1452:
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802:
1119:
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1739:
967:
1424:
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833:
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231:
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45:
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737:(in British English: arch frame) is fabricated, typically from timbers and boards. Since each arch of a multi-arch bridge will impose a thrust upon its neighbors, it is necessary either that all arches of the bridge be raised at the same time, or that very wide piers be used. The thrust from the end arches is taken into the earth by substantial (vertical) footings at the canyon walls, or by large inclined planes forming in a sense ramps to the bridge, which may also be formed of arches.
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355:
783:
709:
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219:
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and prevent tension from occurring in the arch ring as loads move across the bridge. Other materials that were used to build this type of bridge were brick and unreinforced concrete. When masonry (cut stone) is used the angles of the faces are cut to minimize shear forces. Where random masonry (uncut and unprepared stones) is used they are mortared together and the mortar is allowed to set before the falsework is removed.
574:
1199:
917:
In some locations it is necessary to span a wide gap at a relatively high elevation, such as when a canal or water supply must span a valley. Rather than building extremely large arches, or very tall supporting columns (difficult using stone), a series of arched structures are built one atop another,
688:
in the middle of the bridge bore the weight of the rest of the bridge. The more weight that was put onto the bridge, the stronger its structure became. Masonry arch bridges use a quantity of fill material (typically compacted rubble) above the arch in order to increase this dead-weight on the bridge
922:
developed the design and constructed highly refined structures using only simple materials, equipment, and mathematics. This type is still used in canal viaducts and roadways as it has a pleasing shape, particularly when spanning water, as the reflections of the arches form a visual impression of
557:
of 605 AD, which combined a very low span-to-rise ratio of 5.2:1, with the use of spandrel arches (buttressed with iron brackets). The
Zhaozhou Bridge, with a length of 167 feet (51 m) and span of 123 feet (37 m), is the world's first wholly stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge,
1791:
Many modern bridges, made of steel or reinforced concrete, often bear some of their load by tension within their structure. This reduces or eliminates the horizontal thrust against the abutments and allows their construction on weaker ground. Structurally and analytically they are not
1784:. This type of bridge is suitable where a temporary centring may be erected to support the forms, reinforcing steel, and uncured concrete. When the concrete is sufficiently set the forms and falseworks are then removed. It is also possible to construct a reinforced concrete arch from
411:
segmental arches made of wood (standing on 40 m-high (130 ft) concrete piers). This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length, while the longest extant Roman bridge is the 790 m-long (2,590 ft) long
1104:
Also known as a bowstring arch, this type of arch bridge incorporates a tie between two opposite ends of the arch. The tie is usually the deck and is capable of withstanding the horizontal thrust forces which would normally be exerted on the abutments of an arch bridge.
330:
arch bridge were that it allowed great amounts of flood water to pass under it, which would prevent the bridge from being swept away during floods and the bridge itself could be more lightweight. Generally, Roman bridges featured wedge-shaped primary arch stones
1649:
1568:
1118:
843:
The corbel arch bridge is a masonry, or stone, bridge where each successively higher course (layer) cantilevers slightly more than the previous course. The steps of the masonry may be trimmed to make the arch have a rounded shape. The
465:
The 14th century in particular saw bridge building reaching new heights. Span lengths of 40 m (130 ft), previously unheard of in the history of masonry arch construction, were now reached in places as diverse as Spain
311:, a substantial part still standing and even used to carry vehicles. A more complete survey by the Italian scholar Vittorio Galliazzo found 931 Roman bridges, mostly of stone, in as many as 26 countries (including former
721:
Where the arches are founded in a watercourse bed (on piers or banks) the water is diverted so the gravel can first be excavated and replaced with a good footing (of strong material). From these, the foundation
1074:
whose base is at or below the deck, but whose top rises above it, so the deck passes through the arch. The central part of the deck is supported by the arch via suspension cables or tie bars, as with a
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1451:
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1423:
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539:(span-to-rise ratio 6.4:1) were founded on thousands of wooden piles, partly rammed obliquely into the grounds to counteract more effectively the lateral thrust.
1711:
1315:
1079:. The ends of the bridge may be supported from below, as with a deck arch bridge. Any part supported from arch below may have spandrels that are closed or open.
