5 (Л5) was conceptualized as a heavy crewed lunar rover to support a crew of 3–5 people.
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could not be reached by heavy barge. To allow transport by rail, all of the stages had to be shipped in pieces and assembled at the launch site. This led to difficulties in testing that contributed to the N1's lack of success.
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eventually solved the F-1 instability problems by adding copper dividers as baffles, but the RD-270 still had unsolved instability problems when the N1 program was cancelled in 1974, long after the F-1 problems were solved.
746:. On December 11, after completion of various tests, the N1 rocket was lowered and rolled back to the assembly building. The 1M1 mockup was used repeatedly in the following years for additional launchpad integration tests.
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set the first test launch of the N1 rocket for 1965. In June, Korolev was given a small amount of funding to start N1 development between 1961 and 1963. At the same time, Korolev proposed a lunar mission based on the new
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spacecraft already under development, and a lander developed by his design bureau. Korolev's proposal was selected as the winner in August 1964, but Chelomei was told to continue with his circumlunar UR-500/LK-1 work.
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During the N1's lifetime, a series of improved engines was introduced to replace those used in the original design. The resulting modified N1 was known as the N1F, but did not fly before the project's cancellation.
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This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
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The N1 stood 105 meters (344 ft) tall with its L3 payload. The N1-L3 consisted of five stages in total: the first three (N1) for insertion into a low Earth parking orbit, and another two (L3) for
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in mid-1966. While the crawler transported the Saturn V to the pad vertically, the N1 made the trip horizontally and was then raised to the vertical position at the pad – a standard practice in the
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The Saturn V also never lost a payload in two development and eleven operational launches, while four N1 development launch attempts all resulted in catastrophic failure, with two payload losses.
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The N1-L3 started development in October 1965, almost four years after the Saturn V, during which it was underfunded and rushed. The project was badly derailed by the death of its chief designer
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The N-1 was assembled horizontally, then moved on a transporter to the launch pad, and erected. There was a service tower/gantry at the pad with umbilical connections for liquid fuelling.
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Why the #8 turbopump had exploded could not be determined exactly. Working theories were that either a piece of a pressure sensor had broken off and lodged in the pump, or that its
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and a regular LK module-spacecraft of the L3 lunar expedition complex. It was intended for a Moon flyby and uncrewed landing in preparation for a future crewed mission. As the
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In January 1966, Korolev died due to complications of surgery to remove intestinal polyps that also discovered a large tumor. His work on N1-L3 was taken over by his deputy,
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vehicle roll, vacuum cavitation, and other problems), in Block A were not discovered and worked out before flight. Blocks B and V were static test fired as complete units.
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The complex plumbing needed to feed fuel and oxidizer into the clustered arrangement of rocket engines was fragile and a major factor in 2 of the 4 launch failures. Unlike
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1015:. Korolev, meanwhile, would continue with his original N1-L3 proposal. Korolev had clearly won the argument, but work on the LK-1 continued anyway, as well as the Zond.
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method. The basic N1 launch vehicle had three stages, which were to carry the L3 lunar payload into low Earth orbit with two cosmonauts. The L3 contained one stage for
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Raketno-kosmicheskii kompleks N1-L3, book: Гудилин В.Е., Слабкий Л.И. (Gudilin V., Slabkiy L.) "Ракетно-космические системы (История. Развитие. Перспективы)", М., 1996
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was activated and did its job properly, saving the mockup spacecraft. All subsequent flights had freon fire extinguishers installed next to every engine. According to
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962:, as well as engine cooling. The arrangement of 30 rocket engine nozzles on the N1's first stage could have been an attempt at creating a crude version of a toroidal
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in the west) to produce a single larger booster, the UR-500. These plans were dropped when Glushko offered Chelomei the RD-270, which allowed the construction of the
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attitude control by throttling them appropriately and it also shut down malfunctioning engines situated opposite each other. This was to negate the pitch or yaw
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Although this test was carried out in secret, a US reconnaissance satellite photographed the N1 on the pad shortly before its rollback to the assembly building.
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and lunar orbit insertion. Fully loaded and fueled, the N1-L3 weighed 2,750 tonnes (6,060,000 lb). The lower three stages were shaped to produce a single
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propellants with lower potential impulse. The F-1 engine was five years into its development at the time and still experiencing combustion stability problems.
1985:, the logic of the command to shut down the entire cluster of 30 engines in Block A was incorrect in that instance, as the subsequent investigation revealed.
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in the #2 engine tore several components off their mounts and started a propellant leak. At T+25 seconds, further vibrations ruptured a fuel line and caused
1111:. The program was terminated in 1974 when Mishin was replaced by Glushko. Two N1Fs were being readied for launch at the time, but these plans were canceled.
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Symbol indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)
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the engines for the first three stages. The second S-530 was located in the Soyuz LOK command module and provided control for the rest of the mission from
1454:(compared to 12.14% for the Saturn V), and only 3.1% of its four-stage total impulse into translunar payload momentum, compared to 6.2% for the Saturn V.
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Mishin continued with the N1F project after the cancellation of plans for a crewed Moon landing in the hope that the booster would be used to build the
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N1 2L (1M1) – Facilities Systems Logistic Test and Training Vehicle (FSLT & TV); two first stages painted gray, third stage gray-white and L3 white.
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resolution titled "On work involving the study of the Moon and outer space", with the objective of landing a cosmonaut on the Moon in 1967 or '68.
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in a much simpler "monoblock" design. He also proposed adapting an existing spacecraft design for the circumlunar mission, the single-cosmonaut
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N1 4L – Block A LOX tank developed cracks; never launched, parts from Block A used for other launchers; rest of airframe structure scrapped.
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were to be launched by a single N1 to conduct a lunar landing. Chelomei responded with a clustered UR-500-derived vehicle, topped with the
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There is confusion among Russian online sources as to whether N1-L3 (Russian: Н1-Л3) or N1-LZ (Russian: Н1-ЛЗ) was intended, because of
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N1 1L – full scale dynamic test model, each stage was individually dynamically tested; the full N1 stack was only tested at 1/4 scale.
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propellants ignite on contact, reducing the complexity of the engine, and were widely used in Glushko's existing engines on various
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Korolev lobbied in 1964 for a crewed circumlunar mission, which was at first rejected, but was passed with the 3 August 1964
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to shut down Engine #12. After this happened, the KORD shut off Engine #24 to maintain symmetrical thrust. At T+6 seconds,
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4324:[On the 35th Anniversary of the Landing on the Moon of the First Rover "Lunokhod 1"] (in Russian). Archived from
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work on LOX/kerosene engines, and with Korolev in general. Korolev eventually gave up and decided to enlist the help of
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About 150 of the upgraded engines for the N1F escaped destruction. Although the rocket as a whole was unreliable, the
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Personal issues between the two played a role, with Korolev holding Glushko responsible for his incarceration at the
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Due to the deficiencies of the KORD system, a new computer system was developed for the fourth and last launch. The
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just before first-stage separation. Two test launches occurred in 1969, one in 1971, and the final one in 1972.
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N1 8L and 9L – flight ready N1Fs with improved NK-33 engines in Block A, scrapped when the program was canceled.
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In May 1961, the US announced the goal of landing a man on the Moon by 1970. During the same month, the report
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had access to this and other similar intelligence that showed that the Russians were seriously planning crewed
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The N1-L3 would have been able to convert only 9.3% of its three-stage total impulse into Earth orbit payload
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engines are rugged and reliable when used as a standalone unit. In the mid-1990s, Russia sold 36 engines for
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A comparison of the US Saturn V rocket (left) with the Soviet N1/L3. Note: human at bottom illustrates scale
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4000:"The second launch of the N1 rocket (Largest explosion in space history rocks Tyuratam) – The aftermath"
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Debut of the S-530 digital control system (in the third stage) which superseded the KORD analog system.
