Light rail - Knowledge

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ability of buses to travel closer to each other than rail vehicles and their ability to overtake each other at designated locations allowing express services to bypass those that have stopped at stations. However, to achieve capacities this high, BRT station footprints need to be significantly larger than a typical LRT station. In terms of cost of operation, each bus vehicle requires a single driver, whereas a light rail train may have three to four cars of much larger capacity in one train under the control of one driver, or no driver at all in fully automated systems, increasing the labor costs of BRT systems compared to LRT systems. BRT systems are also usually less fuel-efficient as they use non-electrified vehicles.

1523: 1228: 2757: 2673: 59: 1432: 1274:"light rail" has sections that could alternatively be described as a tramway, a light metro, and, in a narrow sense, rapid transit. This is especially common in the United States, where there is not a popularly perceived distinction between these different types of urban rail systems. The development of technology for low-floor and catenary-free trams facilitates the construction of such mixed systems with only short and shallow underground sections below critical intersections as the required clearance height can be reduced significantly compared to conventional light rail vehicles. 2696: 75: 2777: 1534: 91: 1769: 2715: 834: 1881: 2735: 6194: 2807: 786: 411: 1893: 2654: 2084:. The Bordeaux power system costs about three times as much as a conventional overhead wire system and took 24 months to achieve acceptable levels of reliability, requiring the replacement of all the main cables and power supplies. Operating and maintenance costs of the innovative power system still remain high. However, despite numerous service outages, the system was a success with the public, gaining up to 190,000 passengers per day. 1207: 1127: 1759:

employee fatalities from a fire in a workshed. Equivalent fatalities for the Air and Highway modes (fatalities at airports not caused by moving aircraft or fatalities from accidents in automobile repair shops) are not counted toward the totals for these modes. Thus, fatalities not necessarily directly related to in-service transportation are counted for the transit and rail modes, potentially overstating the risk for these modes.

1662:(BRT) is an alternative to LRT and many planning studies undertake a comparison of each mode when considering appropriate investments in transit corridor development. BRT systems can exhibit a more diverse range of design characteristics than LRT, depending on the demand and constraints that exist, and BRT using dedicated lanes can have a theoretical capacity of over 30,000 passengers per hour per direction (for example, the 205: 1656:. It achieves this volume by running four-car trains with a capacity of up to 1,350 passengers each at a frequency of up to 30 trains per hour. However, the Manila light rail system has full grade separation and as a result, has many of the operating characteristics of a metro system rather than a light rail system. A capacity of 1,350 passengers per train is more similar to the heavy rail than light rail. 1802:" in Boston, Massachusetts, which cost $ 200 million per lane mile for a total cost of $ 14.6 billion. A light rail track can carry up to 20,000 people per hour as compared with 2,000–2,200 vehicles per hour for one freeway lane. For example, in Boston and San Francisco, light rail lines carry 9,600 and 13,100 passengers per hour, respectively, in the peak direction during rush hour. 1283: 1623:, trains are usually limited by city block lengths to about four 180-passenger vehicles (720 passengers). Operating on two-minute headways using traffic signal progression, a well-designed two-track system can handle up to 30 trains per hour per track, achieving peak rates of over 20,000 passengers per hour in each direction. More advanced systems with separate rights-of-way using 2821: 1509:. An important advantage of the standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery. Using standard gauges also allows light rail vehicles to be conveniently moved around using the same tracks as freight railways. Additionally, wider gauges (e.g. standard gauge) provide more floor clearance on 2605:, but many of the original tram and streetcar systems were closed down in the mid-20th century, except for many Eastern European countries. Even though many systems closed down over the years, there are still several tram systems that have been operating much as they did when they were first built over a century ago. Some cities (such as Los Angeles and 1790:

rail. At the other end of the scale, four systems (Baltimore, Maryland; Camden, New Jersey; Sacramento, California; and Salt Lake City, Utah) incurred construction costs of less than $ 20 million per mile. Over the US as a whole, excluding Seattle, new light rail construction costs average about $ 35 million per mile.

1831:, a comparably sized US system built at the same time, while by 2009 its ridership was approximately three times as high. Thus, Calgary's capital cost per passenger was much lower than that of San Diego. Its operating cost per passenger was also much lower because of its higher ridership. A typical C-Train vehicle costs only 1822:

used many common light rail techniques to keep costs low, including minimizing underground and elevated trackage, sharing transit malls with buses, leasing rights-of-way from freight railroads, and combining LRT construction with freeway expansion. As a result, Calgary ranks toward the less expensive

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rebuilt interstate highways 25 and 225 and added a light rail expansion for a total cost of $ 1.67 billion over five years. The cost of 17 miles (27 km) of highway improvements and 19 miles (31 km) of double-track light rail worked out to $ 19.3 million per highway lane-mile and $

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Low-floor light rail lines tend to follow a reserved right-of-way and with trains receiving priority at intersections, and tend not to operate in mixed traffic, enabling higher operating speeds. Light rail lines tend to have less frequent stops than tramways, and operate over a longer distance. Light

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is by far the most expensive in the US, at $ 179 million per mile, since it includes extensive tunneling in poor soil conditions, elevated sections, and stations as deep as 180 feet (55 m) below ground level. This results in costs more typical of subways or rapid transit systems than light

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Many light rail systems—even fairly old ones—have a combination of both on- and off-road sections. In some countries (especially in Europe), only the latter is described as light rail. In those places, trams running on mixed rights-of-way are not regarded as a light rail but considered distinctly as

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Compared to buses, costs can be lower due to lower labor costs per passenger mile, higher ridership (observations show that light rail attracts more ridership than a comparable bus service) and faster average speed (reducing the number of vehicles needed for the same service frequency). While light

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Most light rail systems in the United States are limited by demand rather than capacity (by and large, most American LRT systems carry fewer than 4,000 persons per hour per direction), but Boston's and San Francisco's light rail lines carry 9,600 and 13,100 passengers per hour per track during rush

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The most difficult distinction to draw is that between low-floor light rail and streetcar or tram systems. There is a significant amount of overlap between the technologies; similar rolling stock may be used for either, and it is common to classify streetcars or trams as a subcategory of light rail

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The difference between British English and American English terminology arose in the late 19th century when Americans adopted the term "street railway", rather than "tramway", with the vehicles being called "streetcars" rather than "trams". Some have suggested that the Americans' preference for the

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mile for two directions, with an average of $ 2.3 million. However, freeways are frequently built in suburbs or rural areas, whereas light rail tends to be concentrated in urban areas, where right of way and property acquisition is expensive. Similarly, the most expensive US highway expansion

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system operates up to 350 buses per hour per direction). For the effective operation of a bus or BRT system, buses must have priority at traffic lights and have their dedicated lanes, especially as bus frequencies exceed 30 buses per hour per direction. The higher theoretical of BRT relates to the

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Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail. A system described as a light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called "light rail" are

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that is similar to a traditional tram, while it operates at a higher capacity and speed and often on an exclusive right-of-way. In broader use, light rail transit includes tram-like operations mostly on streets. A few light rail networks tend to have characteristics closer to rapid transit or even

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When there is a bus driving on this route, the capacity of the lane will be higher and will increase when the traffic level increases. And because the capacity of a light rail system is higher than that of a bus, there will be even more capacity when there is a combination of cars and light rail.

