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2175:, unaware of the presence of the French fleet and mistaking its ships for East Indiamen, approached and had to surrender. From the prisoners, Suffren learnt of Hyder Ali's death. The fleet continued to Cuddalore, arriving there on 1 February. Peynier's squadron of 3 ships and 1 frigate arrived shortly afterwards with 30 transports, survivors of a much larger convoy that had lost a number of ships to the elements and to the British.
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arrived to Isle de France with 6 ships of the line, 2 frigates and transports carrying 5,000 soldiers. He also informed Hyder Ali that a French frigate had intercepted a
British schooner carrying Colonal Horn to Nagapattinam. Hyder Ali responded with luxurious gifts to Suffren and his officers, or with gifts represented by their equivalent value in rupees. He then ajourned the meeting until the next day.
2260:, tensions again flared up between France and England, and it was feared that a new conflict was looming. As a precaution, Louis XVI ordered the Brest squadron be readied, and he appointed Suffren to command it, leaving him the choice of his captains. As he prepared for the journey to Brest, Suffren's health suddenly declined. He died in Paris on 8 December 1788.
1529:, under Perrier de Salvert, came in view of Madras harbour and Hughes' squadron. Seeing Hugues anchored in a very strong defensive position, Suffren decided to sail off the coast, but to his surprise, Hugues left the safety of the forts and gave chase. Suffren deployed a frigate screen to warn his squadron of Hugues' moves, but during the night
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On 24 May, Hughes' squadron passed off
Trincomalee. A few days later, a ship brought letters from Bussy-Castelnau announcing that Cuddalore was besieged and blockaded. Suffren departed Trincomalee on 11 June 1783 and passed off Tharangambadi on 16, when the frigate screen signaled 18 ships in view.
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under the gun salutes of the fortress and the whole French squadron. The next day, a 500-man cavalry troop under
General Ghulam Ali Khan escorted Suffren, six of his captains and several officers to the encampment of Hyder Ali's army for a meeting with him. Suffren announced that Bussy-Castelnau had
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On 25 August, the fleet set sail and formed a battle line, soon arriving in view of the forts of
Trincomalee. 2,000 men quickly landed, with siege artillery, ammunition and three days worth of rations. By 29, the French had completed their siege battery emplacements, and they started bombarding the
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to personally reconnoitre the situation. The two fleets approached each other in the evening manoeuvered without engaging. In the morning, the French found themselves at the entrance of
Cuddalore Bay, while the British squadron was further off at sea. Suffren anchored his ships and spent the night
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In the following days, d'Orves' failing health deteriorated to the point where he was not fit for duty, and he delegated command to
Suffren. The French intended to surprise the British ships anchored in the roads of Madras. The fleet arrived North of Madras on 5 February 1782, and its light units
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With the return of favourable weather, Suffren expected and feared Hughes' attack, as his own ships were either damaged after long cruises, or had at best only received field repair at Aceh. He therefore quickly landed his troops at
Cuddalore and set sail for Trincomalee. Unfavourable winds made
1610:, the French ambassador, to act as an intermediary between Suffren and himself, along with two of his officiers. Suffren negotiated an agreement that French troops would retain their own command; that a 4,000-man cavalry and 6,000-man infantry force would reinforce them; and that they be paid 24
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Meanwhile, Suffren received news that Hyder Ali had left
Cuddalore with his army to fight in the North, leaving the city vulnerable to a British attack from Madras. As Cuddalore was a crucial supply depot, it was imperative for Suffren to protect it. Suffren departed Trincomalee on 1 October to
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was shot away by
British fire and Suffren had new French ensigns hoisted to continue the fight. After an hour and a half, night fell and the battle ended. Suffren was furious at the conduct of his captains, whom he accused of abandoning him. The next day, the British fleet had disappeared, and
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On 27, Hyder Ali invited
Suffren and Piveron to a private dinner, with European-style seating in deference to his guests. Suffren reported on the battles against Hughes, and they reviewed plans of operations against the British. Hyder Ali was especially concerned by British advance on the
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Un jour, à Sainte-Hélène, Las Cases, qui avait été lieutenant de vaisseau à l'époque de la Révolution, traçait à Napoléon le portrait de l'adversaire de Hughes : « M. de Suffren, très dur, très bizarre, extrêmement égoïste, mauvais coucheur, mauvais camarade, n'était aimé de
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offers a more nuanced assessment, finding Suffren an aggressive and innovative commander comparable to Ruyter and Nelson, but also one whose lack of didactic qualities and social graces made him misunderstood and disliked by his captains, and thus failed to develop his full potential.
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The military situation... demanded first the disabling of the hostile fleet, next the capture of certain strategic ports. That this diagnosis was correct is as certain as that it reversed the common French maxims, which would have put the port first and the fleet second as
1389:, but this time with other ships deploying as to ensure communication between the pursuers and the main body of the fleet, allowing Suffren to press on his chase. Suffren caught up with his quarry on 22 around noon and forced her to surrender. She was the 50-gun
1159:. On 24 July, Suffren set sail with four ships, chased away the British frigates, and patrolled the area around the Cape to ascertain the intentions of the British. Satisfied that Johnstone had renounced attacking the Cape colony, he resupplied and sailed to
833:. On 5 August 1778, Suffren entered the Bay and anchored next to the British, who cut their cables and scuttled their ships by fire to avoid capture. The Royal Navy ended up having to destroy ten of their own vessels in all, including five frigates.
1288:, arriving on 9 August 1779. With four ships of the line now at his disposal, Tronjoli departed on 6 December 1779 to cruise off the Cape, but to no avail, and he returned to Isle de France on 13 January 1780. On 3 February 1780, the 64-gun
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ran aground in Almadora Bay and was burnt by the British, in violation of neutrality laws, while her crew was taken prisoner, including Suffren. He returned to France after several months and was left without employ at sea for several years.
2235:. He departed for Trincomalee on 26, arriving on 29. The fleet departed for Europe on 6 October. On his way, Suffren called the Cape of Good Hope, and had stayed there for a few days when Hughes' squadron arrived, with unfavourable winds.
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reinforcing his crew with 1,200 soldiers from ashore. On 18 June, Suffren set sail and the two squadrons chased each other for two days, trying to gain an advantage. Finally, on 20, the two fleets came in contact and engaged, starting the
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in 1778, Tronjoli had lost some of his ships and escaped to Isle de France with the survivors, arriving there in late September. Pondichéry fell to the British on 17 October. With these reinforcements, the island was guarded by the 64-gun
1655:, which had been left to patrol, came with news that Hughes' squadron was at Nagapattinam. Suffren ordered an immediate departure and found the British ships anchored when he arrived on 6 July 1782. Before the battle, Suffren despatched
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returned to Lorient to bring the news of the engagement, while the other survivors sailed on to Isle de France. By 1780, Tronjoly was recalled to France, leaving d'Orves in command with a total of six ships of the line at his disposal.
