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31:
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objects like lusterware and coins. Kufic script is composed of geometrical forms like straight lines and angles along with verticals and horizontals. Originally, Kufic did not have what is known as a differentiated consonant, which means, for example, that the letters "t", "b", and "th" were not distinguished by diacritical marks and looked the same. However, it is still used in
Islamic countries. In later Kufic Qurans of the ninth and early tenth century, "the sura headings were more often designed with the sura title as the main feature, often written in gold, with a palmette extending into the margin", comments Marcus Fraser. Its use in transcribing manuscripts has been important in the development of Kufic Script. Earlier kufic was written on
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2789:(1756–1834)". Furthermore, the Kufic script plays an important role in the development of Islamic calligraphy. In fact, "it is the first style of Islamic period writings in which the manifestation of art, delicacy and beauty are explicitly evident", says Salwa Ibraheem Tawfeeq Al-Amin. The rule set for this writing was about the angular, linear shapes of the characters. In fact, "the rules that were defined at the outset of the Kufic tradition essentially remained the same throughout its lifespan", says Alain George.
63:
3014:
3344:
2831:, features gold Kufic script on parchment dyed with indigo. It is commonly attributed to the early Fatimid or Abbasid court. The main text of this Quran is written in gold ink, thus the effect on looking at the manuscript is of gold on blue. According to Marcus Fraser, "the political and artistic sophistication and financial expense of the production of the Blue Quran could only have been contemplated and achieved by a ruler of considerable power and wealth".
6311:
3515:
3412:
6501:
2798:
it was the most important of several variants of Arabic scripts with its austere and fairly low vertical profile and a horizontal emphasis. Until about the 11th century it was the main script used to copy the Quran. Professional copyists employed a particular form of Kufic for reproducing the earliest surviving copies of the Quran, which were written on parchment and date from the 8th to 10th centuries. It is distinguished from
2571:
2826:
with precision which contributed to its development. For instance, "the precision achieved in practice is all more remarkable because Kufic manuscripts were not ruled", says Alain George. Moreover, he explains that Kufic manuscripts were laid out with a stable number of lines per page, and these were
2821:
The main characteristic of the Kufic script "appears to be the transformation of the ancient cuneiform script into the Arabic letters", according to Enis Timuçin Tan. Moreover, it was characterized by figural letters that were shaped in a way to be nicely written on parchment, building and decorative
2887:
Those inscriptions include the name of God or the ruler. As an example, the inscription inside the Dome of the Rock is written in Kufic. Throughout the text, we can notice the calligraphic line created by the reed pen which is usually a steady stroke with various thicknesses based on the changes in
2839:
Ornamental Kufic became an important element in
Islamic art as early as the eighth century for Quranic headings, numismatic inscriptions and major commemorative writings. The Kufic script is inscribed on textiles, coins, lusterware, building and so on. Coins were very important in the development of
2797:
The Quran was first written in a plain, slanted, and uniform script but, when its content was formalized, a script that denoted authority emerged. This coalesced into what is now known as
Primary Kufic script. Kufic was prevalent in manuscripts from the 7th to 10th centuries. Around the 8th century,
3058:
In recent years, this calligraphy form has been receiving more popularity for use in ornaments (such as in decorated clocks, frames, stickers), logos (that usually implies
Islamic enterprises in government and private sectors), and even in freestyle Arabic calligraphy competitions. There has been a
2888:
direction of the movement that has created it. Square or geometric Kufic is a very simplified rectangular style widely used for tiling. In Iran sometimes entire buildings are covered with tiles spelling sacred names like those of God, Muhammad and Ali in square Kufic, a technique known as
3075:
The normal writing format using pixelated Arabic font. The overall shape is not limited by any shape or boundary. Although this configuration is straight forward, it is not used for most Square Kufic-related work, due to its less aesthetic appearance relative to the other configurations.
2879:(1980) has the takbir written in white square kufic script a total of 22 times on the fringe of both the green and red bands. Kufic inscriptions were important in the emergence of textiles too, often functioning as decoration in the form of tiraz bands. According to Maryam Ekhtiar, "
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3059:
disciplined approach of creating Square Kufic calligraphy. This controlled method of creation preserved basic and accurate features of Arabic letters with few compromises, if any. A finished work can then be qualitatively judged rather than only appreciated as an abstract piece.
4102:"Islamic Calligraphy. By Yasin Hamid Safadi. Boulder: Shambhala, 1979. 142 pp.; 163 black and white plates. $ 8.95 paper. - Calligraphy in the Arts of the Muslim World. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. 216 pp.; 12 color plates, 98 black and white. $ 25.00 cloth"
3233:
3001:
3047:
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Calligraphers in the early
Islamic period used a variety of methods to transcribe Quran manuscripts. Arabic calligraphy became one of the most important branches of Islamic Art. Calligraphers came out with the new style of writing called Kufic.
2981:
2951:
2906:: "Imitations of Arabic in European art are often described as pseudo-Kufic, borrowing the term for an Arabic script that emphasizes straight and angular strokes, and is most commonly used in Islamic architectural decoration".
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2781:, a city in southern Iraq which was considered as an intellectual center within the early Islamic period. Kufic is defined as a highly angular form of the Arabic alphabet originally used in early copies of the Quran.
3201:
3125:
Spiral allows letters to integrate at each corner of adjacent datums and across lines, and is only bounded by their outermost perimeter; linear letters maintain their original height even if they are warped into a
2840:
the Kufic script. In fact, "the letter strokes on coins, had become perfectly straight, with curves tending toward geometrical circularity by 86", observes Alain George. As an example, Kufic is commonly seen on
3395:
3007:
Another example of geometric or square Kufic script, showing four instances of the name
Muhammad (in black) and four times Ali (in white); often used as a tilework pattern in Islamic architecture
2934:, "masonry" script), is a bare Arabic writing form that developed in the 12th century. Invented in Iraq, it was prominently used in Iranian architecture with bricks and tiles functioning as
3331:
1273:
3213:
3185:
3704:
3379:
3316:
2743:, from which its name is derived. Kufic is characterized by angular, rectilinear letterforms and its horizontal orientation. There are many different versions of Kufic, such as
3169:
2786:
3053:("Allah") in red centred on the white band and the takbir written 11 times each in the Square Kufic script in white, at the bottom of the green and the top of the red band.
