39:
1142:
1127:
1112:
1173:
1250:
1235:
1269:
1154:
1185:
187:
3372:
726:
2210:
38:
1141:
1040:
As an inanimate equipment (a vehicle, for example) requires an animate being (a man) for its operation, so does the body, that the soul adopts as its encasement, require the soul for its functioning. The body is repugnant, foul-smelling, perishable, and a source of anxiety and, therefore, it is
912:
According to Jain legends, When he observed tree leaves falling and flower wilting, he renounced his worldly life. He gave his kingdom to his son and became a Jain ascetic. After 9 months and then obtained
1126:
1111:
1083:
Suparshvanatha is usually depicted in a lotus or kayotsarga posture. Statues and paintings show his head shielded by a multi-headed serpent, fanned out like an umbrella.
1094:, but with a small difference. Suparshvanatha's serpent hood has five heads, and a seven (or more)-headed serpent is found in Parshvanatha icons. Statues of both
1153:
1769:"From the Harvard Art Museums' collections Tirthankara Suparsvanatha in Kayotsarga, or Standing Meditation, Posture and Protected by a Five-Headed Naga"
1172:
1592:
1636:
1101:
Unlike
Parshvantha who is depicted with coils of snake behind the body, Suparshva is depicted with snake hood only overhead. Suparshva's emblem of
1804:
904:). Suparśvanātha was married and ruled after his father King Pratistha. He conducted affairs in state and looked after well being of individual.
1249:
953:
is also said to have mentioned the name of Suparśvanātha but the meaning is different. It is an epithet of God which means "All-Pure Lord".
1268:
1234:
2199:
3351:
1794:
1758:
1734:
1711:
1586:
3356:
1946:
1184:
3310:
1903:
1868:
1848:
1828:
1677:
1648:
1610:
756:
710:
211:
1256:
537:
1201:
3305:
1750:
3274:
1632:
3341:
3056:
2736:
2192:
881:
3137:
3096:
1298:
1098:
with serpent hoods have been found in Uttar
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, dating to the 5th to 10th centuries.
3190:
1972:
2956:
2323:
3051:
2425:
1020:
572:
490:
462:
2990:
2613:
2318:
705:
2405:
291:
3269:
2889:
2185:
1939:
1703:
3400:
2968:
2926:
2871:
1720:
1133:
612:
1768:
1086:
Serpent-hood iconography is not unique to
Suparshvanatha; it is also found above the icons of
3395:
3346:
3117:
2985:
2894:
1212:
749:
3331:
3295:
3081:
3076:
3046:
3031:
3011:
2980:
2951:
2134:
1919:
1164:
1004:
2526:
991:
with the inscription of 157 CE. This inscription records that an image of the tīrthankara
941:
was the leader of the Suparśvanātha disciples and 20 lakh years he also achieved nirvana.
917:(omniscience). After a many years of spreading his knowledge, he is said to have attained
8:
3336:
3215:
3178:
3152:
3091:
3041:
2601:
2469:
1786:
1640:
1118:
655:
206:
1041:
futile to have attachment towards it. O Lord Suparśvanātha, this is your benign precept.
3326:
3300:
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3016:
2946:
2941:
2576:
2571:
2144:
1932:
1809:
201:
3195:
3086:
3026:
3021:
3006:
2973:
2963:
2777:
2664:
2415:
2269:
2262:
2239:
1964:
1899:
1864:
1844:
1824:
1790:
1754:
1730:
1707:
1673:
1644:
1606:
1293:
1147:
Jain chaumukha sculpture with
Suparshvanath and three other Tirthankaras, 1st century
773:
441:
385:
380:
321:
309:
241:
2340:
336:
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2005:
1303:
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922:
918:
819:
742:
665:
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544:
271:
256:
251:
246:
170:
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2110:
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1818:
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1724:
1697:
1667:
1600:
730:
645:
514:
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223:
1602:
Acarya
Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara
3249:
3147:
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2936:
2853:
2823:
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2641:
2586:
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2306:
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2221:
2040:
1955:
1288:
1075:
Supasnath
Chariyam was compiled during reign of Mokkhal in 1422-23 at Dilwara.
