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4279:"Listen as I now recount the isle of Tamraparni, gemmed upon the ocean. The gods underwent austerities there, in a desire to attain greatness. In that region also is the lake of Gokarna. Then one should go to Gokarna, renowned in the three worlds. O Indra among kings! It is in the middle of the ocean and is worshipped by all the worlds. Brahma, the Devas, the rishis, the ascetics, the bhutas (spirits or ghosts), the yakshas, the pishachas, the kinnaras, the great nagas, the siddhas, the charanas, the gandharvas, humans, the pannagas, rivers ocean and mountains worship Uma's consort there". Mahabharata. Volume 3. pp. 46–47, 99
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2151:. They were taken in procession around the region before being reinstalled amid opening ceremonies in one of the newly restored shrines of the compound on 3 March 1963. The naval and air bases were taken over by Sri Lanka in 1957. Following independence from Britain, the political relationship between Tamils and Sinhalese deteriorated across the island. Interest surrounding Trincomalee was increased due to its geostrategic position and the discovery of its underwater and land Hindu ruins. In 1968, the unity government of majority Sinhalese dominated
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1706:. The rise of Francis Xavier and the migration of Portuguese soldiers to Trincomalee, conversions to Christianity by some residents and royals in the 1500s saw the erection of churches in the city. Koneswaram is described by Jesuit priests at this time as being a "... massive structure, a singular work of art. It is of great height, constructed with wonderful skill in blackish granite, on a rock projecting into the sea, and occupies a large space on the summit".
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1086:
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1381:, Trincomalee bay again is mentioned as the furthest spot down the river Mahavalli Ganga which must be protected from "the enemy in Rohana"; and Trincomalee is noted as a theatre of magic, where Naga snakes were manifested to foretell the consecration of Maha Naga of Anuradhapura. It was not long before the Siva temple's concurrent re-establishment on the promontory by the 6th century following the rise of the Pallava dynasty. The
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Siva temple there. A Tamil inscription by Raja Raja Chola refers to Ravi
Kulamanikkeswaram Siva Temple in Padavikulam. (K. Indrapala, Epigraphia Tamilica, Jaffna Archeological Society, 1971 – page 34). A 13th century Sanskrit inscription excavated here mentions a Brahmin village in the area. The paddy fields of Padavikulam were watered by the Per Aru river.
1868:, in the diary of his visit in June 1786 with a view to revitalising agricultural production around the Trincomalee district. The population was a shadow of what it had been in times of prosperity. What he saw were people who had lost much of their traditional skill and often living close to subsistence level. Van Senden made the first record of the
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Lisbon Museum including the stone inscription by
Kulakottan (Kunakottan). The site's ruins include an emblem including two fish and is engraved with a prophecy stating that, after the 16th century, westerners with different eye colours will rule the country for 500 years and, at the end of it, rule will revert to the northerners (
2052:. In the early 1950s the British Government built groups of bungalows within the fort specifically for their employees. These bungalows today provide accommodation for the Sri Lankan Army. There was a large Naval Hospital which catered for sick and injured British naval personnel from all over the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.
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706:(East). Therefore, other translators suggest definitions of Trincomalee such as "sacred angular/peaked hill", "sacred eastern hill" or "three peaked hill". The temple was constructed atop Swami Rock, also called Swami Malai or Kona-ma-malai, a cliff on the peninsula that drops 400 feet (120 metres) directly into the sea.
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An inscription of the Cola king, Rajendra I (1012–1044 AD) was found recently at the goddess Kali's Temple in
Trincomalee, detailing his expansion of the shrine. Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa.
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which attracted seafaring merchants from East Africa and the Middle East to its ports. An inlet of
Trincomalee, Nicholson Cove became the site of a small Arab settlement by the 13th and 14th century. The Nicholson Cove Tombstone inscriptions at Trincomalee refer to the deceased as the daughter of the
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Sivaratnam, C (1964). An outline of the cultural history and principles of
Hinduism (1 ed.). Colombo: Stangard Printers. OCLC 12240260. Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 B.C., according to
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Chola-era inscriptions record the activities of Tamil mercantile communities in
Padavikulam. The mercantile groups referred to were the Ticai Aayirattu Ain Nurruvar (Velupillai, Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions, 1971) and the Ayyavole. Taniyappan, a merchant from Padavikulam, laid a foundation stone for a
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In the mid-1980s, India became concerned that the US Navy might gain access to
Trincomalee. India was suspicious about goodwill visits by the US Navy to the port and Sri Lankan proposals to contract out the refurbishment of oil storage tanks and modernisation of port facilities at Trincomalee. On 3
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As per another legend, Vayu
Bhaghvan and Adiseshan had a dispute to find out who is superior, to prove the superiority adiseshan encircled the Kailasam, Vayu tried to remove this encircle by creating santamarutham (Twister). Due to the santamarutham, eight (8) kodumudigal (parts) fell from kailasam
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J. Burnand helps with the suppression of the revolt against the Indian amildars, administrators brought from Madras to Ceylon. He drafts another 'memoir' on the North and
Northeast, in which he locates the origins of the Sinhalese in Siam and mentions that from time immemorial Sinhalese and Tamils
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J. Burnand helps with the suppression of the revolt against the Indian amildars, administrators brought from Madras to Ceylon. He drafts another 'memoir' on the North and
Northeast, in which he locates the origins of the Sinhalese in Siam and mentions that from time immemorial Sinhalese and Tamils
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sent to Trincomalee 60 Sinhala men in order to help the Danes in the construction of their fort. During their permanence in Trincomalee, the Danesh coined also some "Larins", on which were recorded the words 'Don Erich Grubbe', of these coins, today do not remain trace, if not in the diary of Ove
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for the remainder of the year. The city sees on average roughly 1,570 millimetres (62 in) of precipitation annually. Average temperatures in Trincomalee range from around 26 °C (79 °F) in December and January to approximately 30 °C (86 °F) during the warmest months of the
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attracted pilgrims from all parts of India. The shrine itself was demolished in 1622 by the Portuguese (who called it the Temple of a Thousand Columns), and who fortified the heights with the materials derived from its destruction. Some of the artifacts from the demolished temple were kept in the
1860:, but forced to pay forty elephants a year to the Dutch company. As tributaries, they recovered from Portuguese rule slowly under Dutch rule, and the Batticaloa district served as a dependency of the Fort of Trincomalee until 1782. The state of the region and the Tamils fears for the town and the
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This decision was taken by the bishop of Cochin, Dom Sebastião de S. Pedro. Later, another decree of the same bishop dated 11 November 1622, tracing the one indicated in 1602, entrusted newly to the Jesuits the spiritual cure in the districts of Jaffna, Trincomalee and Batticaloa, giving to them
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Trincomalee has some of the most picturesque and scenic beaches found in Sri Lanka, relatively unspoilt and clean. The area is famous for bathing and swimming, owing to the relative shallowness of the sea, allowing one to walk out over a hundred meters into the sea without the water reaching the
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The city had rejoined the Coylot Vanni Country by the start of the 18th century, with much of the city's population having moved across the district following the temple's destruction. It was about three centuries after Norochcho and Knox that serious attempts at translating the temple's ancient
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at Matsyakesvaram on Konaparvatam of Tirukonamalai for conducting daily worship and rituals. Nittavinotapuram, Patiyana Aipolilpattinam, Makalana, Vikkiramacalamekapuram, Matottamana Iramakulavallip pattinam are some of the merchant towns where archaeological remains of monuments datable to the
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soldier in the service of the Dutch and the Governor of Batticaloa, composed a memoir on his administration there in 1794, noting Trincomalee to be an important fortified town in the Tamil nation. Trincomalee's fort was occupied by the Dutch for most of the 18th century, and subsequently by the
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was beginning to influence the operations of the now princely Trincomalee district. Despite it being one of the smaller states of the island, given as an appenage to younger sons of royal houses and still being dependent on the Jaffna kingdom, the city had become one of the richest and the most
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The buildings of Trincomalee were of masonry, thatched with leaves of bamboo and rattan, although the Pagodas and the Palace of the King were covered with copper, silver and gold. The metropolis had grown with well-built houses and streets that were cleaned regularly and were well adorned. The
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The earliest mention of the shrine is in the hymns of Thirugnana sambandar who sings of "Konamamalai, and of the peerless God, who dwelled on Konamamalai, to the sound of roaring ocean, and rows of Kalal and the anklets, and half of whose body is shared by the Maid of the
532:, it is accessible in all weathers to all craft. It has been described as the "finest harbour in the world" and by the British, "the most valuable colonial possession on the globe, as giving to our Indian Empire a security which it had not enjoyed from elsewhere".
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in South India to the Parameswara Shiva temple at Tirukarasai — now in ruins — on the bank of the Mavilli Gangai before worshipping at Koneswaram; from there he went to Maha Tuvaddapuri to worship Lord Ketheeswarar and finally settled down on the Podiya
1460:, lauded the deity of the temples in each and lamented the schemes of other heretical faiths encroaching on Trincomalee. Mahendravarman I gave much assistance and military aid to his friend Manavanna of Anuradhapura, and he proceeded to build a twin temple called
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called the city "the most valuable colonial possession on the globe, as giving to our Indian Empire a security which it had not enjoyed from its establishment" and the harbour "the finest and most advantageous Bay in the whole of India". In the 19th century, the
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and Pothankadu in the west, and Verugal in the south, formed a great Saiva Tamil principality of the island's state Mummudi Chola Mandalam. Residents in this collective community were allotted services, which they had to perform at the Koneswaram temple. A
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and his mother had worshipped Siva at the shrine, when the former wanted to remove the temple of Koneswaram when his mother was in ailing health around 2000 BCE. This literature continues that as the king was heaving the rock, Lord Siva made him drop his
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Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580, BCE. according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie
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Trincomalee's strategic importance has shaped its recent history. The great European powers vied for mastery of the harbour. The Portuguese, the Dutch, the French, and the British, each held it in turn, and there have been many sea battles nearby.
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from the Dutch, the first place on the island they captured. The French recaptured it on 29 August of the same year after the Battle of Trincomalee. In 1783 the French ceded it to the British and subsequently, Britain ceded Trincomalee back to the
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Of particular importance are the references in two Sanskrit dramas of the 9th century to the abode of Agastya shrines on Sivan Oli Padam Malai called Akastiya Stapanam, Trikutakiri and Ilankaitturai in the Trincomalee District where Koneswaram is
1840:, came ashore by chance near Trincomalee and were captured and held in captivity by the Kandyan king in 1659. The Kandyans then pursued a scorched earth policy to try and oust the Dutch and take Trincomalee and Batticaloa on the east coast. The
1824:, an officer mentions that Trincomalee is a "fort built rather strongly of hard stones from an old pagoda round the hillock. On each side there is a sandy and rocky bay and it is like a peninsula". Rajasinghe finally formed an alliance with the
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In 1612, D. Hieronymo de Azevedo, after great difficulties due to torrential rains, arrived at Trincomalee with a Portuguese contingent from Kandy. Here de Azevedo "was keen on building a fort" to the scope; he called in aid from King
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arrived in Trincomalee at the end of 1619 with a first ship, called "Øresund" under the command of Roelant Crape. This small expedition was the vanguard of another Danish fleet, composed of four vessels and 300 soldiers, commanded by
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collapsed over disagreements about declaring the holy Hindu site a protected area. A committee appointed by a Federal Party Minister to study the viability of declaring the site protected was disbanded without consultation by the
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originated on the promontory of Trincomalee. One of Trincomalee's suburbs, Kankuveli is home to ruins of the Tamil Siddhar medical university established by Agastya, the "Agathiyar Thapanam", which alongside his other shrines at
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was built and named after the city's name. A Tamil press is established in Jaffna in 1820; a report on Trincomalee laments its sorry, poverty-stricken state and recommends 'colonization with intelligent settlers'. By 1827, The
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was levied from the Koneswaram temple, and they collected a duty on areca nuts exported through the Trincomalee and Batticaloa ports. Jaffna had given minimal logistical access to its Trincomalee and Batticaloa seaports to the
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were important in the early history of Trincomalee because of the increased significance of the city to Hinduism and trade in the early centuries of the common era, making sure to contribute elements of their unique style of
1793:, that reached the island in May 1620. They wanted to try their fortune in the Asian seas; the Danish expedition occupied Koneswaram temple. It was here that the Danes began the works for the fortification of the peninsula.
