874:
then finally covered again with a thin insulating layer on the outside. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing the same geometric axis. Coaxial cables are often used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals. In a hypothetical ideal coaxial cable, the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists only in the space between the inner and outer conductors. Practical cables achieve this objective to a high degree. A coaxial cable provides extra protection of signals from external electromagnetic interference and effectively guides signals with low emission along the length of the cable which in turn affects thermal heat inside the conductivity of the wire.
40:
407:
rotates on rollers below. The various strands coming from the spools at various parts of the circumference of the cage all lead to a disk at the end of the hollow shaft. This disk has perforations through which each of the strands pass, thence being immediately wrapped on the cable, which slides through a bearing at this point. Toothed gears having certain definite ratios are used to cause the winding drum for the cable and the cage for the spools to rotate at suitable relative speeds which do not vary. The cages are multiplied for stranding with many tapes or strands, so that a machine may have six bobbins on one cage and twelve on the other.
503:, the lowest number of strands usually seen is 7: one in the middle, with 6 surrounding it in close contact. The next level up is 19, which is another layer of 12 strands on top of the 7. After that the number varies, but 37 and 49 are common, then in the 70 to 100 range (the number is no longer exact). Larger numbers than that are typically found only in very large cables. For application where the wire moves, 19 is the lowest that should be used (7 should only be used in applications where the wire is placed and then does not move), and 49 is much better. For applications with constant repeated movement, such as assembly robots and
250:
473:, resulting in increased power loss in the wire. Stranded wire might seem to reduce this effect, since the total surface area of the strands is greater than the surface area of the equivalent solid wire, but ordinary stranded wire does not reduce the skin effect because all the strands are short-circuited together and behave as a single conductor. A stranded wire will have higher resistance than a solid wire of the same diameter because the cross-section of the stranded wire is not all copper; there are unavoidable gaps between the strands (this is the
612:
533:
558:
1208:
596:
438:
138:
1098:
331:
316:. The object of utilising precious stones is to enable the dies to be used for a considerable period without losing their size, and so producing wire of incorrect diameter. Diamond dies must be rebored when they have lost their original diameter of hole, but metal dies are brought down to size again by hammering up the hole and then drifting it out to correct diameter with a punch."
339:
242:. Beaded wire continued to be used in jewellery into modern times, although it largely fell out of favour in about the tenth century CE when two drawn round wires, twisted together to form what are termed 'ropes', provided a simpler-to-make alternative. A forerunner to beaded wire may be the notched strips and wires which first occur from around 2000 BCE in
394:, aluminum sheathing, or steel taping. Stranding or covering machines wind material onto wire which passes through quickly. Some of the smallest machines for cotton covering have a large drum, which grips the wire and moves it through toothed gears; the wire passes through the centre of disks mounted above a long bed, and the disks carry each a number of
428:
Solid wire, also called solid-core or single-strand wire, consists of one piece of metal wire. Solid wire is useful for wiring breadboards. Solid wire is cheaper to manufacture than stranded wire and is used where there is little need for flexibility in the wire. Solid wire also provides mechanical
873:
is a cable consisting of an inner conductor, surrounded by a tubular insulating layer typically made from a flexible material with a high dielectric constant, all of which is then surrounded by another conductive layer (typically of fine woven wire for flexibility, or of a thin metallic foil), and
512:
wire. The strands are organized by first creating a bundle of 7 strands. Then 7 of these bundles are put together into super bundles. Finally 108 super bundles are used to make the final cable. Each group of wires is wound in a helix so that when the wire is flexed, the part of a bundle that is
155:
often contains large amounts of wire in the form of chains and applied decoration that is accurately made and which must have been produced by some efficient, if not technically advanced, means. In some cases, strips cut from metal sheet were made into wire by pulling them through perforations in
406:
and power as well as submarine cables, the machines are somewhat different in construction. The wire is still carried through a hollow shaft, but the bobbins or spools of covering material are set with their spindles at right angles to the axis of the wire, and they lie in a circular cage which
398:
varying from six to twelve or more in different machines. A supply of covering material is wound on each bobbin, and the end is led on to the wire, which occupies a central position relatively to the bobbins; the latter being revolved at a suitable speed bodily with their disks, the cotton is
677:, and cages, etc. In the manufacture of stringed musical instruments and scientific instruments, wire is again largely used. Carbon and stainless spring steel wire have significant applications in engineered springs for critical automotive or industrial manufactured parts/components. Pin and
375:, such as plastic, rubber-like polymers, or varnish. Insulating and jacketing of wires and cables is nowadays done by passing them through an extruder. Formerly, materials used for insulation included treated cloth or paper and various oil-based products. Since the mid-1960s, plastic and
507:
wires, 70 to 100 is mandatory . For applications that need even more flexibility, even more strands are used (welding cables are the usual example, but also any application that needs to move wire in tight areas). One example is a 2/0 wire made from 5,292 strands of
186:
are characterized by seam lines that follow a spiral path along the wire. Such twisted strips can be converted into solid round wires by rolling them between flat surfaces or the strip wire drawing method. The strip twist wire manufacturing method was superseded by
299:
According to a description in the early 20th century, "ire is usually drawn of cylindrical form; but it may be made of any desired section by varying the outline of the holes in the draw-plate through which it is passed in the process of manufacture. The
747:
filaments, because of its high melting temperature). Copper wires are also plated with other metals, such as tin, nickel, and silver to handle different temperatures, provide lubrication, and provide easier stripping of rubber insulation from copper.