977:
965:
579:
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530:
395:
341:
281:
236:
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558:
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3142:
3127:
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2166:
2149:
2025:
2000:
1990:
1000:
425:
390:
355:
196:
72:
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872:
to commemorate the birth of
Suparshvanatha. Nine months before the birth of
523:
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3200:
2808:
2719:
2714:
2701:
2651:
2618:
2581:
2284:
2274:
2100:
2035:
1693:
1087:
914:
700:
430:
400:
261:
231:
2390:
1746:
Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and
Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent
1588:
Suparshvanathacaritra (Book 3.5 of the
Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra)
780:
3239:
2813:
2681:
2512:
2497:
2479:
2459:
2442:
2296:
2229:
2085:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2030:
2015:
2010:
1981:
1891:
Phantasmal Media: An
Approach to Imagination, Computation, and Expression
1206:
1160:
969:
846:
791:
690:
586:
472:
420:
276:
101:
62:
29:
1514:
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3220:
2881:
2729:
2596:
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2410:
2330:
2156:
2080:
1995:
1052:
852:
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331:
286:
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186:
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2139:
2095:
2090:
2045:
1895:
1628:
1059:(Svet.) emblem, Sirisa tree, Varanandin (Dig.) & Matanga (Svet.)
961:
950:
868:
clan. There is temple dedicated to Suparshvanatha built in Bhadaini,
824:
695:
685:
660:
495:
447:
326:
138:
3371:
3259:
3254:
2767:
2741:
2474:
2129:
2105:
2075:
1260:
1241:
1218:
1102:
1056:
1029:
992:
869:
865:
857:
814:
806:
725:
435:
126:
82:
2608:
2384:
2379:
2350:
2213:
1924:
984:
178:
52:
3264:
2762:
2502:
2369:
2335:
1968:
1699:
Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History
1224:
1105:
is carved (or stamped) beneath his legs as an icon identifier.
1064:
1060:
973:
861:
810:
607:
266:
2899:
2876:
2345:
2161:
1743:
Pal, Pratapaditya; Huyler, Stephen P.; Cort, John E. (2016),
988:
2209:
1766:
1526:
1520:
1782:
Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence
1538:
1478:
1502:
856:). He was born to King Pratishtha and Queen Prithvi at
1468:
1466:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1178:
Suparshvanatha with yaksha Varanandin and yakshi Kali
1562:
1451:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1402:
1400:
1880:
Abu to Udaipur (Celestial Simla to City of Sunrise)
1550:
1490:
1356:
1463:
1439:
1380:
1368:
1344:
1320:
925:on the sixth day of the dark half of the month of
827:on the sixth day of the dark half of the month of
1412:
1397:
3387:
1332:
1227: : believed to be more than 1000 years old.
1007:that the stupa was erected for Suparśvanātha.
2193:
1940:
1817:Neeraj, Jai Singh; Nīraja, Jayasiṃha (1991),
1742:
1532:
1003:stated in Yashstilaka and Jinaprabha Suri in
750:
1816:
1484:
1132:16th century bronze idol of Suparsvanatha,
839:
801:). He was born to King Pratistha and Queen
2200:
2186:
1947:
1933:
757:
743:
37:
944:
1860:Banaras: Making of India's Heritage City
1637:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
2207:
1887:
1584:
1544:
1521:Harvard & Tirthankara Suparsvanatha
3388:
1805:"4 Jain Tirthankaras born in Varanasi"
1622:
1457:
2181:
1928:
1876:
1856:
1836:
1802:
1778:
1729:, vol. 1, Abhinav Publications,
1726:Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography
1656:
1568:
1472:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1190:Suparshvnatha at Bijoliya Jain Temple
1719:
1692:
1665:
1598:
1556:
1508:
1496:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1406:
1391:
1374:
1063:and Kali (Dig.) & Santa (Svet.)