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The Malabars call it Tirukonathamalei, or "the mountain of the sacred Konatha," from the Hindoo god of that name, who had formerly a temple on the summit of one of the hills there, which was celebrated over the whole of
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and re-consolidated Tamil sovereign power in the island's north, north west and north east in Trincomalee by 1215; during Magha's reign, the temple and city underwent rich development in the name of a Chodaganga Deva on
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to secure military advantages against its enemies; this was used by their influential European overlords to consolidate power in the region. In 1603, the first Dutch fleet arrives at Trincomalee and Batticaloa ports.
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March 2023, President Ranil Wickremesinghe instructed the petroleum minister and officials to promptly implement a strategy to revitalize the Trincomalee oil tank farm and integrate it into the nation's economy.
2358:. The fort was built in 1623 by the Portuguese and captured in 1639 by the Dutch. It then went through a phase of dismantling and reconstruction and was attacked and captured by the British in 1782, during the
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dealing with a large field dedicated to Koneswaram temple. He was struck by the contrast between the prosperity signified by the inscription and what he then saw in the village. Trincomalee town remained under
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The harbour, the fifth largest natural harbour in the world, is overlooked by terraced highlands, its entrance is guarded by two headlands, and there is a carriage road along its northern and eastern edges.
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of Kanniya (Kan = stone; niya = land), on the road to Trincomalee. A high wall bounds the rectangular enclosure which includes all seven springs. Each is in turn enclosed by a dwarf wall to form a well.
2002:
is published, giving the total population figures for Trincomalee as 19,158 – Tamils and among them 317 Sinhalese. The Vanni, counted under Mannar, has 22,536 inhabitants, among them 517 Sinhalese.
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On palaeographical and other considerations this epigraphic record could be assigned to the late 10th or early 11th century. It records a grant of 250 veli of land on the coast, to the shrine of
1227:'s consort, known in the three worlds and worshiped by all natives of the island including the Nagas, Yakkhas, Siddhars and Devas, peoples from the subcontinent, the rivers, ocean and mountains.
1182:, directed renovations of the Hindu temples and oversaw settlement of Tamils for their upkeep. Sacrificial and other cult practices at the Trincomalee promontory have been documented since the
1968:, and named after the city. The importance of Fort Fredrick was due to Trincomalee's natural harbour. Through Trincomalee, it was believed a strong naval force could secure control of India's
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from 350 — 290 BCE, describes the island as being divided by a long river, productive of a large number of gold and pearls in one half and that the inhabitants of this country are called
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inscriptions of the 6th century BCE — 2nd century CE. Trincomalee, the coastal peninsula town where Koneswaram is located is an anglicized form of the old Tamil word "Thiru-kona-malai" (
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Barner Jensen, U. "Danish East India. Trade coins and the coins of Tranquebar, 1620–1845", pp. 11–12; Holden Furber "Imperi rivali nei mercati d’oriente, 1600–1800", note n° 66, p. 326: "
4050:, pp.109. "Gonarda could be a rendering of Ko-Natha, Go-Natha, or Go-Nadu. Gonarda" (IX.13; XXXII.22), a locality in the southern division (XIV. 12) as mentioned in the Brihat-Samhita of
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set up base in Trincomalee in the Spring of 1672, and tried to make overtures to the Kandyans, but an alliance was not sealed; by July 1672, Trincomalee was retaken by the Dutch fleet.
2168:. The Federal Party withdrew its support to the government following that action. According to journalists like T. Sabaratnam, this incident had severe repercussions alongside the
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to bring it back under Jaffna control, forcing the boy king into exile. He was eventually baptised as Raja Alphonsus of Trincomalee and taken under the wing of the missionary
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1698:. The death of one of its kings, Vanniana Raja of Trincomalee, left his young son, the Prince of Trincomalee under the guardianship of his uncle. Trincomalee was annexed by
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in Sanskrit. Over its long history, Trincomalee, and specifically the Swami Rock promontory, has housed several Kovil temples to deities of the Hindu pantheon, as well as a
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year from April through September. Extreme temperatures in the city range from 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) in December 2022 to 39.8 °C (103.6 °F) on 13 May 1890.
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by Rajendra Chola I increased pilgrimage to the city. Trincomalee was used by Chola king Ilankesvarar Tevar as his eastern port in the 11th century and prospered under the
1743:, assigned to the "spiritual cures of the Franciscans". The Jesuits followed the Portuguese soldiers to Trincomalee and Batticaloa when they occupied the two localities.
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visited place of Hindu worship in the world, declared the "Rome of the Pagans of the Orient" and "Rome of the Gentiles" by the Portuguese. It hosted the Hindu funeral of
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4094:, Tirumalai, Jagannath and Vaijayanthi and concludes that while these latter temples were well visited by the Hindus, the former had surpassed all the latter temples.
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E Greig, Doreen (1987). "The reluctant colonists: Netherlanders abroad in the 17th and 18th centuries". U.S.A.: Assen, The Netherlands; Wolfeboro, N.H., U.S.A.: 227.
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sent to Portugal for the purpose of identification. The Tamil inscription contains a prophecy on the city and its temple, a copy of which was sent and is retained in
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887:, motivating Kullakottan Chola who learnt of its sanctity to sail to Trincomalee and develop the three Hindu temples of the Koneswaram compound. The compiler of the
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to the Maccakesvaram (another name for Koneswaram) temple of Konaparvatam, Konamamalai from the localities Urakirikamam, Kirikanta and Kirikamam to the shrine of
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in 1942, the city and district were affected after Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948, when the political relationship between Tamil and Sinhalese people
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4708:. (1974). Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. (reprint). Ma Huan calls the headland hill as being
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chest. Whale watching is a common pastime in the seas off Trincomalee, and successful sightings are on the rise with the increase of tourism in the area.
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With the turn of the modern era, English authors and poets used Trincomalee as inspiration for literature and poetry and became connected with the city.
1143:. The Tamil settlement at the port of Trincomalee was one of the oldest settlements on the island. One inscription from 900 to 1000 CE belonging to the
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had divided the rule of the island between the two of them. The English translation of Burnand's memoir of 1798 becomes known as the 'Cleghorn minute'.
1865:
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1629:. At this time, Trincomalee was trading pearls, precious stones, vessels, elephants, muslins, baqam and cinnamon, and was passed by Chinese voyager
1621:. Mariners were particularly excited when observing the massive shrine from afar in the sea. Building blocks from the city were used to expand the
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Eleven years in Ceylon: Comprising sketches of the field sports and natural history of that colony, and an account of its history and antiquities
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2362:. The French then took it from the British, and handed it back to the Dutch for a large sum of money. In 1795, when the French had occupied the
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Placenames of the world : origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites
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1828:, who captured the Fort of Triquinimale in 1639 and handed it to the Kandyans for destruction in 1643. In 1660, the Dutch built the present
591:, another name of Lord Shiva – a temple with this name is also found in Aduthurai, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, near the early Chola capital.
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versus Maha Viharaya sectarianism in Anuradhapura. This explains some of the Buddhist archeological remains in the region. By the reign of
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of the South" and the "Rome of the Pagans of the Orient". The harbour is renowned for its large size and security; unlike any other in the
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Ceylon; an account of the island physical, historical and topographical, with notices of its natural history, antiquities, and productions
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state in 1815. The city's architecture shows some of the best examples of interaction between native and European styles. Attacked by the
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will work with the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation to develop the Upper Tank Farm at the abandoned World War II port, known as China Bay.
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1947:
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of Trincomalee and the rest of the Vanni became subordinates and were put back under the commandment of Jaffna with a large degree of
1223:, the Hindu epic written between 400 and 100 BCE, the temple of Gokarna bay is in the middle of the ocean and is the island shrine of
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had divided the rule of the island between the two of them. The English translation of Burnand's memoir of 1798 becomes known as the
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442:
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Schalk, Peter (2002). "Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period".
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Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon, 1602–1796: A Comprehensive Work of Pictorial Reference with Selected Eye-Witness Accounts
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of the war. However, the installation later served as an important launching point for British naval operations in 1944 and 1945.
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at the foot of the promontory which they called Pagoda Hill, and another fort at the mouth of the harbour home to Dutch officers,
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1938:
is executed by the British – a pension is paid to his widow, the Vannichi, until the late 19th century. The British officer
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is another ancient practice which involves a variation of Sūrya Namaskāra. It is a procedure of saluting The Sun, taught to Sri
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is one of the six commonwealth war cemeteries in Sri Lanka. It is maintained by Sri Lankan Ministry of Defence on behalf of the
1946:, in ancient characters concerning the traditional founder of Trincomalee and the temple, Kullakottan Chola. The French admiral
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Nilaveli Beach just north of the city, near where one of the earliest stone inscriptions mentioning the holy city was discovered
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of unknown antiquity — manuscripts of which have been discovered and dated from the 5th — 7th century. It was in the
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and Murugan Tiruppadai of Sri Lanka; its sacred status to the Hindus has led to it being declared "Dakshina-Then Kailasam" or "
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Arumugam, S (1980). "The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram, an ancient Hindu sthalam of hoary antiquity in Sri Lanka". Colombo: 106.
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Heralded as "Dakshina Kailasam"/"Then Kailasam" (Kailaas of the South) because it lies on exactly the same longitude as the
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on the island, and that "to the east of this island at the shore of the sea lies a great Siva temple in a holy place called
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sites of historical importance. These sites are sacred to the Hindus and some Buddhists also worship at these Hindu sites.
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writings were made. The Dutch ruled the Tamil country with increased focus on districts like the Vannimai, Trincomalee and
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1951:
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913:, "a country in the southern and eastern division" of the Indian continent. Both men were ardent disciples of Nandi. The
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word for the terms "Lord", "King" or "Chief", which allude to the deity that presides here; this term appears in several
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3178:. Trincomalee Railway Station is the terminus of Trincomalee-bound rail services, the majority of which originate from
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859:(the primary abode of Shiva), Trincomalee's traditional history and legends were compiled into the Sanskrit treatises
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assigned to the Pandyan era belonged to sea traders that likely originated from Trincomalee. The city even attracted
799:, written in 300 CE specifically mentions the tallest mountain peak of the great gold and silver rich mountain range
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in 1830. The worship of Eiswara is noted to have been the original worship of the island and the deity worshiped by
4546:
Thirunanacamptanta Cuvamikal Arulicceyta Tevarattiruppatikankal, Saiva Siddhanta publishing works Ltd, Madras, 1927
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The Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam, a chronicle on the history of the temple, notes that the Sage Agastya proceeded from
3271:
2204:
5198:
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2059:, who discovered the temple's underwater ruins with photographer Mike Wilson, described the city and the ruins in
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5409:
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The Koneswaram temple compounds, the city and its adjacent region, from Periyakulam and Manankerni in the north,
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hill on the eastern coast of Lanka once again in the 3rd century. Another mention is found in the 5th century CE
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on Konesar Road, and the Salli Muthumariamman Kovil of Uppuveli beach in the Trincomalee suburb of Sambalativu.