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arrived, bringing despatches. The letter, dated from 22 November 1781, notably carried official approval of Suffren's conduct at the Battle of Porto Praya, granted the requests he had made to appoint his officers, and promoted him to
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reinforce Cuddalore, arriving on 4 October. The expected British attack did not happen, and on 12 October, the change in monsoon forced both fleets to shelter in harbour. Hughes anchored at Bombay, while Suffren chose to sail to
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on 21 June. The Régiment de Pondichéry landed and started fortifying the Cape colony against attacks from land and from the sea, while the fleet repaired its ships and had its sick given medical attention in hospitals ashore.
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On the return of peace in 1763 Suffren intended again to do the service in the caravans which was required to qualify him to hold the high and lucrative posts of the order. He was, however, named to the command of the 20-gun
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On 21 August, the two ships of the convoy arrived. Suffren had ammunition from the convoy distributed among his warships to replenish their magazines, and explained his intentions to the captains. The same day, the cutter
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arrived shortly after with spare parts, and the fleet spent the following weeks tending to the sick and effecting repairs. After a while, a corvette arrived from Isle de France, bringing news that a 3-ship squadron under
1377:, until the ship made signals that he was unable to answer. A chase ensued, and with the night Suffren abandoned the pursuit to rejoin the fleet. On 21, the fleet encountered the same ship again, and again detached
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The older son was an Army officer; the second, a priest; the third and fourth sons were Navy officers; the oldest daughter married Marquis de Pierrevert, and the youngest married Marquis de Nibles de Vitrolles.
2145:. By choosing Aceh, Suffren avoided both being driven away from the battlefield as he would have by choosing Isle de France, and the climate of Trincomalee which he feared would be detrimental to his crew.
1569:, while the French were scattered due to an error in interpreting night signals. Suffren formed a line without consideration for the order of battle, and at 1500 he closed in within gun range, starting the
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as reminiscent of Nelson's style, in that he was giving advance instruction for a variety of scenarios and was attempting to take the British in a cross-fire and destroy their squadron. In 1942, Admiral
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with 8 transports of troops and supplies. Suffren had sent a light ship to Trincomalee, which returned announcing that the British ships were not there. Suffren then decided to lay siege to Trincomalee.
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2331:, who had served as a lieutenant in the navy, described Suffren to Napoléon as "A hard man, very weird, egoistic in the extreme, bad-tempered, poor comrade in arms, liked of no one." More recently,
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After the end of the expedition, Suffren returned to Malta to resume escort duty with the order. He spent four years, rising from Knight to Commander. In February 1772, he was promoted to
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caused strong winds from the South which trapped the French North of Madras, while at the same time favouring the return of Hughes' squadron from Ceylon to Madras. Upon Hughes' arrival,
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1961:. In early August, Suffren learnt that the British fleet had departed Nagapattinam and was embarking troops in Madras, bound for an unknown destination. Suffren departed at once for
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2063:, in particular, was leaking and had lost her foremast and mainmast. The ships anchored to effect repairs, which the crew completed in two weeks. Around that time, Captains
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Suffren arrived at Isle de France on 25 October 1781. The island had been selected as the base for French operations in the Indian Ocean, falling under the overall command of
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stated "while Chevalier de Suffren displayed an indisputable bravery and an incomparable tactical insight, an analysis of his action shows it to be banal and disappointing."
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captured a British courier and managed to retrieve the dispatches that her captain had thrown overboard, revealing British plans to expel the Dutch from Ceylon. On 12, the
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of the British warships gave them a decisive advantage, and he abandoned the pursuit to help with the capture of the merchantmen. After the battle, Suffren wrote a letter to
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detected La Clue's squadron and reported to Boscawen, who moved to intercept. Meanwhile, the French squadron failed to maintain formation and scattered. In the ensuing
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had surrendered and promised to launch an investigation, and also warned that without orders from his government he was not at liberty to give away his ships.
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The previous day, Suffren, who was overweight, had suffered from the Indian-style seating and Hyder Ali had graciously bent the etiquette to accommodate him.
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Suffren's squadron arrived at Trincomalee on 8 August. Most of it remained there until October. Suffren himself sailed to Pondichéry on 15 September with
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1127:, which had originally been appointed to a shorter mission, found herself short on water, and Captain de Cardaillac requested permission to resupply at
862:, sustaining 62 men killed or wounded. After the battle, Admiral d'Estaing sent Suffren with a 2-ship and 3-frigate division to secure the surrender of
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When the French squadron arrived at Trincomalee in the evening of 7 September 1782 after the Battle of Trincomalee, its ships were seriously damaged.
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where approaching the French transports. Suffren rushed with his warships to protect the convoy, and Hughes ordered his ships to regroup and form a
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spotted five British warship at anchor; she turned, signalling "enemy ships in sight". Understanding that random chance had put him in contact with
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Suffren cruised off Nagapattinam to observe the moves of the British ships, and seeing them idle, returned to Cuddalore to repair. On the way,
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On 10 April, the two fleets came into view, and they spent two days in manoeuvres, trying to gain an advantage on the other. In the morning,
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was in need of more extensive repairs to her rigging: after losing her masts at Porto Praya, she had done the rest of the journey in two of
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1143:'s squadron, and disregarding neutrality laws, Suffren ordered an immediate attack. At 1000, Suffren's squadron attacked, precipitating the
373:. At his return, he was promoted to vice-admiral, and died shortly before he was to take command of the Brest squadron of the French fleet.
2025:
surrendered the fort in exchange for its 1,000-man garrison to be sent to Madras. The next day, Captain Quelso, low on water, surrendered
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D'Orves died the same day at 1600. Suffren re-appointed his captains to the ships of the squadron: Captain de Lapallière took command of
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he commanded vessels in the squadron of evolution which the French government had established for the purpose of training its officers.
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369:. Through these battles, Suffren managed to secure French dominance of the seas in Indian waters until the conclusion of the war at the
2201:
On 25, Hughes retreated to Madras, and on 29, a British frigate came as a cartel, bringing news of the preliminary agreements to the
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lost sight of the British ships, and both thus failed to keep Suffren appraised of Hughes's position. In the morning, signals from
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On 14 February, the usual monsoon wind from the North-East resumed, allowing Suffren's squadron to sail South. In the evening,
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in the hope of discovering the British plans. Failing to do so, he sailed to Batticaloa, where he arrived on 8 August to find
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departed Lorient to further reinforce Isle de France. After it was confirmed that the British had despatched a squadron under
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361:, but assumed command himself at his death. Leading a 15-ship squadron, he fought five intense and evenly matched battles for
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The French fleet sailed to Martinique, where Suffren's division joined up with it, and from there to Grenada, leading to the
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628:'s forces but, on 16 August 1758, La Clue seized an opportunity to make a sortie with 12 ships and 3 frigates. The frigate
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1351:. He had 11 ships of the line, 3 frigates and 3 corvettes at his disposal. En route, d'Orves changed his objectif from
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that had been signed on 9 February 1783, and Hughes' offer of a cease-fire. Suffren accepted. On 25 July, the frigate
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reported 17 sails closing in. The French squadron retreated into the safety of Trincomalee and started repairing.