892:) and ruled His kingdom for 14 lakh
844:Suparśvanātha was the seventh Jain
13:
1954:
1920:Harvard Pluralism Project: Jainism
1661:, Dharwad: University of Karnataka
1051:Suparshvanatha is associated with
817:clan. He is said to have attained
14:
3412:
1913:
1863:, Cambridge Scholars Publishing,
1669:Faith & Philosophy of Jainism
834:
3370:
2208:
1837:Lodha, Jain Chanchalmal (2013),
1820:Splendour of Rajasthani Painting
1267:
1248:
1233:
1183:
1171:
1152:
1140:
1125:
1110:
1070:
1024:is the adoration of twenty-four
724:
185:
43:Suparshvanatha Jain Temple, Agra
1803:Singh, Binay (25 August 2015),
1202:Suparshvanatha temple, Pavagadh
1195:
907:
3306:List of Digambar Jain ascetics
1751:University of California Press
1078:
1:
1309:
972:of Suparśvanātha situated at
884:. Suparśvanātha spent 5 lakh
1623:Tandon, Om Prakash (2002) ,
1314:
1223:Suparshavanath Jain Basadi,
1217:Suparshavanath Jain Basadi,
1010:
999:built by the gods. However,
932:
7:
2391:
1533:Pal, Huyler & Cort 2016
1299:Jainism and non-creationism
1282:
1255:Suparshvanatha temple near
781:
566:Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)
342:Aparigraha (non-possession)
10:
3417:
1877:Mehta, Jodh Sinha (1970),
1843:, Panchshil Publications,
1585:Johnson, Helen M. (1931),
1577:
1117:Suparsvanatha, c. 900 CE,
552:Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)
531:Pravachanasara (Digambara)
16:7th Tirthankara in Jainism
3367:
3319:
3283:
3166:
3105:
3069:
2999:
2917:
2910:
2862:
2786:
2750:
2700:
2627:
2542:
2488:
2433:
2424:
2248:
2220:
2120:
1979:
1962:
1773:www.harvardartmuseums.org
1672:, Gyan Publishing House,
1666:Jain, Arun Kumar (2009),
1593:Baroda Oriental Institute
1240:Suparshavanath Temple at
1211:Shri Mandavagadh Teerth,
1034:Tīrthankara Suparśvanātha
777:
145:
133:
121:
116:
108:
96:
88:
78:
68:
58:
48:
36:
26:
21:
1888:Harrell, D. Fox (2013),
1823:, Abhinav Publications,
1485:Neeraj & Nīraja 1991
1159:Supārśva in middle with
1046:Svayambhūstotra (7-2-32)
937:According to Jain texts
880:dreamt the sixteen most
840:Life before renunciation
706:Parasparopagraho Jivanam
559:Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)
349:Anuvratas (further vows)
100:2,000,000 purva (141.12
3270:Jain terms and concepts
2890:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
1721:Shah, Umakant Premanand
1704:Oxford University Press
1599:Jain, Vijay K. (2015),
1274:Suparshvanatha Basadi,
789:, was the seventh Jain
315:Mahavratas (major vows)
1625:Jaina Shrines in India
1134:Honolulu Museum of Art
1049:
945:As a historical figure
613:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
524:Samayasāra (Digambara)
337:Brahmacarya (chastity)
3301:List of Jain ascetics
3106:Dynasties and empires
2895:Vishwa Jain Sangathan
1883:, Motilal Banarsidass
1659:Compendium of Jainism
1657:Tukol, T. K. (1980),
1633:Publications Division
1090:, the 23rd of the 24
1038:
1021:Acharya Samantabhadra
332:Asteya (non-stealing)
322:Ahiṃsā (non-violence)
92:200 bows (600 meters)
3296:List of Jain temples
2135:Bharata Chakravartin
1857:Singh, Rana (2009),
1779:Titze, Kurt (1998),
1165:Jain temple, Deogarh
1005:Vividha Tirtha Kalpa
850:of the present age (
795:of the present age (
491:Schools and Branches
3377:Religion portal
3311:Topics List (index)
2602:Mahamastakabhisheka
1787:Motilal Banarsidass
1641:Government of India
1605:, Vikalp Printers,
1511:, pp. 278–279.