1277:
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features 26 segmental arches with an average span-to-rise ratio of 5.3:1, giving the bridge an unusually flat profile unsurpassed for more than a millennium.
966:
1293:
2152:
1936:"The Romans were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the first in the world, fully to appreciate the advantages of the arch, the vault and the dome."
676:. As a result, masonry arch bridges are designed to be constantly under compression, so far as is possible. Each arch is constructed over a temporary
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832:
1330:
951:
2729:
2340:
782:
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is an example of an open-spandrel arch bridge. Finally, if the arch supports the deck only at the top of the arch, the bridge is called a
995:
This type of bridge comprises an arch where the deck is completely above the arch. The area between the arch and the deck is known as the
192:
partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side, and partially into a vertical load on the arch supports. A
1254:
1345:
981:
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600:, who used much narrower piers, revised calculation methods and exceptionally low span-to-rise ratios. Different materials, such as
1889:
2724:
2714:
2377:
1181:
An arch bridge with hinges incorporated to allow movement between structural elements. A single-hinged bridge has a hinge at the
513:(1345) combined sound engineering (span-to-rise ratio of over 5.3 to 1) with aesthetical appeal. The three elegant arches of the
939:
1811:. This has been made possible by the use of light materials that are strong in tension such as steel and prestressed concrete.
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allowing a greater passage for flood waters. Bridges with perforated spandrels can be found worldwide, such as in China (
196:(a long bridge) may be made from a series of arches, although other more economical structures are typically used today.
1521:
1213:
1185:, a two-hinged bridge has hinges at both springing points and a three-hinged bridge has hinged in all three locations.
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213:
17:
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2020:
1968:
1952:
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1221:
2006:
Temple, Robert. The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of
Science, Discovery, and Invention. New York: Touchstone, 1986.
856:
because it does not have this thrust. The disadvantage is that this type of arch is not suitable for large spans.
744:
is constructed, the arches are (or arch is) stabilized with infill masonry above, which may be laid in horizontal
2221:
486:, destroyed in the 15th century, even featured a span length of 72 m (236 ft), not matched until 1796.
2350:
391:
The Romans also introduced segmental arch bridges into bridge construction. The 330 m-long (1,080 ft)
2043:
Troyano, Leonardo Fernández: Bridge
Engineering. A Global Perspective, Thomas Telford Publishing, London 2003,
1826:
1108:
The deck is suspended from the arch. The arch is in compression, in contrast to a suspension bridge where the
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2681:
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1410:
1284:
1051:
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459:
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1003:. If the deck is supported by a number of vertical columns rising from the arch, the bridge is known as an
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or undermining. However, relative to modern alternatives, such bridges are very heavy, requiring extensive
31:
2666:
2580:
2370:
1590:
520:(1569) constitute the oldest elliptic arch bridge worldwide. Such low rising structures required massive
458:
pointed arches were also introduced, reducing lateral thrust, and spans increased as with the eccentric
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2656:
1543:
1022:
999:. If the spandrel is solid, usually the case in a masonry or stone arch bridge, the bridge is called a
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877:
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483:
584:
In more modern times, stone and brick arches continued to be built by many civil engineers, including
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1125:
1008:
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697:
693:
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Springing point hinge (left) and crown hinge (right) on a three-hinged arch bridge in Namur, Belgium
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1963:
Galliazzo, Vittorio (1994), I ponti romani. Catalogo generale, Vol. 2, Treviso: Edizioni Canova,
685:
589:
848:
does not produce thrust, or outward pressure at the bottom of the arch, and is not considered a
467:
2511:
2456:
2363:
1269:
895:
665:
597:
335:) of the same in size and shape. The Romans built both single spans and lengthy multiple arch
295:– the first to fully realize the potential of arches for bridge construction. A list of
2825:
1744:
1655:
1083:
1059:
716:: the falsework was moved to another opening as soon as the lower arch rib had been completed
373:
347:. Their bridges featured from an early time onwards flood openings in the piers, e.g. in the
205:
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2618:
2541:
1671:
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1355:
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The several arches are (or single arch is) constructed over the centering. Once each basic
593:
471:
288:
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are erected/raised to the height of the intended base of the arches, a point known as the
326:), a bridge which has a curved arch that is less than a semicircle. The advantages of the
8:
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482:) and with arch types as different as semi-circular, pointed and segmental arches. The
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1964:
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30:
This article is about the structure type. For specific bridges with this name, see
1788:, where the arch is built in two halves which are then leaned against each other.