2747:, floriated Kufic, knotted Kufic, and others. The artistic styling of Kufic led to its use in a non-Arabic context in Europe, as decoration on architecture, known as
3157:
3032:
3114:
or rectangular shape. The 1 pixel space applies between the letters here as well. The major differences between a linear and a spiral Square Kufic calligraphy are
30:
3138:
Square Kufic calligraphy is by no means limited to the above configurations. There are many forms that are creative iterations or independent from these formats.
3067:
While there are no restrictions to formats that Square Kufic should be written in, Square Kufic can be categorized into three most commonly used configurations.
2802:
in its use of decorative elements whereas the latter was designed to avoid decorative motifs. In place of the decorations in Kufic scripts, Thuluth used vowels.
3300:
3013:
2735:
transcription and architectural decoration, and it has since become a reference and an archetype for a number of other Arabic scripts. It developed from the
146:
2945:
described its development as an "exceptional step towards simplification in Kufic styles that evolved towards more complexity in the preceding centuries".
3244:
3094:
Linear is preferred to write long scriptures such as
Quranic verses along the interior perimeter or broken into lines elegantly against mosque walls.
4338:
Studying the
Development of Kufic Writings on Stones in Egypt in the First Five Hijri Centuries: A Comparison in Different Places of the Muslim World
3285:
4058:
6347:
3871:
3949:"A Study of Kufic Script in Islamic Calligraphy and Its relevance to Turkish Graphic Art Using Latin Fonts in the late twentieth century"
2848:
coins. Its decorative character led to its use as a decorative element in several public and domestic buildings constructed prior to the
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1949:
4716:
261:
4400:
2537:
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3922:
Jazayeri, S. M. V. Mousavi; Ringgenberg, Patrick; Michelli, Perette E.; Chaharmahali, Ali M.; Jazayeri, S. M. H. Mousavi (2015).
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This configuration is used as a design centerpiece in buildings for shorter scriptures, name design commissions, and logos.
1313:
1929:
1691:
855:
1288:
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Just like free flow, the writing goes from right to left but within a justified height that conforms into a continuous
1934:
6657:
6652:
6340:
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3822:
3503:يولد جميع الناس أحرارًا متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميرًا وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضًا بروح الإخاء.
3323:
2849:
1964:
1278:
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2883:
inscriptions were written in Kufic or floriated Kufic script, and later, in naskhi or throughout the islamic world"
6575:
5957:
4854:
1790:
475:
3207:
The leaves from this Qur'an written in gold and contoured with brown ink have a horizontal format (9th century).
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4674:
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3855:
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1371:
485:
6596:
6591:
5932:
4709:
4624:
Islamische
Schriftkunst des Kufischen. Geometrisches Kufi in 593 Schriftbeispielen. Deutsch – Kufi – Arabisch
2898:", also "Kufesque", which refers to imitations of the Kufic script, made in a non-Arabic context, during the
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6333:
5249:
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72:
17:
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3103:
1981:
1862:
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186:
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strictly parallel and equidistant. One impressive example of an early Quran manuscript, known as the
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5704:
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3405:
in Kufic script, 9th century. The original is in the
Islamic Museum in Cairo (Inventar-Nr. 7853).
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Free flow is mainly used as baseline before developed into more sophisticated configurations.
1191:
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3847:
3840:
3815:
A Handbook of Early Arabic Kufic Script: Reading, Writing, Calligraphy, Typography, Monograms
3603:
3563:
3351:
3091:. The letters including their respective dots must only leave 1 pixel apart from each other.
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1994:
1919:
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46:
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8:
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3337:
11th-century gold Fatimid armlet, inscribed with good wishes in the Kufic script (Syria)
897:
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2014:
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246:
221:
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62:
4424:
4117:
3654:
3630:"The Blue Koran. A Contribution to the Debate on its Possible Origin and Date"
3629:
1136:
6698:
6515:
6486:
6379:
6259:
6254:
6240:
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6121:
6103:
5989:
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4125:
3712:
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3254:
3192:
2942:
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2774:
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2585:
2448:
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2009:
1535:
1517:
1026:
688:
607:
562:
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421:
4496:
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6631:
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6232:
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6071:
5984:
5979:
5746:
5741:
5631:
5354:
5340:
5044:
4954:
4927:
4594:
4448:
4242:
3813:
Jazayeri, S. M. V. Mousavi; Michelli, Perette E.; Abulhab, Saad D. (2017).
3738:
3418:
2895:
2876:
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54:
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4908:
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3195:
of the Qur'an; Kufic script on gazelle skin, 9th century (Surah 19: 83–86)
1530:
1522:
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6126:
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6018:
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281:
5015:
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4934:
5276:
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5051:
3921:
2890:
2828:
2823:
2785:
suggests that "the name Kufic was introduced to Western scholarship by
2453:
2381:
2361:
2356:
1954:
1820:
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1228:
1161:
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206:
151:
35:
6325:
5141:
5087:
5078:
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5026:
4979:
4972:
4943:
303:
6181:
4684:
4140:"The Arabic & Islamic Inscriptions: Examples Of Arabic Epigraphy"
3220:
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2963:
2958:
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2433:
2296:
2124:
2089:
2064:
1867:
1825:
1815:
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663:
373:
176:
141:
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216:
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2144:
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994:
775:
730:
683:
673:
557:
276:
271:
266:
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226:
6049:
4694:
3616:
Les manuscrits du Coran. Aux origines de la calligraphie coranique
2331:
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1999:
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1428:
1303:
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979:
939:
907:
725:
693:
333:
3163:
Page from a Qur'an in Kufic style, 8th century (Surah 15: 67–74)
3041:
on a minaret – a repetitive pattern of square Kufic inscriptions
1342:
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6437:
6116:
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3111:
3107:
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1021:
917:
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6409:
6196:
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4237:
3894:"The Spirit of Islam: Experiencing Islam through Calligraphy"
3579:
3548:
3148:
2968:
2935:
2815:
2732:
2508:
2438:
2371:
2321:
2316:
2301:
2084:
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2019:
1887:
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949:
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715:
368:
363:
236:
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161:
136:
131:
3924:
Kufic Inscriptions of the Historic Grand Mosque of Shoushtar
2971:), read clockwise, starting at bottom left (begins with the
6171:
3224:
2778:
2740:
2386:
2306:
2059:
1892:
1882:
1396:
1347:
944:
835:
251:
196:
171:
4639:
Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300–1600
4351:
2731:
that gained prominence early on as a preferred script for
4190:"Tiraz: Inscribed Textiles from the Early Islamic Period"
2871:
Hafsids with ornamental Kufic, Bougie, Algeria, 1249–1276
4679:
3812:
3023:
in square Kufic script, shown as buildings topped with
4248:
The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture
3705:"The Development and Spread of Calligraphic Scripts"
3627:
3510:
2814:
Kufic script, 8th or 9th century (Surah 48: 27–28),
2720:
4251:. Oxford University Press. pp. 101, 131, 246.