1119:Norton Simon Museum
1032:) are dedicated to
1028:. Its five slokas (
731:Religion portal
421:The 24 Tirthankaras
152:Pratishtha (father)
3275:Sexual differences
2145:Indrabhuti Gautama
1810:The Times of India
1547:, p. 124-125.
995:was set up at the
987:, there is an old
538:Agama (Śvetāmbara)
3383:
3382:
3065:
3064:
2844:Hampa Nagarajaiah
2737:Auspicious dreams
2665:Bhaktamara Stotra
2538:
2537:
2175:
2174:
1840:History of Oswals
1796:978-81-208-1534-6
1760:978-0-520-28847-8
1736:978-81-7017-208-6
1713:978-0-19-538502-1
1294:Arihant (Jainism)
882:auspicious dreams
785:), also known as
767:
766:
386:Micchami Dukkadam
381:Bhaktamara Stotra
310:Ethics of Jainism
162:
161:
3408:
3375:
3374:
3337:Monks & nuns
3234:Statue of Ahimsa
3191:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
2915:
2914:
2829:Champat Rai Jain
2672:Tattvartha Sutra
2431:
2430:
2394:
2212:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2006:Abhinandananatha
1973:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
1949:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1908:
1884:
1873:
1853:
1833:
1813:
1799:
1775:
1763:
1739:
1716:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1662:
1653:
1619:
1595:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1436:, p. 44-50.
1431:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1304:Ikshvaku dynasty
1276:Shravanabelagola
1271:
1252:
1237:
1187:
1175:
1156:
1144:
1129:
1114:
1047:
939:Balladatta Svami
923:Sammed Shikharji
784:
779:
759:
752:
745:
729:
728:
666:Shravanabelagola
573:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
545:Tattvartha Sutra
189:
166:
165:
155:Prithvi (mother)
41:
19:
18:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3363:
3315:
3279:
3228:Panch Kalyanaka
3162:
3101:
3097:Non-creationism
3061:
2995:
2906:
2858:
2839:Jeffery D. Long
2834:Padmanabh Jaini
2819:Virchand Gandhi
2799:Colette Caillat
2782:
2746:
2696:
2623:
2534:
2484:
2420:
2307:Heavenly beings
2244:
2216:
2206:
2176:
2171:
2116:
2111:Simandhar Swami
1975:
1958:
1953:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1871:
1851:
1831:
1797:
1761:
1737:
1714:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1651:
1613:
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1471:
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1278:
1272:
1263:
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1244:
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1191:
1188:
1179:
1176:
1167:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1081:
1073:
1048:
1045:
1016:Svayambhūstotra
1013:
976:in the time of
964:(1. 22. 13), a
947:
935:
910:
842:
837:
763:
723:
716:
715:
681:
680:
671:
670:
638:
637:
628:
627:
603:
602:
593:
592:
518:
517:
515:Jain literature
506:
505:
488:
487:
478:
477:
416:
415:
406:
405:
396:Ṇamōkāra mantra
376:
375:
366:
365:
307:
306:
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227:
226:
158:
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44:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3213:
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3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3052:Southeast Asia
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3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
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2959:
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2929:
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2921:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:Organisations
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2854:Jinendra Varni
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2824:Hermann Jacobi
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:Digambara monk
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2692:Uttaradhyayana
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2660:Namokar Mantra
2654:
2649:
2647:Shatkhandagama
2644:
2642:Pravachanasara
2639:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:
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2515:
2510:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2453:Kashtha Sangha
2450:
2448:Balatkara Gana
2439:
2437:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2292:Jain cosmology
2289:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2214:Jainism topics
2205:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Shreyansanatha
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2021:Suparshvanatha
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:God in Jainism
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1914:External links
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1885:
1874:
1869:
1854:
1849:
1834:
1829:
1814:
1800:
1795:
1776:
1764:
1759:
1740:
1735:
1717:
1712:
1690:
1678:
1663:
1654:
1649:
1627:(1 ed.),
1620:
1611:
1596:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1571:, p. 130.
1561:
1559:, p. 139.
1549:
1537:
1535:, p. 204.
1525:
1513:
1501:
1499:, p. 385.
1489:
1477:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1411:
1396:
1394:, p. 189.