1378:
showing the buttressing approach ramps that take the horizontal thrust of the arch
532:
417:
2646:
2481:
2189:
2188:
Reynolds, Charles E.; Steedman, James C.; Threlfall, Anthony J. (7 August 2007).
2135:
2109:
2083:
1933:
Robertson, D.S.: Greek and Roman
Architecture, 2nd edn., Cambridge 1943, p. 231:
1893:
1752:
1663:
1476:
793:
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554:
336:
246:
189:
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65:
431:
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1947:
O'Connor, Colin: "Roman
Bridges", Cambridge University Press 1993, p. 187ff.
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1725:
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1109:
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49:
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Traditional masonry arches are generally durable, and somewhat resistant to
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2521:
1846:
1836:
1504:
1461:
1414:
1182:
892:
745:
650:
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Europe, bridge builders improved on the Roman structures by using narrower
340:
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296:
284:
129:
2355:
2015:
O'Connor, Colin: "Roman
Bridges", Cambridge University Press 1993, p. 126
489:
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1982:
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in Rome (62 BC), one of the world's oldest major bridges still standing.
254:
250:
235:
79:
2219:
Boyd, Thomas D. (1978), "The Arch and the Vault in Greek
Architecture",
2491:
2471:
2466:
2421:
1721:
1694:
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425:
312:
102:
98:
90:
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625:
428:
may represent the earliest surviving bridge featuring a pointed arch.
1851:
1793:
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1434:
1112:
is in tension. A tied-arch bridge can also be a through arch bridge.
853:
849:
752:, which are then infilled with appropriate loose material and rubble.
734:
677:
630:
601:
536:
276:
272:
188:. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its
164:
133:
2345:
2568:
2234:
1904:
Nakassis, Athanassios (2000): "The
Bridges of Ancient Eleutherna",
1594:
1555:
1512:
996:
681:
609:
521:
506:
498:
447:
408:
332:
265:
218:
181:
125:
53:
700:. They are also expensive to build wherever labor costs are high.
580:, opened in 1781, is an early example of a large cast iron bridge.
454:, thinner arch barrels and higher span-to-rise ratios on bridges.
439:
2612:
1702:
1559:
1551:
756:
658:
612:
have been increasingly used in the construction of arch bridges.
193:
121:
94:
2386:
1748:
1395:
1359:
1265:
748:
courses (layers). These may form two outer walls, known as the
654:
573:
525:
404:
396:
385:
253:
bridge is still used by the local populace. The well-preserved
137:
1438:
1417:
is the only inclined-arch suspension bridge in North
America.
605:
113:
short, but often set end-to-end to form a large total length
1071:
292:
185:
1032:
Timeline of three longest supported deck arch bridge spans
2191:
Reinforced
Concrete Designer's Handbook, Eleventh Edition
2187:
1887:
Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Mycenaean bridge at Kazarma
1324:(1325) – longest continuously inhabited bridge in Europe.
1208:
contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images
322:, although a number were segmental arch bridges (such as
2162:. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute. Archived from
1090:
are a through arch bridge which uses a truss type arch.
2351:
Historic Arch Railroad Bridges in Western Massachusetts
1807:
A modern evolution of the arch bridge is the long-span
838:
A corbel arch with the masonry cut into an arch shape
299:
compiled by the engineer Colin O'Connor features 330
664:
Stone, brick and other such materials are strong in
615:
2694:List of lists of covered bridges in North America
1136:, while the side spans of the deck are supported.
759:walls protectively confine traffic to the bridge.