3253:), commissioned by a patron named Fatima under the
3223:in Kufic style, ink, color and gold, 11th century,
3839:
2805:
3618:(Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1983), pp. 41–45.
2834:
6696:
2938:. Legibility is not a priority of this script.
4231:
4017:Magazine of Historical Studies and Archaeology
3926:. New York: Blautopf Publishing. p. 120.
3772:Magazine of Historical Studies and Archaeology
2860:(2008) also includes a kufic rendition of the
6341:
4710:
4661:alphabet (stylized), examples, square designs
4335:
3272:Quran, Persia, late 11th / early 12th century
2759:
2531:
3896:. UBC Museum of Anthropology. Archived from
3842:Islamic Designs for Artists and Craftspeople
3817:. New York: Blautopf Publishing. p. 8.
3322:Bowl with Kufic calligraphy, 10th century –
3248:
2929:
4352:"Islamic art from museums around the world"
4313:"Creative Arabic Calligraphy: Square Kufic"
3291:Bowl with Kufic Inscription, 9th century –
3118:Spiral has a minimum of two and up to four
6348:
6334:
4717:
4703:
4057:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3628:D'Ottone Rambach, Arianna (January 2017).
2569:
2538:
2524:
1950:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
3846:. New York: Dover Publications. pp.
3678:"Kūfic script | calligraphy | Britannica"
3653:
3277:
3146:
4641:, University of California Press, 2001,
4561:
4011:Al-Amin, Salwa Ibraheem Tawfeeq (2016).
3985:"Early Qur'ans (8th–Early 13th Century)"
3766:Al-Amin, Salwa Ibraheem Tawfeeq (2016).
2866:
2809:
2792:
29:
6355:
4187:
4010:
3765:
14:
6697:
4317:Design & Illustration Envato Tuts+
4295:Principles of Square Kufic Calligraphy
4212:
4162:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4032:
4006:
4004:
3837:
3784:
3110:form, they are usually presented in a
2777:. The name of the script derives from
1925:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
6648:Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation
6329:
4698:
4616:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4286:
4284:
4099:
4028:
4026:
3982:
3917:
3915:
3737:
3498:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3122:; linear only has a single datum, and
2967:or "The Surah of Monotheism", of the
4595:"Fonts included with macOS Monterey"
3864:
3808:
3806:
3699:
3697:
4724:
4206:
4156:
4065:
4001:
3946:
3249:
2930:
2919:
2712:
1930:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
1585:National literatures of Arab States
24:
6302:Languages between parentheses are
4670:On the Origins of the Kufic Script
4300:
4281:
4023:
3912:
3778:
3759:
3566:(Chinese analogue to square kufic)
3179:, 8th-9th century (Surah 7: 86–87)
1935:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
34:The classical Kufic script of the
25:
6721:
6658:Society of Iranian Calligraphists
6653:Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art
4652:
4626:. Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014,
3803:
3694:
3324:Khalili Collection of Islamic Art
3062:
2844:coins and monuments and on early
2744:
6499:
6310:
6309:
4377:"Google Fonts: Noto Kufi Arabic"
4035:Ink and Gold Islamic Calligraphy
4013:"The Origin of the Kufic Script"
3768:"The Origin of the Kufic Script"
3513:
3410:
3394:
3385:Inscription in Kufic (743). The
3378:
3360:
3342:
3330:
3315:
3310:, 10th century – Brooklyn Museum
3299:
3284:
3262:
3232:
3212:
3200:
3184:
3168:
3156:
3046:
3031:
3012:
3000:
2980:
2950:
61:
4587:
4537:
4513:
4489:
4465:
4441:
4417:
4393:
4369:
4344:
4329:
4272:
4217:. pp. 55, 56, 57, 65, 72.
4215:The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy
4181:
4167:. pp. 55, 56, 57, 65, 72.
4165:The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy
4132:
4093:
4079:. pp. 55, 56, 57, 65, 72.
4077:The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy
3976:
3940:
3886:
3789:. pp. 55, 56, 57, 65, 72.
3787:The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy
3608:Catalogue des manuscrits arabes
2991:; the text reads: بركة محمد or
2909:
2806:Characteristics of Kufic script
6541:Islamic illuminated manuscript
6306:of the language on their left.
3831:
3731:
3670:
3634:Journal of Islamic Manuscripts
3621:
3597:
3372:Minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque
2835:Ornamental use of Kufic script
13:
1:
6597:List of Persian calligraphers
6592:List of Ottoman calligraphers
4188:Ekhtiar, Maryam (July 2015).
3401:Drawing of an inscription of
2995:, i.e. "Muhammad's blessing".
4801:Ancient South Arabian script
4768:Influence on other languages
3590:
3534:Ancient South Arabian script
3529:Ancient North Arabian script
3426:
3070:
2787:Jacob George Christian Adler
7:
6058:
5143:
5134:
5125:
5116:
5107:
5098:
5089:
5080:
5071:
5062:
5053:
5043:
5035:
5025:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4990:
4981:
4971:
4963:
4953:
4945:
4936:
4926:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4841:
4573:Microsoft Docs – Typography
4297:. Hroof Arabiyya. 4. 4-12.
4037:. London. pp. 28, 46.
3506:
2989:Bou Inania Madrasa (Meknes)
2922:), also sometimes known as
2721:
2100:One Thousand and One Nights
10:
6726:
3947:Tan, Enis Timuçin (1999).