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Such railways are characterized by exclusive rights of way, advanced train control systems, short headway capability, and floor-level boarding. These systems approach the passenger capacity of full metro systems but can be cheaper to construct due to LRVs generally being smaller in size, turning

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With its mix of right-of-way types and train control technologies, LRT offers the widest range of latitude of any rail system in the design, engineering, and operating practices. The challenge in designing light rail systems is to realize the potential of LRT to provide fast, comfortable service

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refusing (for crash safety reasons) to allow non-FRA compliant railcars (i.e., subway and light rail vehicles) to run on the same tracks at the same times as compliant railcars, which includes locomotives and standard railroad passenger and freight equipment. Notable exceptions in the US are the

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Caution must be exercised in comparing fatalities across modes because significantly different definitions are used. In particular, Rail and Transit fatalities include incident-related (as distinct from accident-related) fatalities, such as fatalities from falls in transit stations or railroad

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in the city center, where the tracks are not always segregated from pedestrians and cars. The third rail (actually two closely spaced rails) is placed in the middle of the track and divided into eight-metre sections, each of which is powered only while it is completely covered by a tram. This

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that have constricted pedestrian areas at the wheels, which is especially important for wheelchair access, as narrower gauges (e.g. metre gauge) can make it challenging or impossible to pass the tram's wheels. Furthermore, standard-gauge rolling stock can be switched between networks either

2048:. When electric street railways became ubiquitous, conduit power was used in those cities that did not permit overhead wires. In Europe, it was used in London, Paris, Berlin, Marseille, Budapest, and Prague. In the United States, it was used in parts of New York City and Washington, D.C. 1670:

The peak passenger capacity per lane per hour depends on which types of vehicles are allowed on the roads. Typically roadways have 1,900 passenger cars per lane per hour (pcplph). If only cars are allowed, the capacity will be less and will not increase when the traffic volume increases.

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An analysis of data from the 505-page National Transportation Statistics report published by the US Department of Transportation shows that light rail fatalities are higher than all other forms of transportation except motorcycle travel (31.5 fatalities per 100 million miles).

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The cost of light rail construction varies widely, largely depending on the amount of tunneling and elevated structures required. A survey of North American light rail projects shows that costs of most LRT systems range from $ 15 million to over $ 100 million per mile.

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singly (or in short, usually two-car or three-car, trains) on fixed rails in the right-of-way that is often separated from other traffic for part or much of the way. Light rail vehicles are typically driven electrically with power being drawn from an overhead electric line via a

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A variation considered by many cities is to use historic or replica cars on their streetcar systems instead of modern LRVs. A heritage streetcar may not have the capacity and speed of an LRV, but it will add to the ambiance and historic character of its location.

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LRT cost efficiency improves dramatically as ridership increases, as can be seen from the numbers above: the same rail line, with similar capital and operating costs, is far more efficient if it is carrying 20,000 people per hour than if it is carrying 2,400. The

1251:. Light rail is designed to address a gap in interurban transportation between heavy rail and bus services, carrying high passenger numbers more quickly than local buses and more cheaply than heavy rail. It serves corridors in which heavy rail is impractical. 1564:

One line of light rail (requires 7.6 m, 25' right of way) has a theoretical capacity of up to 8 times more than one 3.7 m (12 foot) lane on a freeway, excluding busses, during peak times. Roads have ultimate capacity limits that can be determined by

3698: 2116:(RRT) vehicles by their capability for operation in mixed traffic, generally resulting in a narrower car body and articulation to operate in a street traffic environment. With their large size, large turning radius, and often an electrified 1582:

periods of the day. This combination of factors limits roads carrying only automobile commuters to a maximum observed capacity of about 3,000 passengers per hour per lane. The problem can be mitigated by introducing high-occupancy vehicle

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mainly refers to rail cars that run through streets like ordinary streetcars (trams), but also between cities or towns, often through rural environments. In the period 1900–1930, interurbans were very common in the US, especially in the

1187:, bear little similarity to urban rail, and could alternatively be classified as commuter rail or even inter-city rail. In the United States, "light rail" has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems. 2551:

Low-floor LRVs have the advantage of a low-floor design, allowing them to load passengers directly from low-rise platforms that can be little more than raised curbs. High-floor light rail systems also exist, featuring larger stations.

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Studies have attributed light rail with a number of health impacts. Research has associated light rail positively with increased walking and deceased obesity. Additionally, one electric light rail train produces nearly 99 percent less

1838: (equivalent to $ 235 in 2023) per hour to operate, and since it averages 600 passengers per operating hour, Calgary Transit estimates that its LRT operating costs are only 27 cents per ride, versus $ 1.50 per ride on its buses. 1842:

rail vehicles are more expensive to buy, they have a longer useful life than buses, sometimes making for lower life-cycle costs. Compared to heavy rail investment costs are lower, however operating costs are higher than heavy rail.

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However, Calgary's LRT ridership is much higher than any comparable US light rail system, at 300,000 passengers per weekday, and as a result, its capital efficiency is also much higher. Its capital costs were one-third those of the

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streetcars or trams. However, the requirement for saying that a rail line is "separated" can be quite low—sometimes just with concrete "buttons" to discourage automobile drivers from getting onto the tracks. Some systems such as

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in this context is used in the sense of "intended for light loads and fast movement", rather than referring to physical weight. The infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system.

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Serving as a fundamental component of metro and light rail networks, ATO utilises sensors and communication systems to monitor train positions and speeds, automatically adjusting train movements to ensure safe and efficient

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term "street railway" at that time was influenced by German emigrants to the United States (who were more numerous than British immigrants in the industrialized Northeast), as it is the same as the German term for the mode,

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behind another). Since most people who drive to work or on business trips do so alone, studies show that the average car occupancy on many roads carrying commuters is only about 1.5 people per car during the high-demand

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urban transit systems are considered "heavy rail". The main difference between light rail and heavy rail rapid transit is the ability for a light rail vehicle to operate in mixed traffic if the routing requires it.

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is one of the highest capacity ones, having been upgraded in a series of expansions to handle 40,000 passengers per hour per direction, and having carried as many as 582,989 passengers in a single day on its

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programs, but in most cases, policymakers have chosen to add more lanes to the roads, despite a small risk that in unfavorable situations an extension of the road network might lead to increased travel times

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The concept of a "limited tramway" was proposed by American transport planner H. Dean Quinby in 1962. Quinby distinguished this new concept in rail transportation from historic streetcar or tram systems as:

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in the 1970s was proven to have been a technical failure by the following decade. After World War II, the Germans retained many of their streetcar networks and evolved them into model light rail systems

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was introduced in North America in 1972 to describe this new concept of rail transportation. Prior to that time the abbreviation "LRT" was used for "Light Rapid Transit" and "Light Rail Rapid Transit".

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had on-road mixed sections but were closed to regular road traffic, with light rail vehicles and buses both operating along a common right-of-way (however, Link converted to full separation in 2019).

2609:) that once closed down their streetcar networks are now restoring, or have already rebuilt, at least some of their former streetcar/tram systems. Most light rail services are currently committed to 1940:; further projects exist. In some cases, tram trains use previously abandoned or lightly used heavy rail lines in addition to or instead of still in use mainline tracks. In 2022, Spain opened the 996: 1266:

Many systems have mixed characteristics. Indeed, with proper engineering, a rail line could run along a street, then go underground, and then run along an elevated viaduct. For example, the

1928:. This allows commuters to ride directly into the city center, rather than taking a mainline train only as far as a central station and then having to change to a tram. In France, similar 2855: 4727: 2756: 3953: 4794: 292:

and elsewhere, the term "light rail" has come to mean a different type of rail system as modern light rail technology has primarily post-WWII West German origins. An attempt by

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and other North American LRT systems have a top speed of 55–71.5 miles per hour (88.51–115.1 km/h) depending on the system, while the trains on the all-underground

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where the power is only switched on beneath the trams, making it safe on city streets. Several systems in Europe and a few recently opened systems in North America use

1145:, used for higher-capacity, higher-speed systems, also avoids some incompatibilities in terminology between British and American English, for instance in comparing the 1481:

operated the same trains as Vancouver, but used drivers. In most discussions and comparisons, these specialized systems are generally not considered light rail but as

4346: 1505:. Older standard-gauge vehicles could not negotiate sharp turns as easily as narrow-gauge ones, but modern light rail systems achieve tighter turning radii by using 1039:

in the United States but is usually taken to mean a cart, particularly a shopping cart, in the UK and elsewhere. Many North American transportation planners reserve

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MacDonald, J. M., Stokes, R. J., Cohen, D. A., Kofner, A., and Ridgeway, G. K. (2010). "The effect of light rail transit on body mass index and physical activity".

