461:
254:
38:
330:
383:, whose funerary stele states died in 1093. His dynasty apparently lasted until 1230/1249. It was during this period, the 11th–mid 13th century, that the Sultanate enjoyed its greatest prosperity. This prosperity was mostly based on the monopoly of the external trade of the Ethiopian interior, but also involvement in the transit trade between
523:, a site on the same-named Dahlak Kebir Island, contains material dating to the era of the sultanate. Nearly 300 tombstones have been discovered. They attest the presence of a cosmopolitan population originating from all over the Islamic world. Several, now deteriorating,
376:, as the latter had fled to there in 1061. Battles were fought until 1086, when the Najahids managed to restore their rule in Zabid. It was in the second half of the 11th century, under the rule of the Najahids, when the Dahlak archipelago prospered the most.
308:. After the mid 13th century Dahlak lost its trade monopoly and subsequently started to decline. Both the Ethiopian empire and Yemen tried to enforce their authority over the sultanate. It was eventually annexed by the
422:. Other coastal settlements on the African continent might have been controlled by the Dahlak sultans as well, at least temporarily. To the Ethiopians, the sultan of Dahlak was known as
504:. However, in 1541, one year after the death of sultan Ahmad, the Portuguese returned and destroyed Dahlak yet again. Sixteen years later, the islands were occupied by the
1532:
437:
It was shortly after the death of Sultan
Mubarak that the Dahlak sultanate began to mint coins, which were used to pay for imported goods such as Egyptian textiles and
380:
229:
109:
1609:
121:
133:
484:, resulting in much destruction. By 1526 the Dahalik sultan, Ahmad, had been degraded to a tributary. There was a short revival of the sultanate during the
1415:
1152:
1057:
1578:
1283:
1430:
1317:
981:
37:
1327:
1321:
1112:
880:
Margariti, Roxolani Eleni (2009). "Thieves of
Sultans? Dahlak and the Rulers and Merchants of Indian Ocean Port Cities, 11th-13th Centuries AD".
1614:
1547:
1542:
1451:
1278:
859:
Insoll, Timothy (1997). "An
Archaeological Reconnaissance made to Dahlak Kebir, the Dahlak Islands, Eritrea: Preliminary Observations".
1366:
1258:
1253:
1268:
1481:
1456:
1303:
1298:
974:
391:. It was also through Dahlak that Ethiopia maintained diplomatic relations with Yemen. In the mid 13th century, however, the
296:
coast. First attested in 1093, it quickly profited from its strategic trading location, gaining heavily from being near to
468:
By the 15th century, the economy of the sultanate was not only in decline, but it was also forced to pay tribute to the
912:
891:
849:
821:
967:
950:
931:
870:
862:
Ethiopia in
Broader Perspective: Papers of the 13th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. Volume 1
1619:
460:
959:
369:
1624:
904:
The
Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century
941:
van Donzel, Emeri; Kon, Ronald E. (2005). "Dahlak islands. History of the Dahlak islands until 1945".
400:
352:
who succeeded them. By the 9th century the Dahlak islands had come under the rule of the king of
1527:
1037:
531:. The site also contains several settlement mounds. The medieval population used sophisticated
1052:
902:
1162:
1072:
8:
1107:
372:. A century later, Dahlak was involved in a power struggle between the Ziyadids and the
1588:
1497:
1420:
1177:
1172:
1137:
1047:
1027:
485:
399:
as its final destination. Thus Dahlak lost its trading monopoly. Around the same time,
345:
289:
922:
Tamrat, Tadesse (1977). "Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn". In Roland Oliver (ed.).
368:, and by the mid 10th century it is recorded that Dahlak was forced to pay tribute to
1563:
1371:
1157:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1067:
1032:
946:
927:
908:
887:
866:
845:
817:
489:
481:
449:
410:
From the 12th century the sultans of Dahlak controlled the important trading town of
341:
527:
have been noted. The settlement itself consisted of well-built stone houses made of
1568:
1537:
1502:
1471:
1425:
1402:
1248:
1142:
1132:
1092:
1022:
497:
477:
469:
353:
234:
171:
69:
831:
Chekroun, Amélie; Hirsch, Bertrand (2020). "The
Sultanates of Medieval Ethiopia".
1466:
1461:
1288:
1213:
1147:
1042:
452:
had been well-established for centuries. Muslims were tolerated only as traders.