449:
Stranded wire is composed of a number of small wires bundled or wrapped together to form a larger conductor. Stranded wire is more flexible than solid wire of the same total cross-sectional area. Stranded wire is used when higher resistance to
295:
on this. Apart from their second wire mill at nearby
Whitebrook, there were no other wire mills before the second half of the 17th century. Despite the existence of mills, the drawing of wire down to fine sizes continued to be done manually.
399:
consequently served on to the wire, winding in spiral fashion so as to overlap. If many strands are required the disks are duplicated, so that as many as sixty spools may be carried, the second set of strands being laid over the first.
466:
cables; welding electrode cables; control cables connecting moving machine parts; mining machine cables; trailing machine cables; and numerous others. At high frequencies, current travels near the surface of the wire because of the
233:
In about the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE, a new category of decorative tube was introduced which imitated a line of granules. True beaded wire, produced by mechanically distorting a round-section wire, appeared in the
882:
is used to make a low-resistance electrical connection between loudspeakers and audio amplifiers. Some high-end modern speaker wire consists of multiple electrical conductors individually insulated by plastic, similar to
536:
The outer conductor of this miniature coaxial cable (RG 58 type)is made of braided wire. Heavier braided cables are used for electrical connections that need a degree of flexibility, for example, connections to bus
528:
A braided wire consists of a number of small strands of wire braided together. Braided wires do not break easily when flexed. Braided wires are often suitable as an electromagnetic shield in noise-reduction cables.
577:
It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk
498:
The more individual wire strands in a wire bundle, the more flexible, kink-resistant, break-resistant, and stronger the wire becomes. However, more strands increases manufacturing complexity and cost. For
787:
wrapped with another, finer strand of wire. Such musical strings are said to be "overspun"; the added wire may be circular in cross-section ("round-wound"), or flattened before winding ("flat-wound").
645:. Wire-cloth of all degrees of strength and fineness of mesh is used for sifting and screening machinery, for draining paper pulp, for window screens, and for many other purposes. Vast quantities of
113:
in geometry, wire can also be made in square, hexagonal, flattened rectangular, or other cross-sections, either for decorative purposes, or for technical purposes such as high-efficiency
1034:
Jack Ogden, 'Connections between Islam, Europe, and the Far East in the
Medieval Period: The Evidence of the Jewelry Technology'. Eds P. Jett, J Douglas, B. McCarthy, J Winter.
797:
is small-to-medium gauge, solid or stranded, insulated wire, used for making internal connections inside electrical or electronic devices. It is often tin-plated to improve
47:. The conductor consists of seven strands of steel (centre, high tensile strength), surrounded by four outer layers of aluminium (high conductivity). Sample diameter 40 mm
700:
and strong in tension, the quality on which the utility of wire principally depends. The principal metals suitable for wire, possessing almost equal ductility, are
458:
in multi-printed-circuit-board devices, where the rigidity of solid wire would produce too much stress as a result of movement during assembly or servicing;
491:
is more severe than skin effect, and in some limited cases, simple stranded wire can reduce proximity effect. For better performance at high frequencies,
829:, is insulated only with varnish, rather than the thicker plastic or other insulation commonly used on electrical wire. It is used for the winding of
429:
ruggedness; and, because it has relatively less surface area which is exposed to attack by corrosives, protection against the environment.
1118:
963:
568:
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sometime between about the 8th and 10th centuries AD. There is some evidence for the use of drawing further East prior to this period.
1113:
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stone beads. This causes the strips to fold round on themselves to form thin tubes. This strip drawing technique was in use in
202:
technique. In this method a metal rod was struck between grooved metal blocks, or between a grooved punch and a grooved metal
1166:
783:. To increase the mass per unit length (and thus lower the pitch of the sound even further), the main wire may sometimes be
416:
288:
487:
860:
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By careful treatment, extremely thin wire can be produced. Special purpose wire is however made from other metals (e.g.