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Romesh Chunder Dutt (2001). A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Based on Sanscrit ..., Volume 1. pp.285
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in 2013. It was not adversely affected by the tsunami of 2004 because of the sea terrain around Trincomalee.
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about the priests of Koneswaram. Following some benefaction of the shrine by Gajabahu II, his successor King
1419:, reveal that lands and villages of Tamils in the island's northeast were prospering, particularly following
4400:
1923:
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of Jaffna but not seeing him, he abandoned the enterprise and he marched towards Jaffna. The early death of
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speaking culture on the island for nearly a millennium. With a population of 99,135, the city is built on a
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1449:
1187:
811:
according to a Sanskrit inscription in Grantha script excavated on a doorjamb at the Hindu temple dated to
4239:
Professor K. Indrapala, Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon. PhD Thesis, University of London, 1965.page 331
2391:
In 2015, India and Sri Lanka agreed to develop South Asia's largest oil depot at a port near Trincomalee.
2215:. The name refers to a watchtower built on a hill commanding a 360-degree view of the harbor and the bay.
2048:. Some of the old buildings in the fort were used as residences, including one previously occupied by the
5921:
5747:
5588:
5250:
2302:
Lover's Leap was suicide spot to failed lovers. They jumped from the edge of Swami Rock into Indian Ocean
929:
for Trincomalee, in a number of places, referring to the three pagodas on the promontory of Trincomalee.
824:
431:
395:
165:
3340:
is situated in Trincomalee. It was first established in 1967, and gained university status in 2001. The
3260:
1709:
The Trincomalee and Batticaloa chiefdoms starting paying direct tributes to the Portuguese commander in
1373:
country, who had intervened to avenge the persecution of Vetullavada adherents during the Tamraparniyan
5846:
5460:
3387:
3325:
2367:
2298:
1903:
1695:
1416:
1408:
1362:
462:
1135:
since ancient times. Trinco, as it is commonly called, has been a seaport since 400 BCE. The earliest
6321:
5776:
5640:
5551:
5060:
S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and the crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, 1947–1977: a political biography
3406:
3202:
started broadcasting from Trincomalee Relay Station in 1984. Its transmitter were mostly used by the
2144:
1412:
1195:
1191:
934:
454:
446:
407:
202:
59:
4841:
Professor Jeremy Black, Jeremy Black. From Louis XIV to Napoleon: The Fate of a Great Power. pp.1678
4749:
M. G. Francis. History of Ceylon: An Abridged Translation of Professor Peter Courtenay's Work. pp.80
4510:
4212:
3910:
Nān̲kāvatu An̲aittulakat Tamil̲ārāycci Makānāṭṭu nikal̲ccikaḷ, Yāl̲ppāṇam, Can̲avari, 1974, Volume 2
3892:
3543:
1713:
from 1582 as Portuguese influence over the entire North east gained momentum. An annual sum of 1280
1111:
Trincomalee which is a natural deep-water harbour has attracted seafarers, trader and pilgrims from
6301:
6291:
4372:
by Sage Agastya, before his fight with Ravana. It is described in the "Yuddha Kaanda" Canto 107 of
4294:
3863:
3595:(3 ed.). Hong Kong: Hong Kong : Apa Productions (HK); Prentice Hall, 1985. p. 214.
3401:
3230:
3142:(precipitation days, 1968–1990 and sun, 1975–1983), Department of Meteorology (records up to 2007)
2424:
2318:
1981:
1675:
1484:
1344:
1279:
888:
836:
423:
148:
5220:
3718:(2 ed.). London: Jefferson, N.C.; London : McFarland & Co., cop. 2006. p. 382.
2067:
based on his experiences in the city. Trincomalee's Bhadrakali Amman temple provides a setting in
6306:
3234:
3168:
3164:
2329:
The Koneswaram temple, with a recorded history from the 3rd century BCE and legends attesting to
1366:
997:
5112:
3932:
1365:
who themselves had been antagonized by Mahasen. He worked under the tutelage of Sangamitta, the
6296:
6197:
5851:
5619:
5290:
4705:
3194:
operated a shortwave and mediumwave relay station in Trincomalee, which was handed over to the
3160:
3139:
2392:
2359:
2034:
1910:
1626:
1610:
1595:
1441:
1424:
1383:
1357:, destroyed the devalaya temple compound in Trincomalee housing Siva lingas in it, and built a
985:
958:
864:
474:
172:
160:
5557:
4769:
Re-exploring the links : history and constructed histories between Portugal and Sri Lanka
4440:
a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty...
2354:
The entrance to the roadway leading to Koneswaram is actually the entrance to what used to be
1613:
had the traditional history of the Koneswaram temple compiled as a chronicle in verse, titled
508:
to the south, the historical "Gokarna" in Sanskrit, means "Cow's Ear", akin to other sites of
4650:
Ceylon, the Portuguese era: being a history of the island for the period, 1505–1658, Volume 1
4497:
4226:
4199:
4191:
3879:
3761:
3747:
3530:
3203:
2152:
1919:
1899:
1646:
1622:
1335:
1097:
946:
466:
458:
5136:
4142:
4110:
3691:
Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature
3590:
1152:
6281:
5547:
5362:
4526:
Being a research into the history of Jaffna, from very early times to the Portuguese period
3420:
2173:
2107:
1943:
1837:
1587:
1574:
1400:
1183:
517:
490:
391:
280:
177:
1374:
1243:
continues that the shrine is the next pilgrimage spot for Hindus en route south following
1041:
718:, a circular natural harbour which the temple crowns towards the north, is referred to as
8:
5454:
5086:
India's Ocean: the Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership. Retrieved 13 August 2014
3337:
3285:
2330:
2188:
1853:
1849:
1420:
1330:
1210:
state that it is probable there is no more ancient form of worship existing than that of
993:
715:
572:
403:
4896:
4758:
Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. II, p. 366.
2017:
and fuel storage and support facilities for the British fleets there. After the fall of
587:(Ko-Kannam bay) where the temple is illustrated. Just above, both cartographers mention
550:
4859:
Dutch and British colonial intervention in Sri Lanka c. 1780–1815: expansion and reform
4615:
4018:
3926:
3175:
2212:
2076:
2049:
1986:
1980:
called Trincomalee "the finest harbour in the world", while the British Prime Minister
1821:
1483:
oversaw the city's development when under their empire. A significant expansion of the
1001:
656:), meaning "Lord of the Sacred Hill", its earliest reference in this form found in the
494:
435:
414:
of the same name, which divides its inner and outer harbours. It is home to the famous
2222:, Trincomalee was a focal point for relief efforts on the eastern coast of Sri Lanka.
1926:
and held it until Sri Lanka's independence in 1948, with a claimed aim of "preventing
6065:
5991:
5876:
5170:
5063:
5038:
5013:
4985:
4960:
4957:
The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE
4653:
4561:
4529:
4485:
4464:
4461:
The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE
4332:
4298:
4177:
4055:
4006:
3963:
3936:
3867:
3845:
3811:
3729:
3719:
3694:
3671:
3661:
3629:
3626:
The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE
3606:
3596:
3569:
3518:
3083:
3036:
2985:
2307:
2242:
2192:
2165:
2038:
1728:
1690:
1650:
chief Badriddin Husain Bin Ali Al-Halabi, showing that her family hailed from Halab (
1606:
1508:
1436:
1399:
Early Tamil dynasties continued to employ the city as the prefectural capital of the
1358:
1103:
625:
478:
415:
5390:
3475:
2044:
One of the places inhabited by the British was Fort Fredrick, now controlled by the
624:
The city has developed from a village settlement on the promontory dedicated to the
270:
6166:
5716:
4828:
4360:
2056:
2006:
1990:
1969:
1931:
1774:
Underwater ruins of the Koneswaram temple include statues of the popular Hindu god
1719:
1638:
1480:
1476:
1445:
1340:
1061:
1005:
840:
513:
366:
304:
3449:
5397:
5155:
C.S. Navaratnam, A Short History of Hinduism in Ceylon, Jaffna, 1964. Pages 43–47
5143:
4449:
Ci Patmanātan, S. Pathmanathan (1978). The Kingdom of Jaffna, Volume 1. pp. 26–27
4365:
3411:
2288:
at Swami Rock (Konamalai) and looks straight down into the ocean below (middle).
2184:
2080:
2045:
1965:
1958:
1935:
1667:
1634:
1591:
1544:
1528:
938:
782:
747:
501:
65:
4982:
Electoral politics in an emergent state: the Ceylon general election of May 1970
4808:
Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. III
4067:
Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1987). History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, pp. 80–81
4051:
3928:
An historical, political, and statistical account of Ceylon and its dependencies
1950:, when with his fleet in the city in 1781 had sent a copy of the inscription to
1739:
saw all the territory of the kingdom of Jaffna, comprising both Trincomalee and
1289:
Patanjali's birth at the city in 180 BCE and its connections to another Siddhar
1030:
489:, erupting into civil war. It is home to major naval and air force bases at the
6119:
5961:
5316:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Trincomalee"
5005:
4796:
Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. II
3430:
3329:
3199:
3191:
2363:
2196:
2161:
2096:
1915:
1833:
1825:
1703:
1552:
1503:
emerged in the region during Chola trade with the far east and the conquest of
1492:
1302:
1297:
1207:
1140:
1053:
873:
832:
820:
778:
687:
649:
608:
map of 1502, showing three Tamil towns on east coast, Mullaitivu, Trincomalee (
505:
470:
349:
5113:"Sri Lanka : President instructs to revive the Trincomalee oil tank farm"
4725:
Ci Patmanātan, S. Pathmanathan (1978). The Kingdom of Jaffna, Volume 1. p. 237
1885:
1333:
brought his nephew Panduvasdeva to land at the bay in the 4th century BC. The
1158:
Ancient texts, as well as an inscription unearthed by archeologists among its
1093:
6275:
5956:
5484:
5471:
4565:
4533:
4248:
Constance Frederica Gordon Cumming (1893). Two happy years in Ceylon. pp. 295
3733:
3675:
2864:
2355:
2338:. The Hindu temple was also documented in several medieval texts such as the
2127:
statues from the 10th century CE of a seated figure of Shiva (in the form of
2022:
2014:
1964:
was built during the early 19th century by Indian workers to aid them in the
1861:
1829:
1801:
1800:
built from its ruins, Trincomalee had a Portuguese force during the reign of
1710:
1570:
1536:
1224:
1144:
1034:
901:
856:
525:
131:
118:
4818:
possibility to build churches, to train the sacraments and to convert souls.
4657:
4489:
3862:
Arumugam, S (1980). "Some ancient Hindu temples of Sri Lanka" (2 ed.).