1565:. In the morning of 17 February, the fleets were about 6 km apart, the British forming a line and had captured
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Suffren sustained about 30 men killed and 100 wounded, and light damage to his riggings. At 1900 he broke contact.
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to investigate. Suffren closed in, making signals according to tables captured at Porto Praya on the East Indiaman
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rupee a year. Suffren landed his troops at Porto Nove, and departed on 23 March to search for the British fleet.
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Biographie maritime ou notices historiques sur la vie et les campagnes des marins célèbres français et étrangers
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On 3 September, the British fleet arrived. Suffren reembarked his troops and moved to intercept, leading to the
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fort. On 30, at 0900, Suffren sent a message to the fort of Trincomalee to negotiate its capitulation. Captain
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Suffren's fleet set sail on 20 December to return to Coromandel. On the way, it raided the British colony of
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When known in France, the anecdote yielded the pun that "Villeneuve-Cilart wanted to surrender, but "God" (
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ensued. The two fleets exchanged fire to over 4 hours, until Hughes retreated. During the battle, Captain
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under Brigadier Duchemin de Chenneville. En route, the convoy encountered a British squadron under Admiral
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724:. She departed for a training cruise to drill new navy officers. From that time till the beginning of the
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to prevent British relief to support Fort St. Philip, La Galissonière intercepted a 13-ship squadron under
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Suffren received 10,000 rupees symbolising the gift of an elephant, which would have been inconvenient on
1431:. On 9 February 1782, Hughes received reinforcements with the arrival of a squadron comprising the 64-gun
1299:
1033:, and Suffren was given command of a 5-ship squadron to reinforce it. The task force comprised the 74-gun
554:. The squadron departed on 10 April, arriving on 17 and landing troops; the British garrison retreated to
326:(17 July 1729 – 8 December 1788) was a French naval officer and nobleman. Beginning his career during the
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warned him of the presence of the French squadron, and Hughes anchored his ships under the protection of
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1131:. Suffren gave permission but, unwilling to scatter his forces, ordered his entire squadron to move into
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Suffren graduated from the Gardes-Marine in 1747 as an ensign, and worked on commissioning the brand new
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was created especially for Suffren, the decree stipulating that it would be suppressed after his death.
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Suffren arrived at Toulon on 26 March 1784. Summoned to Versailles, he was received by Navy Minister
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was about to arrive, escorting a convoy ferrying troops and ammunitions, as well as Bussy-Castelnau.
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1781:, Suffren relieved Cillart of duty and sent him back to Isle de France to be returned to France and
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but two of the officers, named Dieu and Kerlero de Rosbo, refused to surrender and resumed firing.
1147:. Having scattered and disorganised Johnstone's forces, Suffren rushed to The Cape, and arrived at
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presenting vice-admiral Pierre André Bailly de Suffren de Saint Tropez with a golden sword in 1784
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Johnstone arrived in the morning of 21 July, left two frigates to watch the bay, and sailed on to
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broke out, leaving both squadrons damaged. Suffren retreated to the safety of the Dutch forts of
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ran aground, and both the British and French ships launched their boats to provide assistance.
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and orders to Suffren to return to France, leaving 5 ships under Peynier in the Indian Ocean.
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1594:, where he arrived on 19 February 1782 and learned that the British squadron was heading for
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A number of streets and avenues through France are named in Suffren's honour. In Paris, the
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to repair, and tend to those members of his crews who were wounded or suffered from scurvy.
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Several authors attribute Suffren's disregard for neutrality law to his experience at the
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The French squadron left Cuddalore on 15 October 1782 and arrived at Aceh on 1 November.
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sacrificed herself and tree smaller transports to lure the British away from the others.
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1029:. The Dutch expected the British to send an expeditionary force to try and capture their
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578:. The British failed to break the French blockade, and Fort St. Philip fell on 29 July.
461:, sent to America to harass British forces. At his return, Suffren served on the 60-gun
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The full text of Suffren's memorandum on copper sheathing is quoted in Cunat, p.353-354
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2637:, the name of the insubordinate officer) would not allow it". Dieu would be killed on
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Suffren returned to Trincomalee, where he arrived in the evening of 7 September 1782.
591:. The squadron departed Toulon in November, bound for Brest. On 7 December, it called
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Meanwhile, the French squadron was effecting repairs, especially to its rigging, and
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would switch sides, ally with the British and start a war with Mysore. The next day,
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Naval Leadership in the Atlantic World: The Age of Reform and Revolution, 1700–1850
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pension in recognition of his services. In April, Suffren was given command of the
911:, sailing into the river and forcing the British to scuttle several ships, notably
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Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours
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started preying on coastal merchantmen and capturing cargo of rice. However, the
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on 17 June. He then joined up with a combined Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral
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in the French Navy, and returned to Toulon to take command of the 26-gun frigate
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Tensions mounted between France and England in early 1778 in the context of the
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La guerre incomprise, ou, Le mythe de Suffren: la campagne en Inde, 1781-1783
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called him "perhaps the ablest sea-commander that France ever produced'. In
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On 7 December 1781, d'Orves led a 27-ship fleet to Ceylon, with his flag on
964:. On 9 August, the fleet intercepted a large British convoy, leading to the
410:. However, he spent only 6 months ashore before he was appointed on a ship.
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to confer with Bussy, arriving on 17. There, he learnt of his promotion to
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caught fire and had to distance herself from the other ships. The flag of
1602:, he decided not to land his troops in Pondichéry, and rather to head for
790:. The mission of his force was to support Franco-American efforts in the
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La Marine de Louis XVI: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1774 à 1792
4333:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 660.
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On 7 September 1779, d'Estaing ordered Suffren to blockade the mouth of
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joined the squadron with a prize carrying British colonel Horn, of the
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on 28 February 1758. La Clue's squadron eventually returned to Toulon.
2658:; his officers received 1,000 symbolising horses, for the same reason.
2168:, destroying a number of merchantmen. On 12 January 1783, the frigate
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her. Seeing his hand forced, Cillart ordered his flag hoisted again.
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4607:(2017). "Le Bailli Pierre-André de Suffren: A Precursor of Nelson".
4558:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Regnault éditeur. pp. 289–332.
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handy to bring news of the outcome of the battle to Isle de France.