1006:
520:, then fused together. Prefused wire has many of the properties of solid wire, except it is less likely to break.
482:
206:. Swaging is of great antiquity, possibly dating to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE in Egypt and in the
1235:
1133:
1038:. Archetype Publications, London in association with the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, 2003.
17:
39:
666:
1212:
106:, which can contain a "solid core" of a single wire or separate strands in stranded or braided forms.
696:
possess the physical properties necessary to make useful wire. The metals must in the first place be
513:
stretched moves around the helix to a part that is compressed to allow the wire to have less stress.
481:). A stranded wire with the same cross-section of conductor as a solid wire is said to have the same
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
826:
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495:, which has the individual strands insulated and twisted in special patterns, may be used.
141:
99:
8:
1036:
Scientific
Research in the Field of Asian Art. Fiftieth-Anniversary Symposium Proceedings
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to facilitate more drawing or, if it is a finished product, to maximise ductility and
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1002:
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673:. It is in no less demand for fencing, and much is consumed in the construction of
103:
631:
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Two or more wires may be wrapped concentrically, separated by insulation, to form
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is the application of microscopic wires for making electrical connections inside
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Metallic wires are often used for the lower-pitched sound-producing "strings" in
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368:
219:
87:
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and is always a larger diameter. However, for many high-frequency applications,
1182:
1073:
D. G. Tucker, 'The seventeenth century wireworks at
Whitebrook, Monmouthshire'
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830:
500:
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403:
611:
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1122:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 738–739.
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Jack Ogden, 'Classical Gold wire: Some
Aspects of its Manufacture and Use',
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Wire is often reduced to the desired diameter and properties by repeated
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is a piece of hard cast-iron or hard steel, or for fine work it may be a
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Prefused wire is stranded wire made up of strands that are heavily
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243:
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Single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or bar or rod of metal
386:. The wire or cable may be further protected with substances like
238:
and Italy in the seventh century BCE, perhaps disseminated by the
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Wire has many uses. It forms the raw material of many important
764:
756:
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713:
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in
England from the medieval period. The wire was used to make
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through progressively smaller dies, or traditionally holes in
330:
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Elizabethan
Monopolies: Company of Mineral and Battery Works
895:
is wire with higher than normal resistivity, often used for
275:
and pins, manufactured goods whose import was prohibited by
1158:
Show Your Colors: 30 Flexible
Beading Wire Jewelry Projects
717:
709:
417:
Copper wire and cable § Types of copper wire and cable
391:
379:
exhibiting properties similar to rubber have predominated.
313:
215:
179:
75:
come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a
454:
is required. Such situations include connections between
178:). From the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE most of the
174:
567:
is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright
338:
966:. Swiger Coil Systems, A Wabtec Company. Archived from
689:
machinery consume large amounts of wire as feedstock.
638:
spinning, in which it occupies a place analogous to a
462:
line cords for appliances; musical instrument cables;
198:
Square and hexagonal wires were possibly made using a
990:
720:; and it is only from these and certain of their
222:. Twisted square-section wires are a very common
1222:
861:Copper wire and cable#Magnet wire (Winding wire)
961:
390:, some kind of preservative compound, bitumen,
345:, one example of a jacketed and insulated wire
1154:
1047:H. R. Schubert, 'The wiredrawers of Bristol'
825:, which, to allow closer winding when making
685:industries; nail, peg, and rivet making; and
1136:. Industrial Electric Wire & Cable. 2019
767:, and percussive string instruments such as
1064:(Olver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1961), 95-141.
357:. After a number of passes the wire may be
955:
607:wire wrapping added to main carrier wires
129:toy, are made of special flattened wire.
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14:
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1155:Hogsett, Jamie; Oehler, Sara (2012).
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402:For heavier cables that are used for
287:in about 1568 by the founders of the
988:
661:wire are employed for telephone and
551:
289:Company of Mineral and Battery Works
997:. Oxford University Press. p.
993:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
813:components and integrated circuits.
24:
1049:Journal Iron & Steel Institute
86:Wires are used to bear mechanical
25:
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1200:
1206:
1096:
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279:in 1463. The first wire mill in
1175:
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724:with other metals, principally
59:. wires are commonly formed by
1161:. Kalmbach Books. p. 12.
1134:"Types of Strand Construction"
1126:
1067:
1054:
1041:
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855:For further information about
630:industry, engineered springs,
63:the metal through a hole in a
13:
1:
1211:The dictionary definition of
948:
907:wire is the most common type.
574:, which was produced in 1911.
319:
256:'s galvanised wire sculpture
165:
55:is a flexible, round, bar of
692:Not all metals and metallic
7:
911:
667:electric power transmission
432:
102:, a "wire" can refer to an
10:
1252:
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523:
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323:
132:
100:telecommunications signals
29:
899:or for making wire-wound
732:, that wire is prepared.