3610:
3573:
3522:
1930:
invading the colony" if left under the Dutch. Their rule is sealed with the
1539:
used the city as a garrison point during his rule. The city was governed by
1361:
edifice in its stead. He destroyed the Hindu temple to appease monks of the
434:
and an ancient ferry service to Jaffna and the south side of the harbour at
6239:
6075:
6055:
5971:
5901:
5891:
5814:
5700:
4921:
An Account of an Inscription Found Near Trincomalee in the Island of Ceylon
4302:
4181:
4010:
3967:
3940:
3871:
3832:
Era Year 1145), and details donations this royal made to Konamamalai temple
3591:
Herbert Keuneman; John Gottberg; Ravindralal Anthonis; Hans Hoefer (1985).
2068:
2033:. Trincomalee harbour and airfield were attacked by a carrier fleet of the
1973:
1894:
1813:
1714:
1548:
723:
678:
manuscripts and inscriptions mention the monumental compound shrine as the
675:
645:
529:
521:
482:
450:
5450:
4932:
G. Philip V. Akrigg, Helen B. Akrigg (1997). British Columbia place names.
4638:
Abraham, Meera (1988). Two medieval merchant guilds of south India. p. 132
4528:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services (republished: 1993). p. 378.
3815:
1864:
is described in considerable detail by the Dutch Governor of Trincomalee,
1594:, Trincomalee rose in status in the Jaffna kingdom, often visited by King
1239:. By staying there for twelve nights, one's soul is cleansed of all sins.
74:
6105:
6100:
6090:
6070:
6015:
5936:
5896:
5535:
was created from a revision of this article dated 4 August 2010
4058:(LVIII.20-9) also mentions Gonarda among the countries of southern India.
3820:
The inscription, found in the Hindu temple premises dates the landing of
2092:
1812:
who destroyed one of the temples had a copy of the oldest inscription in
1663:
1567:
and remnants of Pandyan art and architecture still stand in Trincomalee.
1556:
1547:
in the 13th century, despite invasions from and the eventual subduing of
1531:
used Trincomalee as his eastern port, to launch a successful invasion of
1524:
1472:
1465:
1432:
1370:
1311:
1252:
1244:
1219:
1179:
1132:
1116:
1046:
950:
795:
762:
580:
3495:"Sri Lanka: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population"
3182:. The station lies close to the northern coast and beaches of the city.
1452:
took steps to attack the Vanniar chiefs between Trincomalee and Mannar,
6234:
6085:
6060:
6030:
6025:
5911:
5871:
5839:
5685:
5675:
4086:
Queyroz compares Konesvaram to the famous Hindu temples in Rameswaram,
3345:
2453:
2449:
2370:, it was again taken over by the British, who named it Fort Frederick.
2148:
2128:
2030:
2026:
1790:
1740:
1679:
1671:
1659:
1496:
1388:
1306:
1248:
954:
663:
599:
5413:
4082:
Perspectives in archaeology : Leelananda Prematilleke festschrift
3773:
3771:
563:
of 140 CE in a 1562 Ruscelli publication. From the Shiva footprint of
6260:
6249:
6134:
6050:
6000:
5946:
5829:
5791:
5751:
5705:
5695:
2018:
1869:
1817:
1732:
1699:
1599:
1583:
1504:
1457:
1456:
hymns were composed on the two holy cities, one of which, written by
1353:
1325:
1136:
1128:
1085:
896:
892:
641:
560:
411:
399:
266:
261:
153:
3777:
S. Pathmanathan, The Kingdom of Jaffna, Colombo, 1978. pages 135–144
3219:
1605:
Trincomalee served a similar purpose to its west coast sister city,
1270:. As a result of this a cleft was created on the rock, today called
1235:, one acquireth the merit of the horse-sacrifice, and the status of
6139:
6124:
6114:
6095:
6080:
6020:
5986:
5951:
5906:
5866:
5856:
5690:
5660:
5655:
5624:
5370:
Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
5084:
4377:
3768:
2415:
Marble Beach is located in 16 km (10 miles) from Trincomalee.
1927:
1874:
1857:
1579:
1560:
1515:
1488:
1257:
1171:
1167:
1147:
excavated near where the promontory's first temple stood is from a
812:
790:
786:
727:
512:
worship across the Indian subcontinent. Uniquely, Trincomalee is a
5363:"Klimatafel von Trincomalee (Tirikunamalaya) / Sri Lanka (Ceylon)"
5164:
2403:
2172:. The city and its district were severely affected by the 30-year
1069:
1037:'s 1688 map of the island with Trincomalee on the northeast coast.
670:
is a generally used epithet denoting a "sacred" temple site while
6244:
6209:
6129:
6109:
6045:
6040:
6035:
5995:
5981:
5881:
5861:
5834:
5766:
5645:
5603:
5149:
4392:
4373:
3925:
Pridham, Charles (1849). "Trincomalee – Its Early History".
3807:
3425:
2136:
1785:
1683:
1630:
1428:
1404:
1290:
1286:
1228:
1206:, the ancient Yakkha queen; Charles Pridham, Jonathan Forbes and
1175:
879:
658:
605:
556:
251:
4131:
S. Pathmanathan. (1978). The Kingdom of Jaffna. Volume 1. pp.136
3904:
3902:
1065:
Antonio Bocarro's 1635 map of temples of Trincomalee promontory.
6224:
6010:
6005:
5976:
5966:
5941:
5886:
5824:
5680:
5587:
5438:
2147:
buried 500 yards from the promontory's end while digging for a
2140:
2124:
2120:
1994:
1841:
1775:
1651:
1309:
science across the continent during the pre-classical era. The
1262:
1232:
1211:
1203:
1148:
1120:
1112:
722:
or "Lord's Cheek", alluding to the cheek shape of Shiva's bull
426:, the Trincomalee Hindu Cultural Hall and, opened in 1897, the
287:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4186:
The Nilaveli inscription describes the land grant of 250 veli
441:
Trincomalee was made into a fortified port town following the
340:
6219:
6214:
5819:
5809:
5665:
5650:
4176:. University of London/Colombo : Arul M. Rajendran: 56.
3899:
3566:
An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism
2311:
2132:
1805:
1796:
Following the destruction of the Koneswaram compound and the
1655:
1642:
1532:
1316:
1267:
1217:
In the earliest known literary reference to the Siva temple,
1174:
church, both introduced following invasions. A descendant of
1159:
1124:
861:
Dakshina Kailasa Puranam — Sthala Puranam of Koneswaram
852:
509:
422:. The town is home to other historical monuments such as the
4943:
Churchill's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation, 1939–1945
2317:
Prominent sites include the Koneswaram temple compound, its
2083:
stories feature multiple settings in the city, including in
843:, stands on Konesar Road before the entrance to Swami Rock.
4844:
4767:
Jorge Manuel Flores; Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. (2007).
4736:
Sarandib: an ethnological study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka
4652:. Vol. 1. Sri Lanka: Tisara Prakasakayo. p. 262.
4430:
Culavamsa: Being the More Recent Part of Mahavamsa. pp59-60
4369:
3829:
3789:
H.N. Apte, Vayupurana, Chapter 48 verses 20–30, Poona, 1929
2116:
1942:
discovered a stone epigraph, the oldest of the province of
1641:. The Tamil country had established a strong alliance with
1520:
1294:
933:
into 8 different places: are Thirugonamalai (Trincomalee),
418:
from where it developed and earned its historic Tamil name
331:
325:
319:
45:
5410:"Naval and Maritime Academy of SLN reaches Par Excellence"
4080:
Prematilleka, Leelananda; Seneviratne, Sudharshan (1990).
3167:
highways in Sri Lanka, as well as the northern end of the
1403:, allowing administrative duties to be handled by elected
835:
all associated with ancient Shiva temples. The associated
402:. Located on the east coast of the island overlooking the
5137:
http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=14006
3962:. London: Longman, Green; Longman, Roberts. p. 484.
3748:"Tirukōṇa-malai (Trincomalee), Kīri-malai, Kutirai-malai"
2010:
316:
2139:, a statue of the goddess Mathumai Ambal and later Lord
4079:
3972:
The districts at the southern extremity of Batticaloa,
3958:
Tennent, James Emerson (1859). "The Northern Forests".
1836:. An English sea captain and his son, the writer named
1339:
asserts that Vijaya restored the Koneswaram temple and
1278:. Upon her death, her last rites were performed at the
1057:
Procession of Koneswaram idol pooja in Trincomalee city
583:
river's estuary into the Indian Ocean is just south of
4898:
Final French Struggles in India and on the Indian Seas
4560:. Colombo: Colombo : Kalai Nilayam. p. 233.
3351:
2099:, of the British Royal Navy is buried in Trincomalee.
1495:. Two powerful merchant guilds of the time – the
4782:
Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire,...
4558:
Tamil culture in Ceylon : a general introduction
1391:
confirms Trincomalee's sacred status for all Hindus.
1151:
and also concerns Koneswaram, as do the 10th century
575:) rises three rivers, including the Mavillie-Gangai (
377:
322:
307:
6196:
5746:
4696:
J R Sinnatamby (1968). Ceylon in Ptolemy's geography
4322:
4320:
3797:
3795:
2009:, the British built a large airfield to house their
1293:
from at least the 5th–4th century BCE suggests that
337:
313:
310:
4745:
4743:
360:
334:
328:
4172:Pathmanathan, S. (1978). "The Kingdom of Jaffna".
2183:Today SLNS Tissa and SLN Dockyard are used by the
1139:inscriptions found in Trincomalee city are in the
1107:Prima Flour Factory to the right, Trincomalee city
406:, Trincomalee has been one of the main centres of
5384:
5318:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5221:"The photographs of Trincomalee Beach, July 2018"
4317:
4048:India as seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira
3792:
6273:
5012:. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 364.
4740:
3801:
2211:. The base is home to a naval museum called the
5342:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4357:Ramayana, Book VI, CANTO CVI.: GLORY TO THE SUN
4230:period of Chola administration have been found.
4075:
4073:
3660:. Pannapitiya: Stamford Lake (Pvt.) Ltd. 2004.
3149:
2310:and Hindus around the world. The city has many
1880:
909:and his self description as a "Gonardiya" from
5251:"The photographs of Marble Beach, August 2018"
5062:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 110.
4792:
4790:
1820:. In a 1638 letter to Dutch Colonial Governor
793:(Bacchus) like the Pandyans of Tamilakam. The
6182:
5732:
5573:
4804:
4802:
4605:
4603:
4601:
3785:
3783:
1682:while stopping to pay homage to Koneswaram's
1231:there for three nights in worship of Siva as
1004:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
895:'s place of birth at the temple corroborates
730:equivalent of the port town's harbour bay is
34:
4326:
4282:
4171:
4070:
3655:
1563:; it then remained in the Pandyan empire of
1186:period, and were noted during the reigns of
390:, is the administrative headquarters of the
5289:. Department of Meteorology. Archived from
5165:R. K. De Silva and W. G. M. Beumer (1988).
4984:. Cambridge University Press. p. 215.
4787:
4716:– a hawk-beak shaped hill on the east coast
4641:
4523:
3828:to Friday 14th April, 1223 CE (recorded as
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3483:. Jaffna: Aseeravatham Press. p. 1-30.
3417:, a British sailing frigate built in India.
