762:(about 32 feet per second per second or 9.8 m/s/s); when released – the lower portion moves up toward the top portion with an equivalent, constant upward acceleration as the tension is relieved. As the spring contracts, every point along its length will accelerate downward with gravity and tension, and experience a decrease in overall downward acceleration related to height along the spring due to the spring force changing with extension – at the bottom of the spring the upward initial acceleration reduces in accordance with Hooke's law as the spring contracts, but the centre toward which it is moving gets closer – meaning the base will have been displaced sufficiently toward the centre of inertial mass for it to appear to have hung still. Should this phenomenology extend to very light strings with heavy suspended masses (which have approximately linear tension distributions), different mathematics would be needed to explain the phenomenon.
886:
spring toy, known as the
Plastic Slinky was invented by Donald James Reum Sr. of Avon Plastics in Albany, Minnesota. Reum came up with the idea as he was playing with different techniques to produce a spiral hose for watering plants. However, as it came off the assembly line, according to his children, it looked more like a "Slinky." He worked at it until it came out perfectly and then went to Betty James with his prototype. Reum manufactured the Plastic Slinky for Betty James for several years. Eventually Betty James decided to manufacture the product exclusively through James manufacturing, effectively ending the production of the toy by the small Minnesota company. Reum's patent number, 4120929 was filed on December 28, 1976, and issued by the U.S. Patent Office on October 17, 1978.
167:, a naval mechanical engineer, observed a spring "stepping" downward after being knocked off a shelf, then coming to rest in a vertical position. James's wife Betty later recalled, "He came home and said, 'I think if I got the right property of steel and the right tension, I could make it walk.'" James experimented with different types of steel wire over the next year, and finally found a spring that would "walk". Betty was skeptical, but changed her mind when the toy was fine-tuned and neighborhood children expressed an excited interest in it.
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in the early 1940s. It can perform a number of tricks, including travelling down a flight of steps end-over-end as it stretches and re-forms itself with the aid of gravity and its own momentum; and appearing to levitate for a period of time after it has been dropped. These interesting characteristics
885:
Plastic
Slinkys are also available. They can be made in different colors. Many of them are made with the colors of the rainbow in rainbow order. They were marketed in the 1970s as a safer alternative to metal Slinkys as they did not present a hazard when inserted into electrical sockets. The plastic
138:
The Slinky was originally priced at $ 5, but many paid much more due to price increases of spring steel in
Pennsylvania. It has, however, remained modestly priced throughout its history as a result of Betty James' concern about the toy's affordability for less affluent customers. In addition to its
757:
When the top end of the Slinky is dropped, the information of the tension change must propagate to the bottom end before both sides begin to fall; the top of an extended Slinky will drop while the bottom initially remains in its original position, compressing the spring. This creates a suspension
842:
sent the company a letter and drawings for developing Slinky pull-toys. The company liked her ideas, and Slinky Dog and Slinky Train were added to the company's product line. Slinky Dog, a small plastic dog whose front and rear ends were joined by a metal Slinky, debuted in 1952. Malsed received
945:
Metal
Slinkys can be used as an antenna; it resonates between 7 and 8 MHz. During the Vietnam War, it was used as a portable antenna for local HF communication. This setup had many advantages over a long wire shot from M79 grenade launcher: small dimensions, fast and quiet installation,
926:
Slinkys and similar springs can be used to create a 'laser gun' like sound effect. This is done by holding up a Slinky in the air and striking one end, causing a metallic sound that sharply lowers in pitch. The effect can be amplified by attaching a plastic cup to one end of the Slinky.
961:
astronauts created a video demonstrating how familiar toys behaved in space. One astronaut described the toy as "sort of droop". The video was prepared to stimulate interest in school children about the basic principles of physics and the phenomenon of weightlessness.
775:
The jingle for the Slinky television commercial was created in
Columbia, South Carolina in 1962 with Johnny McCullough and Homer Fesperman writing the music and Charles Weagly penning the lyrics. It became the longest-running jingle in advertising history.
