536:
29:
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him as governor and commander of
Safavid forces in the region. Davit Bek suddenly fell ill in mid-1728 and died at Halidzor. He was succeeded by his lieutenant Mkhitar Sparapet. Mkhitar continued the struggle against the Ottomans. Although Mkhitar won some victories, a new Ottoman campaign began and Halidzor was again besieged at the beginning of 1729. Ter Avetis and others following him, believing that victory was impossible to achieve, called for negotiations with the Ottomans. Mkhitar, unable to convince his followers to continue fighting, left the fortress under cover of night. Ter Avetis then surrendered Halidzor to the Ottomans in exchange for guarantees, but the Ottoman pasha ordered the men killed and the women and children taken prisoner. The fortress of Halidzor was destroyed.
572:
assaults were unsuccessful, with the defenders taking minor losses, a major attack with siege machines and ladders demonstrated to the defenders that they could not hold out indefinitely. Then, Davit Bek proposed a plan to sortie out of the fortress and strike the besieging forces. The sortie was led by Ter Avetis and
Mkhitar. The Ottomans were caught off guard and began a disorderly flight, taking heavy casualties as the Armenians chase them away. Davit Bek's forces begin driving the Ottomans out of Syunik. This spectacular victory breathed new life into the rebellion, and many
120:
705:
1562:
182:
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470:, the Safavid king based in Qazvin, sent some troops against Davit. Davit Bek's first great victory came at the battle of Chavndur, where the Armenian rebels defeated the combined forces of the khanates of Bargushat and Karadagh. Another notable victory was the conquest of the powerful fortress of Zeyva by Mkhitar Sparapet and Ter Avetis. On 29 March 1724, Davit Bek besieged the strategically important fortress of
714:, p. 245: "Սակայն, չնայած տարած հաղթանակներին և ունեցած հաջողություններին, միայնակ, զրկված դաշնակիցներից՝ այդ իշխանությունները չկարողացան շարունակել հետագա պայքարը և տեղի տվեցին Օսմանյան կայսրության ռազմական ահռելի ուժի առջև , alone and deprived of allies, were unable to continue the struggle and gave in to the enormous military power of the Ottoman Empire]".
596:
to rest. A group of locals, fearing that their village would be destroyed like
Halidzor because of Mkhitar's presence, murdered the rebel leader. Mkhitar's head was sent to the Ottoman pasha of Tabriz, who ordered the execution of the murderers. The Armenian forces of Syunik dispersed after the death
588:
Although initially Davit's main enemy were the
Iranians, he quickly came to the conclusion that it was the Ottomans who posed a much greater danger. Davit Bek's victories had left a strong impression on Shah Tahmasp, who in 1727 sent a letter to Davit recognizing him as ruler of Ghapan and appointing
458:
and others. Davit killed Baghir after a two-day battle and distributed his property. After this victory, Davit Bek made Tatev his new center. Davit instituted strict discipline among his troops, harshly punishing disobedience and misconduct. For panic-mongering and cowardice, he put his friend Pap to
571:
In
February 1727, the Ottomans initiated a massive assault, and the Armenian forces retreated to the fortress of Halidzor. Joined by the khans of Bargushat and Karadagh, the Karachorlu and other local Turkic and Kurdish forces, the Ottomans besieged Halidzor on 26 February 1726. Although the initial
307:
went to Moscow in 1701 and drew up a plan for a rebellion in
Iranian Armenia with Russian help. Ori's plan was never realized, and he died in Astrakhan in 1711. However, Armenian secular and religious leaders continued to interact with the Russian state and began to see Russia as the natural ally of
562:
and Meghri and pushing into the interior of Syunik. They were supported by the local Turkic tribes and the
Iranian khans. The Armenians suffered heavy losses trying to stop the Ottoman advance. Disunity and demoralization emerged within the Armenian ranks. It was in this context that Mkhitar and
357:
campaigns against the
Afghans. Although the Armenian rebellions in Syunik and Karabagh are often treated as one movement, there were a number of differences between them. Unlike Karabagh, which at this time was exclusively Armenian, Syunik already had a considerable Muslim population, made up of
580:
with the help of locals and inflicting heavy losses on an
Ottoman army, which was forced to flee across the Aras. Along with war booty, the rebels captured thousands of tax documents, which they destroyed. Davit Bek then campaigned against the Ottomans at Bekh, Ordubad and
335:
with a 61,000-strong army. This revived hope among the
Armenians and Georgians under Iranian rule that Russian arms could help remove the region from Muslim rule. At Peter's request, a joint Armenian-Georgian army, made up of the Georgian army and the troops of the
478:
and Ivan Karapet (an Armenian representative of Peter the Great) joined Davit Bek's forces. The last battles between the Armenian rebels and the Persians took place in 1725 at Goghtn and Meghri. Thousands of Persians were killed and fled southward across the
352:
The weakening of the Safavid state also allowed Muslim lords in the South Caucasus to increase their control over the region's Armenian population. Additionally, Armenians in general and those of Syunik in particular were being taxed heavily to pay for Shah
261:. Left leaderless, the Armenian forces dispersed, and the Ottomans occupied Syunik, although some Armenians continued to resist from impregnable mountainous areas. The rebellion occurred in conjunction with, and occasionally directly cooperating with, an
567:
with the Ottoman Empire in 1724, recognizing the latter's rights over the Iranian territories of the South Caucasus away from the Caspian coast. The Armenian rebels were unaware of these developments and continued to hope for a Russian intervention.