3248:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1282:in the Kanniya suburb of Trincomalee city.
709:
28:
6189:
6175:
5739:
5725:
5580:
5566:
5308:
5278:
5276:
5191:"Delhi toehold in key Lanka port, at last"
5082:
4799:
4598:
4582:KAN Sastri, A History of South India, p412
4023:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4000:
3920:
3918:
3780:
3693:. London: BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 308.
3568:(1 ed.). Colombo: Stangard Printers.
3563:
3473:
2021:, Trincomalee became the home port of the
1582:, 1223. After the fall of the Pandyans of
694:) has other meanings in Old Tamil such as
4954:
4861:. Proefschrift Universiteit Leiden. pp.86
4458:
4257:Jonathan Forbes, George Turnour. (1840).
3951:
3707:
3623:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3312:Learn how and when to remove this message
3159:Trincomalee is on the eastern end of the
2464:Climate data for Trincomalee (1991–2020)
2324:
1737:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
883:that the shrine first found reference as
443:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
5543:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
5526:
4555:
4483:
4288:
3861:
3810:: Ceylon University Press. p. 112.
3802:de Silva, K. M.; Ray, C.M. (1959–1973).
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3584:
3501:
3487:
2402:
2297:
2220:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
2106:
1884:
1523:sect in Nilaveli had even complained to
1102:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1040:
1029:
5273:
5004:
4291:Some ancient Hindu temples of Sri Lanka
3996:
3994:
3992:
3980:are so called from the two Tamil words
3957:
3924:
3915:
3682:
3516:
1948:Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez
846:
6274:
5057:
5032:
4979:
4959:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p. 308.
4647:
4609:
4463:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p. 230.
4327:Pathmanathan, Sivasubramaniam (2006).
3688:
3628:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p. 324.
3550:
2115:In 1950, one of the original shrine's
1543:and Jatavarman Veera Pandyan I of the
1045:Uppuveli Beach in Trincomalee city, a
905:, which describes him as hailing from
837:Bhadrakali Amman Temple of Trincomalee
535:
493:. The city also has the largest Dutch
430:. Trincomalee is also the site of the
6170:
5720:
5561:
5231:from the original on 31 December 2018
4003:A Short History of Hinduism in Ceylon
3642:
3358:Methodist Girls' College, Trincomalee
2170:contributing factors of the civil war
1379:Silakala Ambosamanera of Anuradhapura
1089:Koneswaram temple shrine, Trincomalee
1081:1775 Mannevillette Map of Trincomalee
5330:
5284:"Ever Recorded Daily Extreme Values"
5261:from the original on 29 January 2019
5093:from the original on 24 January 2016
4153:from the original on 18 October 2017
4140:
3989:
3931:. London: T. and W. Boone. pp.
3713:
3368:R. K. M. Sri Koneswara Hindu College
3348:, also has a campus in Trincomalee.
3246:adding citations to reliable sources
3213:
2292:at Swami Rock seen from sea (right).
2111:Sri Lankan naval ship at Trincomalee
2102:
1911:British captured Trincomalee's forts
1485:Bhadrakali Amman Temple, Trincomalee
968:
698:, while another origin for the term
424:Bhadrakali Amman Temple, Trincomalee
5372:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst
5355:
4517:
4421:Mahavamsa. Chapter 35. Verses 40–47
4390:
3855:
3352:List of schools in Trincomalee city
2225:
2201:Security Forces Headquarters - East
1978:Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
1952:Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron
1619:Sthala Puranam of Koneswaram Temple
1462:Kokarneswarar Temple, Thirukokarnam
1261:in written form describes how King
1025:
94:
13:
6312:Port cities and towns in Sri Lanka
5513:
5010:Religion and Politics in Sri Lanka
4780:Robert Montgomery Martin. (1839).
4593:Medieval Tamils in Lanka = Ilankai
4107:"Arulmigu Gneelivaneswarar Temple"
3196:Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation
2209:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
1049:, with Konesar Malai in background
807:." The bay is also referred to as
14:
6333:
5431:
5338:"Climate Normals for Trincomalee"
5169:. London: Serendib Publications.
3378:St. Joseph's College, Trincomalee
3373:Sri Shanmuga Hindu Ladies College
2349:
2155:and the minority Tamil dominated
1444:to the city. During the reign of
1247:of the early Pandyan kingdom and
217:7.5 km (2.9 sq mi)
6317:Provincial capitals in Sri Lanka
6259:
5790:
5525:
5449:
5437:
5412:. Sri Lanka Navy. Archived from
4270:Mahabharata. Volume 3. pp. 46–47
3218:
3154:
2452:from April through August and a
2266:
2249:
2234:
2089:A Singular Affair at Trincomalee
1764:
1755:
1255:). In the same time period, the
1162:archaeological remains, call it
988:to read and navigate comfortably
973:
598:
549:
303:
93:
86:
73:
58:
5402:
5243:
5213:
5183:
5158:
5130:
5105:
5076:
5051:
5026:
4998:
4973:
4948:
4935:
4926:
4913:
4895:Malleson, George Bruce (1884).
4888:
4874:
4864:
4835:
4821:
4811:
4774:
4761:
4752:
4728:
4719:
4699:
4690:
4677:
4664:
4632:
4622:
4585:
4576:
4549:
4540:
4477:
4452:
4443:
4433:
4424:
4415:
4403:from the original on 6 May 2019
4384:
4349:
4273:
4264:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4219:
4165:
4134:
4125:
4099:
4061:
4040:
4031:
3837:
3754:
3740:
3474:Gunasingam, Selladurai (1979).
3383:St. Mary's College, Trincomalee
3344:, which has its main campus in
3342:Eastern University of Sri Lanka
3185:
1746:
1565:Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I
1200:The Life of Alexander Alexander
871: — three chapters of the
702:could come from the Tamil term
5391:"Sri Lanka Railways Timetable"
5257:. independent-travellers.com.
5227:. independent-travellers.com.
4955:Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007).
4648:Pieris, Paulus Edward (1983).
4612:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis
4459:Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007).
3656:Ramachandran, Nirmala (2004).
3624:Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007).
3617:
3467:
3442:
3363:Orr's Hill Vivekananda College
2418:
1898:French who fought and won the
1645:and the Delhi Sultinate under
1501:Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu
1394:
619:
394:and major resort port city of
1:
6287:Populated places in Sri Lanka
4894:
3658:The Hindu legacy to Sri Lanka
3436:
2446:Köppen climate classification
2000:Return of the Population 1824
1889:Trincomalee WWII War Cemetery
1633:by ship, eight days from the
1602:in the following centuries.
921:, meaning "three Kailasams",
750:offers the etymological link
445:, changing hands between the
246:13,000/km (34,000/sq mi)
5457:travel guide from Wikivoyage
5035:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism
4919:Johnston, Alexander (1827).
4672:A Critical History of Jaffna
3764:. TamilNet. 24 October 2010.
3209:
3150:Transport and communications
2438:tropical wet and dry climate
2386:
2145:Urban Council of Trincomalee
1881:Late modern and contemporary
1810:Constantino de Sá de Noronha
1625:under the patronage of king
1541:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I
1450:Aggabodhi II of Anuradhapura
1214:upon his sacred promontory.
1188:Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura
839:, significantly expanded by
680:Thirukonamalai Konesar Kovil
271:Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone
7:
6159:, also a Municipal council
5461:Detailed map of Trincomalee
5058:Wilson, Jayaratnam (1994).
5033:Wilson, Jayaratnam (1999).
4980:Wilson, Jeyaratnam (1975).
4046:Ajay Mitra Shastri (1969).
3393:
3174:The city is also served by
2937:Average precipitation days
2723:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
2583:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1954:of France for translation.
1870:Kankuveli Tamil inscription
1670:in 1468, who traversed the
996:content into sub-articles,
758:based on this connection.
432:Trincomalee railway station
378:
361:
10:
6338:
4857:Alicia Schrikker. (2006).
4524:Rasanayagam, M.C. (1926).
4329:Hindu Temples of Sri Lanka
4005:. Jaffna. pp. 43–47.
3477:The Tamils and Trincomalee
3388:Vigneshwara Maha Vidyalaya
3326:Naval and Maritime Academy
3137:
3128:
2463:
2431:
2398:
2373:
2368:War of the First Coalition
2284:Koneswaram Temple (left).
2260:at Swami Rock (Konamalai).
1904:American Revolutionary War
1696:Bhuvanekabahu VII of Kotte
1689:By the late 16th century,
1471:Following the conquest of
1417:Mahinda IV of Anuradhapura
1363:Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya
964:
469:, being absorbed into the
463:American Revolutionary War
6256:
6205:
6148:
5920:
5800:
5787:
5777:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
5758:
5641:Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte
5633:
5612:
5596:
5591:with a 50,000+ population
5037:. UBC Press. p. 99.
4393:"Hinduism Today Magazine"
4001:Navaratnam, C.S. (1964).
3908:S. Vithiananthan (1980).
3450:"Trincomalee – Sri Lanka"
3407:Sampur Coal Power Station
3081:
3034:
2983:
2936:
2862:
2792:
2722:
2652:
2582:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2306:Trincomalee is sacred to
2277:seen from the sea (East).
2063:and would go on to write
1280:Kanniya Hot water springs
1198:until the publication of
1196:Manavanna of Anuradhapura
1192:Maha Naga of Anuradhapura
734:, meaning "Cow's Ear" or
691:
653:
628:. The origin of the term
543:Early maps of Trincomalee
428:Trincomalee Hindu College
382:), historically known as
370:
353:
277:
260:
250:
242:
234:
229:
221:
213:
208:
198:
193:
183:
171:
159:
147:
112:
81:
72:
57:
52:
43:
35:
29:
23:
5142:20 February 2009 at the
4591:N. Parameswaran (2003).
4295:University of California
3864:University of California
3750:. TamilNet. 1 July 2007.
3402:Place names in Sri Lanka
2344:Dakshina Kailasa Puranam
2218:In the aftermath of the
2205:Trincomalee War Cemetery
2029:, and submarines of the
1982:William Pitt the Younger
1934:, and the last Vanniar,
1676:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
1615:Dakshina Kailasa Puranam
1423:'s intervention against
1407:chiefs. Inscriptions of
1345:Mahasena of Anuradhapura
869:Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam
710:Gokarna Bay, Trincomalee
674:means mountain or hill;
4556:Raghavan, M.D. (1971).
2436:Trincomalee features a
1909:On 8 January 1782, the
1598:and his successor King
1341:the other four Eswarams
1176:Ellalan of Anuradhapura
1170:vihara and a Christian
5852:Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia
5620:Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia
5521:
5501:Listen to this article
5255:Independent Travellers
5225:Independent Travellers
4734:Asiff Hussein (2007).
4706:Gerolamo Emilio Gerini
4505:Cite journal requires
4331:. Kumaran Book House.
4207:Cite journal requires
3887:Cite journal requires
3689:Taylor, Isaac (1843).
3564:Sivaratnam, C (1964).
3538:Cite journal requires
3140:Deutscher Wetterdienst
2448:. The city features a
2408:
2393:Indian Oil Corporation
2360:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
2325:Hindu historical sites
2303:
2135:, his consort goddess
2112:
2035:Imperial Japanese Navy
1976:. The British admiral
1922:. In 1795 the British
1890:
1674:pilgrimage route from
1627:Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan
1611:Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan
1596:Singai Pararasasegaram
1442:Dravidian architecture
1425:Sena I of Anuradhapura
1384:Mattakallappu Manmiyam
1108:
1100:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1038:
865:Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan
662:of the 7th century by
6200:capitals of Sri Lanka
5520:
5396:31 March 2012 at the
4397:www.hinduismtoday.com
3714:Room, Adrian (2006).