620:
553:In China, the oldest existing arch bridge is the
260:has a triangular corbel arch. The 4th century BC
2817:
384:. The outside was usually covered with brick or
242:Possibly the oldest existing arch bridge is the
2111:Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture
1066:, a through arch bridge that has open spandrels
859:
549:, oldest operational bridge in Australia (1825)
2371:
2062:The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China
1220:beside adjacent text, in accordance with the
372:Roman engineers were the first and until the
945:Diagram of an open-spandrel deck arch bridge
2385:
2297:, Cambridge University Press, p. 129,
2144:
2114:, Courier Dover Publications, p. 137,
1214:removing excessive or indiscriminate images
826:A corbelled arch with the masonry untrimmed
684:. In the first compression arch bridges, a
2378:
2364:
1906:The Annual of the British School at Athens
1775:
2336:NOVA Online – Super Bridge – Arch Bridges
2279:, vol. 2, Treviso: Edizioni Canova,
2274:
2261:, vol. 1, Treviso: Edizioni Canova,
2256:
2031:
1917:
1832:List of longest masonry arch bridge spans
1236:Learn how and when to remove this message
1132:, the central span is suspended from and
918:with wider structures at the base. Roman
210:List of medieval stone bridges in Germany
2292:
2088:, Rutgers University Press, p. 23,
1058:
707:
703:
644:
624:
572:
541:
488:
430:
376:the only ones to construct bridges with
353:
249:in Greece from about 1300 BC. The stone
229:
217:
2313:Safety of historical stone arch bridges
2133:
2081:
2054:
1780:Most modern arch bridges are made from
763:
14:
2818:
2310:
2150:
2140:, Longmans, Green, and Co., p. 25
2137:A history of architectural development
2107:
1036:
2359:
1980:
1141:
768:
2218:
2064:. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
1921:
1192:
505:Constructions such as the acclaimed
1339:. First bridge with elliptic arches
1212:Please help improve the section by
1093:
928:
649:The old stone arch bridge over the
24:
2628:
672:, but cannot resist much force in
214:List of medieval bridges in France
25:
2842:
2662:medieval stone bridges in Germany
2329:
2277:I ponti romani. Catalogo generale
2134:Simpson, Frederick Moore (1913),
1769:Jinhua–Wenzhou High Speed Railway
1309:) supports buildings on its piers
2800:
2799:
2341:Matsuo Bridge Co. – Arch Bridges
1760:
1737:
1710:
1683:
1648:
1625:
1602:
1567:
1536:
1520:
1488:
1468:
1450:
1422:
1402:
1383:
1367:
1344:
1329:
1314:
1292:
1276:
1253:
1222:Manual of Style on use of images
1197:
1159:
1150:
1117:
1001:closed-spandrel deck arch bridge
980:
965:
950:
938:
902:
884:
869:
831:
819:
800:
781:
318:Roman arch bridges were usually
43:
27:Bridge with arch-shaped supports
2346:Historic Bridges of the Midwest
2222:American Journal of Archaeology
2181:
2151:Durski, Brad F. (Winter 2010).
2127:
2101:
2075:
2037:
2025:
1800:with the shape of an arch. See
1585:(formerly named Conduit Road),
1249:Different types of arch bridges
960:, a closed-spandrel arch bridge
807:Corbel arch in the shape of an
616:Simple compression arch bridges
184:at each end shaped as a curved
2153:"Nevada's Galena Creek Bridge"
2009:
2000:
1983:"Designing the segmental arch"
1974:
1957:
1941:
1927:
1911:
1898:
1880:
1827:List of arch bridges by length
1005:open-spandrel deck arch bridge
975:, an open-spandrel arch bridge
621:Advantages of simple materials
388:, as in the Alcántara bridge.
13:
1:
2619:Visual index to various types
2212:
1303:
1052:Category:Through arch bridges
362:
2442:Cantilever spar cable-stayed
2275:Galliazzo, Vittorio (1994),
2257:Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995),
1873:
865:Aqueducts and canal viaducts
860:Aqueducts and canal viaducts
32:Arch Bridge (disambiguation)
7:
2082:Richman, Steven M. (2005),
2034:, pp. 92, 93 (fig. 39)
1814:
1070:This type of bridge has an
852:. It is more stable than a
566:, 17th century) and Wales (
10:
2847:
2831:Bridges by structural type
1188:
1174:
1097:
1049:
1040:
1029:
1023:Category:Deck arch bridges
1020:
958:Grosvenor Bridge (Chester)
772:
484:bridge at Trezzo sull'Adda
275:were already known by the
226:, Spain (built 103-106 AD)
203:
199:
50:A double-arch stone bridge
29:
2795:
2779:
2758:
2702:
2639:
2626:
2394:
2315:, Springer, p. 336,
2194:. CRC Press. p. 41.