2079:, who was wounded and weakened. On 23 September 1782, Suffren sent
949:
567:
395:
386:
Pierre André de Suffren was born on 17 July 1729 in the Château de
4449:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2085:
to Isle de France under M. Le Fer to bring despatches to Governor
1264:(a 12-gun corvette). Furthermore, on 28 December 1778, the 74-gun
881:, and prevent British ships from escaping. Suffren led the 64-gun
398:
with two daughters and three other sons. In October 1743, as the
2591:
2179:
progression difficult and as Suffren's squadron entered the bay,
2089:, with the four captains aboard. This yielded another reshuffle:
1954:
1829:; Lieutenant Maureville de Langle was promoted to the command of
1691:, food and ammunition to resupply his fleet. He furthermore kept
1662:
1416:
1274:
to reinforce the colony, and on 27 March 1779, so did the 64-gun
1175:
Until the outbreak of the Anglo-French War, the French colony of
563:
551:
320:
1298:
in the Indian Ocean, France sent a convoy comprising the 64-gun
595:
to resupply, and found itself blockaded by a British from under
4825:
4386:
4384:
2165:
1900:
1770:
after her surrender. Suffren answered that he was unaware that
1766:
bringing a letter from Hughes demanding that Suffren hand over
1672:
1439:
1356:
1316:(under Baron de la Haye), escorting 16 transports ferrying the
930:
475:
403:
1533:
drifted away from the fleet due to a navigation error, while
2249:
and by Louis XVI, and much celebrated. A fourth position of
1984:
1255:
957:
654:
101:
4381:
4357:
4277:
4275:
4190:
4188:
4163:
4161:
4148:
4146:
4133:
4131:
4106:
4104:
4067:
4065:
4063:
3990:
3988:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3922:
3920:
3907:
3905:
3832:
3830:
3815:
510:. In late 1754, Suffren departed Malta to return to Toulon.
4880:
French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
4840:
Composition de l'escadre sous Suffren aux Indes (1781–1783)
4588:
La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI
4468:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3729:
3727:
3440:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3231:
3117:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
2942:
2940:
2484:
Alternatively spelt "Macnémara", "Macnemara" or "Macnamara"
2273:
Suffren was generally recognised as an able commander. The
2142:
1611:
1170:
1003:, to advocate for the French Navy to copper its own ships.
495:, badly damaged, was captured. Suffren was taken prisoner.
2737:
2735:
2733:
877:, to cover the landing of French troops in support of the
711:. He conducted two patrols in the Eastern Mediterranean.
603:
attempted to break the blockade, but was destroyed in the
324:
Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez, bailli de Suffren
4299:
4287:
4272:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4185:
4173:
4158:
4143:
4128:
4116:
4101:
4060:
4048:
4036:
3985:
3944:
3917:
3902:
3827:
2036:. The French line fought disorganised, especially after
1651:. The French troops reembarked on their transports, when
528:
In 1756, Suffren had returned to Toulon and had risen to
338:. Promoted to captain in 1772, he was one of the aids of
3796:
3784:
3724:
3527:
3362:
3308:
3144:
3079:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
2937:
1643:
On 3 June 1782, Suffren departed Batacalo and sailed to
1606:, where he arrived on 23 February. Hyder Ali despatched
1123:
The squadron departed Brest on 22 March 1781. En route,
760:
France's participation in the American Revolutionary War
457:, part of a 5-ship and 2-frigate squadron under Captain
4814:
Engraving by Mme de Cernel after an original by Gerard.
4248:
4236:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2730:
1971:, arrived from Isle de France three days earlier. From
1833:; Lieutenant de Beaumont le Maître received command of
1729:
had stopped to launch her boats and take possession of
844:
was at the front of the vanguard, preceding the 74-gun
718:
appointed Suffren to the command of the 26-gun frigate
4420:
4408:
4396:
4369:
3493:
3491:
3418:
3416:
3403:
3401:
3328:
3326:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3185:
3183:
3134:
3132:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3069:
3067:
3065:
2969:
2967:
2927:
2925:
2831:
2829:
1733:, and sustained serious damage when the broadsides of
1167:) with the rest of the squadron, arriving on 28 July.
4712:
Le Marseillois, devenu plus tard le Vengeur du peuple
4685:
Mais qui est le bailli de Suffren Saint-Tropez ?
4260:
4089:
4077:
4024:
4012:
4000:
3973:
3961:
3932:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3027:
3015:
2886:
2299:
Lacour-Gayet cites Suffren's instructions before the
1865:, and from then on Lieutenant de Kersauson captained
794:
by striking a 5-frigate British squadron anchored in
491:
on 25 October 1747, where La Bédoyère was killed and
4565:
British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650–1859
3772:
3756:
3754:
3739:
3156:
2841:
2802:
2754:
2752:
2750:
1805:, as well as three more junior officers. Command of
587:, flagship of a 6-ship and 2-frigate squadron under
4672:(1890). Harding, Richard; Guimerá, Agustín (eds.).
4611:. University of Westminster Press. pp. 85–92.
3563:
3551:
3539:
3515:
3503:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3428:
3413:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3350:
3338:
3323:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3180:
3168:
3129:
3100:
3062:
3050:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2964:
2952:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2874:
2862:
2826:
2790:
1199:, and three armed merchantmen: the 26-gun corvette
952:, and joined up with a division under Rear-Admiral
4675:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660–1783
2814:
2308:listed his five favourite admirals of the past as
1135:. Arriving there at 0830 the morning of 16 April,
772:, which he personally captained, and the frigates
467:, under Captain d'Estourmel, and took part in the
4345:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660–1783
3751:
2747:
483:, under Captain La Bédoyère, in a squadron under
413:
4846:
4662:Journal de Bord du Bailli de Suffren dans l'Inde
2256:In October 1787, with the implementation of the
2009:, informed him that he was promoted to Bailiff (
672:, also a 20-gun xebec, part of a squadron under
3708:
3706:
3704:
1006:
746:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War
731:
344:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War
113:Ashes defiled in 1793 by French revolutionaries
4502:. Rennes: A. Marteville et Lefas. p. 447.
1363:detected a strange sail, and d'Orves detached
1280:, under la Pallière, escorting the transports
453:In the spring of 1745, Suffren transferred to
55:Portrait of Suffren during his service in the
30:"Suffren" redirects here. For other uses, see
4709:
3237:
1181:François-Jean-Baptiste l'Ollivier de Tronjoli
948:. They set sail on 19 May 1780 to patrol off
27:French naval officer and nobleman (1729–1788)
4668:
4581:
4390:
4363:
3821:
3701:
3692:
3302:
3123:
2764:
968:. The British escort, comprising the 74-gun
4723:. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau.
3676:
3674:
3655:
3653:
3607:
3605:
1211:(under Captain du Chézeau), and the 24-gun
766:, leading a division comprising the 64-gun
684:and called to Brest to serve on the 64-gun
581:In 1757, Suffren transferred to the 80-gun
353:Suffren was then appointed to serve in the
4745:
4540:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2581:had been reduced to a 74-gun in early 1766
2345:
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3733:
3533:
3446:
3368:
3317:
3150:
3094:
2946:
2741:
938:, part of a two-ship squadron along with
4710:Diaz de Soria, Ollivier-Zabulon (1954).
4454:
3715:
3683:
3671:
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3650:
3641:
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3584:
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2856:
1882:
1872:
1171:Preliminary operations at Isle de France
1112:
762:. Suffren was appointed to the fleet of
742:France in the American Revolutionary War
666:. Shortly thereafter, he transferred on
417:
394:, the third son of an old nobility from
4751:Histoire ignorée de la Marine française
4687:. Mémoires du Sud – Editions Equinoxe.