340:
of Karabagh, was assembled to join with the Russian forces. However, fearing a conflict with the Ottomans and facing logistical problems in his campaign, Peter remained in the Caspian littoral and did not move into the South Caucasus. With the
257:. In a renewed assault, the Ottomans captured and destroyed Halidzor in early 1729, forcing Mkhitar to flee. Although Mkhitar continued to resist the Ottomans and won some victories, he was killed by a group of Armenian villagers in
681:, pp. 136–137. Some scholars believe that the absence of Davit Bek's signature on this letter indicates that he had already died by this time and been succeeded by Mkhitar, whereas the main primary source on the rebellion,
345:, signed on 12 September 1723, Russia annexed the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea and made peace with Iran. In the meantime, the Ottomans were preparing to invade the South Caucasus, having assembled a large army in
491:
As a result of Davit Bek's campaigns from 1722 to 1725, all of Syunik and some neighboring areas were brought under Armenian control. Davit Bek thus became the ruler of an independent Armenian principality, where all the
535:
554:. The first Ottoman attempt to enter Syunik was in the spring of 1725. Although this first attempt was unsuccessful, in 1726 the Ottomans occupied the trade route running along the south of Syunik, taking
592:
After this defeat, Mkhitar continued resisting the Ottoman occupation, sometimes succeeding in liberating some settlements. He defeated the Ottomans at Ordubad in 1730. That same year, Mkhitar went to
439:, he managed to defend the Armenian-inhabited areas from the Muslim tribes. Davit Bek's first military actions were directed against the Turkic and Kurdish tribes. He first defeated the Karachorlu and
315:
actions alienated his Georgian and Armenian subjects and provoked a rebellion among the empire's Sunni subjects in the Caucasus and Afghanistan in 1721. The weakening of central authority also allowed
303:
had raised hopes among some Armenian leaders that an alliance could be made with Russia to free Armenia from the rule of the Muslim empires. Most notably, an Armenian noble from Syunik named
597:
of their leader. Some decided to move to Russian-controlled territories, while others continued to resist the Ottoman occupation from the mountains of Syunik until the 1730s, when
443:
groups. On a plateau called Uchtapa, he reportedly defeated thousands of Javanshir tribesman with a force of 400. His victories brought more and more Armenians to his ranks.
466:(formally Safavid governors, but largely independent with the collapse of central authority) and other Muslim lords of varying sizes, who joined forces against Davit Bek.
1444:[The Armenian liberation movement against Iranian rule and the Turkish invaders in the first half of the 18th century]. In Khachikian, L. S.; et al. (eds.).
299:
continued to exist as autonomous rulers of small principalities under Iranian suzerainty. In the late seventeenth century, Russian southward expansion under
527:. In early 1723, the fortress of Halidzor became the new center of the principality. Davit Bek expanded the fortifications and gathered supplies there.