2108:Harris, Cyril M. (1983),
2085:The Bridges of New Jersey
1981:Beall, Christine (1988).
1610:Arlington Memorial Bridge
1441:, is the world's longest
1009:Alexander Hamilton Bridge
990:, a cathedral arch bridge
973:Alexander Hamilton Bridge
909:The Roman segmental arch
287:were – as with the
163:
155:
147:
117:
109:
86:
71:
61:
42:
2730:Continuous truss bridges
2703:Lists of bridges by size
2640:Lists of bridges by type
2293:O’Connor, Colin (1993),
1633:Francis Scott Key Bridge
562:, 7th century). Greece (
1804:for more on this type.
1776:Use of modern materials
1531:, Czech Republic (2004)
811:, supporting the Greek
788:Corbel arch built from
590:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
2689:List of bridge–tunnels
2633:
2457:Double-beam drawbridge
1938:
1908:, Vol. 95, pp. 353–365
1390:Fredrikstad bridge in
1270:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1218:moving relevant images
1067:
891:The three-story Roman
755:The road is paved and
717:
712:Workflow on the Roman
661:
642:
633:in the center arch of
598:Jean-Rodolphe Perronet
581:
550:
509:segmental arch bridge
502:
443:
369:
309:Roman aqueduct bridges
239:
227:
2682:vertical-lift bridges
2632:
2311:Proske, Dirk (2009),
1934:
1767:Daxi River Bridge of
1745:Sydney Harbour Bridge
1656:Woodrow Wilson Bridge
1503:(4th century BC), in
1084:Sydney Harbour Bridge
1062:
1013:cathedral arch bridge
923:circles or ellipses.
711:
704:Construction sequence
648:
628:
576:
545:
492:
434:
374:Industrial Revolution
357:
233:
221:
206:List of Roman bridges
2740:Masonry arch bridges
2720:Cable-stayed bridges
1892:8 April 2008 at the
1672:Alexandria, Virginia
1283:Pointed arch of the
764:Types of arch bridge
635:Monroe Street Bridge
596:. A key pioneer was
472:Castelvecchio Bridge
468:Puente de San MartĂn
380:, which they called
305:Roman timber bridges
2667:multi-level bridges
2169:on 16 February 2010
1857:Through arch bridge
1809:through arch bridge
1782:reinforced concrete
1699:Newcastle upon Tyne
1676:Oxon Hill, Maryland
1583:MacArthur Boulevard
1579:Washington Aqueduct
1509:Province of Salerno
1443:through arch bridge
1337:Ponte Santa Trinita
1260:Single-arch bridge
1043:Through arch bridge
1037:Through arch bridge
988:Galena Creek Bridge
668:and somewhat so in
639:Spokane, Washington
518:Ponte Santa Trinita
301:Roman stone bridges
39:
2725:Cantilever bridges
2715:Suspension bridges
2657:cantilever bridges
2634:
2554:Navigable aqueduct
2229:(1): 83–100 (91),
1755:, Australia (2010)
1499:bridge, so called
1479:is a wrought iron
1431:Chaotianmen Bridge
1411:Main Street Bridge
1177:Hinged arch bridge
1142:Hinged arch bridge
1068:
809:isosceles triangle
769:Corbel arch bridge
718:
680:frame, known as a
662:
643:
582:
551:
503:
444:
370:
264:rests on an early
240:
238:, 6–7th century AD
228:
37:
18:Stone arch bridges
2813:
2812:
2771:Bridge to nowhere
2672:road–rail bridges
2389:-related articles
2322:978-3-540-77616-1
2201:978-0-203-08775-6
2121:978-0-486-24444-0
2095:978-0-8135-3510-4
2060:Needham, Joseph.
1867:Truss arch bridge
1802:truss arch bridge
1591:Montgomery County
1575:Union Arch Bridge
1481:truss arch bridge
1285:Puente del Diablo
1246:
1245:
1238:
1183:crown of the arch
934:Deck arch bridges
878:Pont-Saint-Martin
813:Eleutherna Bridge
790:Cyclopean masonry
570:, 18th century).