748:
When set in motion on a stepped platform such as a stairway, the Slinky transfers energy along its length in a longitudinal wave. The whole spring descends end over end in a periodical motion as if it were "walking" down one step at a time.
711:
1577:
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movies. James
Industries had discontinued their Slinky Dog a few years previously. Betty James approved of the new Slinky Dog, telling the press, "The earlier Slinky Dog wasn't nearly as cute as this one."
217:
in 1964 and the company grew under her direction. She attributed the toy's success to its "simplicity". The company was sold to Poof
Products, Inc. in 1998. Slinky continued production in Hollidaysburg.
184:
inches (64 mm) tall, and included 98 coils of high-grade blue-black
Swedish steel. They initially had difficulty selling Slinky to toy stores, but in 1945, they were granted permission to set up an
228:
In July 2012, Poof-Slinky, Inc. was acquired by the private equity firm Propel Equity
Partners. In 2014, Propel Equity Partners consolidated Poof-Slinky® and several other toy brands into Alex Brands™.
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Department Store in
Philadelphia to demonstrate it on the Tuesday after Thanksgiving. It was an instant hit; the first 400 units were sold in 90 minutes. In 1946, Slinky was introduced at the
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use as a toy, it has been used as a classroom teaching tool; as a portable and extendable radio antenna in wartime (particularly the Vietnam War). It was inducted into the
119:
have contributed to its success in its home country of the United States, and it has inspired many popular toys with Slinky-like components, in a wide range of countries.
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time of ~0.3 s for an original Slinky, but has potential to create a much larger suspension time. A suspended Slinky's center of mass is accelerating downward at 1
524:
1159:
918:'s Hall of Fame. In 2003, Slinky was named to the Toy Industry Association's "Century of Toys List" of the 20th century's 100 most memorable and creative toys.
819:
used as a promo for the vehicle's return in late March 1998, nearly two months before the ad was pulled due to criticism from the company that made the Slinky.
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It was exactly 70 years ago, on the evening of Nov. 27, 1945, that Richard James demonstrated a new product at Gimbels department store in Philadelphia.
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Richard and Betty formed James Industries and began manufacturing slinkys in Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania, selling them for $ 1 each. They were
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1977:
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reusability, good takeoff angle for local communication, and adequate performance. It was also used to extend the ranges of handheld radios.
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Several online videos have shown that a Slinky can be mounted on the pole of a bird feeder to deter squirrels from climbing up the pole.
1310:
1988:
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royalties of $ 60,000 to $ 70,000 annually for 17 years on her patent for the Slinky pull-toy idea, but never visited the plant.
1786:"the experiMENTALS: experiments - laser canon sound effect - The Lab - Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Gateway to Science"
531:
1362:
1142:
1578:"Isuzu Pulls Commercial That Parodies Slinky Ads: Intro TV Spot for Amigo SUV Drew Criticism; Marketer Says Flight Was Over"
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In 1960, after his wife filed for divorce, Richard James left the company and he became an evangelical missionary in
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1681:, Reum, Donald James, "Method for producing a spirally wound plastic article", issued October 17, 1978
615:
127:
The Slinky was invented and developed by naval engineer Richard T. James in 1943 and successfully demonstrated at
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1948:
Last-Minute Survival Secrets: 128 Ingenious Tips to Endure the Coming Apocalypse and Other Minor Inconveniences
791:
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is a sound installation with up to 20 Helixophones, automated and playing an interactive sound composition.
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The jingle has itself been parodied and referenced in popular culture. It is seen in the "Log" commercial on
451:
of the Slinky. For a spring pendulum one would expect such a dependence. This is because the dependence on
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In 1999, the United States Postal Service issued a Slinky postage stamp. The Slinky was inducted into the
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in November 2008, at age 90, after serving as James Industries' president from 1960 to 1998.