249:
on 26 February 1727. After this victory, Davit Bek's forces completely drove the Ottomans out of Syunik, and he was recognized by the Safavid shah
576:
that had abandoned the movement joined Davit Bek once again. The Armenian forces won another great victory over the Ottomans at Meghri, capturing
262:
245:
attempts to occupy the region. After making initial gains and occupying a significant part of the province, the Ottomans were defeated at the
241:) of Syunik were united and an independent Armenian principality was established. From 1725, the Armenian principality of Syunik resisted the
1445:
28:
1348:
The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century
1639:
519:. A military council and staff was created. The units of Davit Bek's army had their own flags. Apparently following the example of the
515:
Davit Bek appointed both his fellow Georgian Armenians and locals as commanders. Mkhitar was appointed commander of the armies, or
1581:
1440:; Papazian, H. D. (1972). "Hay azatagrakan sharzhumě iranakan tirapetutʻyan ev tʻurkʻ zavtʻichʻneri dem XVIII dari aṛajin kesin"
1369:
474:
and captured it after four days of fierce fighting. In May 1724, a force of 2,000 Armenian fighters from Karabagh commanded by
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1286:
500:
of the Republic of Armenia, extending from the district of Sisian in the north to the Aras River in the south, and from the
1649:
1518:
1329:
1233:
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and Ter Avetis. Davit Bek assembled a force of 2000 warriors and turns them into a disciplined army. Father Hovakim of
1654:
1614:
1424:
1409:
1355:
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and other local leaders came to declare their readiness to follow him. Among these were Melik Toros of Chavndur, the
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in the west to a line of fortified points and settlements in the east. Its probable easternmost fortified point was
1644:
512:
of Azerbaijan. A hostile Muslim principality separated Davit Bek's realm from the Armenian melikdoms of Karabagh.
496:
submitted to his authority. The borders of this principality largely corresponded to the borders of the modern-day
1279:
Demography of the Eastern Armenians in the XVII–XVIII Centuries and the Strength of the Armenian Army in the 1720s
386:; he sent Davit Bek, reportedly one of his most capable officers, together with some 30 men Armenian soldiers.
1634:
1511:
The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties Through the Nineteenth Century
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224:
61:
1459:] (in Armenian). Vol. IV. Yerevan: Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House. pp. 131–189.
1545:
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other leaders sent an appeal for assistance to Russia on 24 March 1726. However, Russia had already signed the
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declared the full support of the Armenian clergy for Davit Bek. With the support of the local peasants and the
462:
Having established order and a strong military force in Syunik, Davit Bek began campaigning against the local
358:
Turkic and Kurdish nomads who would regularly come up to the mountainous grazing lands from the plains of the
1300:
648:
220:
103:
1272:
Arevelahayutʻyan zhoghovrdagrutʻyuně XVII-XVIII darerum ev hayotsʻ zorkʻi tʻvakazmě 1720-akan tʻvakannerin
1659:
1621:
A translation of the main primary source about the rebellion into modern Armenian with an introduction.
1251:
1606:
1488:
1389:
1275:Արևելահայության ժողովրդագրությունը XVII-XVIII դարերում և հայոց զորքի թվակազմը 1720-ական թվականներին
463:
416:
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as ruler of Ghapan. After his death in mid-1728, Davit Bek was succeeded by one of his commanders,
128:
163:
647:('Great Ghapan'), which encompassed the majority of the districts of the historical province of
1343:
1308:
1442:Հայ ազատագրական շարժումը իրանական տիրապետության և թուրք զավթիչների դեմ XVIII դարի առաջին կեսին
379:
219:'Syunik liberation struggle') began as a rebellion of the Armenians of the region of
112:
1468:[The Armenian liberation movements in the 18th century]. In Simonyan, Hr. R. (ed.).
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at first had no single leader to unite around. Threatened by the local Muslims, in 1722 the
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8:
1221:
559:
214:
523:
of Artsakh, Davit Bek created a series of fortified military districts in Syunik called
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The liberation movement of the Armenian people in the first quarter of the 18th century
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1339:
1317:
501:
246:
1610:
1591:
1549:
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1342:(1997). "Eastern Armenia from the Seventeenth Century to the Russian Annexation". In
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1229:
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death, and had his lieutenants Ter Avetis and Mkhitar Sparapet briefly imprisoned.
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after a six-month siege. Taking advantage of the chaotic situation, Peter the Great
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424:
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his first base of operations and began repairing its fortress. A number of Syunik
181:
585:. As a result of Davit Bek's victories, Syunik was again under Armenian control.