460:Puente del Diablo
422:Karamagara Bridge
420:. The late Roman
382:Opus caementicium
262:Rhodes Footbridge
258:Eleutherna Bridge
180:is a bridge with
174:
173:
76:Truss arch bridge
16:(Redirected from
2838:
2803:
2802:
2759:Additional lists
2395:Structural types
2380:
2373:
2366:
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2356:
2325:
2307:
2289:
2271:
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2105:
2099:
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2079:
2073:
2058:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1961:
1955:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1884:
1862:Tied arch bridge
1786:precast concrete
1764:
1741:
1718:Hell Gate Bridge
1714:
1687:
1652:
1641:Washington, D.C.
1629:
1618:Washington, D.C.
1606:
1571:
1544:Grosvenor Bridge
1540:
1524:
1492:
1472:
1454:
1426:
1406:
1387:
1371:
1348:
1333:
1318:
1308:
1305:
1296:
1280:
1257:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1163:
1154:
1130:through the arch
1124:The deck of the
1121:
1100:Tied-arch bridge
1094:Tied-arch bridge
1077:tied-arch bridge
984:
969:
954:
942:
929:Deck arch bridge
911:Bridge at Limyra
906:
888:
873:
835:
823:
804:
785:
714:Bridge at Limyra
395:in southwestern
367:
364:
359:Segovia Aqueduct
345:Segovia Aqueduct
324:Alconétar Bridge
303:for traffic, 34
224:Alcántara Bridge
142:structural steel
47:
40:
36:
21:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2791:
2775:
2766:Bridge failures
2754:
2698:
2652:bascule bridges
2647:List of bridges
2635:
2624:
2512:Rolling bascule
2390:
2384:
2332:
2323:
2305:
2287:
2269:
2215:
2210:
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2122:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2080:
2076:
2059:
2055:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1962:
1958:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1928:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1894:Wayback Machine
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1817:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1756:
1753:New South Wales
1742:
1733:
1715:
1706:
1688:
1679:
1678:, U.S.A. (2007)
1664:Capital Beltway
1662:(I-95) and the
1653:
1644:
1643:, U.S.A. (2006)
1630:
1621:
1620:, U.S.A. (2007)
1607:
1598:
1597:, U.S.A. (2008)
1572:
1563:
1541:
1532:
1525:
1516:
1493:
1484:
1477:Garabit Viaduct
1473:
1464:
1455:
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1407:
1398:
1388:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1349:
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1306:
1300:Alte NahebrĂĽcke
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1025:
991:
985:
976:
970:
961:
955:
946:
943:
931:
920:civil engineers
913:
907:
898:
889:
880:
874:
862:
839:
836:
827:
824:
815:
805:
796:
794:Arkadiko bridge
792:, in the Greek
786:
777:
771:
766:
706:
623:
618:
578:The Iron Bridge
560:Zhaozhou Bridge
555:Zhaozhou Bridge
547:Richmond Bridge
524:, which at the
442:, France (1341)
401:Trajan's bridge
365:
247:Arkadiko Bridge
216:
202:
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2828:
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2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2787:Bridges in art
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2330:External links
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2308:
2303:
2290:
2285:
2272:
2267:
2259:I ponti romani
2254:
2235:10.2307/503797
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2180:
2143:
2126:
2120:
2100:
2094:
2074:
2072:. pp. 145–147.