371:are usually covered with
423:
410:
262:Yorkshire Sculpture Park
1119:Encyclopædia Britannica
989:Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000).
821:is solid wire, usually
681:making; the needle and
665:, and as conductors in
599:Close-up of strings of
570:Encyclopædia Britannica
541:
479:circles within a circle
90:, often in the form of
1075:Bull. Hist. Metall. Gp
1025:, 5, 1991, pp. 95–105.
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962:Swiger Coil Systems.
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618:bonded with gold wire
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548:Copper wire and cable
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415:Further information:
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236:Eastern Mediterranean
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42:
32:Wire (disambiguation)
753:stringed instruments
373:insulating materials
334:Wire drawing concept
226:decoration in early
142:Wire wrapped jewelry
81:cross-sectional area
30:For other uses, see
1077:7(1) (1973), 28-35.
970:on 19 December 2010
501:geometrical reasons
283:was established at
1051:159 (1948), 16-22.
918:High-voltage cable
857:copper magnet wire
790:Examples include:
675:suspension bridges
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49:
1168:978-0-87116-755-2
1023:Jewellery Studies
964:"Edgewound Coils"
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928:Chicken wire
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879:Speaker wire
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750:
734:
691:
628:wire netting
621:
581:
569:
566:
527:
515:
510:No. 36 gauge
497:
486:
477:problem for
468:
448:
427:
420:
401:
381:
367:
363:conductivity
348:
326:Wire drawing
298:
291:, who had a
266:
257:
254:Sophie Ryder
232:
197:
146:
123:coil springs
119:loudspeakers
108:
85:
77:gauge number
52:
50:
36:
938:Tinsel wire
923:Barbed wire
818:Magnet wire
745:vacuum tube
663:data cables
634:making and
584:August 2020
470:skin effect
355:draw plates
240:Phoenicians
169: 2890
162:2nd Dynasty
115:voice coils
111:cylindrical
96:electricity
73:Wire gauges
1225:Categories
1140:8 February
949:References
933:Razor wire
843:generators
755:, such as
741:light bulb
632:wire-cloth
601:piano wire
546:See also:
320:Production
302:draw-plate
273:wool cards
171: – c.
69:draw plate
974:1 January
901:resistors
885:Litz wire
839:inductors
785:helically
781:cimbaloms
773:dulcimers
739:wire for
683:fish-hook
647:aluminium
636:wire rope
505:headphone
493:litz wire
441:Stranded
277:Edward IV
267:Wire was
230:jewelry.
212:Iron Ages
193:Old World
182:wires in
149:antiquity
92:wire rope
43:Overhead
912:See also
905:Nichrome
737:tungsten
702:platinum
433:Stranded
388:paraffin
377:polymers
359:annealed
293:monopoly
244:Anatolia
228:Etruscan
224:filigree
109:Usually
1107::
859:, see:
849:coils,
847:speaker
765:guitars
757:violins
698:ductile
687:carding
679:hairpin
671:heating
640:textile
605:helical
524:Braided
396:bobbins
351:drawing
310:diamond
285:Tintern
260:at the
258:Sitting
220:fibulae
200:swaging
189:drawing
184:jewelry
160:by the
153:jewelry
133:History
61:drawing
1188:14 May
1165:
1101:
1005:
831:motors
823:copper
779:, and
777:dobros
769:pianos
763:, and
761:cellos
730:bronze
722:alloys
714:copper
706:silver
694:alloys
669:, and
655:nickel
651:copper
518:tinned
443:copper
208:Bronze
127:Slinky
726:brass
659:steel
643:fiber
578:page.
537:bars.
424:Solid
411:Forms
312:or a
269:drawn
216:torcs
204:anvil
158:Egypt
94:. In
88:loads
57:metal
1231:Wire
1214:wire
1190:2020
1163:ISBN
1142:2019
1114:Wire
1003:ISBN
976:2011
851:etc.
743:and
728:and
718:gold
710:iron
657:and
542:Uses
460:A.C.
445:wire
392:lead
314:ruby
218:and
210:and
180:gold
98:and
53:wire
1116:".
999:480
306:die
304:or
175:BCE
147:In
117:in
79:or
67:or
65:die
1227::
1082:^
1001:.
903:.
865:).
845:,
841:,
837:,
833:,
775:,
771:,
759:,
712:,
708:,
704:,
653:,
649:,
365:.
246:.
166:c.
151:,
83:.
71:.
51:A
1192:.
1171:.
1144:.
1011:.
978:.
887:.
863:.
853:(
801:.
586:)
582:(
164:(
34:.
20:)
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