3717:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3177:an early Qur'an manuscript
3141:
3102:While the name suggests a
2760:Origin of the Kufic script
2754:
1863:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
930:Andalusian classical music
856:Arabic musical instruments
187:Islamic geometric patterns
6682:
6666:
6640:
6605:
6584:
6508:
6497:
6479:
6456:
6428:
6370:
6363:
6289:
6282:Islam and Arabic language
6275:
6210:
6097:
6027:
6006:
5931:
5849:
5831:
5792:
5685:
5645:
5612:
5603:
5576:
5536:
5527:
5501:
5388:
5248:
5239:
5230:
5209:
5163:
5154:
4891:
4776:
4733:
4665:Kufic manuscript alphabet
4425:"Google Fonts: Reem Kufi"
4144:www.islamic-awareness.org
4118:10.1017/s0021086200006484
3983:Cohen, Julia (May 2014).
3655:10.1163/1878464X-00801004
3257:in the early 11th century
3097:
3082:
2987:Geometric Kufic from the
1910:The Theology of Aristotle
1377:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1274:Love in Arabic literature
523:Arabic geometric patterns
486:Islamic hardstone carving
417:Ancient South Arabian art
6223:Arabic script in Unicode
5958:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
5318:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
3133:
2957:Geometric Kufic sample (
2941:The Syrian calligrapher
1279:Arabic erotic literature
476:Palestinian wood carving
5485:Western Egyptian Bedawi
4497:"Google Fonts: Almarai"
4340:. Dar al-Fikr al-Araby.
4033:Fraser, Marcus (2006).
1786:Islamic Aristotelianism
1781:Early Arabic Philosophy
4690:Square Kufic explained
4659:Square Kufic lectures:
4569:"Windows 10 font list"
4449:"Google Fonts: Qahiri"
4401:"Google Fonts: Changa"
4336:Ibrahim Gomaa (1969).
4213:George, Alain (2010).
4163:George, Alain (2010).
4100:Rosen, Miriam (1983).
4075:George, Alain (2010).
3964:Cite journal requires
3785:George, Alain (2010).
3278:Kufic script elsewhere
2894:. Moreover, there is "
2872:
2818:
2423:South Arabian deities
1945:Theologus Autodidactus
826:Rhythm in Arabic music
39:
27:Style of Arabic script
6089:Quranic Arabic Corpus
4796:Ancient North Arabian
4545:"Google Fonts: Kufam"
4473:"Google Fonts: Cairo"
3564:Nine-fold seal script
3496:Sample text from the
3349:Kufic alphabet, from
2920:ٱلْكُوفِيّ ٱلمُرَبَّع
2870:
2813:
2793:Usage of Kufic script
2252:North Arabian deities
2156:Fictional Arab people
1995:Atlantis of the Sands
1920:The Book of the Apple
501:Islamic ivory carving
33:
6556:Ottoman illumination
6516:Arabic calligraffiti
6040:Sun and moon letters
5200:Pre-classical Arabic
4521:"Google Fonts: Mada"
3838:Wilson, Eva (1988).
3612:manuscrits musulmans
2856:. Also, the current
2773:form of the various
1382:Modern Arabic poetry
1057:Gnawa (North Africa)
898:Classical Arab music
6576:Islamic zoomorphism
6357:Islamic calligraphy
5894:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5373:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4680:Square Kufic Script
3743:Islamic Calligraphy
3610:. Deuxième partie:
3570:Persian calligraphy
3019:Arabic text of the
2055:Iram of the Pillars
1314:Mirrors for princes
861:Great Book of Music
594:(Arabian Peninsula)
182:Islamic calligraphy
6705:Arabic calligraphy
6267:MacArabic encoding
4637:Mack, Rosamond E.
4622:Kosack, Wolfgang:
4617:General references
3900:on 8 November 2002
3682:www.britannica.com
3387:Walters Art Museum
3352:Fry's Pantographia
3191:Manuscript of the
3175:Kufic script from
2873:
2819:
2177:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
2005:Beast of the Earth
1960:Sicilian Questions
1791:Islamic Platonism
1744:Arabic mathematics
1294:Arabic short story
1289:Literary_criticism
481:Islamic embroidery
451:Arabic calligraphy
40:
6692:
6691:
6566:Persian miniature
6561:Ottoman miniature
6495:
6494:
6323:
6322:
6298:extinct languages
6237:MS-DOS codepages
6002:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5681:
5680:
5599:
5598:
5497:
5496:
5193:Old Hijazi Arabic
4632:978-3-906206-10-3
4258:978-0-19-530991-1
4239:Jonathan M. Bloom
4224:978-0-86356-673-8
4194:www.metmuseum.org
4174:978-0-86356-673-8
4086:978-0-86356-673-8
3989:www.metmuseum.org
3796:978-0-86356-673-8
3752:978-0-7486-1212-3
3604:Déroche, François
2850:Republican period
2723:‘Al-khat ‘al-Kūfī
2718:
2701:
2700:
2548:
2547:
1848:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1759:Arabic technology
1754:Arabic psychology
1739:Arabic Golden Age
506:Islamic Metalwork
262:Stucco decoration
16:(Redirected from
6717:
6546:Mughal miniature
6521:Arabic miniature
6503:
6368:
6367:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6327:
6326:
6313:
6312:
6061:
5610:
5609:
5534:
5533:
5470:Western Algerian
5417:Eastern Algerian
5413:Algerian Saharan
5343:(Lesser Kabylia)
5246:
5245:
5237:
5236:
5179:Nabataean Arabic
5161:
5160:
5146:
5137:
5128:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5092:
5083:
5074:
5065:
5056:
5048:
5038:
5030:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4993:
4984:
4976:
4966:
4958:
4948:
4939:
4931:
4921:
4912:
4903:
4883:Maltese alphabet
4846:
4826:Algerian Braille
4816:Eastern numerals
4786:Nabataean script
4719:
4712:
4705:
4696:
4695:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4309:
4298:
4288:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4048:
4030:
4021:
4020:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3874:. British Museum
3872:"Arabic scripts"
3868:
3862:
3861:
3845:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3739:Blair, Sheila S.