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1337:"ALEX TOYS®, POOF-SLINKY® and ZOOB® Come Together Under New Collective Brand Identity"
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155:'s Century of Toys List. In its first 60 years, about 300 million Slinkys were sold.
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Ikenson, Ben. Patents: Ingenious Inventions: How They Work and How They Came to Be.
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Cross, Rod C.; Wheatland, Mike S. (August 22, 2012). "Modeling a falling slinky".
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1043:(Press release). Toy Industry Association. January 20, 2003. Archived from
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in 2001 but not enacted. The same year, Betty James was inducted into the
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The oscillation of a vertically suspended Slinky has the periodic duration
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because for the spring pendulum one assumes a massless spring with a mass
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706:{\displaystyle T_{\mbox{spring pendulum}}=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {m}{k}}}\,,}
324:
is the length of the Slinky in the gravitational field of the Earth and
245:
65:
1811:"Sonia Paço-Rocchia - Helix - Exposition à Victoriaville – Le Carré 150"
1523:
Cross, Rod C.; Wheatland, Mike S. (2012). "Modeling a falling slinky".
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1702:. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. 2006. p. 106.
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1652:"Talking Toys with Betty James; Persevering for Family and Slinky"
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gave to a musical instrument made with a Slinky and a resonator.
877:
827:"Slinky Dog" redirects here. For the character in Toy Story, see
206:
190:
128:
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1131:
Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them
1041:"Toy Industry Association Announces Its 'Century of Toys List'"
1756:"Toy Industry Association Announces Its Century of Toys List"
859:
105:
1452:
Slinky drop physics - video of extended Slinky being dropped
657:
This expression differs from the ordinary spring pendulum
601:{\displaystyle L(k,m)={\frac {mg}{2k}}={\frac {W}{2k}}\,,}
809:
as part of the final routine in the stand-up comedy film
111:
1363:"Just Play Acquires the Slinky and Shrinky Dinks Brands"
1522:
1469:
2012:"Woman uses Slinky to keep squirrels from bird feeder"
1531:(12). American Association of Physics Teachers: 1051.
1284:"Betty James, Who Named the Slinky Toy, Is Dead at 90"
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In July 2020, the Slinky brand was sold to Just Play.
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For the London skyscraper nicknamed "The Slinky", see
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1952:. Chicago Review Press, Incorporated. 2015. p.
240:
The rules that govern the mechanics of a Slinky are
1891:"ICI Radio-Canada Première | Balados, livres audio"
902:stamp series. A bill to nominate the Slinky as the
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1248:"Betty James, who cofounded Slinky company, dies"
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2040:- home institution of Slinky physics researchers
1699:Sourcebook for Receptive and Expressive Language
1516:
1060:"How the Slinky Sprang Into Stores 70 Years Ago"
999:"How the Slinky Sprang Into Stores 70 Years Ago"
829:List of Toy Story characters § Slinky Dog
1918:"Hélix au Centre d'arts visuels de l'Alberta"
1617:"Helen H. Malsed, 88, Creator of Slinky Toys"
1198:. Iola, Wisconsin: KP Books. pp. 58–59.
295:{\displaystyle T={\sqrt {\frac {32L}{g}}}\,,}
1731:"Regular Session 2001–2002, House Bill 1893"
647:{\displaystyle T=4{\sqrt {\frac {m}{k}}}\,.}
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834:Early in the history of James Industries,
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1027:"The Accidental Invention of the Slinky"
876:
815:. It was also parodied in an ad for the
251:
2099:Goods manufactured in the United States
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1311:"Propel Equity Partners Acquires ALEX®"
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391:. Please note, that the expression for
384:{\textstyle g=9.81\,\mathrm {m/s} ^{2}}
2046:
1281:
1196:Warman's 101 Greatest Baby Boomer Toys
1189:
1187:
992:
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411:is independent of the spring constant
235:
151:in 2000. In 2003, it was named to the
1615:McDowell, Edwin (November 28, 1998).