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Combining highway expansion with LRT construction can save costs by doing both highway improvements and rail construction at the same time. As an example, Denver's

1416: 961:, long-used to distinguish railway operations carried out under a less rigorous set of regulations using lighter equipment at lower speeds from mainline railways. 3247:

Ye. N. Petrova. St. Petersburg in Focus: Photographers of the Turn of the Century; in Celebration of the Tercentenary of St. Petersburg. Palace Ed., 2003. p. 12

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to refer to more modern vehicles operating mostly in exclusive rights of way, since they may operate both side-by-side targeted at different passenger groups.

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temporarily or permanently, and both newly built and used standard-gauge rolling stock tends to be cheaper to buy, as more companies offer such vehicles.

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uses an inverted third rail for its electrical power, which allows the electrified rail to be covered and the power drawn from the underside. Trams in

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on a street, an on-street corridor shared with other traffic, a corridor shared with other public transport, or a corridor shared with pedestrians.

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By contrast, light rail vehicles can travel in multi-car trains carrying a theoretical ridership up to 20,000 passengers per hour in much narrower

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Conversely, LRVs generally outperform traditional streetcars in terms of capacity and top-end speed, and almost all modern LRVs are capable of

1016: 4273: 3095: 272:, and elsewhere were decommissioned starting in the 1950s as subsidies for the car increased. Britain abandoned its tram systems, except for 3024: 4425: 2537:

is employed on light rail networks, tracking the position and speed of a train and hence adjusting its movement for safety and efficiency.

2120:, RRT vehicles cannot operate in the street. Since LRT systems can operate in existing streets, they can often avoid the cost of expensive 1647:

have higher light rail ridership than Boston or San Francisco. Systems outside North America often have much higher passenger volumes. The

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Around the world, there are many extant tram and streetcar systems. Some date from the beginning of the 20th century or earlier such as

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while avoiding the tendency to overdesign that results in excessive capital costs beyond what is necessary to meet the public's needs.

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rather than as a distinct type of transportation. However, some distinctions can be made, though systems may combine elements of both.

4596:. Commonwealth Government, Gold Coast City Council & Queensland Government Queensland Transport. 23 December 2004. Archived from 2213:

of their time, with an in-service speed of up to about 145 km/h (90 mph). In Europe, interurbans are making a comeback as "

3950:"Highlights of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey: A-15 Vehicle Occupancy Per Vehicle Mile by Time of Day and Weekend Status" 3460: 1920:

in Germany, dual-voltage light rail trains partly use mainline railroad tracks, sharing these tracks with heavy rail trains. In the

2217:" (locally known under different names) that operate on both the railway and light rail tracks, often with different voltages. The 768: 760: 1556:

for light rail may be 120 passenger miles per gallon of fuel (or equivalent), but variation is great, depending on circumstances.

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minimizes the risk of a person or animal coming into contact with a live rail. In outer areas, the trams switch to conventional

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power supply of the track to the power used by the vehicles (frequently different voltages, rarely third rail vs overhead wires)

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supply electricity to the vast majority of light rail systems. This avoids the danger potentially presented by an electrified

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However, low top speed is not always a differentiating characteristic between light rail and other systems. For example, the

1003:, for instance, is generally used in the UK and many former British colonies to refer to what is known in North America as a 764: 5832: 2044:

was one of the first ways of supplying power, but it proved to be much more expensive, complicated, and trouble-prone than

1566: 756: 3897: 910:; driven by an operator onboard the vehicle; and may have either high platform loading or low-level boarding using steps." 6223: 2912: 2840: 2592: 1851: 853:) to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany, the term 142:. Different definitions exist in some countries, but in the United States, light rail operates primarily along exclusive 1948:

and long-distance trains from the main terminus in the city and curve off to serve cities without a railway connection.

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phrase for types of rail systems using modern streetcars/trams, which means more or less the same thing throughout the

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However, the National Transportation Statistics report published by the US Department of Transportation states that:

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is a separate technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role.

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Light rail systems may also exhibit attributes of heavy rail systems, including having downtown subways, as in

850: 604: 444: 297: 289: 31: 3416: 3153: 5649: 5017: 4819: 4649: 2976: 2942: 2791: 1604: 697: 63: 4453:"Is Light Rail More Attractive to Users than Bus Transit?: Arguments Based on Cognition and Rational Choice" 4315: 3238:

C. N. Pyrgidis. Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction, and Operation. CRC Press, 2016. p. 156

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The first of the new light rail systems in North America began operation in 1978 when the Canadian city of

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tighter curves and climbing steeper grades than standard RRT vehicles, and having a smaller station size.

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to emerge in the United States was the Newark and Granville Street Railway in Ohio, which opened in 1889.

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27.6 million per LRT track-mile. The project came in under budget and 22 months ahead of schedule.

6083: 5974: 5897: 5882: 5005: 4127: 2998: 2887: 2741: 2687: 2617: 2041: 1988: 1271: 828: 807: 599: 233: 4747: 869:) was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, which is 132:

The term was coined in 1972 in the United States, to create an English equivalent for the German word

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By comparison, a freeway lane expansion typically costs $ 1.0 million to $ 8.5 million per

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was coined in 1972 by the U.S. Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA; the precursor to the

6040: 3554: 2744: 2602: 2138:. The latest generation of LRVs is considerably larger and faster, typically 29 metres (95 ft 1064: 1055:(meaning "street railway"). A further difference arose because, while Britain abandoned all of its 1043:

for traditional vehicles that operate exclusively in mixed traffic on city streets, while they use

1032: 727: 663: 459: 4280: 2728:) was separated from the streets, but later it was upgraded to be compatible with common tramways. 6228: 6144: 6104: 6050: 4672: 4378:. Joint International Light Rail Conference, St. Louis, Missouri. Calgary Transit. Archived from 3934: 3639:

Track Design Handbook for Light Rail Transit, Second Edition | Blurbs New | Blurbs | Publications

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freight service only at night, with several hours separating one operation from the other. The

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There is a history of what would now be considered light rail vehicles operating on heavy rail

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p.c., Metro Tech Consulting Services Engineering Architecture; Consultants, Track Guy (2012).

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was built along a freight railway and is still occasionally used by freight traffic overnight.

897:...a mode of transit service (also called streetcar, tramway, or trolley) operating passenger 6159: 6139: 5954: 5787: 5447: 5129: 4935: 4619: 4398: 3614: 3401: 1980: 1498: 1294:

Reference speed from major light rail systems, including station stop time, is shown below.

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have been used to describe these medium-capacity systems. Some "light rail" systems, such as

1080: 966: 800: 737: 356: 237: 143: 4675:. Circular E-C058: 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference. Transportation Research Board 4557: 3183: 3099: 6134: 6099: 5827: 5797: 5752: 5563: 5442: 5156: 5119: 4940: 3800: 2679: 2664: 2625: 2613:

like modern LRVs, i.e. trams, except for large underground metro or rapid transit systems.

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Metro trains are larger and faster than light rail trains, with stops being further apart.

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light rail runs on a mix of a dedicated right of way, tunnels, and at grade intersections.

74: 8: 6218: 6174: 6154: 5969: 5664: 5543: 5336: 5331: 5027: 4977: 4925: 4491: 3286:(1. paperback print ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. pp. 8–9. 2632: 2621: 2218: 2202: 2008: 1885: 1597: 1526: 1028: 717: 515: 471: 371: 209: 191: 3724: 1533: 90: 5928: 5729: 5356: 5161: 5144: 5067: 4472: 3672: 2969:"Defining an Alternative Future: The Birth of the Light Rail Movement in North America" 2902: 2767: 2640: 2157: 2152: in) long with a maximum speed of around 105 kilometres per hour (65.2 mph). 2004: 1146: 1116: 675: 241: 114: 4279:. Washington State Department of Transportation. April 2002. p. 3. Archived from 4250:. Sound Transit (Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority). 2006. Archived from 378:(DLR) in London in 1987, continuing into the 1990s including the establishment of the 370:

In Britain, modern light rail systems began to appear in the 1980s, starting with the

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American Public Transit Association. (1993) Transit Fact Book, Washington, D.C. 104.