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3646:Brill Publishers
3625:
3619:
3601:
3523:
3521:Languages portal
3518:
3517:
3436:Noto Kufi Arabic
3414:
3398:
3382:
3364:
3346:
3334:
3319:
3306:Bowl with Kufic
3303:
3288:
3266:
3252:
3251:
3236:
3216:
3204:
3188:
3172:
3160:
3147:Kufic script in
3050:
3035:
3016:
3004:
2993:barakat muḥammad
2984:
2954:
2933:
2932:
2921:
2727:) is a style of
2726:
2716:
2714:
2573:
2550:
2549:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2217:Princess Jasmine
2202:Layla and Majnun
2187:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2135:She-Camel of God
2130:Shams al-Ma'arif
1940:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1806:Sufi metaphysics
1734:Arabic geography
1729:Arabic astronomy
1724:Arabic astrology
1719:Arabic chemistry
1284:Arabic grimoires
1264:
1037:Chaabi (Morocco)
1032:Chaabi (Algeria)
816:Arab tone system
635:
627:
619:
611:
603:
595:
466:Arabic miniature
192:Islamic ornament
65:
42:
41:
21:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6678:
6662:
6636:
6615:
6601:
6580:
6504:
6491:
6475:
6452:
6424:
6359:
6354:
6324:
6319:
6285:
6271:
6218:Arabic keyboard
6206:
6101:
6093:
6078:Mater lectionis
6072:Triliteral root
6023:
5994:
5935:
5927:
5845:
5827:
5788:
5677:
5641:
5595:
5572:
5523:
5493:
5384:
5364:Judeo-Maghrebi
5232:
5226:
5222:Modern Standard
5205:
5150:
4887:
4831:Maltese Braille
4811:Arabic numerals
4772:
4729:
4723:
4655:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4604:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4553:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4529:
4527:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4505:
4503:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4481:
4479:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4457:
4455:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4433:
4431:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4409:
4407:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4361:
4359:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4334:
4330:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4310:
4301:
4289:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4211:
4207:
4198:
4196:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4161:
4157:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4106:Iranian Studies
4098:
4094:
4087:
4073:
4066:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4031:
4024:
4009:
4002:
3993:
3991:
3981:
3977:
3965:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3920:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3783:
3779:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3745:. p. 104.
3736:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3686:
3684:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3626:
3622:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3544:Maghrebi script
3519:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3383:
3374:
3368:Almoravid Kufic
3365:
3356:
3347:
3338:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3293:Brooklyn Museum
3289:
3280:
3273:
3267:
3258:
3237:
3228:
3227:(Surah 92: 1–5)
3217:
3208:
3205:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3173:
3164:
3161:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3100:
3085:
3073:
3065:
3054:
3051:
3042:
3036:
3027:
3017:
3008:
3005:
2996:
2985:
2976:
2955:
2912:
2875:Similarly, the
2837:
2808:
2795:
2783:Sheila S. Blair
2762:
2757:
2739:in the city of
2737:Arabic alphabet
2713:الْخط الْكوُفِي
2697:
2696:
2581:
2544:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2417:Isāf and Nā'ila
2248:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2150:Zarqa al Yamama
2015:Book of Wonders
1984:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1905:Liber de Causis
1811:Sufi philosophy
1775:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1749:Arabic medicine
1713:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1262:
1256:Epic literature
1218:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1047:Fann at-Tanbura
866:Kitab al-Aghani
802:
792:
791:
790:
650:
640:
639:
633:
625:
617:
609:
601:
593:
587:
577:
576:
575:
573:
456:Arabic graffiti
408:
398:
397:
396:
394:
299:Albarrana tower
242:Reflecting pool
232:Nagash painting
124:
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6723:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6690:
6689:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6434:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6353:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6330:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6307:
6300:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6235:
6230:
6228:ISO/IEC 8859-6
6225:
6220:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6162:Naskh (script)
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6008:
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5987:
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5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5899:Judeo-Tunisian
5896:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5881:Judeo-Moroccan
5878:
5877:
5876:
5866:
5864:Judeo-Egyptian
5861:
5859:Judeo-Algerian
5855:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5841:Bedouin Arabic
5837:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5818:
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5811:
5808:
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5707:
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5491:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5453:Moroccan koiné
5450:
5449:
5448:
5438:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5426:Tunisian koiné
5422:Eastern Hilal
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5406:Judeo-Algerian
5401:Algerian koiné
5397:Central Hilal
5394:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5378:Judeo-Tunisian
5375:
5370:
5368:Judeo-Moroccan
5362:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5338:
5333:
5321:
5320:
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5308:
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5299:
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4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4821:Arabic Braille
4818:
4813:
4808:
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4806:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4773:
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4707:
4699:
4693:
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4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4654:
4653:External links
4651:
4650:
4649:
4635:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4601:. 14 June 2022
4586:
4560:
4536:
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4464:
4440:
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4392:
4368:
4343:
4328:
4299:
4291:Sakkal, Mamoun
4280:
4271:
4257:
4230:
4223:
4205:
4180:
4173:
4155:
4131:
4112:(1–2): 85–90.
4092:
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3241:Surat Al-An'am
3238:
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3063:Configurations
3061:
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3018:
3011:
3009:
3006:
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2956:
2949:
2914:Square Kufic (
2911:
2908:
2836:
2833:
2807:
2804:
2800:Thuluth script
2794:
2791:
2775:Arabic scripts
2769:is the oldest
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2699:
2698:
2695:
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2209:
2204:
2199:
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2192:Kara Ben Nemsi
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:Abdul Alhazred
2164:
2153:
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2147:
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2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
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1965:Fusus al-Hikam
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
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1932:
1927:
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1917:
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1907:
1896:
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1838:Al-aql al-faal
1829:
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1562:
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1528:
1525:
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1511:Arabic prosody
1507:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1493:
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1263:(ryhmed prose)
1258:
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985:Qudud Halabiya
982:
977:
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967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
935:Andalusi nubah
932:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
883:Arabic hip hop
880:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
821:Algerian scale
818:
813:
804:
803:
798:
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789:
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783:
778:
773:
768:
766:Robe of honour
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
707:
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699:Tarboush (fez)
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686:
681:
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634:(North Africa)
629:
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588:
583:
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579:
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560:
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533:Damascus steel
530:
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491:Islamic garden
488:
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478:
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471:Arabic pottery
468:
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354:Medina quarter
351:
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279:
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222:Multifoil arch
219:
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209:
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199:
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167:Horseshoe arch
164:
159:
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122:
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111:
106:
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96:
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58:
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55:Arabic culture
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6722:
6711:
6708:
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6671:
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6643:
6641:Organizations
6639:
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6611:
6608:
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6585:Calligraphers
6583:
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6449:
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6443:Tawqi (Tevki)
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6418:
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6413:
6411:
6408:
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6216:
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6213:
6209:
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6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6187:Sini (script)
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:Ruqʿah script
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6122:Hijazi script
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6087:
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5907:
5902:
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5897:
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5882:
5879:
5875:
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5842:
5839:
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5834:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5800:Central Asian
5798:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5772:Taʽizzi-Adeni
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
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5708:
5706:
5703:
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5688:
5684:
5672:
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5654:
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5608:
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5602:
5592:
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5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5356:
5353:
5351:Traras-Msirda
5350:
5349:
5347:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:Arabic script
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4708:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4648:
4647:0-520-22131-1
4644:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4600:
4599:Apple Support
4596:
4590:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4339:
4332:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4275:
4260:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4176:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4069:
4060:
4054:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4014:
4007:
4005:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3958:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3933:9781511537995
3929:
3925:
3918:
3916:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3873:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3834:
3826:
3824:9780998172743
3820:
3816:
3809:
3807:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3709:Metmuseum.org
3706:
3700:
3698:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3614:, Tome I, 1.