2053:
2036:
2032:Galliazzo 1995
2024:
2008:
1999:
1973:
1956:
1940:
1926:
1920:, p. 36;
1918:Galliazzo 1995
1910:
1897:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1842:Parabolic arch
1839:
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1829:
1824:
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1533:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1515:, Italy (2005)
1494:
1487:
1485:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1458:Bridge of Arta
1456:
1449:
1447:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1362:, Italy (2011)
1350:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1320:
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1187:
1175:Main article:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1157:
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1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1126:Fremont Bridge
1123:
1116:
1098:Main article:
1095:
1092:
1088:Bayonne Bridge
1057:
1056:
1041:Main article:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1027:
993:
992:
986:
979:
977:
971:
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738:
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702:
622:
619:
617:
614:
586:Thomas Telford
568:Cenarth Bridge
564:Bridge of Arta
501:, Italy (1345)
476:Devil's bridge
474:) and France (
436:Devil's bridge
407:featured open-
349:Pons Fabricius
339:, such as the
281:ancient Greeks
201:
198:
172:
171:
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145:
144:
119:
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88:
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73:
69:
68:
66:Clapper bridge
63:
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26:
9:
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2:
2843:
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2827:
2824:
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2543:
2542:Vertical-lift
2540:
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2417:Bridge–tunnel
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2306:
2304:0-521-39326-4
2300:
2296:
2295:Roman Bridges
2291:
2288:
2286:88-85066-66-6
2282:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2268:88-85066-66-6
2264:
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2070:0-521-29286-7
2067:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2049:0-7277-3215-3
2046:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2021:0-521-39326-4
2018:
2012:
2003:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1969:88-85066-66-6
1966:
1960:
1954:
1953:0-521-39326-4
1950:
1944:
1937:
1930:
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1822:Deck (bridge)
1820:
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1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:but rather a
1795:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1770:
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1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:New York City
1723:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1705:, U.K. (2004)
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:Potomac River
1665:
1661:
1660:Interstate 95
1657:
1651:
1646:
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1638:
1637:Potomac River
1634:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:Potomac River
1611:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:carrying the
1576:
1570:
1565:
1562:, U.K. (2007)
1561:
1557:
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1529:ÄŚeskĂ˝ Krumlov
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1357:
1353:
1352:Rialto Bridge
1347:
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1209:
1206:This section
1204:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1162:
1153:
1135:
1134:ties the arch
1131:
1127:
1120:
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1114:
1113:
1111:
1106:
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1091:
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1080:
1078:
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1064:Cotter Bridge
1061:
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533:FleischbrĂĽcke
530:
529:Rialto bridge
527:
523:
519:
516:
512:
511:Ponte Vecchio
508:
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495:Ponte Vecchio
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414:Puente Romano
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393:Limyra Bridge
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366: 100 AD
360:
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297:Roman bridges
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156:Design effort
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33:
19:
2826:Arch bridges
2735:Arch bridges
2677:toll bridges
2617:
2593:Through arch
2427:Cable-stayed
2401:
2312:
2294:
2276:
2258:
2226:
2220:
2190:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2164:the original
2159:
2146:
2136:
2129:
2110:
2103:
2084:
2077:
2061:
2056:
2039:
2027:
2011:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1988:. ebuild.com
1976:
1971:, cf. Indice
1959:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1924:, p. 91
1913:
1905:
1900:
1882:
1847:Roman bridge
1837:Natural arch
1806:
1790:
1779:
1500:
1462:Arta, Greece
1415:Columbus, OH
1322:Krämerbrücke
1232:
1226:
1207:
1180:
1107:
1103:
1081:
1069:
1048:
1019:
1004:
1000:
994:
925:
916:
893:Pont du Gard
842:
749:
746:running bond
741:
727:
691:
663:
651:Kerava River
583:
552:
504:
464:
445:
390:
371:
341:Pont du Gard
320:semicircular
317:
270:
241:
177:
175:
130:wrought iron
2537:Transporter
2517:Submersible
2502:Retractable
1794:true arches
1691:Tyne Bridge
1392:Fredrikstad
1376:moon bridge
1356:Grand Canal
1307: 1300
1227:(July 2021)
846:corbel arch
775:Corbel arch
742:arch barrel
698:foundations
666:compression
594:John Rennie
515:Renaissance
273:true arches
255:Hellenistic
251:corbel arch
236:Anji Bridge
178:arch bridge
91:Pedestrians
80:moon bridge
38:Arch bridge
2820:Categories
2576:Suspension
2492:Drawbridge
2462:Extradosed
2437:Cantilever
2422:Burr Truss
2412:Box girder
2213:References
1722:East River
1695:River Tyne
1587:Cabin John
1527:Bridge in
1501:Porta Rosa
1374:A masonry
1262:Stari most
1050:See also:
1030:See also:
1021:See also:
773:See also:
733:Falsework
694:settlement
629:Falsework
507:Florentine
480:Pont Grand
470:), Italy (
426:Cappadocia
313:Yugoslavia
222:The Roman
204:See also:
110:Span range
103:heavy rail
99:light rail
72:Descendant
2710:By length
2549:Multi-way
2251:194040597
1922:Boyd 1978
1874:Footnotes
1852:Skew arch
1720:over the
1693:over the
1666:over the
1658:carrying
1635:over the
1612:over the
1548:River Dee
1546:over the
1497:dry stone
1435:Chongqing
1354:over the
854:true arch
850:true arch
750:spandrels
735:centering
728:springing
678:falsework
631:centering
602:cast iron
537:Nuremberg
522:abutments
403:over the
337:aqueducts
333:voussoirs
328:segmental
277:Etruscans
271:Although
244:Mycenaean
182:abutments
165:Falsework
134:cast iron
82:(masonry)
2805:Category
2569:Vlotbrug
2482:Moveable
1890:Archived
1815:See also
1732:, U.S.A.