3065: 1569:, and usually experience a chaotic breakdown inflow and a dramatic drop in speed (a 833: 6198: 6114: 6078: 6068: 6025: 6020: 6000: 5995: 5877: 5822: 5792: 5283: 5243: 5181: 5062: 5047: 5042: 4962: 4920: 4872: 4795:"Edinburgh tram expansion backed by Scottish Government in new transport blueprint" 4496:

United States Department of Transportation Urban Mass Transportation Administration

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NCHRP Report 599: Default Values for Highway Capacity and Level of Service Analyses

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Quinby, Henry D. (January 1962). "Major Urban Corridor Facilities: A New Concept".

2812: 2660: 2572: 2401: 2072: 1962: 1460: 1108: 790: 641: 542: 525: 352: 308: 221: 179: 27: 26:"Light Rail" and "Light Rail Transit" redirect here. For the Hong Kong system, see 4308:"Reinventing a Corridor: Denver's T-REX project nears completion after five years" 3879: 3752: 5913: 5747: 5583: 5404: 5288: 5258: 5201: 5089: 5074: 4565: 4046: 3917: 3911:

Comparison of Energy Use & CO2 Emissions From Different Transportation Modes

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Defining an Alternative Future: Birth of the Light Rail Movement in North America

2644: 2210: 2121: 1875: 1858: 1833: 1786: 1777: 1644: 1506: 1445: 1248: 1154: 952: 594: 589: 574: 229: 166:; yet only when these systems are fully grade-separated, they are referred to as 1880: 1290:

operates over almost 70 km (43 mi) and connects multiple town centres.

6129: 6030: 6010: 5846: 5767: 5558: 5483: 5412: 5206: 4997: 4517: 2968: 2560: 2081: 2045: 1612: 1510: 1502: 1478: 1412: 1112: 1107:

since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Since the 1980s,

1012: 609: 483: 402: 265: 225: 83: 3507: 1917: 1419:

light rail vehicles have higher top and average speeds than Montreal Metro or

311:, all large and most medium-sized German cities maintain light rail networks. 6212: 6179: 6124: 5719: 5704: 5684: 5679: 5422: 5308: 5191: 5151: 5139: 5032: 4898: 3381: 2826: 2580: 2113: 2107: 2061: 2023: 1972: 1925: 1897: 1616: 1538: 1190:

Light rail corridors may constitute a fully segregated corridor, a dedicated

1176: 1162: 1158: 957: 918: 658: 584: 579: 557: 506: 466: 454: 410: 293: 269: 245: 163: 158: 147: 126: 118: 46: 4296:

Traffic and Highway Engineering By Nicholas J. Garber, Lester A. Hoel, p. 37

2702: 2297: 2173:

A derivative of LRT is light rail rapid transit (LRRT), also referred to as

6193: 6164: 6149: 5949: 5933: 5923: 5892: 5872: 5856: 5817: 5777: 5772: 5757: 5714: 5437: 5216: 5124: 5037: 4952: 4915: 2835: 2806: 2206: 1624: 1608: 1588: 1464: 1452: 976: 914:

However, some diesel-powered transit is designated light rail, such as the

903: 785: 747: 537: 3308: 1892: 1823:

end of the scale with capital costs of around $ 24 million per mile.

1573:) if they exceed about 2,000 vehicles per hour per lane (each car roughly 6169: 5807: 5669: 5639: 5629: 5417: 5384: 5364: 5221: 4982: 3855:"Low-clearance Rapid Transit: Cheaper than subways, faster than trolleys" 2763: 2636: 2606: 2292: 1921: 1570: 1494: 1401: 1252: 1236: 1180: 478: 217: 50: 4251: 4225: 3580: 3532: 3461:"Light rail? Heavy rail? Subway? Rail transit modes fall on a continuum" 893:(APTA), in its Glossary of Transit Terminology, defines light rail as: 288:

Although some traditional trolley or tram systems continued to exist in

6109: 5979: 5699: 5694: 5614: 5516: 5394: 5374: 5326: 5293: 5263: 5228: 5171: 5094: 5057: 4987: 4972: 4947: 4930: 4893: 2721: 2564: 2241: 2214: 2183: 2117: 2049: 1997: 1937: 1929: 1501:

common in many early systems. However, most light rail systems are now

1415:

can only reach a top speed of 72 kilometres per hour (44.74 mph).

1020: 938: 930: 653: 520: 493: 249: 244:

who contacted Pirotsky. It initially drew current from the rails, with

199: 151: 42: 4201:"Dissected: Charting transportation mayhem in its many gory varieties" 4104:. Manila Light Rail Transit Authority. 12 January 2009. Archived from 3258:"The Gross Lichterfelde Tramway was the worlds first electric tramway" 1099:

systems. When these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it

5812: 5762: 5709: 5624: 5578: 5548: 5538: 5478: 5432: 5389: 5379: 5298: 5268: 5253: 5196: 5052: 4910: 3485: 2787: 2616:

Several UK cities have substantial light rail networks including the

2546: 1909: 1579: 1468: 1408: 1219:

rail cars are often coupled into multiple units of two to four cars.

1004: 855: 449: 303: 261: 134: 5233: 4468: 3920:

page 7, Results of Analysis. M.J. Bradley & Associates, May 2007

1214:

runs on dedicated tracks, mostly along a former heavy rail corridor.

5644: 5634: 5619: 5609: 5588: 5568: 5533: 5511: 5473: 5464: 5427: 5341: 5114: 5084: 4841: 4597: 4140: 3936:

A Probabilistic Approach to Defining Freeway Capacity and Breakdown

3880:"Light Rail Schedule Speed – Faster Than Bus, Competitive With Car" 3647: 3161: 2897: 2856:

List of modern tramway and light rail systems in the United Kingdom

2647:

is also a single line route, currently looking to add other lines.

2068: 2040:

When electric streetcars were introduced in the late 19th century,

1933: 1206: 1126: 980: 774: 187: 4452: 5959: 5836: 5674: 5604: 5506: 5346: 5318: 5248: 5238: 5134: 3400:. Edmonton, Alberta: The University Practicum in Rapid Transit – 3217: 2748: 2725: 2706: 2194: 2020: 1819: 1815: 1799: 1640: 1637: 1475: 1405: 1255:

systems are essentially hybrids of light rail and rapid transit.

915: 898: 195: 3345:. 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference. Portland, Oregon: 3216:. BlackNova Internet Services. 11 September 2008. Archived from 2586: 5659: 5654: 5573: 5278: 5104: 4957: 4815: 4612:"Bordeaux Light Rail Route Will Operate Without Overhead Lines" 3339:

Continuing Developments in Light Rail Transit in Western Europe

2845: 2057: 1913: 1901: 1888:, trams sometimes share mainline tracks with heavy rail trains. 1436: 922: 861: 670: 349: 204: 4673:"Designing New Light Rail – Taking Engineering Beyond Vanilla" 2124:

subway and elevated segments that would be required with RRT.

240:

near Berlin in Germany, which opened in 1881. It was built by

150:

coupled together, with a lower capacity and speed than a long

5369: 3127:. Transportation Research Board. pp. 7–9. Archived from 1861:

and hydrocarbon emissions per mile than one automobile does.

1130: 569: 532: 325:

having more doors to facilitate full utilization of the space

2935:"Place of light rail transit in the family of transit modes" 2631:

A smaller network between Birmingham and The Black Country (

1869: 1282: 359:. The concept proved popular, with there now being numerous 322:

operating with "three-section, articulated" transit vehicles

5734: 5689: 5303: 5166: 2240:

generally considered to be a "light rail" vehicle (it is a

2233: 2129: 1991:). Such arrangements are almost impossible now, due to the 1794: 1780:

spurred massive development along its route before opening.