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to fuel its second and third stages, which yielded an overall performance advantage due to the higher
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and beyond, with studies beginning as early as 1959. Its first stage, Block A, was the most powerful
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3854:) (Gudilin V., Slabkiy L.) "Ракетно-космические системы (История. Развитие. Перспективы)", М., 1996
3797:
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in 1966. The N1 program was suspended in 1974, and officially canceled in 1976. All details of the
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8420:
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7720:
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7655:
7615:
7408:
7356:
7282:
5500:
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933:
885:
649:
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2273:. S.P. Korolev RSC "Energia" 4A Lenin Street, Korolev, Moscow area 141070 Russia. Archived from
7665:
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7600:
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7476:
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6281:
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805:
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7984:
6670:
6537:
6303:
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5748:
5666:
5374:
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4652:
3720:
3225:
3207:. NASA Reference Publication 1357. Vol. 95. Houston TX: NASA. p. 23249 – via
2999:
2759:
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140:
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7063:
6582:
6442:
5912:
4469:
2800:
2401:
1978:
1429:
1420:
The N1 was intended to place the approximately 95 t (209,000 lb) L3 payload into
1214:
1012:
959:
939:
designer, while Glushko teamed up with other rocket designers to build the very successful
743:
735:
2545:
2180:
856:, who then held a near-monopoly on rocket engine design in the Soviet Union, proposed the
8:
7807:
7645:
7532:
6313:
6124:
5505:
5443:
5260:
4987:
4620:
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1918:
1889:
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1823:
1406:
1362:
893:
723:
176:
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1945:
February 21, 1969: serial number 3L – Zond L1S-1 (Soyuz 7K-L1S (Zond-M) modification of
7630:
7605:
7585:
7452:
6957:
6114:
6057:
5743:
5448:
4261:
2138:
1251:
1243:
1150:
865:
797:
On Reconsideration of the Plans for Space Vehicles in the Direction of Defense Purposes
3162:
714:
On 25 November 1967, less than three weeks after the first Saturn V flight during the
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7321:
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1726:
1624:
1414:
1371:
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1108:
1019:
821:
727:
573:
2812:
2104:
Vehicle serial number 8L was prepared for August 1974. It included a regular 7K-LOK
1999:
for Moon orbit and flyby and intended photography of possible crewed landing sites.
1314:
Block B could withstand the shutdown of one pair of opposing engines (6/8 engines).
8118:
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7915:
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1961:
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1335:
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1.1 million each and a license for the production of new engines to the US company
1146:
1115:
fool the US into thinking there was a race going on. This cover story lasted until
987:
963:
948:
889:
853:
801:
482:
422:
369:
316:
259:
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Block V could function with one engine shut down and three functioning correctly.
1081:, flown from the second pad 110 West, deficient roll control, destroyed after 51s.
606:
insertion, and the first part of the descent to the lunar surface; a single-pilot
7933:
7920:
7890:
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7760:
7715:
7705:
7695:
7690:
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6151:
6119:
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5394:
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4300:
3393:
3132:
2495:
2175:
2125:
2081:
2044:
1440:
1421:
1169:
1129:
The program was followed by the "Vulkan" concept for a huge launch vehicle using
1088:, all white, engine cutoff at 40 kilometres (22 nmi) caused propellant line
991:
982:
Korolev proposed a larger N1 combined with the new L3 lunar package based on the
607:
577:
557:
124:
8365:
8262:
8177:
7925:
7910:
7895:
7830:
7725:
7710:
7595:
7404:
6938:
6814:
6775:
6599:
6417:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6161:
5860:
5848:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5326:
5240:
4906:
4657:
4578:
4476:
4406:
2563:
1665:
740,300,000 kilogram·meters per second (166,440,000 slug·feet per second)
1417:
in its first four stages than the Saturn V did in its three (see table below).
974:
896:
809:
766:
754:
704:
618:
591:
50:
5557:
4296:
4197:
3364:
Korolev: how one man masterminded the Soviet drive to beat America to the moon
3095:
3013:
2491:"The Soviet Response to the Moon Landing? Denial There Was a Moon Race at All"
2343:
1767:
254,600,000 kilogram·meters per second (57,240,000 slug·feet per second)
1764:
495,000,000 kilogram·meters per second (111,290,000 slug·feet per second)
1662:
936,300,000 kilogram·meters per second (210,500,000 slug·feet per second)
1405:
At 105 meters (344 ft), the N1-L3 was slightly shorter than the American
1011:(literally "probe"), aiming for a launch in 1967, the 50th anniversary of the
8434:
8206:
8155:
7812:
7780:
7775:
7750:
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7635:
7590:
7009:
6877:
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6653:
6462:
6457:
6452:
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6129:
6104:
6050:
6045:
6035:
6030:
6025:
5907:
5902:
5731:
5431:
5426:
5314:
5210:
5171:
5166:
5156:
5146:
5136:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5002:
4862:
4625:
4199:
3999:
3672:
2820:
2165:
2160:
2129:
1327:
1026:
750:
547:
7249:
4421:
4304:
3946:
3491:
3389:
2681:
1070:, partially painted gray; first night launch, launch failure demolished pad
8296:
8285:
8267:
8142:
8134:
8050:
7966:
7905:
7900:
7854:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7380:
7160:
7147:
7138:
7020:
6913:
6905:
6542:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6254:
6193:
6099:
6040:
6020:
5676:
5671:
5537:
5421:
5245:
5161:
5151:
5141:
5131:
4997:
4857:
4689:
3827:. Accessed February 19, 2008 Published by Government Reprints Press, 2001,
3397:
3259:. capcom espace, l'encyclopédie de l' espace – 2000–2012 Didier Capdevila.
2968:
2654:
2612:
2134:
2105:
2092:
2077:
2040:
2036:
1268: – literally "Control (of) Rocket Engines" –
1089:
1008:
954:
Kuznetsov, who had limited experience in rocket design, responded with the
916:
692:
611:
561:
17:
4407:
Video footage of N-1 vehicle 5L failure with launch abort system activated
2516:"50 Years Ago: Soviet's Moon Rocket's Rollout to Pad Affects Apollo Plans"
2302:
8277:
8167:
8150:
8013:
7995:
7840:
7799:
7745:
7740:
7024:
6889:
6513:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6237:
6010:
5961:
5738:
5726:
5716:
5711:
5409:
5404:
5389:
5193:
5079:
5074:
5027:
5022:
4875:
4733:
4401:
4319:"K 35-letiyu posadki na Lunu pervogo samokhodnogo apparata "Lunokhod 1""
2872:
2449:
2060:
1946:
1042:
1004:
983:
603:
540:
6427:
4230:
4125:. 2000–2013 Official website of S.P. Korolev RSC Energia. Archived from
3559:[Monitoring the Functioning of the Elements of Rocket Engines].
3468:
2375:
8172:
8160:
7650:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7128:
7091:
7040:
7035:
6944:
6897:
6862:
6695:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6508:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6343:
6323:
5919:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5721:
5532:
5458:
5384:
5364:
5304:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5203:
5198:
5188:
5069:
5059:
4982:
4943:
4824:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4495:
4411:
3847:
3208:
2906:
1996:
1194:
936:
908:
877:
814:
719:
703:
received formal approval in 1964, which required development of the N1
663: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8331:
4176:
888:
RD-270 was in testing before program cancellation, achieving a higher
718:
mission, the Soviets rolled out an N1 mockup to the newly constructed
520:
16:
This article is about the Soviet rocket. For the Japanese rocket, see
8201:
8182:
7254:
6707:
6690:
6614:
6609:
6577:
6572:
6447:
6383:
6378:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6318:
6308:
6291:
6242:
6228:
6144:
6139:
6003:
5991:
5981:
5929:
5838:
5706:
5681:
5659:
5552:
5453:
5331:
5042:
5037:
5007:
4948:
4847:
4819:
4770:
4765:
4738:
4724:
4640:
4635:
4608:
4598:
4500:
4473:
3848:
Raketno-kosmicheskii kompleks N1-L3, book: Гудилин В.Е., Слабкий Л.И.
3220:
The Race: The uncensored story of how America beat Russia to the Moon
2121:
1734:
8,153,000 kilonewton·seconds (1,833,000,000 pound·seconds)
1632:
7,956,000 kilonewton·seconds (1,789,000,000 pound·seconds)
1239:
1731:
8,022,000 kilonewton·seconds (1,803,400,000 pound·seconds)
1629:
7,711,000 kilonewton·seconds (1,733,600,000 pound·seconds)
638:
8419:
Listed in contemporary sources • Bergander list (
8243:
8233:
8216:
8042:
8023:
7976:
7755:
7735:
6971:
6712:
6700:
6685:
6680:
6631:
6587:
6437:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6296:
6286:
6218:
6213:
6186:
6166:
5986:
5976:
5897:
5892:
5843:
5833:
5701:
5654:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5527:
5495:
5490:
5399:
5359:
5336:
5250:
5235:
5225:
5064:
4955:
4829:
4814:
4787:
4714:
4709:
4682:
4677:
4603:
4593:
4534:
4354:
4325:
4321:К 35-летию посадки на Луну первого самоходного аппарата "Луноход 1"
2024:
2020:
2015:
1451:
1410:
1392:
1117:
788:
715:
708:
565:
4288:
3973:"N1 (vehicle 5L) moon rocket Test – launch abort system activated"
3442:
3310:
3113:
3031:
1344:
8073:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6981:
6977:
6966:
6675:
6604:
6594:
6432:
6353:
6348:
6181:
6176:
6171:
5956:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5438:
5272:
4965:
4960:
4809:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4507:
1953:
1218:
739:
731:
455:
3523:"Delving Deeper: Super Heavy thrust and counting down to flight"
3381:
3051:"Orbital's Cygnus – on a SpaceX Falcon 9? – SpaceFlight Insider"
2335:
The Soyuz launch vehicle the two lives of an engineering triumph
2112:
program was canceled in May 1974, this launch never took place.