1730:New York
1670:between
1595:Maryland
1556:Cheshire
1513:Campania
1287:in Spain
1110:catenary
1086:and the
997:spandrel
896:aqueduct
686:keystone
682:centring
610:concrete
531:and the
526:Venetian
499:Florence
462:(1282).
448:medieval
409:spandrel
378:concrete
291:and the
266:voussoir
167:required
126:concrete
118:Material
95:vehicles
62:Ancestor
54:Nagasaki
2780:Related
2750:Tallest
2745:Highest
2613:Viaduct
2608:Tubular
2598:Trestle
2564:Pontoon
2507:Rolling
2497:Folding
2487:Bascule
2447:Covered
2173:18 June
2051:, p. 49
1703:England
1560:England
1552:Chester
1189:Gallery
757:parapet
674:tension
659:Finland
641:. 1911.
307:and 54
200:History
194:viaduct
148:Movable
122:masonry
105:, water
87:Carries
56:, Japan
2588:Timber
2432:Canopy
2387:Bridge
2319:
2301:
2283:
2265:
2249:
2243:503797
2241:
2198:
2160:Aspire
2118:
2092:
2068:
2047:
2019:
1967:
1951:
1749:Sydney
1396:Norway
1360:Venice
1266:Mostar
1216:or by
1007:. The
876:Roman
655:Kerava
456:Gothic
418:MĂ©rida
405:Danube
397:Turkey
386:ashlar
285:Romans
283:, the
268:arch.
212:, and
138:timber
2603:Truss
2581:types
2527:Table
2522:Swing
2247:S2CID
2239:JSTOR
2167:(PDF)
2156:(PDF)
1992:8 May
1986:(PDF)
1439:China
1128:goes
724:piers
670:shear
606:steel
452:piers
440:CĂ©ret
289:vault
190:loads
2559:Pile
2532:Tilt
2477:Moon
2452:Crib
2407:Beam
2402:Arch
2317:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2175:2012
2116:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2066:ISBN
2045:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1994:2010
1965:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1798:beam
1674:and
1581:and
1505:Elea
1495:The
1475:The
1429:The
1409:The
1082:The
1072:arch
608:and
592:and
493:The
478:and
343:and
293:dome
279:and
234:The
186:arch
2472:Log
2467:Jet
2231:doi
1639:in
1616:in
1550:in
1460:in
1433:in
1413:in
1358:in
1268:in
1264:in
653:in
535:in
446:In
424:in
416:at
315:).
176:An
170:Yes
159:Low
52:in
2822::
2245:,
2237:,
2227:82
2225:,
2158:.
1751:,
1747:,
1728:,
1724:,
1701:,
1697:,
1593:,
1589:,
1558:,
1554:,
1511:,
1507:,
1437:,
1394:,
1304:c.
1224:.
1015:.
657:,
637:,
604:,
588:,
497:,
438:,
363:c.
208:,
151:No
140:,
136:,
132:,
128:,
124:,
101:,
97:,
93:,
78:,
2379:e
2372:t
2365:v
2233::
2204:.
2177:.
1996:.
1483:.
1445:.
1302:(
1239:)
1233:(
1210:.
730:.
466:(
368:)
361:(
331:(
34:.
20:)
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