1379:
1377:, p. 188.
1367:
1365:, p. 544.
1355:
1343:
1331:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1289:God in Jainism
1284:
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1280:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1254:
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1239:
1232:
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1209:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1182:
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1177:
1170:
1168:
1163:on both side,
1158:
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1139:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1043:
1012:
1009:
978:Gautama Buddha
946:
943:
934:
931:
909:
906:
864:Shukla in the
841:
838:
836:
835:Jain biography
833:
813:Shukla in the
770:Suparshvanatha
765:
764:
762:
761:
754:
747:
739:
736:
735:
734:
733:
718:
717:
714:
713:
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629:
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604:
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591:
590:
583:
580:Silappatikaram
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
519:
513:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
498:
489:
485:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
438:
433:
428:
423:
417:
413:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
373:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
358:
352:
351:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
318:
317:
308:
304:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
228:
222:
221:
220:
217:
216:
215:
214:
209:
204:
199:
191:
190:
182:
181:
175:
174:
160:
159:
157:
156:
153:
149:
147:
143:
142:
137:
135:
131:
130:
125:
123:
119:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
27:
24:
23:
22:Suparshvanatha
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3413:
3402:
3401:Solar dynasty
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:List of Jains
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3216:Jain calendar
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3057:United States
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2991:Uttar Pradesh
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Nalini Balbir
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Vegetarianism
2570:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2168:
2167:Samudravijaya
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:Sudharmaswami
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:(other world)
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Chandraprabha
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Sambhavanatha
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Rishabhanatha
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1905:9780262019330
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:9781443815796
1866:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:9788192373027
1846:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:9788170172673
1826:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1694:Cort, John E.
1691:
1681:
1679:9788178357232
1675:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1650:81-230-1013-3
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1617:Non-Copyright
1614:
1612:9788190363976
1608:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1460:, p. 44.
1459:
1454:
1448:, p. 45.
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1424:, p. 77.
1423:
1418:
1416:
1409:, p. 78.
1408:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1353:, p. 54.
1352:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1329:, p. 31.
1328:
1323:
1319:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1071:In literature
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:(Dig.) &
1054:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1001:Somadeva Suri
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
968:, mentions a
967:
966:Buddhist text
963:
959:
954:
952:
942:
940:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:Suparśvanātha
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:
849:
848:
832:
830:
826:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:
794:
793:
788:
783:
782:Supārśvanātha
775:
771:
760:
755:
753:
748:
746:
741:
740:
738:
737:
732:
727:
722:
721:
720:
719:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
675:
674:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
642:
632:
631:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
597:
596:
589:
588:
584:
582:
581:
577:
575:
574:
570:
568:
567:
563:
561:
560:
556:
554:
553:
549:
547:
546:
542:
540:
539:
535:
533:
532:
528:
526:
525:
521:
520:
516:
510:
509:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
482:
481:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
463:Samantabhadra
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
443:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:Major figures
410:
409:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:Navkar Mantra
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
370:
369:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
350:
347:
346:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:Satya (truth)
325:
323:
320:
319:
316:
313:
312:
311:
301:
300:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
225:
219:
218:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
193:
192:
188:
184:
183:
180:
177:
176:
172:
168:
167:
164:
154:
151:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
73:Chandraprabha
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
40:
35:
31:
25:
20:
3396:Tirthankaras
3232:
3211:Samavasarana
3201:Śalākāpuruṣa
2809:John E. Cort
2720:Ashtamangala
2715:Siddhachakra
2652:Kasayapahuda
2619:Pratikramana
2527:Sthānakavāsī
2285:Anekāntavāda
2281:Jaina logic
2275:Kevala Jñāna
2270:Epistemology
2121:
2101:Parshvanatha
2036:Shitalanatha
2020:
1980:
1890:
1879:
1859:
1839:
1819:
1808:
1781:
1772:
1745:
1725:
1698:
1685:23 September
1683:, retrieved
1668:
1658:
1624:
1616:
1601:
1587:
1564:
1552:
1545:Harrell 2013
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1487:, p. 9.
1480:
1475:, p. 5.