357:
329:
65:
1573:
1507:
1435:
1381:
1332:
1012:
991:
505:
309:
247:
184:
512:. Under the rule of the Ottomans, the Dahlak islands lost their significance.
1603:
1583:
1476:
1117:
1017:
509:
438:
392:
313:
472:. In 1464–1465, Massawa and the Dahlak archipelago were pillaged by emperor
1410:
1208:
1182:
520:
334:
55:
395:
began to make use of a new trading route in the south, with the port town
348:
in 702, they made it a prison and place of forced exile, as did the early
1343:
1223:
989:
445:
431:
285:
148:
536:
473:
403:
records that the Dahlak sultans struggled to stay independent from the
1082:
16:
Small medieval kingdom covering the Dahlak
Archipelago in East Africa
860:
1263:
1228:
1198:
1062:
881:
532:
373:
349:
500:. Sultan Ahmad joined Adal and was rewarded with the port town of
1391:
1386:
1351:
1293:
1243:
1238:
1167:
415:
411:
404:
293:
272:
1376:
1361:
1127:
1122:
699:
697:
695:
528:
501:
728:
726:
724:
709:
1356:
1313:
1308:
1273:
1233:
1218:
1203:
643:
641:
568:
566:
564:
524:
493:
396:
388:
384:
365:
361:
305:
301:
297:
738:
692:
721:
578:
638:
561:
549:
356:. Around 900 he concluded a treaty of friendship with the
777:
680:
658:
656:
883:
Connected
Hinterlands. Proceedings of Red Sea Project IV
765:
755:
753:
668:
590:
926:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University. pp. 89–182.
653:
444:
The
Muslims of Dahlak were probably not successful in
789:
750:
626:
614:
602:
480:. In 1517 and 1520 it came into conflict with the
418:coast, which was governed by a deputy titled the
1610:Former sultanates in the medieval Horn of Africa
1601:
830:
584:
975:
940:
839:
833:A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea"
732:
715:
703:
647:
572:
555:
476:. By 1513 Dahlak had become a vassal of the
324:
464:Tombstone of sultan Ahmad, who died in 1540
426:("Prefect of the Sea"), in contrast to the
982:
968:
36:
900:
879:
771:
744:
674:
596:
42:The Dahlak sultanate and its neighbours,
811:
662:
459:
328:
990:Kingdoms and dynasties of the medieval
1602:
921:
858:
795:
783:
759:
686:
632:
620:
608:
379:The first sultan who is attestable is
1615:11th-century establishments in Africa
963:
814:Historic Cities of the Islamic World
13:
840:Connel, Dan; Killion, Tom (2011).
812:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007).
14:
1636:
535:to ensure a continuous supply of
312:in 1557, who made it part of the
1006:Islamic sultanates & Empires
945:. Harrassowitz. pp. 64–69.
842:Historical Dictionary of Eritrea
252:
227:
924:The Cambridge History of Africa
515:
492:waged a temporarily successful
1192:Christian kingdoms and Empires
1:
943:Encyclopedia Aethiopica. D-Ha
542:
43:
1548:Second Ajuran-Portuguese war
508:, who made them part of the
7:
1543:First Ajuran-Portuguese war
901:Pankhurst, Richard (1997).
333:Tombstone from Dahlak with
10:
1641:
805:
585:Chekroun & Hirsch 2020
319:
1556:
1533:Adal conquest of Ethiopia
1520:
1490:
1444:
1400:
1341:
1191:
1005:
998:
835:. Brill. pp. 86–112.
733:van Donzel & Kon 2005
716:van Donzel & Kon 2005
704:Connel & Killion 2011
648:van Donzel & Kon 2005
573:van Donzel & Kon 2005
556:van Donzel & Kon 2005
455:
325:Origins and early history
268:
206:
198:
194:
181:
168:
158:
154:
144:
140:
127:
115:
103:
99:
91:
83:
75:
61:
51:
35:
30:
23:
448:northern Abyssinia. The
370:Sultan Ishaq ibn Ibrahim
170:• Tributary of the
430:("Lord of the Sea") of
465:
337:
183:• Annexed by the
463:
401:Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi
332:
288:kingdom covering the
62:Common languages
886:. pp. 155–163.
865:. pp. 382–388.
470:emperors of Ethiopia
786:, pp. 384–385.