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509:
497:
451:
432:
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57:
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635:) was used to refer to two territories of different sizes: the smaller one was
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to strengthen their defenses and military forces. In October 1722, the Afghans
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A Turkic title literally meaning 'centurion' held by the subordinates of some
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1419:
1397:
505:
475:
312:
1553:
717:
1564:
Osvoboditelʹnoe dvizhenie armi͡anskogo naroda v pervoĭ chetverti XVIII veka
601:(later Nader Shah) recaptured the Caucasian territories from the Ottomans.
480:
359:
282:
228:
173:
146:
546:
In 1724, the Ottomans invaded Iran and Eastern Armenia, capturing Tiflis,
77:
Some Armenian resistance continues until the region is reconquered by Iran
34:
War of the Armenians against the Turks during the Syunik Rebellion in 1722
1243:
471:
311:
Meanwhile, the Safavid state was nearing its collapse in the 1720s. Shah
1538:
The Armenian Rebellion of the 1720s and the Threat of Genocidal Reprisal
1469:
1306:[About the topography of the Syunik principality of the 1720s].
1301:"1720-akan tʻvakanneri Syunyatsʻ ishkhanapetutʻyan teghagrutʻyan masin"
801:
1567:Освободительное движение армянского народа в первой четверти XVIII века
1464:
Hovhannisyan, P. H. (2012). "Hay azatagrakan sharzhumnerě XVIII darum"
1139:
1096:
598:
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467:
354:
304:
258:
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192:
965:
963:
961:
293:(also known as Artsakh), remnants of the old Armenian nobility called
1605:] (in Armenian). Translation and introduction by Arshak Madoyan.
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400:
232:
187:
159:
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1108:
975:
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428:
290:
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723:
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346:
328:
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In the early eighteenth century, Armenia was divided between the
231:
rule and local Muslim tribes and rulers. Under the leadership of
1303:
1720-ական թվականների Սյունյաց իշխանապետության տեղագրության մասին
1199:
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1002:
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Hayotsʻ patmutʻyun: Hnaguyn zhamanakneritsʻ minchʻev mer orerě
992:
990:
907:
897:
895:
687:, states that Davit Bek fell ill and died at Halidzor in 1728.
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934:
858:
856:
295:
237:
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who opposed the rebellion. Among these were Melik Baghir of
1187:
1163:
1019:
987:
946:
892:
868:
829:
741:
729:
1385:
Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories
1072:
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853:
841:
765:
677:
For an English translation of the text of the appeal, see
319:
groups to raid the South Caucasus, prompting the Armenian
880:
394:
1474:Հայոց պատմություն։ Հնագույն ժամանակներից մինչև մեր օրերը
789:
753:
235:, an Armenian soldier from Georgia, the Armenian lords (
1060:
1377:
Hayastani ev harakitsʻ shrjanneri teghanunneri baṛaran
682:
642:
636:
618:
617:
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the name
1480:
History of Armenia: From ancient times until our days
1368:; Melik-Bakhshyan, S. T.; Barseghyan, H. Kh. (1991).
1322:
Armenians and Russia, 1626-1796: A Documentary Record
427:. A little later, he was joined by Melik Parsadan of
1436:
1312:(5): 60–72 – via Pan-Armenian Digital Library.
1157:
1145:
1114:
1102:
1048:
981:
969:
1589:
1380:Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան
777:
382:to ask for assistance. Vakhtang agreed to aid the
1422:(1973–1974). "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia II".
1626:
89:Syunik is occupied by the Ottoman Empire in 1730
724:Hakobyan, Melik-Bakhshyan & Barseghyan 1991
1246:(1991). "Nādir Shāh and the Afsharid Legacy".
630:
624:
362:for part of the year. Also, the troops of the
446:Davit Bek also fought against those Armenian
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1193:
1181:
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1560:
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1281:] (in Armenian). Yerevan: NT Holding.
27:
1489:Yerevan State University Publishing House
454:, who converted to Islam, and Frangul of
1593:Davitʻ-Bek kam Patmutʻyun ghapʻantsʻotsʻ
1534:
1466:Հայ ազատագրական շարժումները XVIII դարում
1295:
1266:
1066:
1054:
534:
1582:Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
1544:. Yerevan: Center for Policy Analysis,
1220:
940:
530:
366:of Syunik were less organized, and the
289:(also known at the time as Ghapan) and
285:empires. In the mountainous regions of
1627:
1602:Davit Bek or History of the Ghapantsis
1396:
811:
795:
395:Against Muslim tribes and the Safavids
265:in the neighboring region of Artsakh (
223:(also known at the time as Ghapan) in
1242:
783:
374:of Syunik sent Stepanos Shahumian of
1586:A Soviet-era study of the rebellion.