8251:
8005:
7938:
7432:
7388:
7120:
7113:
7107:
7102:
7080:
7075:
7058:
6883:
6843:
6838:
6109:
6082:
5951:
5542:
5319:
3792:. Structural Adhesive Bonding Conference. Huntsville, Alabama:
3629:
Department of Mathematics Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2756:"Sergei Korolev: Father of the Soviet Union's success in space"
1397:
1130:
966:
system; more conventional aerospike engines were also studied.
857:
834:
825:
4263:
Mirovaya pilotiruemaya kosmonavtika: istoriya, tekhnika, lyudi
625:
were kept secret until the USSR was nearing collapse in 1989.
8401:
8187:
8108:
7822:
7331:
6665:
6636:
6247:
5946:
5215:
5017:
4792:
4743:
4372:
N-1: For the Moon and Mars A Guide to the Soviet Superbooster
2338:. Translated by Bowler, Tim. New York: Springer. p. 82.
2109:
1425:
1308:
1161:
1157:
955:
830:
576:
ever flown for over 50 years, with the record standing until
467:
300:
244:
64:
4228:
1121:, when the remaining hardware was seen publicly on display.
8310:
7196:
6871:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
5941:
5309:
5178:
3793:
3584:
3582:
3424:
3292:
2519:
1965:
1436:
995:
881:
876:) propellants to power the newly enlarged N1 design. These
838:
696:
569:
503:
443:
390:
337:
280:
3717:
S.P. Korlev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia – History
1145:
on the 2nd and 3rd stages. "Vulkan" was superseded by the
1037:
7400:
7351:
6087:
5936:
4427:
4266:Мировая пилотируемая космонавтика: история, техника, люди
2423:
2137:); stage 2 (Л2) was an uncrewed lunar rover (realized in
1439:
in all three of its main stages, while the Saturn V used
1165:
1142:
1138:
1134:
758:
507:
447:
394:
341:
284:
3625:"Computing in the Soviet Space Program: An Introduction"
3579:
2459:. The Perot Foundation & Moscow Aviation institute.
2296:
2294:
2292:
920:
ultimately became a major issue that hampered progress.
2332:
Lardier, Christian; Barensky, Stefan (12 March 2013) .
590:
version was designed to compete with the United States
4468:
2564:"Soviets mulled a colossal nuke on future Moon rocket"
4271:
World Manned Spaceflight: History, technology, people
4253:
3705:
3291:. NASA History Series. Vol. IV. Washington, DC:
2477:
failure due to various problems with the first stage.
2289:
782:
4191:
3776:
3423:. Monographs in Aerospace History. Washington D.C.:
2601:] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Nevskiy Bastion.
1873:
largest accidental artificial non-nuclear explosions
1098:
N1 10L – uncompleted, scrapped along with 8L and 9L.
845:
and the LK-1 were given a relatively high priority.
4032:
Tentatively Identified Missions and Launch Failures
2673:
4149:"Central Intelligence Bulletin: USSR 12 Sep 72, 7"
3786:Development of a bonded common bulkhead for Saturn
3282:Chertok, Boris E. (2011). Siddiqi, Asif A. (ed.).
3217:
3086:. Springer Praxis Books (1st ed.). New York:
2960:
2441:
2325:
2225:Neglects first stage thrust increase with altitude
1370:30 engines was never static test fired as a unit.
695:were in a race to be first to land a human on the
8481:Space accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
4311:
4141:
4123:S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia
3748:"The Common Bulkhead for the Saturn S-II Vehicle"
2929:
2843:"N1: The Rise and Fall of the USSR's Moon Rocket"
2595:Otechestvennue Strategicheskie Raketnue Kompleksu
602:; another stage used for mid-course corrections,
8432:
6805:
4273:] (in Russian). РТСофт . pp. 169, 178.
4259:
3739:
3357:
3355:
2551:. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 December 1967.
2242:
2240:
1197:, which was first launched on 28 December 2013.
568:and was intended to enable crewed travel to the
401:Fourth stage (N1/L3) – Block G (Earth departure)
4430:the US company developing an NK-33 based rocket
4369:
4222:
3820:Apollo By The Numbers: A Statistical Reference.
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
2709:
2707:
2482:
2331:
1345:Assembly, transport, erection, on-pad-servicing
4402:Statistics and information. Interactive model.
3782:
3595:. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. pp.
3483:
2546:"The President's Daily Brief 27 December 1967"
2221:
2219:
2133:circumlunar flight (partially realized in the
2115:
2076:November 23, 1972: serial number 7L – regular
986:. The L3 combined rocket stages, the modified
848:
776:
614:lunar orbital spacecraft for return to Earth.
594:to land a person on the Moon, using a similar
40:Mockup at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in late 1967
7518:
7235:
6791:
4891:
4454:
3783:Robertson, A. C.; Brown, E. L. (March 1966).
2778:
2507:
2271:S.P. Korolev Rocket-Space Corporation Energia
2237:
2207:, but treated as a part of the launch vehicle
1269:
1263:
535:
7536:for Soviet and Chinese aircraft and missiles
4260:Baturin, I︠U︡. M.; Afanasʹev, I. B. (2005).
4113:
4111:
3514:
3332:
3275:
3042:
3001:The Politics and Perils of Space Exploration
2748:
2704:
2450:"The Mishin Diaries – A western perspective"
2424:"SpaceX Official Super Heavy Specifications"
2071:
1990:
1032:
4353:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
4092:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
3745:
3467:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
3456:
3133:"The history of the Soyuz-3 launch vehicle"
3124:
2634:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
2374:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
2216:
2030:
1940:
1386:
1045:reconnaissance satellite, 19 September 1968
7525:
7511:
7487:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
7242:
7228:
6798:
6784:
4905:
4898:
4884:
4461:
4447:
3932:"Die russische Mondrakete N-1 (in German)"
3547:
3073:
2991:
1957:
34:
8476:Space launch vehicles of the Soviet Union
7482:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
4108:
3991:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3662:
3462:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2628:"A New View of the Rocketdyne F-1 Engine"
2586:
2555:
679:Learn how and when to remove this message
4052:
4028:
3843:
3841:
3695:"Identifying the different N-1 variants"
3658:
3656:
3654:
3215:
3083:The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program
2873:"SL-X-15, N1-L3 (1M1) on the Launch Pad"
2713:
2626:Anderson, Colleen E. (2 November 2022).
2625:
2390:
2156:Comparison of orbital launchers families
2099:
2035:June 26, 1971: serial number 6L – dummy
1396:
1257:
1209:Scheme of the rocket stages (in Russian)
1204:
1124:
1036:
973:
780:
7208:The † sign designates failed missions.
4158:
4059:. San Diego, CA: Tahabi Books. p.
3618:
3616:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3361:
3281:
3191:
3120:from the original on 10 September 2023.
3038:from the original on 10 September 2023.
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2787:"The soviet manned lunar program N1-L3"
2784:
2360:from the original on 10 September 2023.
2050:Soon after lift-off, due to unexpected
1952:A few seconds into launch, a transient
1352:
1298:
8433:
4422:Interview with Vasily Pavlovich Mishin
3915:
3894:
3807:from the original on 23 February 2024.
3588:
3567:from the original on 21 September 2023
3535:from the original on 28 September 2023
3452:from the original on 13 February 2024.
3263:from the original on 10 September 2023
3079:
2997:
2935:
2840:
2827:
2488:
2398:"The N1 Moon Rocket - a brief History"
1359:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39
1317:
1229:
1060:, engine fire, exploded at 12 km.
969:
23:Soviet super heavy-lift launch vehicle
7506:
7257:government human spaceflight programs
7223:
6779:
4879:
4442:
4241:from the original on 29 November 2023
4010:from the original on 23 February 2024
3838:
3764:from the original on 23 February 2024
3651:
3633:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
3622:
3320:from the original on 23 February 2024
3250:
3143:from the original on 15 February 2024
3048:
2979:from the original on 14 February 2024
2853:from the original on 23 February 2024
2785:Lardier, Christian (1 January 2018).
2736:from the original on 23 February 2024
2727:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2692:from the original on 11 February 2024
2592:
2574:from the original on 15 February 2024
2503:from the original on 18 January 2024.
2313:from the original on 15 February 2024
2234:Includes mass of Earth departure fuel
1529:45,400 kN (10,200,000 lbf)
1283:turbo-pump during the second launch.
707:, comparable in size to the American
4923:Comparison of orbital launch systems
4056:Apollo: The Epic Journey to the Moon
3898:Soviet and Russian lunar exploration
3639:from the original on 15 January 2024
3613:
3520:
3502:from the original on 7 February 2024
3404:
3155:
2948:from the original on 11 January 2024
2917:from the original on 7 February 2024
2887:
2526:from the original on 18 January 2024
2364:
2151:Comparison of orbital launch systems
1568:14,040 kN (3,160,000 lbf)
1432:into a similar Earth parking orbit.