747:, pp. 104–105.
689:, pp. 121–122.
282:Sultanate of Dahlak
160:• Established
136:(last known sultan)
1620:History of Eritrea
1528:Ethiopian–Adal war
1498:Kingdom of Wolaita
1173:Sultanate of Showa
1028:Sultanate of Harar
486:Ethiopian-Adal war
466:
338:
290:Dahlak Archipelago
1625:Former monarchies
1597:
1596:
1564:Solomonic dynasty
1516:
1515:
844:. The Scarecrow.
718:, pp. 68–69.
490:sultanate of Adal
482:Portuguese empire
335:Kufic inscription
292:and parts of the
278:
277:
264:
263:
260:
259:
240:
239:
1632:
1589:Makhzumi dynasty
1579:Goobroon dynasty
1569:Walashma dynasty
1538:Oromo migrations
1503:Kingdom of Damot
1491:Wolaita kingdoms
1472:Kingdom of Damot
1003:
1002:
984:
977:
970:
961:
960:
956:
937:
918:
897:
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855:
836:
827:
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793:
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742:
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624:
618:
612:
606:
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594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
559:
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498:Ethiopian Empire
450:Ethiopian Church
256:
255:
244:
243:
235:Kingdom of Aksum
231:
230:
224:
223:
208:
207:
172:Ethiopian Empire
45:
40:
25:Dahlak Sultanate
21:
20:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1552:
1512:
1486:
1445:Sidama kingdoms
1440:
1396:
1337:
1187:
1048:Aussa Sultanate
994:
988:
953:
934:
915:
894:
873:
852:
824:
808:
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802:
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766:
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751:
743:
739:
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681:
673:
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661:
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619:
615:
607:
603:
595:
591:
583:
579:
571:
562:
554:
550:
545:
518:
458:
414:on the African
327:
322:
253:
228:
187:
174:
161:
130:
118:
106:
47:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:Gareen dynasty
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
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1535:
1530:
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1170:
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1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
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1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1000:
996:
995:
992:Horn of Africa
987:
986:
979:
972:
964:
958:
957:
951:
938:
932:
919:
913:
898:
892:
877:
871:
856:
850:
837:
828:
822:
807:
804:
801:
800:
798:, p. 385.
788:
776:
774:, p. 157.
772:Margariti 2009
764:
762:, p. 383.
749:
745:Pankhurst 1997
737:
720:
708:
706:, p. 160.
691:
679:
677:, p. 159.
675:Margariti 2009
667:
665:, p. 339.
652:
637:
635:, p. 122.
625:
623:, p. 152.
613:
611:, p. 121.
601:
599:, p. 158.
597:Margariti 2009
589:
577:
560:
547:
546:
544:
541:
517:
514:
506:Ottoman Empire
457:
454:
381:Sultan Mubarak
326:
323:
321:
318:
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258:
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248:Ottoman Empire
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145:Historical era
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138:
137:
131:
129:• ?-1540
128:
125:
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119:
117:• ?-14??
116:
113:
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107:
105:• ?-1093
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15:
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4:
3:
2:
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1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
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1605:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Zagwe dynasty
1582:
1580:
1577:
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1205:
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1200:
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1190:
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1111:
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1074:
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1061:
1059:
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1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Aussa Imamate
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
985:
980:
978:
973:
971:
966:
965:
962:
954:
948:
944:
939:
935:
929:
925:
920:
916:
914:9780932415189
910:
906:
905:
899:
895:
893:9781407306315
889:
885:
884:
878:
874:
868:
864:
863:
857:
853:
851:9780810859524
847:
843:
838:
834:
829:
825:
823:9789004153882
819:
815:
810:
809:
797:
792:
785:
780:
773:
768:
761:
756:
754:
746:
741:
735:, p. 69.
734:
729:
727:
725:
717:
712:
705:
700:
698:
696:
688:
683:
676:
671:
664:
663:Bosworth 2007
659:
657:
650:, p. 68.
649:
644:
642:
634:
629:
622:
617:
610:
605:
598:
593:
587:, p. 91.
586:
581:
575:, p. 67.
574:
569:
567:
565:
558:, p. 65.