16:Rebellion against the Ottoman Empire
1607:Yerevan University Publishing House
1390:Yerevan University Publishing House
13:
1596:Դավիթ-Բեկ կամ Պատմություն ղափանցոց
1528:
1513:. University of California Press.
1388:] (in Armenian). Vol. 3.
378:to the court of the Georgian king
14:
1671:
1640:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
1350:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
1226:Historical Dictionary of Armenia
1158:Hovhannisian & Papazian 1972
1146:Hovhannisian & Papazian 1972
1115:Hovhannisian & Papazian 1972
1103:Hovhannisian & Papazian 1972
982:Hovhannisian & Papazian 1972
970:Hovhannisian & Papazian 1972
180:
140:
118:
1228:(2 ed.). Scarecrow Press.
1214:
671:
654:
411:(mayors or village headmen) of
1546:American University of Armenia
1456:History of the Armenian People
611:
1:
1260:10.1017/CHOL9780521200950.002
1248:The Cambridge History of Iran
694:
664:; the Armenian equivalent is
272:
1425:Revue des Études Arméniennes
1404:. Chicago University Press.
699:
389:
7:
1590:Ghukas Sebastatsʻi (1992).
1535:Aivazian, Armen M. (1997).
1402:Armenia: A Historical Atlas
683:
643:
637:
619:
210:Սյունիքի ազատագրական պայքար
10:
1676:
1561:Arutyunyan, P. T. (1954).
1252:Cambridge University Press
343:Treaty of Saint Petersburg
119:
1650:Battles involving Armenia
1447:Hay zhoghovrdi patmutʻyun
684:Patmut’iwn Ghapants’wots’
641:, and the larger one was
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625:
209:
153:
104:Syunik Armenian melikdoms
97:
40:
26:
21:
1655:1727 in military history
1595:
1566:
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1465:
1450:Հայ ժողովրդի պատմություն
1449:
1441:
1379:
1371:
1302:
1274:
604:
565:Treaty of Constantinople
487:Davit Bek's principality
129:Khanates of the Caucasus
1645:18th century in Armenia
327:the Iranian capital of
1635:Wars involving Armenia
1580:(in Russian). Moscow:
1340:Bournoutian, George A.
1318:Bournoutian, George A.
543:
154:Commanders and leaders
538:
308:the Armenian people.
113:Melikdoms of Karabagh
1491:. pp. 204–245.
1344:Hovannisian, Richard
1324:. Mazda Publishers.
1222:Adalian, Rouben Paul
542:, as seen from above
531:Against the Ottomans
508:, in the modern-day
333:invaded Iran in 1722
36:(J. Broussali, 1887)
1438:Hovhannisian, A. G.
1208:, pp. 244–245.
1184:, pp. 243–244.
1148:, pp. 171–173.
1136:, pp. 241–242.
1105:, pp. 170–171.
1093:, pp. 240–242.
1045:, pp. 239–240.
1016:, pp. 238–239.
943:, pp. 250–251.
928:, pp. 236–237.
916:, pp. 299–300.
826:, pp. 222–226.
798:, pp. 163–165.
1507:Nalbandian, Louise
1428:. Nouvelle série.
544:
502:Zangezur Mountains
423:Pap and Pali, and
263:Armenian rebellion
247:Battle of Halidzor
1660:Conflicts in 1727
1498:978-5-8084-1639-0
1420:Hewsen, Robert H.
1288:978-9939-870-59-5
1254:. pp. 1–62.
1206:Hovhannisyan 2012
1194:Hovhannisyan 2012
1182:Hovhannisyan 2012
1170:Hovhannisyan 2012
1134:Hovhannisyan 2012
1091:Hovhannisyan 2012
1043:Hovhannisyan 2012
1026:Hovhannisyan 2012
1014:Hovhannisyan 2012
997:Hovhannisyan 2012
953:Hovhannisyan 2012
926:Hovhannisyan 2012
902:Hovhannisyan 2012
875:Hovhannisyan 2012
836:Hovhannisyan 2012
824:Hovhannisyan 2012
808:Hovhannisyan 2012
772:Hovhannisyan 2012
750:, pp. 86–87.
738:, pp. 85–86.