1295:to lunar flyby and return to Earth.
661:adding citations to reliable sources
632:
556:intended to deliver payloads beyond
254:45,400 kN (10,200,000 lbf)
4210:from the original on 1 October 2023
3997:
3417:Project Apollo: The Tough Decisions
2875:. Federation of American Scientists
2561:
2513:
2246:Assumed identical to Saturn V value
1756:10,834 m/s (35,540 ft/s)
1526:33,000 kN (7,500,000 lbf)
311:14,040 kN (3,160,000 lbf)
13:
7335:(incorporated into Salyut program)
4035:, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
4029:Williams, David (6 January 2005),
3192:Portree, David S.F. (March 1995).
3173:from the original on 22 April 2023
3080:Harvey, Brian (25 November 2007).
2998:Dawson, Linda (22 November 2016).
2841:Avilla, Aeryn (21 February 2020).
2599:National Strategic Missile Systems
2301:Zak, Anatoly. Zak, Anatoly (ed.).
2003:23:18 Moscow time from launch pad
1753:10,834 m/s (35,545 ft/s)
1654:7,793 m/s (25,570 ft/s)
1565:5,141 kN (1,155,800 lbf)
1242:, which were later used on Soviet
691:In 1967 the United States and the
14:
8492:
4389:
3901:. Berlin: Springer. p. 222.
3521:Beil, Adrian (22 February 2023).
3061:from the original on 3 March 2016
3049:Rhian, Jason (24 November 2014).
2716:"The Soviet Manned Lunar Program"
2205:Apollo Command and Service Module
2199:The "fifth stage" similar to the
2084:module-spacecraft for Moon flyby
1784:
1651:7,793 m/s (25,568 ft/s)
1643:95,000 kg (209,000 lb)
1640:120,200 kg (264,900 lb)
1607:1,610 kN (360,000 lbf)
1501:2,750 t (6,060,000 lb)
1195:light variant of the Soyuz rocket
6852:
4083:
3998:Zak, Anatoly (6 November 2014).
3863:
3489:
2966:
2904:
2766:from the original on 1 June 2023
2679:
2652:
2562:Zak, Anatoly (3 November 2018).
2447:
1745:23,500 kg (51,800 lb)
1742:45,690 kg (100,740 lb)
1498:2,938 t (6,478,000 lb)
915:Glushko pointed out that the US
637:
364:1,610 kN (360,000 lbf)
105:2,750 tonnes (6,060,000 lb)
6751:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
4343:
4077:
4046:
4022:
3965:
3944:
3938:
3888:
3857:
3811:
3687:
3414:Seamans, Robert C. Jr. (2007).
3366:. New York; Chichester: Wiley.
3244:
3185:
3130:
2865:
2813:10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.10.007
2646:
2619:
2605:
2538:
2466:from the original on 3 May 2023
2300:
2228:
1709:446 kN (100,000 lbf)
1137:propellants, later replaced by
862:unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
781:
648:needs additional citations for
554:super heavy-lift launch vehicle
477:83.36 kN (18,740 lbf)
55:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
7212:designates cancelled missions.
4918:List of orbital launch systems
4841:Cancelled (no launch attempts)
2714:Lindroos, Marcus, ed. (2007).
2514:Uri, John (17 November 2017).
2489:Little, Becky (11 July 2019).
2416:
2259:
2193:
2080:(Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1) and dummy
1869:Destroyed launch pad 110 East
1706:895 kN (201,100 lbf)
1604:901 kN (202,600 lbf)
1334:being the third letter in the
1262:The KORD (Russian acronym for
1200:
545:, "Carrier Rocket"; Cyrillic:
417:446 kN (100,000 lbf)
1:
7492:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
4053:Reynolds, David West (2002).
3746:Cerquettini, C. Tony (1967).
2632:National Air and Space Museum
2253:
751:NASA Administrator James Webb
6807:Soviet crewed lunar programs
4374:. ARA Press; First edition.
4166:"Nositel N-1 Launch Vehicle"
3556:Контроль ракетных двигателей
1949:spacecraft) for Moon flyby.
1271:Контроль ракетных двигателей
1265:Kontrol Raketnykh Dvigateley
1092:, rupturing the fuel system.
978:N-1/L3 lunar mission profile
623:Soviet crewed lunar programs
610:spacecraft; and a two-pilot
581:first integrated flight test
487:349 seconds (3.42 km/s)
427:353 seconds (3.46 km/s)
374:353 seconds (3.46 km/s)
321:346 seconds (3.39 km/s)
150:23.5 t (52,000 lb)
7:
4086:"1969.07.03 – N1 5L launch"
3866:"1969.02.21 – N1 3L launch"
3563:(in Russian). 2014 RADIAN.
2682:"Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich"
2144:
2116:Confusion on L3 designation
1264:
849:Lunar N1 development starts
777:Early Soviet lunar concepts
541:
264:330 seconds (3.2 km/s)
134:95 t (209,000 lb)
10:
8497:
6741:Medium-lift launch vehicle
4119:"Complex N1-L3 – Launches"
3817:Orloff, Richard W (2001).
2267:"Complex N1-L3 Components"
1437:kerosene-based rocket fuel
1390:
628:
235:17.0 m (55.8 ft)
97:17.0 meters (55.8 ft)
89:105.3 meters (345 ft)
15:
8417:
8374:
8330:
8276:
8242:
8215:
8133:
8117:
8072:
8063:
8041:
8022:
8004:
7975:
7957:
7863:
7839:
7821:
7798:
7789:
7541:
7469:
7370:
7309:
7293:
7262:
7206:
7170:
7137:
7019:
6953:
6930:
6861:
6850:
6813:
6759:
6746:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
6736:Small-lift launch vehicle
6723:
5573:
5347:
4931:
4913:
4840:
4571:
4545:
4483:
3870:Encyclopedia Astronautica
3496:Encyclopedia Astronautica
3096:10.1007/978-0-387-71356-4
3014:10.1007/978-3-319-38813-7
2344:10.1007/978-1-4614-5459-5
2201:Service propulsion system
2072:Fourth failure, serial 7L
1991:Second failure, serial 5L
1490:105 m (344 ft)
1270:
1033:N1 vehicle serial numbers
899:despite the use of UDMH/N
536:
517:
513:
499:
491:
481:
473:
462:
453:
439:
431:
421:
413:
405:
400:
386:
378:
368:
360:
352:
347:
333:
325:
315:
307:
295:
290:
276:
268:
258:
250:
239:
231:
226:
222:
214:
206:
198:
190:
182:
171:
163:
158:
154:
146:
138:
130:
122:
117:
109:
101:
93:
85:
80:
70:
60:
45:
33:
8456:1971 in the Soviet Union
8446:1969 in the Soviet Union
7534:USAF/DoD reporting names
4370:Matthew Johnson (2014).
4320:
4265:
4170:myspacemuseum.com/n1.htm
3798:Douglas Aircraft Company
3665:"N1 7L State Commission"
3663:Wade, Mark (1997–2017).
3555:
3463:Wade, Mark (1997–2008).
3216:Schefter, James (1999).
2303:"Soviet N1 moon booster"
2186:
2057:inertial guidance system
2031:Third failure, serial 6L
1941:First failure, serial 3L
1487:111 m (363 ft)
1387:Comparison with Saturn V
8461:Exploration of the Moon
7409:Martian Piloted Complex
7283:Russian Orbital Segment
3755:North American Aviation
3713:"Complex N1-L3 – Tests"
3362:Harford, James (1997).
1585:Orbital insertion stage
1479:17 m (56 ft)
886:staged combustion cycle
7477:List of Soyuz missions
4907:Orbital launch systems
3895:Harvey, Brian (2007).
3589:Gainor, Chris (2001).
3195:"Part 1 - Soyuz"
1476:10 m (33 ft)
1402:
1254:surpassed it in 2023.
1210:
1102:
1046:
979:
806:Earth orbit rendezvous
792:
596:lunar orbit rendezvous
564:counterpart to the US
458:(Lunar descent assist)
454:Fifth stage (N1/L3) –
291:Second stage – Block B
4428:Kistler Space Systems
3699:Nick Stevens Graphics
3202:Mir Hardware Heritage
2936:Petrovitch, Vassili.
2847:Spaceflight Histories
2760:European Space Agency
2593:Utkin, V. F. (1999).
2100:Canceled fifth launch
1772:Propulsive efficiency
1684:Earth departure stage
1671:Propulsive efficiency
1400:
1391:Further information:
1258:Engine control system
1208:
1125:Aftermath and engines
1040:
977:
786:
600:trans-lunar injection
348:Third stage – Block V
227:First stage – Block A
8471:Soviet lunar program
8466:Missions to the Moon
7029:lunar flyby missions
3701:. 14 September 2016.