557:
552:
548:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
513:
511:
510:Habesh Eyalet
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
462:
453:
451:
447:
446:proselytizing
442:
440:
439:storax balsam
435:
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429:
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417:
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331:
317:
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314:Habesh Eyalet
311:
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269:Today part of
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54:
50:
39:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1209:Akkele Guzay
1077:
942:
923:
903:
882:
861:
841:
832:
813:
791:
779:
767:
740:
711:
682:
670:
628:
616:
604:
592:
580:
551:
521:Dahlak Kebir
519:
516:Dahlak Kebir
496:against the
488:, where the
467:
443:
436:
427:
423:
419:
409:
378:
339:
284:was a small
281:
279:
217:Succeeded by
216:
211:
56:Dahlak Kebir
18:
1401:Kingdom of
1344:Beta Israel
1342:Kingdom of
796:Insoll 1997
784:Insoll 1997
760:Insoll 1997
687:Tamrat 1977
633:Tamrat 1977
621:Tamrat 1977
609:Tamrat 1977
432:Medri Bahri
428:Bahr Negash
424:Seyuma Bahr
393:Zagwe kings
300:as well as
212:Preceded by
149:Middle Ages
1604:Categories
952:3447052384
933:0521209811
872:4879749761
543:References
537:freshwater
474:Zara Yaqob
360:sultan of
340:After the
84:Government
1557:Dynasties
1452:Bahargamo
1279:Mai-Tsade
1038:Mogadishu
816:. Brill.
354:Abyssinia
76:Religion
1467:Kambaata
1367:Waldebba
1264:Hamasien
1259:Gheralta
1254:Entitcho
1229:Begemder
1199:Ambassel
1063:Aymallal
1053:Arababni
533:cisterns
478:Tahirids
405:Rasulids
374:Najahids
350:Abbasids
342:Umayyads
310:Ottomans
294:Eritrean
286:medieval
199:Currency
185:Ottomans
87:Monarchy
31:960–1557
1508:Welayta
1436:Wolayta
1421:Janjero
1392:Wolqayt
1387:Tsegede
1352:Dembiya
1294:Tselemt
1284:Tembien
1269:Haramat
1249:Enderta
1244:Dembela
1239:Delanta
1178:Tankish
1168:Sharkha
1088:Dankali
1073:Baqulin
1058:Argobba
806:Sources
416:Red Sea
412:Massawa
358:Ziyadid
344:seized
320:History
273:Eritrea
177:1464/65
110:Mubarak
70:Dahalik
52:Capital
1521:Events
1482:Sigamo
1477:Sidamo
1457:Buzamo
1416:Enarya
1377:Wegera
1372:Semien
1362:Gojjam
1318:Efrata
1304:Semada
1299:Salowa
1289:Tigray
1214:Amhara
1183:Werjih
1163:Qita'a
1158:Nagash
1133:Hadiya
1128:Gurage
1123:Gidaya
1113:Gabaal
1108:Dawaro
1098:Belgin
1083:Dobe'a
1078:Dahlak
1018:Ajuran
999:States
949:
930:
911:
890:
869:
848:
820:
525:qubbas
502:Arkiko
456:Demise
346:Dahlak
122:Ismail
95:
92:Sultan
66:Arabic
1431:Sheka
1426:Kaffa
1411:Dawro
1403:Damot
1382:Qwara
1357:Gafat
1328:Shire
1322:Geshe
1314:Shewa
1309:Serae
1274:Lasta
1234:Bugna
1219:Angot
1204:Agame
1143:Jarin
1138:Harar
1093:Bazin
1043:Tunni
529:coral
494:jihad
420:Nai'b
397:Zeila
389:India
385:Egypt
366:Yemen
362:Zabid
306:India
302:Egypt
298:Yemen
202:Dinar
134:Ahmad
79:Islam
1462:Garo
1224:Bahr
1153:Mora
1148:Maya
1118:Ganz
1103:Dara
1068:Bale
1033:Ifat
1013:Adal
947:ISBN
928:ISBN
909:ISBN
888:ISBN
867:ISBN
846:ISBN
818:ISBN
387:and
304:and
280:The
190:1557
46:1200
1333:Wag
364:in
164:960
1606::
1320:,
907:.
752:^
723:^
694:^
655:^
640:^
563:^
539:.
441:.
434:.
407:.
316:.
68:,
44:c.
1324:)
1316:(
983:e
976:t
969:v
955:.
936:.
917:.
896:.
875:.
854:.
826:.
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