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392:. Bars or rods that are drawn cannot be coiled; therefore, straight-pull draw benches are used. Chain drives are used to draw workpieces up to 30 m (98 ft). Hydraulic cylinders are used for shorter length workpieces. The reduction in area is usually restricted to between 20% and 50%, because greater reductions would exceed the tensile strength of the material, depending on its
467:: This is a thermal treatment generally used to soften the material being drawn; to modify the microstructure, the mechanical properties, and the machining characteristics of the steel; and to remove internal stresses in the product. Depending on the material and desired final characteristics, annealing may be used before, during (between passes), or after the cold drawing operation.
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correct this, more pressure or less lubrication is applied to the blank to limit the flow of material and cause the material to stretch or set thin. If too much pressure is applied, the part will become too thin and break. Drawing metal requires finding the correct balance between wrinkles and breaking to achieve a successful part.
448:
Cold drawing, process drawing: In this process, the material is drawn at room temperature. The reduced end of the bar or coil, which is smaller than the die opening, is passed through the die where it enters a gripping device of the drawing machine. The drawing machine pulls ("draws") the remaining
345:
forms a shape from a flat sheet of metal (the "blank"), the material is forced to move and conform to the die. The flow of material is controlled through pressure applied to the blank and lubrication applied to the die or the blank. If the form moves too easily, wrinkles will occur in the part. To
456:
Multi-pass drawing: The cold drawing of complex shapes or profiles may involve the workpiece being drawn multiple times through progressively smaller die openings in order to produce the desired shape and tolerances. Material is generally annealed between each drawing pass to increase its
452:
Finished product: The drawn product, which is referred to as "cold drawn" or "cold finished", exhibits a bright or polished finish, increased mechanical properties, improved machining characteristics, and precise and uniform dimensional
387:
a shaped cross-section. Cold drawn cross-sections are more precise and have a better surface finish than hot extruded parts. Inexpensive materials can be used instead of expensive alloys for strength requirements, due to
376:
Bar, tube, and wire drawing all work upon the same principle: the starting stock is drawn through a die to reduce its diameter and increase its length. Usually, the die is mounted on a
380:. The starting end of the workpiece is narrowed or pointed to get the end through the die. The end is then placed in grips which pull the rest of the workpiece through the die.
408:
may or may not be used depending on the specific process used. A floating plug may also be inserted into the inside diameter of the tube to control the wall thickness.
404:
is very similar to bar drawing, except the beginning stock is a tube. It is used to decrease the diameter, improve surface finish, and improve dimensional accuracy. A
449:
unreduced section of the bar or coil through the die. The die reduces the cross section of the bar or coil, shapes its profile, and increases its length.
445:
so that it can pass freely through the drawing die. This is done because the die opening is always smaller in size than the original bar or coil section.
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266:. As the material is drawn (pulled), it stretches and becomes thinner, achieving a desired shape and thickness. Drawing is classified into two types:
84:
712:
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by drawing the material through a series of dies of decreasing size. These dies are manufactured from a number of materials, the most common being
313:. This means the maximal drawing force is limited by the tensile strength of the material, a fact particularly evident when drawing thin wires.
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when the workpiece is longer than its diameter. It is common that the workpiece is also processed using other forming processes, such as
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Tube lubrication: The surface of the bar or tube is coated with a drawing lubricant such as phosphate or oil to aid cold drawing.
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to reduce its diameter and increase its length. Drawing is usually performed at room temperature, thus classified as a
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496:, is the same process as used on metal bars, applied to plastics. Plastic drawing is primarily used in manufacturing
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204:
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Diagram of bar drawing; the workpiece is pulled from left (tension) rather than pushed from the right (compression).
153:
553:, the fiber is stretched to four times its spun length. The crystals formed during drawing are held together by
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is not applied by the turning action of a mill but instead depends on force applied locally near the area of
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396:. To achieve a certain size or shape, multiple passes through progressively smaller dies and intermediate
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Successful drawing depends on the flow and stretch of the material. Steels, copper alloys, and
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It is performed after the material has been "spun" into filaments; by extruding the polymer
373:. In shallow drawing, the depth of drawing is less than the smallest dimension of the hole.
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over a curved axis. For wire, bar, and tube drawing, the starting stock is drawn through a
8:
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Push
Pointing: Several inches of the lead ends of the bar or tube are reduced in size by
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522:. During this process, the individual polymer chains tend to somewhat align because of
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573:(biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate) with improved mechanical properties.