2938:"Vulkan Description"
2093:hydraulic shock wave
1979:launch escape system
1430:translunar injection
1353:Development problems
1299:Block B second stage
1215:translunar injection
1013:Bolshevik Revolution
744:Soviet space program
736:Kennedy Space Center
657:improve this article
8451:1971 in spaceflight
8441:1969 in spaceflight
7174:(T2K) test missions
4004:RussianSpaceWeb.com
3979:. 2015 YouTube, LLC
3951:RussianSpaceWeb.com
3800:. p. 1 (279).
3528:NASASpaceFlight.com
3253:"N1 Block A Motors"
3251:Capdevila, Didier.
3137:russianspaceweb.com
3055:Spaceflight Insider
2805:2018AcAau.142..184L
2307:russianspaceweb.com
2171:Space Launch System
1995:Serial number 5L –
1363:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1318:Block V third stage
1230:Block A first stage
1222:oxygen tank below.
970:N1-L3 lunar complex
960:thrust augmentation
894:gas-generator cycle
724:Baikonur Cosmodrome
30:
8064:Research/prototype
7790:Research/prototype
7010:Soyuz Kontakt 1, 2
5913:v1.2 "Full Thrust"
4096:on 24 October 2014
3947:"N1 No. 3L launch"
3675:on 18 October 2016
3623:Gerovitch, Slava.
3592:Arrows to the Moon
3285:Rockets and people
2723:MIT OpenCourseWare
2404:on 31 October 2016
2047:module-spacecraft
1947:Soyuz 7K-L1 "Zond"
1929:Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1
1900:Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1
1750:Injection velocity
1739:Translunar payload
1648:Injection velocity
1403:
1303:The second stage,
1252:SpaceX Super Heavy
1244:air-to-air missile
1211:
1047:
980:
866:nitrogen tetroxide
793:
28:
8428:
8427:
8413:
8412:
8059:
8058:
7500:
7499:
7361:
7348:
7336:
7279:
7217:
7216:
6917:
6909:
6901:
6893:
6773:
6772:
4873:
4872:
4398:history of the N1
4357:on 20 August 2016
3606:978-1-896522-83-8
3434:978-0-16-086710-1
3373:978-0-471-32721-9
3302:978-0-16-089559-3
3105:978-0-387-71356-4
3023:978-3-319-38813-7
2942:Buran-Energia.com
2792:Acta Astronautica
2568:Russian Space Web
2457:mishindiaries.com
2448:Vick, Charles P.
2353:978-1-4614-5459-5
1938:
1937:
1782:
1781:
1484:Height w/ payload
1473:Diameter, maximum
1372:Sergei Khrushchev
1322:The upper stage,
1234:The first stage,
1177:Kistler Aerospace
1153:program in 1976.
1020:Central Committee
930:Nikolai Kuznetsov
808:profile. Several
728:Soviet Kazakhstan
689:
688:
681:
560:. The N1 was the
528:
527:
71:Country of origin
8488:
8070:
8069:
7796:
7795:
7527:
7520:
7513:
7504:
7503:
7458:Space Stations:
7398:Interplanetary:
7359:
7346:
7334:
7277:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7221:
7220:
7139:LOK (7K-LOK/L1E)
7097:Zond-M 2 (L1S-2)
7092:Zond-M 1 (L1S-1)
6915:
6907:
6899:
6891:
6856:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6777:
6776:
6622:Universal Rocket
4993:Falcon 9 Block 5
4900:
4893:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4385:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4328:on 20 April 2009
4315:
4309:
4308:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4175:. Archived from
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3913:
3912:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3876:on 5 August 2014
3872:. Archived from
3861:
3855:
3845:
3836:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3791:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3752:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3723:. Archived from
3709:
3703:
3702:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3671:. Archived from
3660:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3445:. SP-2007-4537.
3422:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3359:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3313:. SP-2011-4110.
3290:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3257:CapcomEspace.com
3248:
3242:
3239:
3223:
3212:
3206:
3197:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3046:
3040:
3039:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2902:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2762:. 9 March 2007.
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2454:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2400:. Archived from
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2298:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2277:on 4 August 2019
2263:
2247:
2244:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2208:
2197:
2043:No.1) and dummy
1983:Sergei Afanasiev
1962:pogo oscillation
1913:23 November 1972
1818:21 February 1969
1789:
1788:
1761:Payload momentum
1659:Payload momentum
1465:Apollo-Saturn V
1460:
1459:
1445:specific impulse
1428:third stage for
1336:Russian alphabet
1273:
1272:
1267:
1041:N1 imaged by US
964:aerospike engine
890:specific impulse
884:. The full flow
854:Valentin Glushko
802:Soyuz spacecraft
785:
765:, and President
684:
677:
673:
670:
664:
641:
633:
544:
539:
538:
521:edit on Wikidata
483:Specific impulse
423:Specific impulse
370:Specific impulse
317:Specific impulse
260:Specific impulse
218:23 November 1972
210:21 February 1969
38:
31:
27:
8496:
8495:
8491:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8424:
8409:
8370:
8326:
8272:
8238:
8211:
8129:
8113:
8065:
8055:
8037:
8018:
8000:
7971:
7953:
7859:
7835:
7817:
7791:
7785:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7501:
7496:
7465:
7441:Tupolev Tu-2000
7366:
7305:
7289:
7258:
7248:
7218:
7213:
7202:
7166:
7133:
7028:
7015:
6949:
6926:
6922:LK (spacecraft)
6857:
6848:
6818:
6815:Launch vehicles
6809:
6804:
6774:
6769:
6755:
6731:Sounding rocket
6719:
5569:
5343:
4927:
4909:
4904:
4874:
4869:
4836:
4567:
4541:
4479:
4477:launch vehicles
4467:
4392:
4382:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4281:
4267:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4235:astronautix.com
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4204:astronautix.com
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4129:on 4 March 2016
4117:
4116:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4090:astronautix.com
4082:
4078:
4071:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4036:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3943:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3916:
3909:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3862:
3858:
3846:
3839:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3727:on 2 March 2021
3711:
3710:
3706:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3661:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3587:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3471:on 12 June 2002
3461:
3457:
3449:
3435:
3427:. p. 120.
3420:
3412:
3405:
3374:
3360:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3303:
3295:. p. 199.
3288:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3167:Spaceflight 101
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3129:
3125:
3106:
3090:. p. 201.
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3047:
3043:
3024:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2973:Astronautix.com
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2911:astronautix.com
2903:
2888:
2878:
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2866:
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2839:
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2783:
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2769:
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2749:
2739:
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2733:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2512:
2508:
2496:History Channel
2487:
2483:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2378:on 12 June 2002
2370:
2369:
2365:
2354:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2299:
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2280:
2278:
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2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2176:SpaceX Starship
2147:
2118:
2102:
2074:
2033:
1993:
1943:
1914:
1885:
1848:
1819:
1787:
1637:Orbital payload
1441:liquid hydrogen
1422:low Earth orbit
1395:
1389:
1355:
1347:
1320:
1301:
1260:
1232:
1203:
1182:Orbital Science
1175:The US company
1170:Aerojet General
1127:
1109:Zvezda moonbase
1105:
1035:
992:LK lunar lander
972:
906:
902:
875:
871:
851:
779:
734:testing at the
685:
674:
668:
665:
654:
642:
631:
558:low Earth orbit
542:Raketa-nositel'
537:Ракета-носитель
524:
41:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
8494:
8484:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
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8426:
8425:
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8415:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8399:
8396:
8393:
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8380:
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8360:
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7341:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7313:
7311:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7297:
7295:
7294:In development
7291:
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7288:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7272:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7259:
7247:
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6993:
6984:
6975:
6963:
6961:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6934:
6932:
6931:Other hardware
6928:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6911:
6908:(Soyuz 7K-L1E)
6903:
6900:(Soyuz 7K-L1S)
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6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
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5806:
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5776:
5771:
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5741:
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5709:
5704:
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5694:
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5609:
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5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5348:In development
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5329:
5327:Vulcan Centaur
5324:
5323:
5322:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5253:
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5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
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5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
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4978:
4973:
4963:
4958:
4953:
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4951:
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4926:
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4911:
4910:
4903:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4880:
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4868:
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4865:
4860:
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4835:
4834:
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4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4628:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4546:In development
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4466:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4418:) (in Russian)
4409:
4404:
4399:
4391:
4390:External links
4388:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4367:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4310:
4279:
4252:
4221:
4190:
4179:on 24 May 2012
4157:
4140:
4107:
4076:
4069:
4045:
4021:
3990:
3964:
3945:Zak, Anatoly.
3937:
3914:
3908:978-0387739762
3907:
3887:
3856:
3837:
3810:
3775:
3738:
3704:
3686:
3650:
3612:
3605:
3578:
3546:
3513:
3482:
3455:
3433:
3403:
3372:
3331:
3301:
3274:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3184:
3154:
3131:Zak, Anatoly.