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:Hijazi script
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3511:
3501:
3500:, article 1:
3499:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3370:adorning the
3369:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3255:Zirid Dynasty
3246:
3245:Nurse’s Quran
3242:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3139:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3080:
3077:
3068:
3060:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:Mamoun Sakkal
2939:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:Arabic script
2725:
2724:
2710:
2706:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2232:Talia al Ghul
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Book of Idols
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Aql bi-l-fi'l
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:Islamic Logic
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:Egyptian folk
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
926:
925:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
873:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
801:
796:
795:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
712:
711:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
649:
644:
643:
636:
632:Arab Maghreb
630:
628:
622:
620:
614:
612:
610:(Mesopotamia)
606:
604:
600:Arab Mashriq
598:
596:
590:
589:
586:
581:
580:
574:
569:
566:
564:
563:Pseudo-Arabic
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
496:Islamic glass
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
447:
446:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
425:
423:
422:Nabataean art
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
407:
402:
401:
395:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
74:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
37:
32:
19:
6686:Islamic arts
6674:Pseudo-Kufic
6632:Word heaping
6394:
6385:Jeli Thuluth
6293:
6233:Windows-1256
6192:Taliq script
6141:
6132:Jeli Thuluth
6112:Ajami script
6076:
5980:Pidgin madam
5967:
5945:
5909:Judeo-Yemeni
5851:Judeo-Arabic
5833:Sociological
5820:
5782:Judeo-Yemeni
5605:Mesopotamian
5480:Libyan koiné
5264:
5257:
5250:Pre-Hilalian
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5172:Proto-Arabic
5170:
4805:Zabūr script
4758:Romanization
4685:Square Kufic
4675:Kufic Script
4638:
4623:
4603:. Retrieved
4598:
4589:
4577:. Retrieved
4572:
4563:
4552:. Retrieved
4549:Google Fonts
4548:
4539:
4528:. Retrieved
4525:Google Fonts
4524:
4515:
4504:. Retrieved
4501:Google Fonts
4500:
4491:
4480:. Retrieved
4477:Google Fonts
4476:
4467:
4456:. Retrieved
4453:Google Fonts
4452:
4443:
4432:. Retrieved
4429:Google Fonts
4428:
4419:
4408:. Retrieved
4405:Google Fonts
4404:
4395:
4384:. Retrieved
4381:Google Fonts
4380:
4371:
4360:. Retrieved
4358:. 2020-05-18
4355:
4346:
4337:
4331:
4320:. Retrieved
4316:
4274:
4262:. Retrieved
4247:
4243:Sheila Blair
4233:
4214:
4208:
4197:. Retrieved
4193:
4183:
4164:
4158:
4147:. Retrieved
4143:
4134:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4076:
4034:
4016:
3992:. Retrieved
3988:
3978:
3957:cite journal
3942:
3923:
3902:. Retrieved
3898:the original
3888:
3876:. Retrieved
3866:
3841:
3833:
3814:
3786:
3780:
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3761:
3742:
3733:
3721:. Retrieved
3708:
3685:. Retrieved
3681:
3672:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3549:Mashq script
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3419:flag of Iraq
3350:
3250:مصحف الحاضنة
3193:Surat Maryam
3137:
3129:
3101:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3057:
3038:
2992:
2962:
2940:
2923:
2913:
2910:Square Kufic
2896:Pseudo-Kufic
2889:
2884:
2880:
2877:flag of Iran
2874:
2858:flag of Iraq
2838:
2820:
2796:
2771:calligraphic
2766:
2763:
2749:pseudo-Kufic
2745:square Kufic
2722:
2705:Kufic script
2704:
2702:
2479:Dhul Khalasa
2422:
2421:
2251:
2246:Spirituality
2222:Ra's al Ghul
2197:King Marsile
2155:
2154:
2080:Magic carpet
1969:
1898:
1897:
1831:
1830:
1667:Saudi Arabia
1583:
1582:
1509:
1508:
1434:
1433:
1387:
1386:
1358:
1357:
1319:
1318:
1249:
1248:
1221:
1096:
1022:Algerian Raï
1010:
1009:
923:
922:
871:
870:
851:Quarter tone
811:Arabic maqam
805:
709:
708:
653:
572:
548:Hedwig glass
511:
510:
444:
443:
411:
393:
314:Caravanserai
292:
291:
125:
123:
78:
73:Architecture
18:Kufic script
6127:Jawi script
6099:Calligraphy
6028:Linguistics
5953:Gulf Pidgin
5869:Judeo-Iraqi
5810:Kashkadarya
5666:Judeo-Iraqi
5591:Palestinian
5502:Nile Valley
5164:Pre-Islamic
4876:Dagger alif
4575:. Microsoft
4019:(53): 3, 6.
3774:(53): 3, 6.
3648:: 127–143.
3308:calligraphy
3239:Bifolio of
3219:Folio of a
2904:Renaissance
2900:Middle Ages
2824:manuscripts
2563:Calligraphy
2182:Battal Gazi
1367:Anthologies
1167:Raqs Sharqi
1122:Belly dance
965:Iraqi maqam
893:Arabic jazz
888:Arabic rock
741:Fouta towel
543:Girih tiles
461:Arab carpet
432:Fatimid art
427:Islamic art
282:Windcatcher
147:Arabic dome
6710:Arabic art
6699:Categories
6667:Influences
6612:Techniques
6014:Literature
5687:Peninsular
5627:Khuzestani
5357:(Mountain)
5277:Australian
5186:Old Arabic
4836:Diacritics
4763:Numerology
4605:2022-08-30
4554:2022-08-30
4530:2022-08-30
4506:2022-08-30
4482:2022-08-30
4458:2022-08-30
4434:2022-08-30
4410:2022-08-30
4386:2022-08-30
4362:2020-05-18
4322:2020-05-21
4293:. (2004).