3204:Adventist World Radio
3133:(humidity 1961–1990)
2406:
2301:
2153:United National Party
2110:
2065:2001: A Space Odyssey
2037:in April 1942 in the
1906:in 1782 at the city.
1900:Battle of Trincomalee
1888:
1647:Martanda Cinkaiariyan
1617:, known today as the
1535:in the 12th century.
1491:chieftaincies of the
1336:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
1303:Sivan Oli Padam Malai
1285:The Siva-worshipping
1153:Nilaveli inscriptions
1106:
1098:Battle of Trincomalee
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1044:
1033:
863:, written in 1380 by
819:is also a place name
738:and the deity's name
506:Mahavilli Ganga River
279: • Summer (
225:8 m (26 ft)
5552:More spoken articles
5446:at Wikimedia Commons
4391:Academy, Himalayan.
4289:Arumugam, S (1980).
3421:Trincomalee Garrison
3242:improve this section
2513:Record high °C (°F)
2423:There are the seven
2203:in Trincomalee. The
2095:'s younger brother,
2085:A Scandal in Bohemia
1972:and the rest of the
1944:Trincomalee District
1798:Fort of Triquinimale
1735:brought upon by the
1588:Muhammad bin Tughluq
1586:due to invasions by
1575:Parakrama Pandyan II
1401:Trincomalee District
847:Kailaas of the South
573:Sivan Oli Pada Malai
518:Paadal Petra Sthalam
491:Trincomalee Garrison
392:Trincomalee District
243: • Density
132:8.56667°N 81.23333°E
5748:Metropolitan cities
5481: /
5296:on 29 December 2009
5117:www.colombopage.com
4227:Nilakanta Mahadevar
3984:, the smiling babe.
3338:Sri Lanka Air Force
3190:German broadcaster
2793:Record low °C (°F)
2653:Daily mean °C (°F)
2331:classical antiquity
2189:Sri Lanka Air Force
1924:recaptured the city
1623:Kovil at Rameswaram
1421:Srimara Srivallabha
1347:, according to the
1047:coastal resort city
885:Koneiswara Parwatia
821:in Karnataka, India
813:Tamil New Years Day
752:Thiru-Gokarna-Malai
716:Trincomalee Harbour
536:Names and etymology
404:Trincomalee Harbour
128: /
53:City of Trincomalee
6157:Provincial capital
6031:Katunayake Seeduwa
5802:Municipal councils
5522:
5195:telegraphindia.com
5146:Canadian Red Cross
4714:Ying-Ko Tswei Shan
4685:The Jaffna Dynasty
4616:Uppsala University
4192:Nilakanta Mahadeva
3762:"Aayiththiyamalai"
3497:. World Gazetteer.
3176:Sri Lanka Railways
2409:
2304:
2213:Hoods Tower Museum
2157:ITAK Federal Party
2143:were found by the
2113:
2077:Arthur Conan Doyle
2061:Reefs of Taprobane
2050:Duke of Wellington
1987:Trincomali Channel
1940:Alexander Johnston
1891:
1822:Anthony van Diemen
1109:
1101:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1039:
957:, and Suwethagiri
589:Abaratha Ratchagar
579:) whose tributary
235: • Total
214: • Total
189:Town & Gravets
6269:
6268:
6164:
6163:
5782:
5772:
5759:National capitals
5714:
5713:
5589:Sri Lankan cities
5518:
5442:Media related to
5069:978-1-85065-130-7
4966:978-955-1266-72-1
4710:Ying-ko tsui Shan
4470:978-955-1266-72-1
4056:Markandeya Purana
3850:978-955-1266-72-1
3804:History of Ceylon
3725:978-0-7864-2248-7
3667:978-955-8733-97-4
3635:978-955-1266-72-1
3602:978-0-13-839944-3
3334:Air Force Academy
3322:
3321:
3314:
3296:
3146:
3145:
2986:relative humidity
2407:Trincomalee Beach
2319:Bhadrakali temple
2308:Sri Lankan Tamils
2243:Koneswaram Temple
2193:China Bay Airport
2166:Dudley Senanayake
2103:Post independence
2039:Indian Ocean Raid
2013:base, called the
1893:Jacob Burnand, a
1729:Ethirimana Cinkam
1691:Portuguese Ceylon
1509:Malay Archipelago
1437:Narasimhavarman I
1431:kings, including
1359:Mahayana Buddhist
1023:
1022:
761:The ethnographer
522:Maha Shakta pitha
504:, bridged by the
479:Indian Ocean raid
416:Koneswaram temple
376:
359:
293:
292:
199: • Type
137:8.56667; 81.23333
18:City in Sri Lanka
6329:
6322:Kingdom of Kandy
6264:
6263:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6168:
6167:
5795:
5794:
5781:(Administrative)
5780:
5770:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5597:500,000 and more
5582:
5575:
5568:
5559:
5558:
5542:
5540:
5529:
5528:
5519:
5509:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5485:8.567°N 81.233°E
5482:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5453:
5441:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5416:on 29 March 2008
5406:
5400:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5367:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5295:
5288:
5280:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5197:. Archived from
5187:
5181:
5180:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5147:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5083:David Brewster.
5080:
5074:
5073:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4952:
4946:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4924:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4892:
4886:
4878:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4855:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4829:Senarat of Kandy
4825:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4797:
4794:
4785:
4778:
4772:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4717:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4675:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4607:
4596:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4361:Sacred-texts.com
4353:
4347:
4346:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4262:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4231:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4195:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4147:www.tamilnet.com
4138:
4132:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4109:. Archived from
4103:
4097:
4096:
4077:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4014:
3998:
3987:
3986:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3922:
3913:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3859:
3853:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3799:
3790:
3787:
3778:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3653:
3640:
3639:
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2991:
2940:
2461:
2460:
2340:Konesar Kalvettu
2270:
2269:
2253:
2252:
2238:
2237:
2226:Historical sites
2057:Arthur C. Clarke
2007:Second World War
1991:British Columbia
1970:Coromandel Coast
1932:Treaty of Amiens
1877:administration.
1866:J. F. Van Senden
1768:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1639:Tenavaram temple
1637:, on his way to
1573:'s reign ousted
1481:Rajendra Chola I
1477:Rajaraja Chola I
1446:Mahendravarman I
1305:, helped spread
1026:Earliest history
1018:
1015:
1009:
977:
976:
969:
915:Konesar Kalvettu
841:Rajendra Chola I
785:adds worshipped
756:Thiru-Gona-Malai
693:
655:
602:
553:
408:Sri Lankan Tamil
396:Eastern Province
381:
375:romanized:
374:
372:
364:
358:romanized:
357:
355:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
336:
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143:
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62:
38:
37:
32:
31:
21:
20:
6337:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6302:Pandyan dynasty
6292:Pallava dynasty
6272:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6258:
6254:
6201:
6195:
6165:
6160:
6144:
5916:
5796:
5789:
5785:
5754:
5745:
5715:
5710:
5629:
5613:200,000–499,999
5608:
5592:
5586:
5556:
5555:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5533:This audio file
5530:
5523:
5514:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5434:
5429:
5419:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5398:Wayback Machine
5389:
5385:
5375:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5346:
5344:
5336:
5335:
5331:
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5309:
5299:
5297:
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5264:
5262:
5249:
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5234:
5232:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5204:
5202:
5201:on 1 April 2018
5189:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5144:Wayback Machine
5135:
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5096:
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5070:
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5031:
5027:
5020:
5006:Phadnis, Urmila
5003:
4999:
4992:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4953:
4949:
4945:, p. 183, 2006.
4940:
4936:
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4927:
4918:
4914:
4904:
4902:
4893:
4889:
4883:Cleghorn minute
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4366:Aditya Hridayam
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3916:
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3822:Chodaganga Deva
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2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2185:Sri Lankan Navy
2176:that followed.
2105:
2081:Sherlock Holmes
2046:Sri Lankan Army
1966:Napoleonic Wars
1936:Pandara Vannian
1918:under the 1783
1902:as part of the
1883:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1720:Kandyan kingdom
1668:Arunagirinathar
1635:Nicobar islands
1592:Delhi Sultanate
1529:Parakramabahu I
1448:in 600, as one
1397:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1010:
991:
978:
974:
967:
943:Thiruenkoimalai
939:Thiruchiramalai
849:
765:writing in his
736:Gokarna Pattana
712:
622:
617:
616:
615:
614:
613:
603:
594:
593:
592:
577:Mahavali-Ganges
554:
545:
544:
538:
514:Pancha Ishwaram
502:Trincomalee Bay
497:on the island.
477:as part of the
467:British in 1795
306:
300:
299:
278:
136:
134:
130:
127:
122:
119:
117:
115:
114:
108:
107:
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105:
104:
103:
102:
98:
68:
66:Trincomalee Bay
48:
39:
33:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
6335:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6307:Jaffna kingdom
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6267:
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6255:
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6127:
6122:
6120:Valvettithurai
6117:
6112:
6103:
6101:Seethawakapura
6098:
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6088:
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6018:
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5964:
5962:Chavakachcheri
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5922:Urban councils
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
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5683:
5678:
5673:
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5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5634:50,000–249,999
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5600:
5598:
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5545:
5531:
5524:
5512:
5499:
5498:
5465:
5464:
5458:
5447:
5433:
5432:External links
5430:
5428:
5427:
5401:
5383:
5354:
5329:
5307:
5272:
5242:
5212:
5182:
5175:
5157:
5148:
5129:
5104:
5075:
5068:
5050:
5043:
5025:
5018:
4997:
4990:
4972:
4965:
4947:
4941:Brian Lavery,
4934:
4925:
4912:
4887:
4873:
4863:
4843:
4834:
4820:
4810:
4798:
4786:
4773:
4760:
4751:
4739:
4727:
4718:
4698:
4689:
4676:
4670:Gnanaprakasar,
4663:
4640:
4631:
4621:
4597:
4584:
4575:
4548:
4539:
4516:
4507:|journal=
4476:
4469:
4451:
4442:
4432:
4423:
4414:
4383:
4348:
4337:
4316:
4297:. p. 37.
4293:(2 ed.).
4281:
4272:
4263:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4218:
4209:|journal=
4164:
4133:
4124:
4113:on 5 July 2018
4098:
4084:. p. 99.
4069:
4060:
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4030:
3988:
3950:
3914:
3898:
3889:|journal=
3854:
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3791:
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3724:
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3681:
3666:
3641:
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3616:
3601:
3583:
3549:
3540:|journal=
3500:
3486:
3466:
3454:britannica.com
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3431:Arunagirinagar
3428:
3423:
3418:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3330:Sri Lanka Navy
3320:
3319:
3226:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3200:Deutsche Welle
3192:Deutsche Welle
3187:
3184:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3134:
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3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3084:sunshine hours
3079:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3037:sunshine hours
3032:
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3028:
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3022:
3019:
3016:
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3007:
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3001:
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2400:
2397:
2388:
2385:
2375:
2372:
2364:Dutch Republic
2351:
2350:The Dutch Fort
2348:
2326:
2323:
2290:Ravana's Cleft
2286:Ravana's Cleft
2283:
2282:
2275:Ravana's Cleft
2273:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2258:Ravana's Cleft
2256:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2197:Sri Lanka Army
2162:prime minister
2104:
2101:
1920:Peace of Paris
1916:Dutch Republic
1882:
1879:
1854:Vanniar chiefs
1834:Fort Ostenburg
1773:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1704:Francis Xavier
1553:Savakanmaindan
1493:Jaffna kingdom
1468:, Tamil Nadu.