3123:
3104:
3072:
3041:
3022:
3008:. p. 14.
2990:
2959:
2928:
2886:
2864:
2826:
2777:
2747:
2703:
2672:
2645:
2618:
2604:
2585:
2554:
2537:
2506:
2481:
2440:
2415:
2389:
2363:
2352:
2324:
2288:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2122:the similarity
2117:
2114:
2101:
2098:
2073:
2070:
2032:
2029:
1992:
1989:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
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1867:
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1850:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:Flight number
1786:
1785:Launch history
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
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1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1686:
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1666:
1663:
1660:
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1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1590:S-IVB (burn 1)
1587:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1388:
1385:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1319:
1316:
1300:
1297:
1259:
1256:
1231:
1228:
1202:
1199:
1126:
1123:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1082:
1075:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1034:
1031:
990:, and the new
971:
968:
904:
900:
897:Rocketdyne F-1
873:
869:
850:
847:
778:
775:
767:Lyndon Johnson
755:lunar missions
705:launch vehicle
687:
686:
645:
643:
636:
630:
627:
619:Sergei Korolev
592:Apollo program
526:
525:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
501:
497:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
479:
478:
475:
474:Maximum thrust
471:
470:
464:
460:
459:
451:
450:
441:
437:
436:
433:
429:
428:
425:
419:
418:
415:
414:Maximum thrust
411:
410:
407:
403:
402:
398:
397:
388:
384:
383:
380:
376:
375:
372:
366:
365:
362:
361:Maximum thrust
358:
357:
354:
350:
349:
345:
344:
335:
331:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
313:
312:
309:
308:Maximum thrust
305:
304:
297:
293:
292:
288:
287:
278:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
262:
256:
255:
252:
251:Maximum thrust
248:
247:
241:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
184:
183:Total launches
180:
179:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
159:Launch history
156:
155:
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51:launch vehicle
47:
43:
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39:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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8376:Vladimirovska
8373:
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7450:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7415:
7414:Spaceplanes:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7379:
7376:
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7211:
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7176:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7158:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:test missions
7140:
7136:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7098:
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7087:
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7074:
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7068:
7065:
7062:
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7057:
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7051:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
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7031:
7026:
7022:
7018:
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6997:
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6988:
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6956:
6952:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6916:(Soyuz 7K-L3)
6912:
6910:
6904:
6902:
6896:
6894:
6892:(Soyuz 7K-L1)
6888:
6886:
6885:
6881:
6879:
6878:VA spacecraft
6876:
6874:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6834:Proton rocket
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6801:
6796:
6794:
6789:
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6758:
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6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6627:UR-500 Proton
6625:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
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6416:
6414:
6413:Space Shuttle
6411:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6397:
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6392:
6389:
6385:
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6340:
6337:
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6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6314:Blue Scout II
6312:
6310:
6307:
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5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Firefly Alpha
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4972:
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4381:9780989991407
4377:
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4280:5-9900271-2-5
4276:
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4070:0-15-100964-3
4066:
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3953:. Anatoly Zak
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2907:"N1 (rocket)"
2901:
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2161:Nova (rocket)
2159:
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2065:
2062:
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2038:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1988:
1986:
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1980:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1934:
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1423:
1418:
1416:
1415:total impulse
1412:
1408:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1342:
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1325:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
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1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:pitch and yaw
1266:
1255:
1253:
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1241:
1237:
1227:
1223:
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1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:fourth launch
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:second launch
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1027:Vasily Mishin
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
985:
976:
967:
965:
961:
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952:
950:
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935:
931:
926:
921:
918:
913:
910:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
867:
863:
860:engine using
859:
855:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
823:
818:
816:
811:
807:
803:
798:
791:of the rocket
790:
784:
774:
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
701:N1/L3 program
698:
694:
683:
680:
672:
662:
658:
652:
651:
646:This section
644:
640:
635:
634:
626:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
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209:
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197:
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157:
153:
149:
145:
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137:
133:
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104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
49:Crewed lunar
48:
44:
37:
32:
26:
19:
8351:
8135:Kapustin Yar
7542:Type numbers
7457:
7445:
7413:
7397:
7381:Zond (7K-L1)
7377:
7344:Apollo–Soyuz
7209:
7195:
7159:
7119:
7112:
7008:
6970:
6937:
6882:
6870:
6828:
6821:upper stages
6521:Thorad-Agena
6194:Soyuz/Vostok
6094:
4998:Falcon Heavy
4690:Soyuz/Vostok
4615:
4424:(in Russian)
4416:Слабкий Л.И.
4371:
4359:. Retrieved
4355:the original
4344:Bibliography
4330:. Retrieved
4326:the original
4313:
4270:
4262:
4255:
4243:. Retrieved
4234:
4229:Wade, Mark.
4224:
4212:. Retrieved
4203:
4198:Wade, Mark.
4193:
4181:. Retrieved
4177:the original
4169:
4160:
4154:. CIA. 1972.
4143:
4131:. Retrieved
4127:the original
4122:
4098:. Retrieved
4094:the original
4089:
4084:Wade, Mark.
4079:
4055:
4048:
4037:, retrieved
4031:
4024:
4012:. Retrieved
4003:
3993:
3981:. Retrieved
3976:
3967:
3955:. Retrieved
3950:
3940:
3897:
3890:
3878:. Retrieved
3874:the original
3869:
3864:Wade, Mark.
3859:
3852:Слабкий Л.И.
3819:
3813:
3785:
3778:
3766:. Retrieved
3741:
3729:. Retrieved
3725:the original
3716:
3707:
3698:
3689:
3677:. Retrieved
3673:the original
3668:
3641:. Retrieved
3628:
3591:
3569:. Retrieved
3560:
3549:
3537:. Retrieved
3526:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3495:
3490:Wade, Mark.
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3469:the original
3458:
3416:
3363:
3322:. Retrieved
3284:
3277:
3265:. Retrieved
3256:
3246:
3224:. New York:
3219:
3201:
3187:
3175:. Retrieved
3166:
3163:"Soyuz 2-1v"
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3136:
3126:
3082:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3054:
3044:
3000:
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2972:
2967:Wade, Mark.
2962:
2950:. Retrieved
2941:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2910:
2905:Wade, Mark.
2877:. Retrieved
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2846:
2796:
2790:
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2722:
2694:. Retrieved
2685:
2680:Wade, Mark.
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2658:
2653:Wade, Mark.
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2631:
2621:
2607:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2567:
2557:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2509:
2494:
2484:
2475:
2468:. Retrieved
2456:
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:the original
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2376:the original
2366:
2334:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2306:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:the original
2270:
2261:
2230:
2195:
2135:Zond program
2119:
2106:Soyuz 7K-LOK
2103:
2089:
2086:
2078:Soyuz 7K-LOK
2075:
2066:
2049:
2041:Soyuz 7K-L1E
2037:Soyuz 7K-LOK
2034:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1951:
1944:
1884:26 June 1971
1875:in history.
1870:
1798:Launch site
1720:443 seconds
1696:
1688:
1683:
1618:370 seconds
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:120 seconds
1555:
1550:
1546:Second stage
1545:
1540:125 seconds
1516:
1511:
1506:
1495:Gross weight
1456:
1449:
1435:The N1 used
1434:
1419:
1404:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1287:
1285:
1261:
1248:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1212:
1191:
1174:
1155:
1128:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1085:
1079:third launch
1078:
1067:
1058:first launch
1057:
1024:
1017:
1001:
981:
953:
947:, and later
925:Kolyma Gulag
922:
917:Titan II GLV
914:
852:
843:
819:
796:
794:
769:
748:
722:110R at the
713:
693:Soviet Union
690:
675:
666:
655:Please help
650:verification
647:
616:
612:Soyuz 7K-LOK
587:
585:
574:rocket stage
546:
531:
529:
207:First flight
172:Launch sites
61:Manufacturer
25:
18:N-I (rocket)
8278:Sary Shagan
7841:Novosibirsk
7800:Caspian Sea
7544:(1947–1955)
7357:Shuttle-Mir
6939:Lunokhod-LK
6011:LauncherOne
5962:Kaituozhe-1
5739:Black Arrow
5491:Orbex Prime
5390:Hyperbola-2
5355:Antares 330
5055:Kaituozhe 2
5028:Hyperbola-1
4396:Astronautix
4332:24 December
4183:20 November
4133:21 February
3977:YouTube.com
3823:NASA. Also
3768:23 February
3721:RSC Energia
3669:astronuatix
3267:18 February
3177:28 December
3065:13 February
2799:: 184–192.
2686:astronautix
2661:. Mark Wade
2659:Astronautix
2382:7 September
2061:gimbal lock
2059:to go into
1956:caused the
1922:Site 110/37
1893:Site 110/37
1871:One of the
1863:Zond L1S-2
1856:Site 110/38
1847:3 July 1969
1834:Zond L1S-1
1827:Site 110/38
1801:Serial no.