712:Hovhannisyan 2012
540:Halidzor Fortress
218:
198:
197:
179:Ter-Avetis
132:Karachorlu tribes
93:
92:
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1366:Hakobyan, T. Kh.
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1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1079:Bournoutian 2001
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1000:
994:
985:
979:
973:
967:
956:
950:
944:
938:
929:
923:
917:
914:Hewsen 1973–1974
911:
905:
899:
890:
887:Bournoutian 1997
884:
878:
872:
866:
863:Bournoutian 2001
860:
851:
848:Bournoutian 2001
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
760:Bournoutian 1997
757:
751:
748:Bournoutian 1997
745:
739:
736:Bournoutian 1997
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
688:
686:
679:Bournoutian 2001
675:
669:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
633:
628:
627:
622:
615:
425:Mkhitar Sparapet
255:Mkhitar Sparapet
243:Ottoman Empire's
213:
211:
202:Syunik rebellion
184:
170:Mkhitar Sparapet
145:
144:
143:
123:
122:
121:
73:Ottoman victory
42:
41:
31:
22:Syunik rebellion
19:
18:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1597:
1577:
1568:
1541:
1531:
1529:Further reading
1521:
1499:
1487:(in Armenian).
1484:
1475:
1467:
1451:
1443:
1412:
1381:
1373:
1370:"Ghapʻan Mets"
1358:
1332:
1304:
1297:Ayvazyan, Armen
1289:
1276:
1268:Ayvazyan, Armen
1250:. Vol. 7.
1236:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1003:
995:
988:
980:
976:
968:
959:
951:
947:
939:
932:
924:
920:
912:
908:
900:
893:
885:
881:
873:
869:
861:
854:
846:
842:
834:
830:
822:
818:
810:, p. 226;
806:
802:
794:
790:
782:
778:
770:
766:
758:
754:
746:
742:
734:
730:
722:
718:
710:
706:
702:
697:
692:
691:
676:
672:
659:
655:
616:
612:
607:
578:Meghri Fortress
533:
510:Lachin District
498:Syunik Province
489:
433:Tatev Monastery
399:Davit Bek made
397:
392:
313:Soltan Hoseyn's
301:Peter the Great
275:
225:Iranian Armenia
191:
190:
178:
168:
141:
139:
138:
133:
131:
127:
117:
111:
106:
85:
64:
62:Iranian Armenia
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1587:
1558:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:978-0520009141
1519:
1503:
1497:
1461:
1434:
1416:
1410:
1398:Hewsen, Robert
1394:
1392:. p. 553.
1362:
1356:
1336:
1331:978-1568591322
1330:
1314:
1293:
1287:
1264:
1240:
1235:978-0810874503
1234:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1198:
1196:, p. 244.
1186:
1174:
1172:, p. 243.
1162:
1160:, p. 174.
1150:
1138:
1119:
1117:, p. 171.
1107:
1095:
1083:
1081:, p. 406.
1071:
1069:, p. 469.
1059:
1047:
1030:
1028:, p. 239.
1018:
1001:
999:, p. 238.
986:
984:, p. 165.
974:
972:, p. 166.
957:
955:, p. 237.
945:
930:
918:
906:
904:, p. 236.
891:
879:
877:, p. 235.
867:
865:, p. 408.
852:
850:, p. 404.
840:
838:, p. 229.
828:
816:
814:, p. 165.
800:
788:
776:
774:, p. 223.
764:
752:
740:
728:
716:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
690:
689:
670:
653:
638:P’ok’r Ghap’an
609:
608:
606:
603:
532:
529:
488:
485:
396:
393:
391:
388:
349:by late 1722.
274:
271:
204:of 1722–1730 (
196:
195:
185:
156:
155:
151:
150:
125:Ottoman Empire
115:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
79:
78:
70:
66:
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56:
54:
50:
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38:
37:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1672:
1661:
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1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
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1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1618:
1616:5-8084-0186-0
1612:
1608:
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1601:
1598:
1594:
1588:
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1431:
1427:
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1421:
1417:
1413:
1411:0-226-33228-4
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1357:1-4039-6422-X
1353:
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1327:
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1311:
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1142:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1067:Ayvazyan 2022
1063:
1056:
1055:Ayvazyan 2006
1051:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1006:
998:
993:
991:
983:
978:
971:
966:
964:
962:
954:
949:
942:
937:
935:
927:
922:
915:
910:
903:
898:
896:
889:, p. 88.