1396:
1393:
1369:monk from the
1367:Tamil Buddhist
1351:and the later
1343:upon arrival.
1315:refers to the
1298:Sun Salutation
1276:Ravana's Cleft
1208:George Turnour
1141:Tamil language
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1000:it, or adding
981:
979:
972:
966:
963:
935:Thirukalahasti
917:uses the term
874:Skanda Puranam
848:
845:
711:
708:
621:
618:
612:) and Pannoam.
604:
597:
596:
595:
555:
548:
547:
546:
542:
541:
540:
539:
537:
534:
471:British Ceylon
420:Thirukonamalai
362:Tirukkōṇamalai
291:
290:
285:
275:
274:
264:
258:
257:
254:
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63:
55:
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49:
44:
41:
40:
27:
24:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6334:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6297:Chola dynasty
6295:
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6288:
6285:
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6280:
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6019:
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5999:
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5990:
5988:
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5968:
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5960:
5958:
5957:Boralesgamuwa
5955:
5953:
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5935:
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5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5737:
5735:
5730:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5590:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5571:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5553:
5549:
5534:
5497:
5494:
5490:8.567; 81.233
5462:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5387:
5371:
5364:
5358:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5317:
5311:
5292:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5178:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5152:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5133:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5046:
5044:0-7748-0759-8
5040:
5036:
5029:
5021:
5019:0-903983-52-4
5015:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4993:
4991:0-521-20429-1
4987:
4983:
4976:
4968:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4938:
4929:
4922:
4916:
4900:
4899:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4867:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4838:
4830:
4824:
4814:
4805:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4783:
4777:
4770:
4764:
4755:
4746:
4744:
4737:
4731:
4722:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4693:
4686:
4680:
4673:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4635:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4594:
4588:
4579:
4572:
4571:Mountains..."
4567:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4512:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4472:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4446:
4436:
4427:
4418:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4345:
4340:
4338:955-9429-91-4
4334:
4330:
4323:
4321:
4313:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4276:
4267:
4260:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4228:
4222:
4214:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4128:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4076:
4074:
4064:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4034:
4026:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3919:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3763:
3757:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3700:0-559-29668-1
3696:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3637:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3490:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3316:
3313:
3305:
3302:February 2024
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263: –
3262:
3261:"Trincomalee"
3258:
3257:Find sources:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3227:This section
3225:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:Road and rail
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:Mean monthly
3033:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2935:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2865:precipitation
2861:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2426:
2416:
2413:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2384:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:Fort Fredrick
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2276:
2259:
2244:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:at the time,
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:Chandrasekhar
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:Birds of Prey
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:Eastern Fleet
2020:
2016:
2015:RAF China Bay
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:Kantalai tank
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:Fort Fredrick
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:Rajasinghe II
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1777:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:Kalinga Magha
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1307:Tamraparniyan
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:Chola Dynasty
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1035:Robert Morden
1032:
1017:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
989:
987:
982:This section
980:
971:
970:
962:
960:
959:Thirupangeeli
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:Then Kailasam
904:
903:
902:Tirumandhiram
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:Mount Kailash
854:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:in Tamil and
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
746:in Sanskrit.
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
707:
705:
701:
697:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
611:
607:
601:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
533:
531:
527:
526:Mount Kailash
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:in 1620, the
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
379:Trikuṇāmaḷaya
368:
363:
351:
345:
297:
289:
286:
282:
276:
272:
268:
265:
263:
259:
256:Trincomalians
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
204:
203:Urban Council
201:
197:
192:
188:
186:
182:
179:
176:
174:
170:
167:
164:
162:
158:
155:
152:
150:
146:
141:
113:Coordinates:
111:
89:
80:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
51:
47:
42:
22:
16:
6240:Anuradhapura
6229:
6151:
6150:
6076:Nawalapitiya
6056:Kuliyapitiya
5972:Embilipitiya
5929:
5902:Nuwara Eliya
5892:Akkaraipattu
5815:Anuradhapura
5775:
5771:(Commercial)
5765:
5701:Anuradhapura
5670:
5466:
5463:, pdf format
5418:. Retrieved
5414:the original
5404:
5386:
5374:. Retrieved
5369:
5357:
5345:. Retrieved
5332:
5320:. Retrieved
5310:
5298:. Retrieved
5291:the original
5263:. Retrieved
5254:
5245:
5233:. Retrieved
5224:
5215:
5203:. Retrieved
5199:the original
5194:
5185:
5166:
5160:
5151:
5132:
5120:. Retrieved
5116:
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5085:
5078:
5059:
5053:
5034:
5028:
5009:
5000:
4981:
4975:
4956:
4950:
4942:
4937:
4928:
4920:
4915:
4903:. Retrieved
4901:. W.H. Allen
4897:
4890:
4882:
4876:
4866:
4858:
4837:
4823:
4813:
4781:
4776:
4768:
4763:
4754:
4735:
4730:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4692:
4684:
4679:
4671:
4666:
4649:
4643:
4634:
4624:
4611:
4592:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4557:
4551:
4542:
4525:
4519:
4498:cite journal
4479:
4460:
4454:
4445:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4396:
4386:
4364:
4356:
4351:
4342:
4328:
4306:
4290:
4284:
4275:
4266:
4258:
4253:
4244:
4235:
4221:
4200:cite journal
4188:on the coast
4187:
4185:
4173:
4167:
4155:. Retrieved
4146:
4136:
4127:
4115:. Retrieved
4111:the original
4101:
4085:
4081:
4063:
4052:Varāhamihira
4047:
4042:
4033:
4002:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3959:
3953:
3944:
3927:
3909:
3880:cite journal
3857:
3839:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3803:
3756:
3742:
3715:
3709:
3690:
3684:
3657:
3625:
3619:
3592:
3586:
3577:
3565:
3531:cite journal
3489:
3476:
3469:
3457:. Retrieved
3453:
3444:
3413:
3323:
3308:
3299:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3256:
3240:Please help
3228:
3189:
3186:Broadcasting
3180:Colombo Fort
3173:
3158:
2990:(at Daytime)
2867:mm (inches)
2444:) under the
2441:
2435:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2353:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2316:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2274:
2257:
2217:
2191:is based at
2187:, while the
2182:
2178:
2131:), Shiva as
2114:
2088:
2084:
2072:
2069:Wilbur Smith
2064:
2060:
2054:
2043:
2004:
1999:
1974:Indian Ocean
1960:
1956:
1908:
1892:
1846:
1814:Tamil Brahmi
1797:
1795:
1782:
1747:Early modern
1725:
1708:
1688:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1569:
1549:Chandrabhanu
1513:
1470:
1453:
1398:
1382:
1352:
1348:
1334:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1284:
1275:
1272:Ravana Vettu
1271:
1256:
1240:
1236:
1218:
1216:
1199:
1163:
1157:
1137:epigraphical
1110:
1014:January 2017
1011:
983:
931:
926:
922:
919:Tiri Kayilai
918:
914:
910:
906:
900:
884:
878:
872:
868:
860:
850:
816:
808:
804:
800:
794:
774:
770:
766:
760:
755:
751:
748:Pathmanathan
743:
740:Gokarneswara
739:
735:
731:
719:
713:
703:
699:
695:
683:
679:
676:Middle Tamil
671:
667:
657:
654:திருக்கோணமலை
646:Tamil Brahmi
640:lies in the
637:
633:
629:
626:Hindu shrine
623:
610:Traganamalee
609:
588:
584:
576:
568:
564:
530:Indian Ocean
499:
487:deteriorated
483:World War II
457:following a
440:
419:
387:
383:
371:ත්රිකුණාමළය
354:திருக்கோணமலை
295:
294:
36:ත්රිකුණාමලය
30:திருக்கோணமலை
15:
6282:Trincomalee
6230:Trincomalee
6106:Talawakelle
6091:Point Pedro
6071:Minuwangoda
6016:Kadugannawa
5937:Ambalangoda
5930:Trincomalee
5897:Bandarawela
5671:Trincomalee
5488: /
5455:Trincomalee
5444:Trincomalee
5376:18 November
5347:18 November
5235:31 December
4618:: 159, 503.
4309:Vetharaniam
4088:Kanchipuram
3982:palen-nagai
3414:Trincomalee
3082:Mean daily
2425:hot springs
2419:Hot springs
2366:during the
2093:Jane Austen
2005:Before the
1961:Trincomalee
1838:Robert Knox
1664:New Zealand
1557:Tambralinga
1525:Gajabahu II
1473:Parantaka I
1466:Pudukkottai
1433:Simhavishnu
1395:Middle Ages
1371:early Chola
1329:where King
1312:Vayu Purana
1253:Kudiramalai
1245:Kanyakumari
1241:Mahabharata
1220:Mahabharata
1180:Kulakkottan
1133:Australasia
1117:Middle East
1002:subheadings
951:Neerthagiri
947:Rajathagiri
889:Yoga Sutras
796:Vayu Purana
763:Megasthenes
620:Trincomalee
571:mountains (
296:Trincomalee
185:DS Division
178:Trincomalee
135: /
101:Trincomalee
25:Trincomalee
6276:Categories
6235:Kurunegala
6198:Provincial
6086:Peliyagoda
6061:Maharagama
6026:Kattankudy
5912:Hambantota
5872:Batticaloa
5840:Kurunegala
5686:Katunayake
5676:Batticaloa
5548:Audio help
5539:2010-08-04
5322:20 January
5300:8 December
5265:28 January
5176:0951071017
4905:7 February
4674:, p.99-102
4143:"TamilNet"
4141:TamilNet.
3437:References
3346:Batticaloa
3272:newspapers
3138:Source 2:
3129:Source 1:
2939:(≥ 1.0 mm)
2454:wet season
2450:dry season
2149:water well
2129:Somaskanda
2031:Dutch Navy
2027:Royal Navy
1850:Batticaloa
1791:Ove Giedde
1741:Batticaloa
1680:Katirkamam
1672:Pada Yatra
1660:Tamil Bell
1497:Manigramam
1409:Kassapa IV
1389:Batticaloa
1375:Abhayagiri
1319:temple on
1274:– meaning
1249:Tamraparni
998:condensing
927:Tiri Konam
923:Tiri Kutam
867:, and the
829:Tamil Nadu
773:, meaning
700:Koneswaram
664:Sambandhar
559:'s map of
230:Population
194:Government
6250:Ratnapura
6135:Wattegama
6051:Kolonnawa
6001:Hikkaduwa
5947:Balangoda
5830:Ratnapura
5752:Sri Lanka
5706:Ratnapura
5696:Kolonnawa
5097:17 August
4687:, p.67-68
4683:Kunarasa,
4614:. 19–20.
4566:453189836
4534:249907591
4092:Tirupatti
4019:cite book
3912:. pp. 170
3826:Gokaranna
3734:439732470
3676:230674424
3593:Sri Lanka
3579:Chitty...