1453:
1441:
1429:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1196:Main temples
1100:
1096:tirthankaras
1095:
1092:tirthankaras
1091:
1088:Parshvanatha
1085:
1082:
1074:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1026:Tīrthankaras
1025:
1019:
1015:
1014:
996:
982:
960:book of the
957:
955:
948:
938:
936:
926:
915:Kevala Jnana
911:
908:Renunciation
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
877:
873:
851:
845:
843:
828:
818:
802:
796:
790:
786:
778:सुपार्श्वनाथ
769:
768:
701:Jain symbols
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
440:
401:Jai Jinendra
374:Jain prayers
348:
314:
262:Kevala Jnana
232:Anekantavada
163:
49:Venerated in
3153:Rashtrakuta
3070:Jainism and
2969:Maharashtra
2927:Bundelkhand
2814:Paul Dundas
2687:Kalpa Sūtra
2682:Aptamimamsa
2567:Monasticism
2498:Murtipujaka
2480:Kanji Panth
2460:Taran Panth
2443:Mula Sangha
2297:Siddhashila
2230:Tirthankara
2086:Munisuvrata
2071:Kunthunatha
2066:Shantinatha
2061:Dharmanatha
2056:Anantanatha
2051:Vimalanatha
2031:Pushpadanta
2016:Padmaprabha
2011:Sumatinatha
1982:Tirthankara
1458:Tandon 2002
1207:Mandaragiri
1079:Iconography
890:kumāra kāla
847:Tīrthankara
792:Tīrthankara
711:Topics list
636:Pilgrimages
587:Valayapathi
486:Major sects
473:Yashovijaya
277:Brahmacarya
102:Quintillion
63:Padmaprabha
59:Predecessor
30:Tirthankara
3390:Categories
3332:Literature
3221:Samvatsari
2986:Tamil Nadu
2911:Jainism in
2730:Nandavarta
2677:Samayasāra
2629:Literature
2597:Kshamavani
2592:Paryushana
2555:Meditation
2550:Sallekhana
2490:Śvetāmbara
2411:Ratnatraya
2331:Gunasthana
2250:Philosophy
2157:Jambuswami
2081:Mallinatha
1996:Ajitanatha
1569:Mehta 1970
1473:Titze 1998
1363:Lodha 2013
1351:Singh 2009
1339:Singh 2015
1327:Tukol 1980
1310:References
1053:Nandavarta
902:rājya kāla
888:as youth (
853:avasarpini
798:avasarpini
623:Samvatsari
618:Paryushana
501:Śvetāmbara
468:Haribhadra
458:Siddhasena
453:Kundakunda
361:Sallekhana
287:Gunasthana
282:Aparigraha
224:Philosophy
3250:Sculpture
3186:Ekendriya
3047:Singapore
3032:Hong Kong
3012:Australia
2981:Rajasthan
2952:Karnataka
2864:Community
2849:Bal Patil
2804:Chandabai
2773:Pattavali
2725:Shrivatsa
2710:Jain flag
2587:Festivals
2543:Practices
2531:Terapanth
2518:Tristutik
2508:Kharatara
2470:Terapanth
2465:Bispanthi
2435:Digambara
2258:Five Vows
2235:Ganadhara
2140:Ganadhara
2096:Neminatha
2091:Naminatha
2046:Vasupujya
1896:MIT Press
1767:Harvard,
1629:New Delhi
1557:Shah 1987
1509:Cort 2010
1497:Cort 2010
1446:Jain 2015
1434:Jain 2015
1422:Jain 2009
1407:Jain 2009
1392:Jain 2015
1375:Jain 2015
1315:Citations
1257:Jain ghat
1030:aphorisms
1011:Adoration
962:Khandhaka
958:Mahavagga
951:Yajurveda
933:Disciples
825:Shikharji
696:Jain flag
686:Ekendriya
661:Shikharji
601:Festivals
496:Digambara
448:Ganadhara