636: 122: 4274:"Highway Construction Cost Comparison Survey Final Report" 3375:(1). Eno Foundation for Highway Traffic Control: 242–259. 2820: 986: 877:, means the same). However, UMTA finally adopted the term 4888: 4742: 4740: 4670: 4520:, obesity, and medical costs: Assessing the magnitudes". 4492:"Light Rail Transit Systems: A Definition and Evaluation" 4013:"Ontario is finally widening Highway 401 through the GTA" 2087: 2954:

National Conference of the Transportation Research Board

2244:

vehicle), and is only included for comparison purposes.

4825: 4135:. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM. 2008. 3975:

https://homepage.rub.de/Dietrich.Braess/Paradox-BNW.pdf

3398:

Light Rapid Transit – the Immediate Answer for Edmonton

1474:

was an early adopter of driverless vehicles, while the

1111:, has built all three types of system: a high-capacity 4737: 2029: 1559: 125:

technology while also having some features from heavy

3776:"Streetcars vs Light Rail ... Is There a Difference?" 2026:

in Ottawa also has freight service at certain hours.

1675:

Table 3 shows an example of peak passenger capacity.

1115:

in dedicated lanes and rights-of-way, a low-capacity

2802: 1467:, have dispensed with the need for an operator. The 1029:

ground-level car pulled along by subterranean cables

228:, invented and operated on an experimental basis by 4373:"Calgary's C-Train – Effective Capital Utilization" 4173:. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from 2635:), with plans to add 6 new lines and extend out to 1763: 1023:. (The usual British term for an aerial tramway is 4560:Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology 3025:"Fact Book Glossary – Mode of Service Definitions" 2112:Light rail vehicles (LRVs) are distinguished from 3952:. US Department of Transportation. Archived from 2861:List of rail transit systems in the United States 1951:Some of the issues involved in such schemes are: 1627:can exceed 25,000 passengers per hour per track. 6210: 2988:From: 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference 3898:"Link Light Rail in the North American Context" 3635: 3613:. American Planning Association. Archived from 4222:"Status of North American Light Rail Projects" 4075: 4071: 4069: 4060:Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual 1607:, not much more than two car lanes wide for a 995:avoids some serious incompatibilities between 82:was the first modern light rail system in the 4857: 4648:. Net Resources International. Archived from 4366: 4364: 3096:International Association of Public Transport 2587:Tram and light rail transit systems worldwide 1961:width of the vehicles to the position of the 1426: 808: 4699:Light Rail Vehicle System Houston/Texas, USA 3988:"Ontario Expanding Highway 401 in Cambridge" 3977:(1968) end of chapter 4 retrieved 2023/02/27 3581:"Trams, Streetcars, and Light Rail Vehicles" 2523: 1975:tracks in the US, especially in the case of 319:having the capacity to carry more passengers 216:The world's first electric tram operated in 98:, was the first light rail system in Africa. 4076:Hanson, Susan; Giuliano, Genevieve (2004). 4066: 3284:The electric interurban railways in America 2872:List of tram and light rail transit systems 2597:List of tram and light rail transit systems 2052:technology was investigated for use on the 1630: 1277: 1153:. Conventional rail technologies including 4864: 4850: 4836:American Public Transportation Association 4728:"Siemens S70 Low-floor Light Rail Vehicle" 4616:American Public Transportation Association 4483: 4370: 4361: 4314:. McGraw-Hill Construction. Archived from 4102:"LRT-1 sets 25-year high record ridership" 3331: 3329: 3029:American Public Transportation Association 3019: 3017: 3015: 2999:"New railway bridge over the Neckar river" 2962: 2960: 979:are even "lighter", in terms of capacity. 891:American Public Transportation Association 815: 801: 19:"LRT" redirects here. For other uses, see 4594:"Gold Coast Light Rail Feasibility Study" 4168:"National Transportation Statistics 2013" 3380: 3306: 3281: 2926: 2064:was ultimately utilized for that system. 1870:Light rail operating on mainline railways 1529:in front of the Gate of Kaohsiung, Taiwan 154:passenger train or rapid transit system. 4216: 4214: 4198: 4162: 4160: 3282:Hilton, George W.; Due, John F. (2000). 2966: 2227: 1924:, this concept was first applied on the 1891: 1879: 1767: 1532: 1521: 1430: 1281: 1226: 1205: 1125: 1103:to differentiate it from their existing 832: 280:(one of the largest in Europe) in 1962. 203: 89: 73: 57: 4792: 4722: 4720: 4535:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 4450: 4428:. Calgary Transit. 2006. Archived from 3458: 3414: 3335: 3326: 3012: 2957: 1119:integrated with street traffic, and an 987:British English versus American English 361:light rail systems in the United States 146:and uses either individual tramcars or 66:has been driven in large part by light 6211: 4828:(UK-based, international organization) 4489: 4224:. Light Rail Now. 2002. Archived from 3773: 3706:Department of Transport and Main Roads 3395: 3366: 2932: 2088:Comparison to other rail transit modes 1636:hour. Elsewhere in North America, the 1611:system. They can often be run through 1497:has had considerable variations, with 1027:, which in the US usually refers to a 348:system, followed three years later by 4845: 4762:"ATO: The Key to the Future of Rail?" 4336: 4211: 4157: 4078:The geography of urban transportation 3939:(PDF), Transportation Research Board. 3824: 3822: 3747: 3745: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3604: 3454: 3452: 3446:(PDF), Transportation Research Board. 3422:. House of Commons Library. p. 2 3114: 2883:Medium-capacity rail transport system 1179:; in recent years, new terms such as 1063:, eight major North American cities ( 4871: 4717: 4671:Fazio, A. E.; Hickey, T. R. (2003). 4555: 4305: 4036:Tom Parkinson and Ian Fisher (1996) 3055:"National Transit Database Glossary" 2740:A light-rail vehicle, a part of the 1987:high-speed third rail line (now the 16:Form of passenger urban rail transit 4490:Vuchic, Vukan R. (1 October 1972). 3699:"Light rail station infrastructure" 3535:. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 3488:. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 3415:Butcher, Louise (25 January 2012). 3200: 2913:Tram and light rail transit systems 2841:General Motors streetcar conspiracy 2593:Tram and light rail transit systems 2030:Ground-level power supply for trams 1955:compatibility of the safety systems 1852:Health impact of light rail systems 1560:Comparison with high capacity roads 248:being installed in 1883. The first 232:in 1880. The first tramway was the 34:. For the Manila (LRT) system, see 13: 6036:Transit-oriented development (TOD) 3819: 3742: 3712: 3578: 3449: 3047: 2236:railcar in the following chart is 1222: 14: 6240: 4809: 4337:Flynn, Kevin (17 November 2006). 3774:Walker, Jarrett (26 March 2010). 3064:. 18 October 2013. Archived from 3059:U.S. Department of Transportation 2310:3.2 metres (10 ft 6 in) 1985:Philadelphia and Western Railroad 1197: 6192: 6046:Transportation demand management 4793:Swanson, Ian (9 December 2022). 4451:Scherer, Milena (January 2010). 4371:McKendrick; et al. (2006). 4343:Rocky Mountain News (Denver, CO) 4199:Sabatini, Jeff (25 April 2014). 4063:, Transportation Research Board. 4049:, Transportation Research Board. 2973:Transportation Research Circular 2819: 2805: 2775: 2755: 2733: 2713: 2694: 2671: 2652: 2577:special third-rail configuration 2555: 1845: 1807:Transportation Expansion Project 1764:Construction and operation costs 1649:Manila Light Rail Transit System 1261: 784: 409: 36:Manila Light Rail Transit System 30:. For the Singapore system, see 4786: 4754: 4701:. Siemens. 2008. Archived from 4687: 4664: 4634: 4604: 4586: 4549: 4540: 4527: 4510: 4444: 4418: 4330: 4299: 4290: 4266: 4240: 4192: 4120: 4094: 4052: 4030: 4005: 3980: 3968: 3942: 3923: 3904: 3890: 3872: 3847: 3830:"Light Rail Transit (LRT) FAQs" 3793: 3767: 3729:Edmonton Radial Railway Society 3691: 3629: 3598: 3572: 3547: 3525: 3500: 3478: 3434: 3408: 3389: 3360: 3300: 3275: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3208:"Welcome to Saskrailmuseum.org" 2540: 1993:Federal Railroad Administration 1944:, where trams share track with 1787:Seattle's new light rail system 1613:existing city streets and parks 1035:is often used as a synonym for 328:faster and quieter in operation 298:new American light rail vehicle 4826:Light Rail Transit Association 4457:Transportation Research Record 3834:Toronto Environmental Alliance 3805:Transportation Policy Research 3459:Johnson, Matt (4 April 2019). 