4637:
4603:
4426:
4414:
4402:
4375:
4254:
4242:
3044:
2892:
2808:
2703:
2283:The Influence of Sea Power upon History
2007:Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller
14:
4847:
4767:
4562:
3162:
3021:
2363:in honour of Suffren de Saint Tropez.
2048:
1899:On 25 July 1782, Hyder Ali arrived at
1632:
1579:
1089:), and seven transports carrying the
694:. Upon his return, he was promoted to
558:and was forced to surrender after the
546:tasked with ferrying 12,000 men under
536:, Suffren was appointed to the 64-gun
402:was raging, Suffren, aged 14, went to
4771:(2009). "The Battle of Lagos, 1759".
4718:
4682:
4659:
4492:
4472:
4460:Suffren Saint Tropez, Pierre André de
4266:
4095:
4083:
4030:
4018:
4006:
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3884:
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3434:
3422:
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3356:
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3249:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3189:
3174:
3138:
3111:
3073:
3056:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2958:
2931:
2916:
2904:
2880:
2868:
2835:
2820:
2796:
2758:
2497:are now part of a site listed on the
2233:Lieutenant général des Armées navales
2211:arrived from Europe with news of the
2187:Suffren transferred onto the frigate
1687:to Isle de France, to purchase spare
1189:(under Tronjoli), the 40-gun frigate
334:, where he was taken prisoner at the
2499:National Register of Historic Places
2117:to Lieutenant Tréhouret de Pennelé,
1512:. General Duchemin transferred from
1025:found themselves allied against the
502:restoring peace, Suffren joined the
4480:. Service historique de la marine.
3762:"de Cillart (Chevalier de Cillart)"
2359:of the French Navy have been named
1403:
1079:), as well as the 16-gun corvette
690:, flagship of a squadron headed by
680:. In 1767, Suffren was promoted to
674:Louis Charles du Chaffault de Besné
611:. Suffren witnessed the capture of
542:, part of a 12-ship squadron under
513:
24:
4550:Hennequin, Joseph François Gabriel
1179:maintained a small squadron under
758:constituting a step up announcing
647:
25:
4891:
4818:
2015:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1821:, himself replaced by Lieutenant
406:to undertaken naval studies as a
4824:
4528:Suffren et le temps de Vergennes
4442:
4337:
4311:
2719:Les voyages du Bailli de Suffren
2683:
2670:
2661:
2648:
2627:
2624:Also known as Villeneuve-Cilart
2439:
2419:
2403:
2387:
1946:, on the theatre of operations.
1930:brought news of the arrival of
1861:after Pierrevert's death in the
489:Second Battle of Cape Finisterre
313:Order of Saint-John of Jérusalem
303:
166:
154:
134:
123:
4773:The Journal of Military History
4714:(in French). F. Robert et fils.
4678:. London: Little, Brown and Co.
2680:was to start three years later.
2618:
2605:
2596:
2584:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2537:
2524:
2515:
2487:
2478:
2159:Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier
662:, which he cruised against the
589:Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran
504:navy of the Order of Saint John
173:Navy of the Order of Saint John
4808:
4753:(in French). Editions Perrin.
4683:Klein, Charles-Armand (2000).
4567:. Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot.
2779:
2712:
2469:
1975:, Suffren learnt that Bussy's
1891:on 26 July 1782. Engraving by
1857:. Later, Beaulieu returned to
1205:(under du Chayla), the 24-gun
1001:Secretary of State of the Navy
414:War of the Austrian Succession
400:War of the Austrian Succession
328:War of the Austrian Succession
215:War of the Austrian Succession
195:General of the Galleys (Malta)
13:
1:
4511:(in French). Éditions Ancre.
4499:Histoire du Bailli de Suffren
4435:
2602:Sometimes spelt "la Pallière"
2268:
2001:. Furthermore, a letter from
1759:, with Captain James Watt of
1492:, exchanged their positions;
524:France in the Seven Years War
429:Suffren served on the 64-gun
381:
365:against British Vice-Admiral
346:, notably taking part in the
2697:
1777:Following the incident with
1007:Campaign in the Indian Ocean
732:War of American independence
726:War of American Independence
485:Des Herbiers de l'Estenduère
439:in 1744. During the battle,
376:
7:
4865:People from Aix-en-Provence
4719:Roche, Jean-Michel (2005).
2218:
2029:under the same conditions.
599:. A relief squadron under
10:
4896:
4591:. Paris: Honoré Champion.
4324:"Hughes, Sir Edward"
2775:(2009), p.2, also cited at
2568:Cunat spells "Saint-Orins"
2559:Sometimes spelt "Tronjoly"
2349:
2055:Battle of Cuddalore (1783)
2052:
1876:
1639:Battle of Negapatam (1782)
1636:
1583:
1541:informed Suffren that HMS
1488:, in temporary command of
1407:
1342:Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau
1326:action of 24 February 1780
1116:
1093:, under Brigadier General
1010:
752:American Revolutionary War
735:
517:
249:American Revolutionary War
29:
4563:Hepper, David J. (1994).
4526:Glanchant, Roger (1976).
4507:Demerliac, Alain (1996).
2786:Geneanet: Paul de Suffren
2263:
1272:Thomas d'Estienne d'Orves
1097:. All these ships had a
1017:With the outbreak of the
962:Luis de Córdova y Córdova
532:. At the outbreak of the
500:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
390:to the family of Marquis
359:Thomas d'Estienne d'Orves
299:
225:Battle of Cape Finisterre
207:
199:
186:
178:
147:
118:
108:
91:
71:
63:
48:
41:
2462:
2003:Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc
1863:action of 12 August 1782
1453:and the armed transport
1183:, comprising the 64-gun
1027:Kingdom of Great Britain
925:granted Suffren a 1,500
738:Franco-American alliance
624:Toulon was blockaded by
469:Duc d'Anville expedition
459:Jean-Baptiste Mac Nemara
309:Order of the Holy Spirit
32:Suffren (disambiguation)
4831:Pierre André de Suffren
4465:Encyclopædia Britannica
4330:Encyclopædia Britannica
2346:Monuments and memorials
2276:Encyclopædia Britannica
1608:André Piveron de Morlat
1013:Franco-Indian alliances
966:action of 9 August 1780
607:, as La Clue failed to
560:Siege of Fort St Philip
43:Pierre André de Suffren
2297:
2101:to Captain de Vigues,
1912:and the risk that the
1896:
1849:, himself replaced on
1091:Régiment de Pondichéry
1019:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
792:Battle of Rhode Island
756:action of 17 June 1778
676:. He took part in the
601:Duquesne de Menneville
487:. He took part in the
426:
4583:Lacour-Gayet, Georges
2379:Depictions of Suffren
2292:
2073:la Landelle-Roscanvec
2034:Battle of Trincomalee
1983:were awaiting him at
1887:Suffren meeting with
1886:
1879:Battle of Trincomalee
1873:Battle of Trincomalee
1270:departed Brest under
1248:(a 24-gun corvette),
1145:Battle of Porto Praya
1119:Battle of Porto Praya
1113:Battle of Porto Praya
562:. Patrolling between
548:Maréchal de Richelieu
435:and took part in the
421:
279:Battle of Trincomalee
259:Battle of Porto Praya
203:Indian Ocean squadron
179:Years of service
4870:French Navy admirals
4833:at Wikimedia Commons
4670:Thayer Mahan, Alfred
3238:Diaz de Soria (1954)
2577:Built as an 80-gun,
2410:Suffren's statue in
2087:François de Souillac
1893:Jean-Baptiste Morret
1785:. He also dismissed
1590:Suffren returned to
1484:, and Lieutenant de
1318:Régiment d'Austrasie
1219:Siege of Pondicherry
1039:(under Suffren) and
975:, under Captain Sir
4747:Taillemite, Étienne
4660:Mores, ed. (1888).