237:Cosmology
139:Shikharji
117:Genealogy
69:Successor
28:7th Jain
3342:Scholars
3320:Navboxes
3179:Timeline
3128:Ikshvaku
3113:Chalukya
3082:Hinduism
3077:Buddhism
3042:Pakistan
3000:Overseas
2787:Scholars
2768:Kshullak
2751:Ascetics
2742:Swastika
2560:Sāmāyika
2475:Yapaniya
2426:Branches
2130:Bahubali
2106:Mahavira
2076:Aranatha
1971: ;
1967: ;
1723:(1987),
1696:(2010),
1283:See also
1261:Varanasi
1242:Ranakpur
1219:Bhadaini
1103:swastika
1057:Svastika
1044:—
993:Aranatha
927:Phālguna
898:pūrvāṇga
878:Prithivī
876:, Queen
870:Varanasi
866:Ikshvaku
858:Varanasi
829:Phālguna
815:Ikshvaku
807:Varanasi
787:Suparśva
774:Sanskrit
651:Palitana
436:Mahavira
426:Rishabha
356:Sāmāyika
207:Timeline
171:a series
169:Part of
127:Varanasi
83:Swastika
3352:America
3347:Temples
3196:Pratima
3174:History
3167:Related
3158:Santara
3138:Kalinga
3133:Kadamba
3123:Hoysala
3092:Sikhism
3017:Belgium
2947:Haryana
2942:Gujarat
2872:Śrāvaka
2778:Acharya
2702:Symbols
2656:Mantra
2609:Upadhan
2582:Rituals
2577:Fasting
2416:Kashaya
2406:Saṃsāra
2385:Nirjara
2380:Samvara
2351:Pudgala
2240:Arihant
2122:Samanya
1965:Arihant
1578:Sources
985:Mathura
919:nirvana
896:and 20
803:Prithvi
691:Temples
442:Arihant
292:Saṃsāra
202:History
179:Jainism
146:Parents
53:Jainism
3357:Bengal
3265:Nigoda
3240:Temple
3206:Tirtha
3148:Pandya
3143:Maurya
3027:Europe
3022:Canada
3007:Africa
2974:Mumbai
2964:Kerala
2763:Aryika
2503:Gaccha
2375:Bandha
2370:Asrava
2365:Tattva
2356:Dharma
2336:Dravya
2324:Causes
2302:Naraka
2263:Ahimsa
1969:Siddha
1902:
1867:
1847:
1827:
1793:
1757:
1733:
1710:
1676:
1647:
1609:
1225:Narlai
1161:Pārśva
1065:Yakshi
1061:Yaksha
974:Rajgir
970:temple
862:Jestha
860:on 12
820:moksha
811:Jestha
809:on 12
656:Girnar
608:Diwali
431:Pārśva
305:Ethics
272:Tattva
267:Dravya
252:Dharma
242:Ahimsa
112:Golden
104:years)
89:Height
79:Symbol
3284:Lists
3245:Stupa
3118:Ganga
3087:Islam
3037:Japan
2957:North
2932:Delhi
2919:India
2900:JAINA
2882:Tamil
2877:Sarak
2637:Agama
2614:Tapas
2401:Death
2392:Mokṣa
2346:Ajiva
2319:Types
2314:Karma
2162:Nabhi
1213:Mandu
997:stupa
989:stupa
894:pūrva
886:pūrva
679:Other
641:Tirth
257:Mokṣa
247:Karma
212:Index
197:Jains
109:Color
3327:Gods
2513:Tapa
2341:Jīva
2222:Gods
1900:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1687:2017
1674:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1607:ISBN
956:The
949:The
134:Died
122:Born
3260:Law
3255:Art
2937:Goa
1018:by
983:At
921:at
823:at
805:at
646:Abu
97:Age
3392::
1898:,
1894:,
1807:,
1789:,
1785:,
1771:,
1753:,
1749:,
1706:,
1702:,
1643:,
1639:,
1635:,
1631::
1615:,
1591:,
1465:^
1414:^
1399:^
1382:^
1259:,
1067:.
1036:.
980:.
929:.
831:.
776::
173:on
2201:e
2194:t
2187:v
1948:e
1941:t
1934:v
1523:.
1341:.
900:(
772:(
758:e
751:t
744:v
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