3417:"Railways: light rail schemes" 3347:Light Rail Transit Association 3176: 3158:Light Rail Transit Association 3146: 3080: 3062:Federal Transit Administration 2991: 2893:Railway electrification system 2060:light rail, though power from 1488: 851:Federal Transit Administration 374:from 1980 and followed by the 32:Light Rail Transit (Singapore) 1: 5018:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 4820:Transportation Research Board 3605:Plous, F.K. Jr. (June 1984). 3262:Media Storehouse Photo Prints 2977:Transportation Research Board 2967:Thompson, Gregory L. (2003). 2943:Transportation Research Board 2919: 2500:48 km/h (29.8 mph) 2494:106 km/h (65.9 mph) 2491:125 km/h (77.7 mph) 1864: 1548: 1095:) continued to operate large 1059:after World War II except in 600:Passenger traffic terminology 389: 6074:Passenger information system 4832:"This Is Light Rail Transit" 4816:Light Rail Transit Committee 4339:"T-REX trains ready to roll" 4306:Shaw, Mark (May–June 2006). 3440:Gregory L. Thompson (2003), 3396:Wright, Gerald (Fall 1972). 3122:"This Is Light Rail Transit" 2866:List of town tramway systems 2782:A light-rail vehicle of the 2762:A light-rail vehicle of the 2701:A light-rail vehicle on the 2678:A light-rail vehicle of the 2497:70 km/h (43.5 mph) 1133:'s 101 trolley pulling into 997:British and American English 991:The use of the generic term 283: 278:Glasgow Corporation Tramways 96:light rail in Tunis, Tunisia 7: 5212:Demand-responsive transport 5110:Medium-capacity rail system 4838:(APTA) (2000; updated 2003) 3508:"The Yesterland Hotel Tram" 3213:Saskatchewan Railway Museum 2908:Streetcars in North America 2851:Light rail in North America 2798: 2221:is one well-known example. 1739:Edson & Tennyson, 2003 1664:Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit 1517: 1355:Denver (Downtown-Littleton) 941:, United States, which use 184:Light rail in North America 10: 6245: 6224:Sustainable urban planning 5975:Public transport timetable 5006:Passenger rail terminology 4479:– via SAGE Journals. 4248:"Link Light Rail Projects" 3801:"Light-Rail Transit (LRT)" 3607:"A Desire Named Streetcar" 3465:Greater Greater Washington 2888:Passenger rail terminology 2688:Newcastle, New South Wales 2686:, an urban development in 2618:Nottingham Express Transit 2590: 2544: 2527: 2253:Rapid transit (heavy rail) 2042:conduit current collection 2033: 1989:Norristown High-Speed Line 1873: 1849: 1451:Some systems, such as the 1427:System-wide considerations 1344:Denver (Alameda-Littleton) 1017:the Disney amusement parks 943:diesel multiple unit (DMU) 859:(to be distinguished from 829:Passenger rail terminology 826: 255: 234:Gross-Lichterfelde tramway 177: 173: 40: 25: 18: 6188: 6092: 6059: 6006:Green transport hierarchy 5988: 5942: 5906: 5865: 5743:Automated fare collection 5728: 5597: 5497: 5463: 5403: 5355: 5317: 5180: 4996: 4879: 4750:. Gomaco Trolley Company. 3755:. Seashore Trolley Museum 3307:Courtenay, Peter (2006). 3185:Glossary of Transit Terms 2770:in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2535:Automatic train operation 2530:Automatic train operation 2524:Automatic train operation 2419:15.16 metres (49 ft 2406:20.13 metres (66 ft 2197:. Some of them, like the 2036:Ground-level power supply 1745: 1735: 1479:Scarborough rapid transit 933:, United States, and the 713:List of high-speed trains 307:). With the exception of 113:) is a form of passenger 64:expansion of mass transit 6041:Transportation authority 4748:"Gomaco Trolley Company" 4556:Post, Robert C. (2007). 4516:Edwards, R. D. (2008). " 2603:Toronto streetcar system 2386:27.7 metres (90 ft 2369:22.9 metres (75 ft 1631:Practical considerations 1377:Los Angeles (Green Line) 1278:Speed and stop frequency 1169: 1011:can instead refer to an 157:Narrowly defined it has 41:Not to be confused with 6105:Bus rapid transit creep 6051:Transportation planning 4045:11 January 2009 at the 3559:Encyclopædia Britannica 2569:Docklands Light Railway 2347:2.62 metres (8 ft 2136:multiple-unit operation 1979:. Notable examples are 1967:height of the platforms 1932:are planned for Paris, 1366:Los Angeles (Blue Line) 1233:Docklands Light Railway 1007:, but in North America 615:Railway nationalization 376:Docklands Light Railway 260:Many original tram and 5803:Manual fare collection 5783:Farebox recovery ratio 5274:Personal rapid transit 4834:(PDF) brochure by the 4799:Edinburgh Evening News 4646:Railway-Technology.com 4618:. 2003. Archived from 4406:Cite journal requires 3533:"Trolley (definition)" 3336:Bottoms, Glen (2000). 3160:(LRTA). Archived from 3098:. 2008. Archived from 3031:. 2015. Archived from 2784:Changchun Rail Transit 2330:2.6 metres (8 ft 2313:2.7 metres (8 ft 2067:In the French city of 1983:trains running on the 1905: 1889: 1781: 1761: 1625:moving block signaling 1545: 1530: 1455:in New York City, the 1440: 1291: 1268:Los Angeles Metro Rail 1240: 1215: 1138: 971:English-speaking world 912: 842: 723:Longest train services 605:Named passenger trains 276:, with the closure of 213: 99: 87: 71: 6160:Sustainable transport 6140:Passenger load factor 5955:Clock-face scheduling 5788:Free public transport 5640:Bus turnout (bus bay) 5337:Real-time ridesharing 5130:Platform screen doors 4522:Preventative Medicine 4039:Rail Transit Capacity 3402:University of Alberta 3154:"What is Light Rail?" 3088:"What is light rail?" 2933:Vuchic, V.R. (1975). 2875:(operational systems 2545:Further information: 2528:Further information: 2416: in) articulated 2228:Typical rolling stock 2056:of Australia for the 1981:Lehigh Valley Transit 1977:interurban streetcars 1895: 1883: 1771: 1756: 1594:Downs–Thomson paradox 1536: 1525: 1434: 1306:Average speed (km/h) 1285: 1230: 1212:Inner West Light Rail 1209: 1129: 1015:, or, in the case of 967:international English 895: 873:(the Norwegian term, 839:Buenos Aires Premetro 836: 738:Platform screen doors 357:San Diego, California 344:, adopted the German 207: 93: 77: 61: 6199:Transport portal 6135:Outline of transport 5828:Reduced fare program 5798:Integrated ticketing 5753:Contract of carriage 5564:Personal transporter 5120:Narrow-gauge railway 4968:Rail replacement bus 4426:"LRT technical data" 4286:on 5 September 2009. 3884:www.lightrailnow.org 3555:"Light Rail Transit" 3092:Public transport A-Z 2680:Newcastle Light Rail 2665:Greater Buenos Aires 2626:Manchester Metrolink 2611:articulated vehicles 1776:system in Ontario's 1421:New York City Subway 1151:New York City Subway 1141:The opposite phrase 1135:69th Street Terminal 791:Transport portal 743:Railway speed record 380:Manchester Metrolink 80:Manchester Metrolink 21:LRT (disambiguation) 6175:Transport economics 5970:On-time performance 5965:Night (owl) service 5665:Interchange station 5544:Horse-drawn vehicle 5332:Flexible carpooling 5140:Metro/Rapid Transit 4385:on 18 December 2011 4254:on 17 November 2006 3916:29 May 2015 at the 3900:. 30 December 2009. 3725:"Streetcars vs LRT" 3486:"Tram (definition)" 3068:on 13 November 2013 3035:on 25 February 2018 2633:West Midlands Metro 2622:Sheffield Supertram 2279:Gomaco Trolley Co. 2262:Heritage streetcar 2219:Karlsruhe Stadtbahn 2211:high-speed railcars 2158:Heritage streetcars 2130:Streetcars or trams 1886:Karlsruhe Stadtbahn 1615:, or placed in the 1567:traffic engineering 1527:Circular light rail 1303:Average speed (mph) 865:, which stands for 718:List of train songs 595:High-speed railways 548:Couplers by country 397:Part of a series on 384:Sheffield Supertram 372:Tyne and Wear Metro 210:Preston Car Company 208:Streetcar built by 192:Cable car (railway) 5929:Standing passenger 5192:Auto rickshaw taxi 5162:Suspension railway 5145:Rubber-tyred metro 5068:Heritage streetcar 4973:Share taxi/Taxibus 4622:on 1 December 2008 4432:on 23 October 2006 4318:on 19 October 2006 4228:on 28 October 2006 4080:. Guilford Press. 3585:citytransport.info 3404:Extension Service. 3220:on 15 October 2008 3102:on 13 October 2008 2939:TRB Special Report 2903:Rubber-tyred trams 2768:Avenida Rio Branco 2641:Birmingham Airport 2483:40 seats, 50 max. 2480:30 seats, 157 max. 2477:72 seats, 220 max. 2259:Tram, or streetcar 2201:, the J. G. Brill 2114:rapid rail transit 1906: 1890: 1782: 1546: 1531: 1493:Historically, the 1441: 1333:Dallas (Blue Line) 1292: 1241: 1216: 1147:London Underground 1139: 1121:aerial tram system 951:is similar to the 843: 553:Coupler conversion 334:light rail transit 242:Werner von Siemens 214: 115:urban rail transit 107:light rail transit 100: 88: 72: 6206: 6205: 5898:Transport network 5888:Non-revenue track 5554:Inclined elevator 5489:Inclined elevator 5455:Inclined elevator 5080:Higher-speed rail 5023:Airport rail link 4906:Bus rapid transit 4769:Critical Software 4614:(Press release). 4600:on 19 March 2003. 