3229:does not
3210:Education
2387:Oil depot
2174:civil war
2071:'s novel
2019:Singapore
1959:HMS
1957:The ship
1818:The Hague
1733:Cankili I
1700:Cankili I
1600:Cankili I
1584:Tamilakam
1505:Srivijaya
1458:Sambandar
1413:Udaya III
1354:Culavamsa
1349:Mahavamsa
1326:Mahavamsa
1237:Ganapatya
1129:East Asia
1006:talk page
994:splitting
992:Consider
955:Ratnagiri
897:Tirumular
893:Patañjali
855:mountain
815:1223 CE.
809:Gokaranna
771:Paleogoni
720:Ko-Kannam
642:Old Tamil
561:Taprobana
412:peninsula
400:Sri Lanka
301:English:
262:Time zone
222:Elevation
154:Sri Lanka
123:81°14′0″E
6140:Weligama
6125:Vavuniya
6115:Tangalle
6096:Puttalam
6081:Panadura
6021:Kalutara
5987:Haputale
5952:Beruwala
5907:Dambulla
5867:Kalmunai
5857:Moratuwa
5847:Kaduwela
5691:Dambulla
5661:Vavuniya
5656:Kalmunai
5625:Moratuwa
5550: ·
5420:30 April
5394:Archived
5259:Archived
5229:Archived
5205:31 March
5140:Archived
5091:Archived
5008:(1976).
4832:Giedde."
4784:. p. 370
4658:12552979
4595:. pp. 13
4490:10020492
4401:Archived
4378:Ramayana
4157:31 March
4151:Archived
3978:Pannaham
3946:India...
3611:13501485
3574:12240260
3523:14069213
3459:31 March
3394:See also
3332:and the
3077:2,842.8
2984:Average
2932:(63.36)
2927:(13.35)
2922:(14.79)
2863:Average
2578:(103.6)
2563:(101.7)
2558:(103.1)
2553:(102.9)
2548:(102.2)
2543:(103.1)
2538:(103.6)
2533:(102.2)
2528:(102.6)
2342:and the
2336:Vadukkus
2199:has its
1928:Napoleon
1858:autonomy
1686:shrine.
1580:Puthandu
1561:Thailand
1545:Pandyans
1516:Kantalai
1499:and the
1489:Vannimai
1475:in 950,
1258:Ramayana
1251:island (
1172:Catholic
1168:Buddhist
986:too long
791:Dionysus
787:Hercules
775:Old Goni
744:Go—Natha
732:Go-Karna
728:Sanskrit
581:Barraces
475:Japanese
465:and the
267:UTC+5:30
173:District
161:Province
120:8°34′0″N
64:View of
6245:Badulla
6210:Colombo
6155:also a
6130:Wattala
6110:Lindula
6046:Kinniya
6041:Kesbewa
6036:Kegalle
5996:Dickoya
5982:Gampola
5882:Gampaha
5862:Negombo
5835:Badulla
5767:Colombo
5646:Negombo
5604:Colombo
5537: (
5508:minutes
5476:81°14′E
5122:5 March
4771:. p. 36
4374:Valmiki
4344:located
4303:8305376
4261:. p. 44
4182:6530926
4011:6832704
3968:2975965
3941:2556531
3872:8305376
3808:Colombo
3426:Trikuta
3336:of the
3328:of the
3286:scholar
3250:removed
3235:sources
2930:1,609.3
2917:(8.49)
2912:(4.43)
2907:(2.62)
2902:(2.01)
2897:(1.02)
2892:(1.89)
2887:(2.16)
2882:(2.83)
2877:(3.78)
2872:(6.00)
2858:(61.7)
2853:(61.7)
2848:(65.7)
2843:(65.7)
2838:(65.7)
2833:(68.4)
2828:(70.2)
2823:(69.1)
2818:(66.4)
2813:(66.2)
2808:(67.1)
2803:(64.8)
2798:(65.3)
2788:(77.0)
2783:(74.8)
2778:(75.2)
2773:(76.1)
2768:(77.2)
2763:(77.9)
2758:(78.4)
2753:(79.3)
2748:(79.2)
2743:(77.9)
2738:(76.6)
2733:(75.7)
2728:(75.2)
2718:(83.8)
2713:(79.3)
2708:(80.4)
2703:(83.3)
2698:(86.2)
2693:(86.5)
2688:(87.1)
2683:(87.6)
2678:(87.1)
2673:(85.1)
2668:(82.8)
2663:(81.0)
2658:(79.7)
2648:(90.7)
2643:(83.8)
2638:(85.6)
2633:(90.3)
2628:(94.6)
2623:(95.5)
2618:(95.5)
2613:(95.7)
2608:(95.4)
2603:(92.1)
2598:(89.1)
2593:(86.2)
2588:(84.0)
2573:(92.1)
2568:(97.2)
2523:(95.7)
2518:(94.6)
2432:Climate
2399:Beaches
2374:Harbour
2137:Parvati
2097:Charles
2025:of the
1684:Murukan
1631:Ma Huan
1609:. King
1590:of the
1507:of the
1454:Tevaram
1429:Pallava
1405:Vanniar
1321:Trikuta
1291:Agastya
1287:Siddhar
1229:Fasting
1212:Eiswara
1164:Gokarna
984:may be
965:History
911:Gonarda
880:Puranas
853:Tibetan
825:Kalinga
817:Gokarna
805:Gokarna
659:Tevaram
638:Konatha
606:Cantino
565:Ulipada
557:Ptolemy
481:during
461:of the
388:Gokarna
384:Gokanna
367:Sinhala
252:Demonym
166:Eastern
149:Country
6225:Jaffna
6066:Mannar
6011:Ja-Ela
6006:Horana
5992:Hatton
5977:Eravur
5967:Chilaw
5942:Ampara
5887:Matale
5877:Matara
5825:Jaffna
5681:Jaffna
5473:8°34′N
5173:
5066:
5041:
5016:
4988:
4963:
4656:
4564:
4532:
4488:
4467:
4407:11 May
4335:
4301:
4180:
4117:6 July
4054:. The
4009:
3974:Pannoa
3966:
3939:
3935:–546.
3870:
3866:: 37.
3848:
3816:952216
3814:
3732:
3722:
3697:
3674:
3664:
3632:
3609:
3599:
3572:
3521:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3074:167.4
3071:171.0
3068:217.0
3065:207.0
3062:244.9
3059:235.6
3056:231.0
3053:263.5
3050:279.0
3047:300.7
3044:268.4
3041:257.3
2469:Month
2195:. The
2141:Ganesh
2125:bronze
2123:alloy
2121:copper
1995:Canada
1852:; the
1842:French
1786:Danish
1776:Ganesh
1715:fanams
1711:Mannar
1658:. The
1652:Aleppo
1607:Mannar
1427:. The
1331:Vijaya
1263:Ravana
1233:Ishana
1204:Kuveni
1184:Yakkha
1149:sluice
1121:Africa
1113:Europe
801:Malaya
781:, who
767:Indica
726:. The
585:Bocana
459:battle
455:French
453:, the
447:Danish
436:Muttur
238:99,135
6220:Galle
6215:Kandy
6152:Note:
5820:Galle
5810:Kandy
5666:Galle
5651:Kandy
5366:(PDF)
5294:(PDF)
5287:(PDF)
4312:Hills
3481:(PDF)
3293:JSTOR
3279:books
2979:86.3
2976:15.0
2973:17.9
2970:12.8
2925:339.0
2920:375.6
2915:215.6
2910:112.6
2870:152.4
2508:Year
2312:Hindu
1895:Swiss
1875:Vanni
1826:Dutch
1806:Kandy
1656:Syria
1654:) in
1643:Yemen
1571:Magha
1533:Burma
1268:sword
1160:Hindu
1125:China
833:Nepal
783:Pliny
779:Greek
724:Nandi
688:Tamil
672:Malai
668:Thiru
650:Tamil
569:Malea
451:Dutch
350:Tamil
288:UTC+6
5422:2011
5378:2016
5349:2016
5324:2024
5302:2016
5267:2019
5237:2018
5207:2018
5171:ISBN
5124:2023
5099:2014
5064:ISBN
5039:ISBN
5014:ISBN
4986:ISBN
4961:ISBN
4907:2016
4654:OCLC
4562:OCLC
4530:OCLC
4511:help
4486:OCLC
4465:ISBN
4409:2019
4370:Rama
4333:ISBN
4299:OCLC
4213:help
4178:OCLC
4159:2018
4119:2018
4025:link
4007:OCLC
3976:and
3964:OCLC
3937:OCLC
3893:help
3868:OCLC
3846:ISBN
3830:Saka
3812:OCLC
3730:OCLC
3720:ISBN
3695:ISBN
3672:OCLC
3662:ISBN
3630:ISBN
3607:OCLC
3597:ISBN
3570:OCLC
3544:help
3519:OCLC
3461:2018
3412:HMS
3324:The
3265:news
3233:any
3231:cite
3163:and
3131:NOAA
3124:7.8
3121:5.4
3118:5.7
3115:7.0
3112:6.9
3109:7.9
3106:7.6
3103:7.7
3100:8.5
3097:9.3
3094:9.7
3091:9.5
3088:8.3
2988:(%)
2967:5.7
2964:4.2
2961:3.4
2958:1.9
2955:4.2
2952:4.2
2949:4.0
2946:4.7
2943:8.4
2905:66.6
2900:51.0
2895:25.9
2890:48.1
2885:54.8
2880:71.8
2875:96.1
2856:16.5
2851:16.5
2846:18.7
2841:18.7
2836:18.7
2831:20.2
2826:21.2
2821:20.6
2816:19.1
2811:19.0
2806:19.5
2801:18.2
2796:18.5
2786:25.0
2781:23.8
2776:24.0
2771:24.5
2766:25.1
2761:25.5
2756:25.8
2751:26.3
2746:26.2
2741:25.5
2736:24.8
2731:24.3
2726:24.0
2716:28.8
2711:26.3
2706:26.9
2701:28.5
2696:30.1
2691:30.3
2686:30.6
2681:30.9
2676:30.6
2671:29.5
2666:28.2
2661:27.2
2656:26.5
2646:32.6
2641:28.8
2636:29.8
2631:32.4
2626:34.8
2621:35.3
2616:35.3
2611:35.4
2606:35.2
2601:33.4
2596:31.7
2591:30.1
2586:28.9
2576:39.8
2571:33.4
2566:36.2
2561:38.7
2556:39.5
2551:39.4
2546:39.0
2541:39.5
2536:39.8
2531:39.0
2526:39.2
2521:35.4
2516:34.8
2505:Dec
2502:Nov
2499:Oct
2496:Sep
2493:Aug
2490:Jul
2487:Jun
2484:May
2481:Apr
2478:Mar
2475:Feb
2472:Jan
2241:The
2119:and
2117:gold
2087:and
1551:and
1521:Jain
1479:and
1435:and
1415:and
1317:Siva
1295:Yoga
1194:and
1131:and
925:and
831:and
789:and
714:The
704:Kuna
696:peak
684:Kona
636:and
634:Kone
520:, a
516:, a
510:Siva
500:The
495:fort
386:and
209:Area
46:City
5750:of
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3165:A12
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3027:80
3024:78
3021:71
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3009:58
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3000:71
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1989:of
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