4530:(in French). Paris.
4391:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
4364:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
3822:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
3449:, p. 17, n°22.
3303:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
3124:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
2643:Battle of Cuddalore
2534:, 20 years earlier.
2503:Wreck Sites of HMS
2493:The remains of the
2446:Bust of Suffren by
2428:Mattheus Lestevenon
2370:runs alongside the
2352:French ship Suffren
2327:On the other hand,
2196:Battle of Cuddalore
2049:Battle of Cuddalore
1708:Battle of Negapatam
1633:Battle of Negapatam
1623:Battle of Providien
1598:. After consulting
1586:Battle of Providien
1580:Battle of Providien
1508:; and Galifet took
979:, and the frigates
893:, and the frigates
698:on 18 August 1767.
605:Battle of Cartagena
556:St. Philip's Castle
424:Jean-Antoine Houdon
422:Bust of Suffren by
330:, he fought in the
284:Battle of Cuddalore
274:Battle of Negapatam
269:Battle of Providien
4785:10.1353/jmh.0.0366
3766:Three Deck's Forum
2724:2008-12-31 at the
2678:Maratha–Mysore War
2452:Paris naval museum
2121:to Saint-Georges,
1934:, with the 74-gun
1897:
1839:Bouvet de Précourt
1825:at the command of
1720:struck his colours
1310:, and the frigate
1242:, and the smaller
1085:(under Lieutenant
1049:), and the 64-gun
997:Antoine de Sartine
678:Larache expedition
427:
363:control of the sea
289:Siege of Cuddalore
4829:Media related to
4760:978-2-262-03242-5
4730:978-2-9525917-0-6
2690:personne. ».
2368:Avenue de Suffren
1823:Perier de Salvert
1801:and De Ruyter of
1359:. On 19 January,
1031:Dutch Cape Colony
1021:, France and the
946:d'Albert de Rions
921:On 1 March 1780,
879:Siege of Savannah
838:Battle of Grenada
764:Admiral d'Estaing
576:Battle of Minorca
574:, leading to the
367:Sir Edward Hughes
348:Siege of Savannah
340:Admiral d'Estaing
318:
317:
254:Battle of Grenada
237:Battle of Minorca
142:Kingdom of France
130:Hospitaller Malta
16:(Redirected from
4887:
4875:Counts of France
4838:
4828:
4804:
4764:
4742:
4715:
4706:
4679:
4665:
4656:
4630:
4600:
4578:
4559:
4545:
4539:
4531:
4522:
4503:
4489:
4469:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4315:
4309:
4306:Hennequin (1835)
4303:
4297:
4294:Hennequin (1835)
4291:
4285:
4282:Hennequin (1835)
4279:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4231:Hennequin (1835)
4228:
4222:
4219:Hennequin (1835)
4216:
4210:
4207:Hennequin (1835)
4204:
4198:
4195:Hennequin (1835)
4192:
4183:
4180:Hennequin (1835)
4177:
4171:
4168:Hennequin (1835)
4165:
4156:
4153:Hennequin (1835)
4150:
4141:
4138:Hennequin (1835)
4135:
4126:
4123:Hennequin (1835)
4120:
4114:
4111:Hennequin (1835)
4108:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4072:Hennequin (1835)
4069:
4058:
4055:Hennequin (1835)
4052:
4046:
4043:Hennequin (1835)
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3995:Hennequin (1835)
3992:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3956:Hennequin (1835)
3953:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3927:Hennequin (1835)
3924:
3915:
3912:Hennequin (1835)
3909:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3837:Hennequin (1835)
3834:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3810:Hennequin (1835)
3807:
3794:
3791:Hennequin (1835)
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3758:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3734:Hennequin (1835)
3731:
3722:
3719:
3713:
3712:Hennequin, p.302
3710:
3699:
3698:Hennequin, p.299
3696:
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3534:Hennequin (1835)
3531:
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3507:
3501:
3495:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3447:Demerliac (1996)
3444:
3438:
3432:
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3405:
3396:
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3378:
3372:
3369:Hennequin (1835)
3366:
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3318:Hennequin (1835)
3315:
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3151:Hennequin (1835)
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2710:
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2646:
2645:on 20 June 1783.
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2450:, on display at
2443:
2423:
2407:
2391:
2301:Battle of Sadras
2278:Eleventh Edition
2127:Villaret-Joyeuse
2093:went to Captain
2077:Morard de Galles
1571:Battle of Sadras
1502:Tromelin-Lanuguy
1478:Morard de Galles
1410:Battle of Sadras
1404:Battle of Sadras
1141:George Johnstone
1099:copper sheathing
993:copper sheathing
944:, under Captain
840:on 6 July 1779.
796:Narragansett Bay
534:Seven Years' War
520:Seven Years' War
514:Seven Years' War
437:Battle of Toulon
332:Seven Years' War
307:
264:Battle of Sadras
232:Seven Years' War
220:Battle of Toulon
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4633:CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0
4619:
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4474:Caron, François
4458:, ed. (1911). "
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2726:Wayback Machine
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2203:Treaty of Paris
2057:
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1940:and the 64-gun
1932:Bussy-Castelnau
1881:
1875:
1783:court-martialed
1718:, panicked and
1641:
1635:
1588:
1582:
1425:Fort St. George
1412:
1406:
1324:, yielding the
1232:, the frigates
1195:(under Captain
1173:
1121:
1115:
1015:
1009:
856:and the 70-gun
748:
736:Main articles:
734:
696:Frigate captain
682:frigate captain
664:Barbary pirates
650:
648:Interwar period
637:Battle of Lagos
626:Edward Boscawen
544:La Galissonière
526:
518:Main articles:
516:
508:Barbary pirates
416:
392:Paul de Suffren
384:
379:
371:Treaty of Paris
336:Battle of Lagos
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242:Battle of Lagos
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4819:External links
4817:
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4807:
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4779:(3): 745–765.
4765:
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4645:. Tallandier.