1795:Date (UTC)
1717:347 seconds
1703:Thrust, vac
1615:147 seconds
1601:Thrust, vac
1576:384 seconds
1562:Thrust, vac
1537:168 seconds
1507:First stage
1361:, the N1's
1201:Description
1043:KH-8 Gambit
1005:Soyuz 7K-L1
984:Soyuz 7K-L3
864:(UDMH) and
820:Meanwhile,
604:lunar orbit
215:Last flight
191:Success(es)
139:Payload to
123:Payload to
8435:Categories
7446:Capsules:
7191:Kosmos 434
7186:Kosmos 398
7181:Kosmos 379
7148:Zond-LOK 1
7129:Kosmos 382
7086:Zond 1969A
7070:Zond 1968B
7064:Zond 1968A
7053:Zond 1967B
7047:Zond 1967A
7041:Kosmos 154
7036:Kosmos 146
6945:Krechet-94
6863:Spacecraft
6016:Long March
5920:Feng Bao 1
5533:Tianlong-3
5459:New Line 1
5417:Long March
5365:Cyclone-4M
5305:Tianlong-2
5283:2.1b / STB
5278:2.1a / STA
5221:Pegasus XL
5087:Long March
5060:Kinetica 1
4983:Chollima-1
4297:1256536142
4289:2010419839
4245:18 October
4214:18 October
4200:"L3M-1972"
4100:2 February
3983:12 January
3957:5 February
3880:5 February
3825:PDF format
3731:30 January
3679:21 October
3643:21 October
3571:3 February
3492:"Saturn V"
3443:2005003682
3324:21 January
3311:2004020825
3209:Wikisource
3147:27 January
3114:2007922812
3032:2016948726
2983:31 January
2952:31 January
2740:19 January
2696:19 January
2470:23 October
2317:24 January
2254:References
1997:Zond L1S-2
1523:Thrust, SL
1246:designs.
937:jet engine
909:Rocketdyne
878:hypergolic
815:Tsar Bomba
720:launch pad
578:Starship's
500:Propellant
463:Powered by
440:Propellant
406:Powered by
387:Propellant
353:Powered by
334:Propellant
296:Powered by
277:Propellant
240:Powered by
199:Failure(s)
7371:Cancelled
7172:LK Lander
7025:7K-L1/L1S
6906:Zond-LOK
6829:N1 rocket
6115:Paektusan
5744:Conestoga
5501:Red Dwarf
5454:New Glenn
5385:Gravity-2
5375:Epsilon S
5008:Gravity-1
4848:Tsyklon-4
4305:30460496M
3226:Doubleday
2821:0094-5765
2408:1 January
1915:06:11:55
1886:23:15:08
1849:20:18:32
1820:09:18:07
1714:Burn time
1612:Burn time
1573:Burn time
1534:Burn time
1311:engines.
1240:grid fins
1090:hammering
951:rockets.
892:than the
804:using an
669:July 2018
608:LK Lander
492:Burn time
432:Burn time
379:Burn time
326:Burn time
269:Burn time
167:Cancelled
118:Capacity
8244:Plesetsk
8217:Nyonoksa
8066:missiles
8024:Nanchang
7977:Taganrog
7792:aircraft
7360:(joint)
7347:(joint)
7278:(joint)
6972:Soyuz 2A
6659:original
6649:Vanguard
6632:Proton-K
6605:original
6453:Ablestar
6438:Terran 1
6396:original
6255:Rocket 3
6162:original
5972:original
5898:Falcon 9
5893:Falcon 1
5849:IV Heavy
5565:Zuljanah
5528:Terran R
5511:Block 1B
5496:Pallas-1
5400:Kuaizhou
5360:Bloostar
5300:Starship
5251:Shavit 2
5236:Qaem 100
5226:Proton-M
5184:Minotaur
5065:Kuaizhou
4988:Electron
4956:Ariane 6
4788:Proton-K
4761:original
4658:original
4535:Proton-M
4239:Archived
4208:Archived
4008:Archived
3802:Archived
3759:Archived
3637:Archived
3565:Archived
3539:10 March
3533:Archived
3506:25 April
3500:Archived
3475:25 April
3447:Archived
3398:7612528M
3390:35567023
3382:96035311
3315:Archived
3261:Archived
3171:Archived
3141:Archived
3118:Archived
3088:Springer
3059:Archived
3036:Archived
3006:Springer
2977:Archived
2969:"Vulkan"
2946:Archived
2921:30 April
2915:Archived
2879:30 April
2857:30 April
2851:Archived
2770:30 April
2764:Archived
2731:Archived
2690:Archived
2655:"RD-270"
2613:"Proton"
2572:Archived
2530:30 April
2524:Archived
2501:Archived
2461:Archived
2433:22 April
2358:Archived
2311:Archived
2145:See also
2139:Lunokhod
2126:Cyrillic
2025:Tyuratam
2016:impeller
2005:110 East
1932:Failure
1919:Baikonur
1903:Failure
1890:Baikonur
1866:Failure
1853:Baikonur
1837:Failure
1824:Baikonur
1810:Remarks
1807:Outcome
1804:Payload
1691:(burn 2)
1452:momentum
1411:Saturn V
1393:Saturn V
1118:glasnost
1084:N1 7L –
1077:N1 6L –
1072:110 East
1066:N1 5L –
1056:N1 3L –
822:Chelomey
789:3D model
716:Apollo 4
709:Saturn V
566:Saturn V
552:) was a
232:Diameter
177:Baikonur
175:LC-110,
94:Diameter
46:Function
8421:details
8332:Töretam
8074:Barnaul
7470:Related
7421:Energia
7322:Voskhod
7255:Russian
7210:Italics
7121:Zond 10
7004:Soyuz 8
7000:Soyuz 7
6996:Soyuz 6
6991:Soyuz 5
6987:Soyuz 4
6982:Soyuz 3
6978:Soyuz 2
6967:Soyuz 1
6958:docking
6898:Zond-M
6819:ascent/
6724:Classes
6595:Tsyklon
6433:Start-1
6204:Voskhod
6199:Sputnik
6135:Molniya
6120:Pilot-2
5957:Juno II
5871:Epsilon
5866:Energia
5856:Diamant
5732:Centaur
5581:Antares
5574:Retired
5523:Soyuz-7
5516:Block 2
5449:Neutron
5439:Miura 5
5273:Soyuz-2
5266:Block 1
5256:Simorgh
5033:Jielong
4961:Atlas V
4932:Current
4756:Tsyklon
4751:Start-1
4700:Voskhod
4695:Sputnik
4631:Molniya
4584:Energia
4572:Retired
4563:Yenisei
4508:Soyuz-2
4474:Russian
4434:Drawing
3597:155ñ156
2801:Bibcode
2578:2 March
2281:13 June
2203:on the
2128:letter
2124:of the
2021:Leninsk
1954:voltage
1727:impulse
1697:Block G
1625:impulse
1595:Block V
1556:Block B
1517:Block A
1324:Block V
1305:Block B
1236:Block A
1219:frustum
1186:Antares
1147:Energia
949:Energia
934:OKB-276
787:Static
740:Florida
732:SA-500F
629:History
456:Block D
409:1 NK-19
356:4 NK-21
8147:KY-02
8119:Embi-5
8051:XIAN-A
8014:HARB-A
8006:Harbin
7959:SibNIA
7855:NOVO-C
7851:NOVO-B
7848:NOVO-A
7813:CASP-B
7808:CASP-A
7449:Zvezda
7433:Kliper
7417:Spiral
7405:Aelita
7393:Zvezda
7389:LK-700
7378:Moon:
7327:Salyut
7317:Vostok
7263:Active
7251:Soviet
7114:Zond 9
7108:Zond 8
7103:Zond 7
7081:Zond 6
7076:Zond 5
7059:Zond 4
6884:LK-700
6844:Blok D
6839:Blok E
6708:Zhuque
6642:Strela
6600:R-36-O
6543:II GLV
6531:SLV-2H
6526:SLV-2G
6514:DSV-2U
6492:Burner
6428:SS-520
6423:Sparta
6391:Shavit
6282:Saturn
6243:Shtil'
6209:Vostok
6152:Polyot
6110:Naro-1
5999:Lambda
5967:Kosmos
5952:Juno I
5876:Europa
5650:Athena
5613:Ariane
5553:Zhuque
5543:Vega E
5395:Irtysh
5332:Zhuque
5050:KAIROS
4939:Angara
4863:Medium
4853:Proton
4798:Strela
4783:UR-500