4579:978-0-313-33916-5 4537:, 39(2), 105–112. 4150:978-0-309-43229-0 3931:Lily Elefteriadou 3807:. 19 January 2016 3657:978-0-309-25824-1 3579:Smiler, Simon P. 3369:Traffic Quarterly 3309:"Trams in the UK" 3293:978-0-8047-4014-2 3188:. 1992. p. 9 2583:-powered trains. 2521: 2520: 2225: 2224: 2013:Capital MetroRail 1829:San Diego Trolley 1798:project was the " 1743: 1742: 1689:Car + light rail 1660:Bus rapid transit 1554:Energy efficiency 1544:train on boarding 1435:The Gold Coast's 1404:LRVs used in the 1398: 1397: 1322:Dallas (Red Line) 1137:near Philadelphia 1113:light rail system 825: 824: 543:Railway couplings 526:Steam locomotives 346:Siemens-Duewag U2 342:Edmonton, Alberta 262:streetcar systems 109:, abbreviated to 6236: 6197: 6196: 6115:Destination sign 6079:Platform display 6069:Destination sign 6026:Transit district 6021:Street hierarchy 6001:Complete streets 5996:Airport security 5878:Cross-city route 5823:Proof-of-payment 5793:Free travel pass 5284:Public light bus 5244:Hackney carriage 5063:Heritage railway 5048:Elevated railway 5043:Cross-city route 4963:Public light bus 4921:Cross-city route 4873:Public transport 4866: 4859: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4803: 4802: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4705:on 27 April 2008 4695:"Technical Data" 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4563: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4531: 4525: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4384: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4349:on 22 March 2007 4345:. Archived from 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4218: 4209: 4208: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4179: 4172: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4134: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4108:on 26 March 2009 4098: 4092: 4091: 4073: 4064: 4056: 4050: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3946: 3940: 3929:Matt Lorenz and 3927: 3921: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3721: 3710: 3709: 3703: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3676: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3421: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382:2027/uc1.$ b3477 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3344: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3134:on 17 April 2018 3133: 3126: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3021: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2995: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2964: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2930: 2868:(all-time lists) 2829: 2824: 2823: 2815: 2813:Transport portal 2810: 2809: 2779: 2759: 2745:streetcar system 2737: 2717: 2698: 2675: 2661:Tren de la Costa 2656: 2575:, France, use a 2505:Typical consist 2465: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2247: 2246: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2096: 2095: 2075:is powered by a 1837: 1678: 1677: 1617:medians of roads 1598:Braess's paradox 1507:articulated cars 1461:Kelana Jaya Line 1297: 1296: 1175:very similar to 1117:streetcar system 1109:Portland, Oregon 867:Stadtschnellbahn 817: 810: 803: 789: 788: 489:Gauge conversion 413: 394: 393: 382:in 1992 and the 365:in North America 353:Calgary, Alberta 222:Saint Petersburg 180:History of Trams 62:In Los Angeles, 28:Light Rail (MTR) 6244: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6191: 6184: 6088: 6061: 6055: 5984: 5938: 5914:Checked baggage 5902: 5861: 5748:Bus advertising 5732: 5724: 5593: 5584:Trackless train 5527:Scooter-sharing 5522:Bicycle-sharing 5499: 5493: 5459: 5399: 5351: 5313: 5289:Pulled rickshaw 5259:Motorcycle taxi 5202:Combination bus 5183: 5176: 5090:Inter-city rail 5075:High-speed rail 4992: 4875: 4870: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4791: 4787: 4773: 4771: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4652:on 13 June 2008 4640: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4566:Greenwood Press 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4532: 4528: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4488: 4484: 4469:10.3141/2144-02 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4407: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4074: 4067: 4057: 4053: 4047:Wayback Machine 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3992:news.ontario.ca 3986: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3956:on 28 June 2017 3948: 3947: 3943: 3928: 3924: 3918:Wayback Machine 3909: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3827: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3751: 3750: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3723: 3722: 3713: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3680: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3617:on 3 March 2006 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3457: 3450: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3394: 3390: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3023: 3022: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2981: 2979: 2965: 2958: 2947: 2945: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2874: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2794: 2780: 2771: 2760: 2751: 2738: 2729: 2718: 2709: 2699: 2690: 2676: 2667: 2657: 2645:Edinburgh Trams 2643:& Walsall. 2599: 2591:Main articles: 2589: 2558: 2549: 2543: 2532: 2526: 2463: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2438:Weight (empty) 2429: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2302:Replica Birney 2230: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2122:grade-separated 2090: 2073:tramway network 2038: 2032: 1942:Cádiz TramBahia 1878: 1876:Karlsruhe model 1872: 1867: 1859:carbon monoxide 1854: 1848: 1832: 1778:Waterloo Region 1766: 1748: 1645:Monterrey Metro 1633: 1562: 1551: 1520: 1511:low-floor trams 1491: 1459:in London, and 1429: 1280: 1264: 1225: 1223:Higher capacity 1200: 1172: 989: 953:British English 923:Ottawa, Ontario 841:, built in 1987 831: 821: 783: 680: 629:Special systems 624: 590:Inter-city rail 575:Passenger train 500: 455:Railway station 432: 431: 392: 296:to introduce a 286: 258: 230:Fyodor Pirotsky 202: 176: 54: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6242: 6232: 6231: 6229:Tram transport 6226: 6221: 6204: 6203: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6130:Land transport 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6031:Transit police 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6011:Rail subsidies 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5883:Network length 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5847:Ticket machine 5844: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5768:Fare avoidance 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5650:Ferry terminal 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5559:Moving walkway 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5484:Moving walkway 5481: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5413:Aerial tramway 5409: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5361: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5209: 5207:Cycle rickshaw 5204: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5186: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5157:Street running 5154: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5002: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4885: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4829: 4823: 4811: 4810:External links 4808: 4805: 4804: 4785: 4753: 4736: 4716: 4686: 4663: 4633: 4603: 4585: 4578: 4548: 4539: 4526: 4518:Public transit 4509: 4482: 4443: 4417: 4408:|journal= 4360: 4329: 4298: 4289: 4265: 4239: 4210: 4205:Car and Driver 4191: 4180:on 25 May 2017 4156: 4149: 4141:10.17226/22061 4119: 4093: 4086: 4065: 4051: 4029: 4017:www.blogto.com 4004: 3979: 3967: 3941: 3922: 3903: 3889: 3871: 3846: 3818: 3792: 3766: 3741: 3711: 3690: 3681:|website= 3656: 3648:10.17226/22800 3628: 3597: 3571: 3546: 3524: 3512:Yesterland.com 3499: 3477: 3448: 3433: 3407: 3388: 3359: 3325: 3313:thetrams.co.uk 3299: 3292: 3274: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3199: 3175: 3164:on 5 June 2016 3145: 3113: 3079: 3046: 3011: 2990: 2956: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2869: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2816: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2781: 2774: 2772: 2761: 2754: 2752: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2700: 2693: 2691: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2658: 2651: 2588: 2585: 2561:Overhead lines 2557: 2554: 2542: 