4635:
4627:j.ctv5vddxt.12
4617:
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4579:
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4523:
4517:
4504:
4494:Cunat, Charles
4490:
4470:
4456:Chisholm, Hugh
4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:Monaque (2017)
4419:
4415:Monaque (2017)
4407:
4403:Monaque (2009)
4395:
4393:, p. 525.
4380:
4376:Monaque (2009)
4368:
4366:, p. 502.
4356:
4336:
4321:, ed. (1911).
4319:Chisholm, Hugh
4310:
4308:, p. 331.
4298:
4296:, p. 330.
4286:
4284:, p. 329.
4271:
4269:, p. 338.
4259:
4257:, p. 321.
4255:Monaque (2009)
4247:
4245:, p. 320.
4243:Monaque (2009)
4235:
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4223:
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4211:
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4184:
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4076:
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4047:
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4035:
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4011:
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3999:
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3984:
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3972:
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3960:
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3943:
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3931:
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3916:
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3901:
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3877:
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3865:
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3853:
3851:, p. 177.
3841:
3839:, p. 304.
3826:
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3814:
3812:, p. 306.
3795:
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3783:
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3771:
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3738:
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3723:
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3526:
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3397:
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3373:
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3361:
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3307:
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3295:
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3206:
3194:
3179:
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3155:
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3143:
3128:
3126:, p. 456.
3116:
3099:
3097:, p. 291.
3078:
3061:
3049:
3045:Monaque (2017)
3026:
3024:, p. 761.
3014:
3002:
2990:
2978:
2963:
2951:
2949:, p. 290.
2936:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2893:Monaque (2017)
2885:
2873:
2861:
2840:
2825:
2813:
2809:Monaque (2017)
2801:
2799:, p. 2-3.
2789:
2778:
2763:
2746:
2744:, p. 289.
2729:
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2347:
2344:
2333:François Caron
2320:, Suffren and
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:Eden Agreement
2220:
2217:
2213:Peace of Paris
2137:to Dufreneau.
2133:to Malis, and
2053:Main article:
2050:
2047:
2027:Fort Ostenburg
1999:Chef d'Escadre
1914:Maratha Empire
1877:Main article:
1874:
1871:
1637:Main article:
1634:
1631:
1584:Main article:
1581:
1578:
1563:line of battle
1421:Lord Macartney
1408:Main article:
1405:
1402:
1296:Admiral Hughes
1172:
1169:
1161:Isle de France
1117:Main article:
1114:
1111:
1023:Dutch Republic
1011:Main article:
1008:
1005:
875:Savannah River
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4440:
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4428:
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4416:
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4404:
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4377:
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4353:0-486-25509-3
4350:
4346:
4343:Mahan, A.T.,
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3721:Cunat, p. 127
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3596:
3587:
3578:
3572:, p. 99.
3571:
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3559:
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3548:, p. 95.
3547:
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3530:
3524:, p. 94.
3523:
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3511:
3506:
3500:, p. 83.
3499:
3494:
3492:
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3484:
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3473:, p. 75.
3472:
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3460:
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3436:
3431:
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3424:
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3409:
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3395:, p. 74.
3394:
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3383:, p. 64.
3382:
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3359:, p. 65.
3358:
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3347:, p. 62.
3346:
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3334:
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3299:
3293:, p. 63.
3292:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3276:, p. 49.
3275:
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3264:, p. 48.
3263:
3258:
3252:, p. 44.
3251:
3246:
3240:, p. 11.
3239:
3234:
3228:, p. 42.
3227:
3222:
3216:, p. 41.
3215:
3210:
3204:, p. 40.
3203:
3198:
3192:, p. 39.
3191:
3186:
3184:
3177:, p. 38.
3176:
3171:
3165:, p. 52.
3164:
3163:Hepper (1994)
3159:
3152:
3147:
3141:, p. 37.
3140:
3135:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3114:, p. 33.
3113:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3076:, p. 32.
3075:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3059:, p. 31.
3058:
3053:
3047:, p. 87.
3046:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3012:, p. 30.
3011:
3006:
3000:, p. 29.
2999:
2994:
2988:, p. 27.
2987:
2982:
2976:, p. 26.
2975:
2970:
2968:
2961:, p. 25.
2960:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2934:, p. 19.
2933:
2928:
2926:
2919:, p. 18.
2918:
2913:
2907:, p. 15.
2906:
2901:
2895:, p. 86.
2894:
2889:
2883:, p. 12.
2882:
2877:
2871:, p. 11.
2870:
2865:
2858:
2857:Chisholm 1911
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2838:, p. 10.
2837:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2817:
2811:, p. 85.
2810:
2805:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2706:
2702:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2664:
2657:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2396:Pompeo Batoni
2390:
2385:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2372:Champ de Mars
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:Petit-Annibal
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2082:Pulvérisateur
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:Hay MacDowall
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1963:Tharangambadi
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:Malabar Coast
1905:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1751:joined up as
1750:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1714:, captain of
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:Petit Annibal
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1447:, the 50-gun
1446:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1398:Petit Annibal
1395:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1374:Hinchinbrooke
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:George Rodney
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1226:, the 54-gun
1225:
1220:
1217:. During the
1216:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:Praia Harbour
1130:
1126:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:, except for
1100:
1096:
1095:Thomas Conway
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:
984:
983:
978:
974:
973:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:
937:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
916:
910:
909:
904:
903:
898:
897:
892:
891:
886:
885:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
860:
855:
854:
849:
848:
843:
839:
834:
832:
831:
826:
825:
820:
819:
814:
813:
808:
807:
802:, comprising
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:
783:
782:
777:
776:
771:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
747:
743:
739:
729:
727:
723:
722:
717:
712:
710:
709:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:
665:
661:
660:
656:
645:
642:
638:
634:
633:
627:
622:
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:Henry Osborne
594:
590:
586:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
535:
531:
525:
521:
511:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
451:
449:
448:
442:
438:
434:
433:
425:
420:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
163:
152:
146:
143:
131:
121:
117:
111:
107:
103:
94:
90:
86:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4776:
4772:
4750:
4720:
4711:
4684:
4674:
4661:
4642:
4608:
4587:
4564:
4554:
4527:
4508:
4498:
4477:
4463:
4422:
4410:
4398:
4371:
4359:
4344:
4339:
4328:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4267:Cunat (1852)
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4214:
4202:
4175:
4118:
4096:Cunat (1852)
4091:
4084:Cunat (1852)
4079:
4050:
4038:
4031:Cunat (1852)
4026:
4019:Cunat (1852)
4014:
4007:Cunat (1852)
4002:
3980:Caron (1996)
3975:
3968:Cunat (1852)
3963:
3939:Cunat (1852)
3934:
3897:Cunat (1852)
3892:
3885:Cunat (1852)
3880:
3873:Cunat (1852)
3868:
3861:Cunat (1852)
3856:
3849:Cunat (1852)
3844:
3817:
3786:
3779:Roche (2005)
3774:
3765:
3746:Cunat (1852)
3741:
3717:
3694:
3689:Cunat, p.116
3685:
3680:Cunat, p.115
3668:Cunat, p.111
3664:
3659:Cunat, p.109
3647:Cunat, p.108
3643:
3638:Cunat, p.106
3634:
3629:Cunat, p.105
3625:
3620:Cunat, p.103
3616:
3611:Cunat, p.104
3599:Cunat, p.102
3595:
3590:Cunat, p.101
3586:
3581:Cunat, p.100
3577:
3570:Cunat (1852)
3565:
3558:Cunat (1852)
3553:
3546:Cunat (1852)
3541:
3529:
3522:Cunat (1852)
3517:
3510:Cunat (1852)
3505:
3498:Cunat (1852)
3483:Cunat (1852)
3478:
3471:Cunat (1852)
3466:
3459:Cunat (1852)
3454:
3442:
3435:Cunat (1852)
3430:
3423:Cunat (1852)
3408:Cunat (1852)
3393:Cunat (1852)
3388:
3381:Cunat (1852)
3376:
3364:
3357:Cunat (1852)
3352:
3345:Cunat (1852)
3340:
3333:Cunat (1852)
3298:
3291:Cunat (1852)
3274:Cunat (1852)
3269:
3262:Cunat (1852)
3257:
3250:Cunat (1852)
3245:
3233:
3226:Cunat (1852)
3221:
3214:Cunat (1852)
3209:
3202:Cunat (1852)
3197:
3190:Cunat (1852)
3175:Cunat (1852)
3170:
3158:
3146:
3139:Cunat (1852)
3119:
3112:Cunat (1852)
3074:Cunat (1852)
3057:Cunat (1852)
3052:
3017:
3010:Cunat (1852)
3005:
2998:Cunat (1852)
2993:
2986:Cunat (1852)
2981:
2974:Cunat (1852)
2959:Cunat (1852)
2954:
2932:Cunat (1852)
2917:Cunat (1852)
2912:
2905:Cunat (1852)
2900:
2888:
2881:Cunat (1852)
2876:
2869:Cunat (1852)
2864:
2836:Cunat (1852)
2823:, p. 9.