4278:Mack, p.51
4199:2019-11-04
4149:2021-02-08
4044:0954901487
3994:2019-11-04
3857:048625819X
3687:2022-04-21
3491:Diwan Kufi
2829:Blue Quran
2673:Vietnamese
2454:Dhat-Badan
2382:Theandrios
2362:Baalshamin
2357:Atarsamain
2212:Palamedes
1955:Muqaddimah
1915:Al-isharat
1821:Avicennism
1773:Philosophy
1642:Mauritania
1451:Muwashshah
1416:Khamriyyah
1216:Literature
1162:Ouled Nail
975:Muwashshah
878:Arabic pop
437:Mamluk art
384:Well house
319:Bimaristan
207:Mashrabiya
36:Blue Quran
6466:Nasta'liq
6390:Kairouani
6304:varieties
6296:indicate
6211:Technical
6182:Shahmukhi
6137:Kairouani
6035:Phonology
5814:Khorasani
5804:Bakhtiari
5656:Anatolian
5586:Jordanian
5566:Damascene
5529:Levantine
5441:Hassaniya
5282:Cottenera
5217:Classical
5156:Varieties
4734:Overviews
4356:Arab News
4264:4 January
4126:0021-0862
4053:cite book
3723:20 August
3664:192957200
3591:Citations
3476:Windows:
3446:Reem Kufi
3427:Typefaces
3089:rectangle
3071:Free Flow
2964:al-Ikhlas
2959:Surah 112
2931:بَنَائِيّ
2717:Romanized
2692:Mongolian
2580:By script
2297:Al-Kutbay
2125:Shadhavar
2090:Mount Qaf
2065:Karkadann
1982:Mythology
1868:Asabiyyah
1826:Averroism
1657:Palestine
1579:Mutadārik
1576:Mutaqārib
1567:Mujtathth
1419:Tardiyyah
1239:Classical
1182:Schikhatt
1147:Khaleegy
924:Art music
751:Jellabiya
664:Battoulah
518:Arabesque
512:Features
374:Shadirvan
177:Hypostyle
142:Arabesque
126:Features
94:Nabataean
6684:Part of
6622:Kasheeda
6405:Muhaqqaq
6400:Maghrebi
6315:Category
6167:Nastaliq
6157:Muhaqqaq
6147:Maghrebi
6007:Academic
5947:Bimbashi
5903:Tunisene
5874:Baghdadi
5822:Shirvani
5762:Hadhrami
5720:Bahraini
5671:Baghdadi
5622:Baghdadi
5561:Aleppine
5551:Lebanese
5546:Cilician
5519:Sudanese
5509:Egyptian
5390:Hilalian
5348:Western
5326:Eastern
5323:Village
5302:Żurrieqi
5266:Sicilian
5259:Andalusi
5241:Maghrebi
5210:Literary
4862:(tanwin)
4860:Nunation
4746:Alphabet
4741:Language
4728:language
4579:30 March
4245:(2009).
3904:13 March
3878:13 March
3741:(2006).
3713:New York
3554:Muhaqqaq
3507:See also
3243:in the "
3108:circular
3025:minarets
2668:Japanese
2647:Georgian
2630:Cyrillic
2555:a series
2553:Part of
2412:Yarhibol
2392:Malakbel
2262:Al-‘Uzzá
2172:Ali Baba
2145:Zulfiqar
1832:Concepts
1816:Farabism
1607:Djibouti
1564:Muqtaḍab
1558:Munsariħ
1501:Ghinnawa
1476:Riddles
1461:Mathnawi
1223:Language
1177:Shamadan
1142:Hagallah
995:Tahmilah
776:Takchita
736:Durra'ah
731:Djellaba
710:Clothing
684:Madhalla
674:Keffiyeh
654:Headwear
608:Mashriq
602:(Levant)
558:Muqarnas
277:Voussoir
272:Vaulting
267:Tadelakt
257:Socarrat
227:Muqarnas
47:a series
45:Part of
6551:Muraqqa
6526:Basmala
6509:Objects
6458:Persian
6430:Ottoman
6420:Thuluth
6294:Italics
6202:Thuluth
6067:Grammar
5938:pidgins
5933:Creoles
5922:Sanʽani
5807:Bukhara
5767:Sanʽani
5730:Kuwaiti
5725:Emirati
5710:Dhofari
5695:Bahrani
5661:Cypriot
5649:(Qeltu)
5476:Sulaym
5463:Western
5458:Eastern
5336:Sfaxian
5332:(Sahel)
5287:Gozitan
5272:Maltese
4892:Letters
4866:Shaddah
4855:Harakat
4850:Tashkil
4778:Scripts
4751:History
3585:Thuluth
3481:Andalus
3461:Almarai
3403:Basmala
3270:Abbasid
3142:Gallery
3126:spiral.