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structure, so they are drawn to align the fibers further, thus increasing
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process; however, drawing may also be performed at higher temperatures to
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provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
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The cold drawing process for steel bars and wire is as follows:
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796:(5th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall,
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large wires, rods, or hollow tubes in order to reduce forces.
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and remove internal stresses produced during the cold working.
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Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003),
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145:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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507:in 1930 while trying to make fibers from an early
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791:
569:(PET) sheet is drawn in two dimensions to make
792:Kalpakjian, Serope; Schmid, Steven R. (2006),
717:, Chemical Heritage Foundation, archived from
863:
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282:drawing. Sheet metal drawing is defined as a
16:Use of tensile forces to elongate a workpiece
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602:
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53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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492:Plastic drawing, sometimes referred to as
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476:Similar drawing processes are applied in
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
794:Manufacturing Engineering and Technology
775:Materials and Processes in Manufacturing
234:
412:has long been used to produce flexible
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316:The starting point of cold drawing is
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85:providing more context for the reader
714:Spinning the Elements – Cold Drawing
143:adding citations to reliable sources
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34:This article has multiple issues.
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529:. These filaments still have an
503:. The process was discovered by
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561:hydrogens of one chain and the
130:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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341:In sheet metal drawing, as a
383:Drawing can also be used to
349:Sheet metal drawing becomes
154:"Drawing" manufacturing
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680:The Fiber Optic Association
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338:are commonly drawn metals.
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567:Polyethylene terephthalate
565:oxygens of another chain.
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320:stock of a suitable size.
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941:Electrohydraulic forming
615:Kalpakjian, pp. 415–419.
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946:Electromagnetic forming
777:(9th ed.), Wiley,
931:Casting (metalworking)
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1152:Tools and terminology
652:Degarmo, pp. 433–434.
627:"Rolling and Drawing"
301:Drawing differs from
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981:Progressive stamping
545:. This is done on a
480:and in making glass
139:improve this article
1057:Finishing processes
518:through pores of a
284:plastic deformation
254:forces to elongate
81:improve the article
625:Ganoksin Project.
250:process that uses
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1183:Plastics industry
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1020:Joining processes
951:Explosive forming
919:Forming processes
741:Menzer, Valerie,
400:may be required.
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1011:Tube bending
966:Hydroforming
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841:Metalworking
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753:, retrieved
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723:, retrieved
719:the original
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683:. Retrieved
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557:between the
547:draw twister
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494:cold drawing
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478:glassblowing
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410:Wire drawing
402:Tube drawing
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351:deep drawing
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330:Wire drawing
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292:cold working
270:drawing and
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137:Please help
132:verification
129:
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79:Please help
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36:Please help
33:
1122:Fabrication
1070:Galvanizing
910:Sheet metal
900:Fabrication
884:fabrication
453:tolerances.
311:compression
268:sheet metal
1172:Categories
1142:Metallurgy
1085:Patination
905:Piece work
755:2008-11-13
725:2008-11-13
589:References
378:draw bench
318:hot-rolled
195:March 2022
165:newspapers
93:March 2022
39:improve it
1137:Machining
1132:Jewellery
1100:Polishing
1065:Anodizing
1042:Soldering
956:Extrusion
583:Extrusion
543:stiffness
531:amorphous
520:spinneret
509:polyester
465:Annealing
459:ductility
443:extruding
394:ductility
385:cold form
45:talk page
1147:Smithing
1037:Riveting
1032:Crimping
1001:Spinning
986:Punching
971:Stamping
744:Nylon 66
685:17 April
631:Archived
577:See also
563:carbonyl
488:Plastics
355:piercing
307:pressure
305:in that
296:hot work
1157:Welding
1127:Forming
1117:Casting
1095:Plating
1090:Peening
1047:Welding
1027:Brazing
1006:Swaging
996:Sinking
991:Rolling
961:Forging
936:Drawing
926:Coining
893:General
880:Forming
524:viscous
498:plastic
439:swaging
425:diamond
406:mandrel
398:anneals
371:beading
367:rolling
363:necking
359:ironing
303:rolling
264:plastic
252:tensile
244:Drawing
179:scholar
1178:Cables
800:
781:
541:, and
501:fibers
369:, and
278:, and
181:
174:
167:
160:
152:
571:BoPET
559:amide
551:nylon
472:Glass
414:metal
324:Metal
262:, or
260:glass
256:metal
246:is a
186:JSTOR
172:books
798:ISBN
779:ISBN
687:2015
527:flow
516:melt
423:and
417:wire
280:tube
272:wire
158:news
441:or
343:die
288:die
276:bar
141:by
83:by
1174::
882:,
733:^
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597:^
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