2821:Cunat (1852)
2816:
2804:
2797:Cunat (1852)
2792:
2781:
2772:
2766:
2761:, p. 3.
2759:Cunat (1852)
2714:
2709:Cunat, p.382
2705:
2685:
2672:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2620:
2607:
2598:
2590:Present-day
2586:
2578:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2412:Saint Tropez
2394:Suffren, by
2365:
2360:
2355:
2339:Rémi Monaque
2337:
2326:
2298:
2293:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2255:
2251:vice-admiral
2244:
2238:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2208:Surveillante
2207:
2200:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2163:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2103:Saint-Michel
2102:
2098:
2090:
2081:
2060:
2058:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2019:
2010:
1993:
1990:
1981:Saint Michel
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1950:
1948:
1943:Saint Michel
1942:
1936:
1926:
1917:
1906:
1898:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1837:, replacing
1834:
1830:
1826:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1683:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1649:Nagapattinam
1642:
1618:
1616:
1589:
1575:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1413:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1348:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1191:
1185:
1174:
1157:Saldanha Bay
1154:
1136:
1124:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1035:
1016:
987:
981:
977:John Moutray
971:
940:
934:
927:French livre
920:
914:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
872:
868:Union Island
858:
852:
846:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
786:
780:
774:
768:
749:
720:
713:
707:
700:
686:
668:
658:
651:
640:
631:
623:
618:
613:
583:
580:
572:Admiral Byng
538:
527:
497:
492:
479:
473:
463:
454:
452:
446:
440:
431:
428:
408:Garde-Marine
388:Saint-Cannat
385:
355:Indian Ocean
352:
323:
319:
208:Battles/wars
191:Vice-admiral
97:(1788-12-08)
85:Saint-Cannat
82:17 July 1729
57:Maltese Navy
36:
4860:1788 deaths
4855:1729 births
4837:(in French)
4809:Iconography
4769:Willis, Sam
3022:Willis 2009
2426:The envoys
2357:Eight ships
2306:Ernest King
2295:objectives.
2150:Pourvoyeuse
2069:Saint-Félix
1957:to pick up
1951:Pourvoyeuse
1922:Madras Army
1811:Saint-Félix
1803:Pourvoyeuse
1658:Pourvoyeuse
1596:Trincomalee
1531:Pourvoyeuse
1482:Pourvoyeuse
1353:Trincomalee
1234:Pourvoyeuse
1197:Saint-Orens
1192:Pourvoyeuse
1149:Simon's Bay
1067:Du Chilleau
988:Southampton
954:de Beausset
941:Marseillais
754:, with the
716:Duchaffault
342:during the
162:French Navy
64:Nickname(s)
4849:Categories
4694:2841352056
4436:References
2615:and a half
2350:See also:
2269:Assessment
2198:at 1530.
2131:Consolante
2105:to Dupas,
1973:Consolante
1968:Consolante
1953:sailed to
1855:Pierrevert
1819:Cuverville
1813:; that of
1668:Résolution
1604:Porto Nove
1592:Pondichéry
1476:; Captain
1459:James Alms
1429:Black Town
1286:Trois-Amis
1239:Consolante
1177:Pondichéry
1057:Cardaillac
787:Engageante
614:Foudroyant
550:to strike
530:lieutenant
382:Early life
119:Allegiance
78:1729-07-17
4801:162390731
4793:0899-3718
4749:(2010) .
4739:165892922
4597:763372623
4536:cite book
4486:463973942
4347:, p. 433
2771:Monaque,
2698:Citations
2329:Las Cases
2229:Cléopâtre
2190:Cléopâtre
2013:) of the
1889:Hyder Ali
1787:Maurville
1737:suddenly
1678:Fortitude
1645:Cuddalore
1600:Hyder Ali
1567:Lawriston
1543:Montmouth
1334:Charmante
1328:in which
1313:Charmante
1251:Elisabeth
1214:Lawriston
1165:Mauritius
1047:Trémignon
972:Ramillies
970:HMS
923:Louis XVI
864:Carriacou
853:Royal Oak
842:Fantasque
769:Fantasque
714:In 1776,
632:Gibraltar
593:Cartagena
377:Biography
193:(France)
182:1743–1784
4703:51607247
4641:(2009).
4585:(1905).
4552:(1835).
4496:(1852).
4476:(1996).
2722:Archived
2507:and HMS
2505:Cerberus
2495:Cerberus
2322:Farragut
2290:writes:
2219:Post-War
2172:Coventry
2111:Beaulieu
2099:Artésien
2065:Tromelin
1977:Illustre
1937:Illustre
1867:Brillant
1847:Beaulieu
1845:went to
1843:Brillant
1817:went to
1809:went to
1807:Artésien
1791:Artésien
1700:Diligent
1694:Sylphide
1684:Yarmouth
1627:Batacalo
1510:Sylphide
1504:took on
1496:went on
1494:Beaulieu
1472:that of
1457:, under
1435:Monmouth
1393:Hannibal
1383:Artésien
1369:Artésien
1261:Sylphide
1224:Brillant
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