3039:Banna'i
3021:Shahada
2973:Basmala
2925:banna'i
2902:or the
2891:banna'i
2846:Ottoman
2755:History
2685:Western
2658:Chinese
2654:-based
2635:Serbian
2623:Tibetan
2613:Brahmic
2606:Persian
2601:Turkish
2596:Islamic
2504:Yaghūth
2474:Basamum
2429:Almaqah
2397:Orotalt
2352:Al-Qaum
2347:Aglibol
2282:Chaabou
2277:Dushara
2227:Sindbad
2207:Othello
2162:Aladdin
2120:Shaddad
2000:Bahamut
1711:Science
1687:Tunisia
1672:Somalia
1647:Morocco
1632:Lebanon
1602:Comoros
1597:Bahrain
1592:Algeria
1570:Muḍāriʿ
1505:Humayni
1429:Hamasah
1321:Islamic
1304:Tezkire
1299:Tabaqat
1192:Tanoura
1132:Deheyeh
1027:Bedouin
980:Qasidah
940:Bashraf
913:Khaliji
908:Al Jeel
761:Macawis
726:Burnous
694:Tantour
689:Taqiyah
626:(Sudan)
624:Mawset
618:(Egypt)
616:Mawset
592:Khalij
585:Cuisine
528:Banna'i
334:Madrasa
304:Alcázar
157:Gardens
152:Banna'i
114:Moorish
109:Fatimid
104:Abbasid
99:Umayyad
84:Islamic
6571:Tughra
6531:Firman
6480:Others
6471:Taʿlīq
6448:Ruq'ah
6438:Diwani
6380:Hijazi
6372:Arabic
6364:Styles
6117:Diwani
6104:Script
6062:(case)
6059:ʾIʿrāb
6045:Tajwid
5990:Bongor
5969:Maridi
5919:Habban
5793:Others
5777:Tihami
5757:Yemeni
5752:Shihhi
5737:Hejazi
5705:Bedawi
5700:Bareqi
5556:Syrian
5514:Saʽidi
5446:Nemadi
5432:Maqil
5330:Sahili
5297:Żejtun
5233:spoken
5231:Modern
4726:Arabic
4645:
4630:
4255:
4221:
4171:
4124:
4083:
4041:
3930:
3854:
3821:
3793:
3749:
3719:. 2020
3662:
3642:Leiden
3575:Rayhan
3451:Qahiri
3441:Changa
3421:(2008)
3355:(1799)
3221:Qur'an
3149:Qurans
3120:datums
3112:square
3104:radial
3098:Spiral
3083:Linear
2936:pixels
2916:Arabic
2862:takbir
2854:Turkey
2842:Seljuk
2709:Arabic
2663:Korean
2618:Indian
2591:Arabic
2586:Arabic
2484:Haukim
2469:Qaynan
2464:Ta'lab
2459:Haubas
2449:Salman
2444:Athtar
2312:Azizos
2267:Al-Lat
2140:Wāḳwāḳ
2110:Qutrub
2105:Qareen
2095:Nasnas
2075:Luqman
2070:Kujata
2025:Dandan
1990:Ababil
1692:U.A.E.
1627:Kuwait
1622:Jordan
1561:Khafīf
1551:Rajaz
1496:Nabati
1491:Mawwal
1481:Kharja
1471:Nasīb
1466:Ruba'i
1456:Urjūza
1446:Qasida
1441:Diwan
1422:Khawal
1412:Ghazal
1402:Rithā'
1388:Genres
1360:Poetry
1353:Aqidah
1338:Hadith
1333:Tafsir
1269:Maqama
1244:Modern
1197:Yowlah
1187:Tahtib
1157:Mizmar
1137:Guedra
1087:Shaabi
1072:Mezwed
1067:Mawwal
1052:Fijiri
1017:Ataaba
1005:Waslah
1000:Taqsim
990:Sama'i
970:Mawwal
960:Malhun
955:Layali
872:Genres
846:Teslim
831:Taqsim
806:Theory
771:Sirwal
756:Kaftan
704:Turban
679:Litham
568:Zellij
553:Kiswah
538:Damask
412:Styles
389:Zawiya
379:Tekyeh
349:Mosque
329:Kasbah
324:Hammam
309:Bazaar
287:Zellij
217:Mosaic
119:Mamluk
89:Yemeni
79:Styles
6627:Qalam
6609:Tools
6536:Hilya
6415:Naskh
6410:Mashq
6395:Kufic
6276:Other
6197:Tawqi
6152:Mashq
6142:Kufic
6050:Imāla
6019:Names
5985:Turku
5913:Adeni
5747:Omani
5742:Najdi
5647:North
5637:South
5632:Shawi
5614:Gilit
5578:South
5538:North
5436:Fessi
5355:Jebli
5341:Jijel
5316:Tunis
5311:Urban
5292:Qormi
4901:ʾAlif
4871:Hamza
4843:i‘jām
3951:: 42.
3660:S2CID
3640:(2).
3580:Tawqi
3559:Naskh
3486:iOS:
3471:Kufam
3456:Cairo
3134:Other
2969:Quran
2881:tiraz
2816:Quran
2767:Kufic
2733:Quran
2680:Latin
2652:Hanzi
2509:Yatha
2499:Ya'uq
2439:Anbay
2377:Suwa'
2372:Hubal
2342:Abgal
2332:Manāt
2327:Manāt
2322:Quzah
2317:Bajir
2302:Asira
2287:Manaf
2272:Manāt
2257:Allah
2085:Marid
2050:Ifrit
2045:Houri
2035:Ghoul
2030:Falak
2020:Buraq
1899:Texts
1888:Qadar
1878:Irfan
1858:Peace
1853:Dhati
1801:Kalam
1697:Yemen
1682:Syria
1677:Sudan
1662:Qatar
1637:Libya
1612:Egypt
1573:Sarīʿ
1555:Ramal
1546:Hazaj
1541:Wāfir
1536:Kamil
1531:Basīṭ
1527:Madīd
1523:Ṭawīl
1486:Zajal
1435:Forms
1425:Fakhr
1393:Madih
1372:Poets
1328:Quran
1309:Rihla
1250:Prose
1234:Paleo
1172:Samri
1127:Dabke
1117:Ardah
1109:Dance
1092:Zajal
1077:Samri
950:Dulab
903:Opera
841:Lazma
800:Music
786:Tiraz
781:Thawb
746:Izaar
721:Bisht
716:Abaya
648:Dress
445:Types
369:Sabil
364:Ribat
359:Qalat
344:Mazar
339:Maqam
293:Types
247:Riwaq
237:Qadad
202:Liwan
162:Girih
137:Alfiz
132:Ablaq
6487:Sini
6172:Rasm
5975:Nubi
5963:Juba
5936:and
5916:Beda
5888:Wqal
5885:Kjal
5715:Gulf
5063:Ġayn
5054:ʿAyn
4643:ISBN
4628:ISBN
4581:2021
4266:2012
4253:ISBN
4219:ISBN
4169:ISBN
4122:ISSN
4081:ISBN
4059:link
4039:ISBN
3970:help
3928:ISBN
3906:2013
3880:2013
3852:ISBN
3819:ISBN
3791:ISBN
3747:ISBN
3725:2020
3466:Mada
3417:The
3225:Iran
2779:Kufa
2741:Kufa
2703:The
2640:Vyaz
2489:Nasr
2407:Sa'd
2402:Ruda
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2307:Awal
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2060:Jinn
2040:Hinn
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1617:Iraq
1518:Bayt
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6248:710
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