888:
883:
876:
871:
864:
859:
857:
849:
844:
837:
832:
825:
820:
813:
809:
804:
797:
792:
786:, p. 11.
785:
780:
773:
768:
762:, p. 87.
761:
756:
749:
744:
737:
732:
725:
720:
713:
708:
704:
685:
680:
674:
667:
663:
657:
650:
645:
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621:
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602:
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586:
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579:
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569:
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561:
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549:
541:
537:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
484:
482:
477:
476:Avan Yuzbashi
473:
469:
465:
460:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
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402:
387:
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136:
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96:
88:
83:
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76:
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71:
68:
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63:
59:
55:
52:
51:
47:
44:
43:
39:
35:
30:
25:
20:
1603:
1600:
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1563:
1537:
1510:
1481:
1478:
1470:
1457:
1454:
1446:
1429:
1423:
1401:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1347:
1321:
1307:
1278:
1271:
1247:
1244:Avery, Peter
1225:
1215:Bibliography
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1021:
977:
948:
941:Adalian 2010
921:
909:
882:
870:
843:
831:
819:
803:
791:
779:
767:
755:
743:
731:
719:
707:
673:
665:
661:
656:
644:Mets Ghap’an
613:
591:
587:
573:
570:
545:
524:
520:
516:
514:
493:
490:
461:
447:
445:
436:
420:
408:
404:
398:
383:
371:
367:
363:
355:Tahmasp II's
351:
337:
320:
310:
294:
276:
236:
201:
199:
174:
164:
149:(until 1727)
147:Safavid Iran
108:Supported by
107:
98:Belligerents
72:
33:
1309:Etchmiadzin
812:Hewsen 2001
796:Hewsen 2001
472:Vorotnaberd
380:Vakhtang VI
84:Territorial
1629:Categories
1432:: 281–303.
784:Avery 1991
695:References
666:haryurapet
599:Nader Khan
594:Khndzoresk
481:Aras River
468:Tahmasp II
456:Yeritsvank
305:Israel Ori
273:Background
259:Khndzoresk
251:Tahmasp II
193:Tahmasp II
1372:Ղափան Մեծ
700:Citations
441:Javanshir
421:yuzbashis
401:Shinuhayr
390:Rebellion
233:Davit Bek
188:Ahmed III
160:David Bek
135:Javanshir
48:1722–1730
1554:42755666
1509:(1963).
1400:(2001).
1320:(2001).
1299:(2006).
1270:(2022).
1224:(2010).
525:sghnakhs
517:sparapet
506:Kulaberd
429:Halidzor
409:tanuters
325:captured
291:Karabagh
267:Karabagh
227:against
206:Armenian
53:Location
1346:(ed.).
629:, var.
620:Ghap’an
556:Ordubad
552:Hamadan
548:Yerevan
347:Erzurum
329:Isfahan
283:Safavid
279:Ottoman
229:Safavid
217:
86:changes
1613:
1576:]
1552:
1517:
1495:
1483:]
1408:
1354:
1328:
1285:
1232:
662:meliks
649:Syunik
583:Agulis
574:meliks
560:Agulis
521:meliks
494:meliks
448:meliks
437:meliks
419:, the
413:Goghtn
405:meliks
384:meliks
376:Meghri
372:meliks
368:meliks
364:meliks
338:meliks
321:meliks
317:Lezgin
296:meliks
287:Syunik
238:meliks
221:Syunik
172:
162:
137:tribes
69:Result
58:Syunik
1599:[
1578:(PDF)
1570:[
1542:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
1477:[
1453:[
1382:[
1277:[
632:Խափան
626:Ղափան
605:Notes
464:khans
452:Tatev
417:Julfa
1611:ISBN
1550:OCLC
1515:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1230:ISBN
550:and
415:and
360:Kura
281:and
215:lit.
200:The
45:Date
1256:doi
269:).
1631::
1609:.
1548:.
1375:.
1122:^
1033:^
1004:^
989:^
960:^
933:^
894:^
855:^
558:,
483:.
212:,
208::
60:,
1619:.
1584:.
1556:.
1523:.
1501:.
1430:X
1414:.
1360:.
1334:.
1291:.
1262:.
1258::
1238:.
1057:.
726:.
668:.
651:.
623:(
175:X
165:#
110::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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