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1128:
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996:
795:. It is also referenced in the movie
765:
1835:
1378:"Oscillations of a suspended slinky"
1282:Hevesi, Dennis (November 25, 2008).
1193:
1107:
1058:Fabry, Merrill (November 27, 2015).
997:Fabry, Merrill (November 27, 2015).
889:
1909:
1883:
1863:Poisson, Sophie (January 9, 2018).
1856:
1829:
1803:
1650:Witchel, Alex (February 21, 1996).
1184:
987:
743:
213:. Betty James moved the company to
13:
2069:Toy companies of the United States
1085:"Inventor of the Week: The Slinky"
1077:
881:Rainbow colored plastic Slinky toy
371:
363:
14:
2110:
2022:
955:Houston Museum of Natural Science
949:In 1985, in conjunction with the
872:
1986:. April 16, 1985. Archived from
975:Spring (device) § Classification
934:is the name composer and artist
344:the acceleration due to gravity
34:
2004:
1938:
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1576:Halliday, Jean (May 18, 1998).
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1158:Przybys, John (March 1, 1998).
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801:, where it is sung in full by
792:Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls
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1735:Pennsylvania General Assembly
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1376:Pretz, Jörg (July 1, 2021).
858:) was redesigned for all of
738:
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2094:Products introduced in 1945
1916:Radio-Canada: Ici Alberta.
1525:American Journal of Physics
1472:American Journal of Physics
1382:European Journal of Physics
1225:Delaware County Daily Times
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215:Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania
158:
10:
2117:
1836:Sara (December 16, 2015).
826:
610:this allows one to write:
211:Wycliffe Bible Translators
122:
40:A Slinky made out of metal
15:
1135:Andrews McMeel Publishing
1089:MIT School of Engineering
896:National Toy Hall of Fame
782:The Ren & Stimpy Show
770:
141:National Toy Hall of Fame
90:
82:
74:
53:
45:
33:
1764:Toy Industry Association
1412:10.1088/1361-6404/abcddf
1165:Las Vegas Review-Journal
916:Toy Industry Association
735:attached at the bottom.
491:is hidden in the length
223:congestive heart failure
153:Toy Industry Association
959:Space Shuttle Discovery
201:Subsequent developments
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189:in the toy section of
135:on November 27, 1945.
1679:US patent 4120929
1459:. September 26, 2011.
1220:"'Slinky' brainchild"
900:Celebrate the Century
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252:Period of oscillation
2074:Springs (mechanical)
2038:University of Sydney
2014:. December 21, 2016.
1992:on November 10, 2012
1844:(in Canadian French)
1817:(in Canadian French)
1596:on February 26, 2023
1588:Crain Communications
1341:www.businesswire.com
1315:www.businesswire.com
1095:on February 22, 2009
951:Johnson Space Center
836:Helen Herrick Malsed
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221:Betty James died of
131:department store in
1978:"Toy Time in Space"
1547:2012AmJPh..80.1051C
1494:2012AmJPh..80.1051C
1404:2021EJPh...42d5008P
1258:. November 22, 2008
1228:. November 25, 1976
1194:Rich, Mark (2005).
1172:on October 26, 2003
1129:Walsh, Tim (2005).
519:{\textstyle L(k,m)}
244:and the effects of
236:Physical properties
149:Rochester, New York
30:
1983:The New York Times
1815:www.lecarre150.com
1766:. January 21, 2003
1657:The New York Times
1631:on August 24, 2016
1622:The New York Times
1343:. January 29, 2014
1289:The New York Times
1137:. pp. 62–65.
936:Sonia Paço-Rocchia
910:was introduced by
883:
785:and sung by actor
766:Commercial history
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25:Helical spring toy
1758:(Press release).
1555:10.1119/1.4750489
1502:10.1119/1.4750489
1457:Discover magazine
1144:978-0-7407-5571-2
1047:on April 1, 2003.
898:in 2000 in their
890:Awards and honors
805:, and is sung by
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