4739:Shtil'
4705:Vostok
4648:Polyot
4589:Kosmos
4558:Irtysh
4491:Angara
4484:Active
4470:Soviet
4378:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4277:
4067:
4039:17 May
4014:24 May
3905:
3831:
3796:&
3603:
3441:
3431:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3370:
3309:
3299:
3232:
3204:
3112:
3102:
3030:
3020:
2819:
2665:30 May
2638:30 May
2428:SpaceX
2350:
2181:UR-700
2052:eddies
1778:3.12%
1725:Total
1689:S-IVB
1678:9.31%
1675:12.14%
1623:Total
1468:N1-L3
1407:Apollo
1280:moment
1131:Syntin
1007:, aka
941:Proton
932:, the
858:RD-270
835:UR-500
826:OKB-52
761:, the
699:. The
562:Soviet
534:(from
164:Status
110:Stages
86:Height
8406:VA-08
8402:VA-07
8398:VA-06
8395:VA-05
8392:VA-04
8389:VA-03
8386:VA-02
8383:VA-01
8366:TT-09
8362:TT-08
8359:TT-07
8356:TT-06
8352:TT-05
8348:TT-04
8345:TT-03
8342:TT-02
8339:TT-01
8322:SH-11
8318:SH-10
8315:SH-09
8311:SH-08
8307:SH-07
8304:SH-06
8301:SH-05
8297:SH-04
8293:SH-03
8290:SH-02
8286:SH-01
8268:PL-05
8263:PL-04
8259:PL-03
8256:PL-02
8252:PL-01
8234:NE-04
8230:NE-03
8227:NE-02
8224:NE-01
8207:KY-12
8202:KY-11
8198:KY-10
8195:KY-09
8192:KY-08
8188:KY-07
8183:KY-06
8178:KY-05
8173:KY-04
8168:KY-03
8143:KY-01
8126:EM-01
8109:BL-10
8105:BL-09
8102:BL-08
8099:BL-07
8096:BL-06
8093:BL-05
8090:BL-04
8087:BL-03
8084:BL-02
8081:BL-01
8043:Xi'an
8034:NAN-B
8031:NAN-A
7996:TAG-D
7992:TAG-C
7989:TAG-B
7985:TAG-A
7967:SIB-A
7949:RAM-T
7945:RAM-S
7934:RAM-R
7930:RAM-Q
7926:RAM-P
7921:RAM-N
7916:RAM-M
7911:RAM-L
7906:RAM-K
7901:RAM-J
7896:RAM-H
7891:RAM-G
7887:RAM-F
7884:RAM-E
7881:RAM-D
7878:RAM-C
7875:RAM-B
7872:RAM-A
7831:KAZ-A
7823:Kazan
7461:OPSEK
7453:Zarya
7425:Buran
7385:N1-L3
7332:Almaz
7270:Soyuz
7161:LOK 2
7154:LOK 1
6960:tests
6955:Soyuz
6890:Zond
6671:Zenit
6666:VLS-1
6637:Rokot
6538:Titan
6509:Delta
6470:Agena
6418:SPARK
6304:Scout
6260:Safir
6248:Volna
6157:Soyuz
5947:H-IIB
5861:Dnepr
5749:Delta
5727:Agena
5717:SLV-3
5712:LV-3B
5667:Atlas
5241:Qased
5216:OS-M1
5018:H-IIA
4966:Ceres
4858:Light
4805:Zenit
4793:Rokot
4744:Volna
4653:Soyuz
4579:Dnepr
4361:7 May
4269:[
4231:"N1F"
4152:(PDF)
3805:(PDF)
3790:(PDF)
3762:(PDF)
3751:(PDF)
3450:(PDF)
3421:(PDF)
3318:(PDF)
3289:(PDF)
2734:(PDF)
2719:(PDF)
2597:[
2549:(PDF)
2464:(PDF)
2453:(PDF)
2187:Notes
2110:N1-L3
2023:(See
1775:6.17%
1426:S-IVB
1309:NK-43
1288:S-530
1162:NK-43
1158:NK-33
1151:Buran
988:Soyuz
956:NK-15
945:Zenit
882:ICBMs
831:SS-10
810:Soyuz
588:N1-L3
532:N1/L3
519:[
495:600 s
468:RD-58
435:443 s
382:370 s
329:120 s
301:NK-15
272:125 s
245:NK-15
65:OKB-1
29:N1/L3
7865:GFRI
7429:MAKS
7310:Past
7301:Orel
7253:and
7197:LK-1
7021:Zond
6914:LOK
6872:LK-1
6696:3SLB
6654:Vega
6583:CT-3
6568:IIIE
6563:IIID
6558:IIIC
6553:IIIB
6548:IIIA
6448:Able
6443:Thor
6344:X-2B
6334:X-3M
6324:X-2M
6238:R-29
6130:Luna
6105:N-II
6083:3SII
5982:2/2I
5942:H-II
5930:Mk I
5925:GSLV
5908:v1.1
5903:v1.0
5829:5000
5824:4000
5819:3000
5814:2000
5809:1000
5804:0100
5722:Able
5645:ASLV
5606:230+
5548:Zero
5474:OS-M
5469:Nova
5464:NGLV
5380:Eris
5370:Deca
5315:Vega
5310:Unha
5295:SSLV
5288:2-1v
5231:PSLV
5211:Nuri
5179:LVM3
5112:3B/E
5013:GSLV
4825:3SLB
4734:R-29
4626:Luna
4553:Amur
4523:2-1v
4518:2.1b
4513:2.1a
4472:and
4376:ISBN
4363:2019
4351:"L3"
4334:2015
4293:OCLC
4285:LCCN
4275:ISBN
4247:2019
4216:2019
4185:2019
4135:2015
4102:2018
4065:ISBN
4041:2013
4016:2015
3985:2015
3959:2015
3903:ISBN
3882:2015
3829:ISBN
3794:NASA
3770:2024
3733:2015
3681:2019
3645:2019
3601:ISBN
3573:2015
3541:2023
3508:2009
3477:2009
3465:"N1"
3439:LCCN
3429:ISBN
3425:NASA
3386:OCLC
3378:LCCN
3368:ISBN
3326:2015
3307:LCCN
3297:ISBN
3293:NASA
3269:2015
3230:ISBN
3179:2013
3149:2015
3110:LCCN
3100:ISBN
3067:2016
3028:LCCN
3018:ISBN
2985:2015
2954:2015
2923:2023
2881:2023
2859:2023
2817:ISSN
2772:2023
2742:2019
2698:2019
2667:2024
2640:2024
2580:2021
2532:2023
2520:NASA
2472:2019
2435:2023
2410:2013
2384:2011
2372:"N1"
2348:ISBN
2319:2015
2283:2019
2166:R-56
1966:RP-1
1958:KORD
1551:S-II
1512:S-IC
1160:and
1009:Zond
996:LK-1
839:LK-1
697:Moon
586:The
570:Moon
530:The
504:RP-1
444:RP-1
391:RP-1
338:RP-1
281:RP-1
147:Mass
131:Mass
102:Mass
81:Size
75:USSR
8161:III
7437:LKS
7401:TMK
7352:Mir
7339:TKS
7275:ISS
6817:and
6691:3SL
6686:2FG
6578:23G
6573:34D
6408:SLV
6384:G-1
6379:F-1
6374:E-1
6369:A-1
6364:D-1
6359:B-1
6339:X-4
6329:X-3
6319:X-2
6309:X-1
6125:R-7
6100:N-I
5937:H-I
5839:III
5707:III
5682:E/F
5601:230
5596:130
5591:120
5586:110
5538:VLM
5506:SLS
5444:MLV
5261:SLS
5246:RS1
5172:11H
4944:1.2
4820:3SL
4621:R-7
4496:1.2
4061:162
3092:doi
3010:doi
2809:doi
2797:142
2340:doi
2027:).
1926:7L
1897:6L
1860:5L
1831:3L
1293:TLI
1184:'s
1143:LOX
1139:LH2
1135:LOX
1103:N1F
824:'s
770:did
763:NRO
759:CIA
738:in
726:in
659:by
508:LOX
448:LOX
395:LOX
342:LOX
285:LOX
243:30
141:TLI
125:LEO
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7939:R2
7781:40
7776:39
7771:38
7766:38
7761:37
7756:36
7751:35
7746:34
7741:33
7736:32
7731:31
7726:30
7721:29
7716:28
7711:27
7706:26
7701:25
7696:24
7691:24
7686:23
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7666:20
7661:20
7656:19
7651:19
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7626:16
7621:15
7616:14
7611:13
7606:12
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7439:,
7435:,
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6998:,
6989:,
6980:,
6969:,
6701:3F
6681:2M
6588:IV
6292:IB
6275:1B
6270:1A
6229:2M
6187:U2
6167:FG
6095:N1
6078:3S
6073:3H
6068:3C
6063:4S
6058:Mu
6051:4A
6046:3B
6036:2E
6031:2A
6026:1D
6004:4S
5992:3M
5886:II
5844:IV
5834:II
5702:II
5660:II
5432:12
5427:10
5410:31
5405:21
5194:IV
5167:11
5157:7A
5147:6A
5137:5B
5127:4C
5122:4B
5117:3C
5107:3A
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5092:2C
5080:11
5075:1A
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