2539: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2453: 2446: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2417: 2404: 2384: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2345: 2328: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2089: 2086: 2082:overhead wires 2062:overhead lines 2046:overhead wires 2034:Main article: 2031: 2028: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1850:Main article: 1847: 1844: 1765: 1762: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1632: 1629: 1621:run in streets 1561: 1558: 1550: 1547: 1519: 1516: 1503:standard gauge 1490: 1487: 1446:Seattle's Link 1428: 1425: 1413:Montreal Metro 1396: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388:Salt Lake City 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1279: 1276: 1263: 1260: 1224: 1221: 1199: 1198:Lower capacity 1196: 1171: 1168: 1013:aerial tramway 988: 985: 925:, Canada, the 823: 822: 820: 819: 812: 805: 797: 794: 793: 780: 779: 778: 777: 772: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 687: 686: 682: 681: 679: 678: 673: 668: 667: 666: 656: 651: 646: 645: 644: 631: 630: 626: 625: 623: 622: 617: 612: 610:Rail subsidies 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 561: 560: 555: 550: 540: 535: 530: 529: 528: 518: 510: 509: 502: 501: 499: 498: 497: 496: 491: 486: 484:Variable gauge 476: 475: 474: 464: 463: 462: 452: 447: 439: 438: 437:Infrastructure 434: 433: 430: 429: 424: 418: 415: 414: 406: 405: 403:Rail transport 399: 398: 391: 388: 330: 329: 326: 323: 320: 285: 282: 266:United Kingdom 257: 254: 175: 172: 148:multiple units 84:United Kingdom 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6241: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6187: 6181: 6180:Micromobility 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125:Hail and ride 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5720:Transport hub 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5705:Train station 5703: 5701: 5700:Taxicab stand 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5685:Park and ride 5683: 5681: 5680:Metro station 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5423:Cable railway 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5152:Regional rail 5150: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5033:Commuter rail 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4936:Intercity bus 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4770: 4763: 4757: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4674: 4667: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4413: 4400: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4365: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4293: 4282: 4275: 4269: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4161: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4089: 4087:1-59385-055-7 4083: 4079: 4072: 4070: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4033: 4018: 4014: 4008: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3899: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3781: 3780:Human Transit 3777: 3770: 3754: 3748: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3708:. p. 19. 3707: 3700: 3694: 3686: 3674: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3632: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3534: 3528: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3487: 3481: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3348: 3341: 3340: 3332: 3330: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3130: 3123: 3117: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3000: 2994: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2925: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2827:Trains portal 2822: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2803: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2720:Metrotram in 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556:Power sources 2553: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2508:4–10 vehicles 2507: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2461: 2454: 2447: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2418: 2405: 2403: 2385: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2346: 2329: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2267:Manufacturer 2266: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:Electroliners 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2108:Rapid transit 2106: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2024:Trillium Line 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011:and Austin's 2010: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973:rapid transit 1966: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926:RijnGouweLijn 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1898:Trillium Line 1894: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1862: 1860: 1853: 1846:Health impact 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1708:Medium volume 1707: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605:rights-of-way 1601: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1557: 1555: 1543: 1540: 1539:Crystal Mover 1535: 1528: 1524: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1438: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1284: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1262:Mixed systems 1259: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245:San Francisco 1238: 1234: 1229: 1220: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:rapid transit 1167: 1164: 1163:rapid transit 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:San Francisco 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 984: 982: 978: 977:People movers 974: 972: 968: 965:is a generic 964: 960: 959: 958:light railway 954: 950: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:Trillium Line 917: 911: 909: 905: 900: 894: 892: 887: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 863: 858: 857: 852: 848: 840: 835: 830: 818: 813: 811: 806: 804: 799: 798: 796: 795: 792: 787: 782: 781: 776: 773: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 689: 688: 684: 683: 677: 674: 672: 669: 665: 662: 661: 660: 659:Rapid transit 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 643: 640: 639: 638: 635: 634: 633: 632: 628: 627: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 585:Regional rail 583: 581: 580:Commuter rail 578: 576: 573: 571: 570:Bogie (truck) 568: 566: 563: 559: 558:Dual coupling 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 541: 539: 538:Railroad cars 536: 534: 531: 527: 524: 523: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 512: 511: 508: 507:rolling stock 504: 503: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 480: 477: 473: 470: 469: 468: 467:Railway track 465: 461: 458: 457: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 436: 435: 428: 427:Company types 425: 423: 420: 419: 417: 416: 412: 408: 407: 404: 401: 400: 396: 395: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 351: 347: 343: 338: 335: 327: 324: 321: 318: 317: 316: 312: 310: 306: 305: 299: 295: 294:Boeing Vertol 291: 290:San Francisco 281: 279: 275: 271: 270:United States 267: 263: 253: 251: 247: 246:overhead wire 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 211: 206: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 171: 169: 165: 164:commuter rail 160: 159:rolling stock 155: 153: 149: 145: 144:rights-of-way 141: 137: 136: 130: 128: 127:rapid transit 124: 121:derived from 120: 119:rolling stock 116: 112: 108: 104: 97: 92: 85: 81: 76: 69: 65: 60: 56: 52: 48: 47:Light railway 44: 37: 33: 29: 22: 6190: 6165:Timing point 6150:Request stop 6093:Other topics 5950:Bus bunching 5934:Travel class 5893:Radial route 5873:Circle route 5857:Transit pass 5818:Penalty fare 5778:Fare evasion 5773:Fare capping 5758:Dead mileage 5715:Transit mall 5438:Gondola lift 5217:Microtransit 5125:People mover 5099: 5038:Circle route 4953:Open top bus 4916:Circle route 4798: 4788: 4779: 4772:. Retrieved 4756: 4707:. Retrieved 4703:the original 4698: 4689: 4677:. Retrieved 4666: 4654:. Retrieved 4650:the original 4645: 4636: 4624:. Retrieved 4620:the original 4606: 4598:the original 4588: 4559: 4551: 4542: 4534: 4529: 4524:, 46, 14–21. 4521: 4512: 4500:. Retrieved 4495: 4485: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4434:. Retrieved 4430:the original 4420: 4399:cite journal 4387:. Retrieved 4380:the original 4351:. Retrieved 4347:the original 4342: 4332: 4320:. Retrieved 4316:the original 4311: 4301: 4292: 4281:the original 4268: 4256:. Retrieved 4252:the original 4242: 4230:. Retrieved 4226:the original 4204: 4194: 4182:. Retrieved 4175:the original 4128: 4122: 4110:. Retrieved 4106:the original 4096: 4077: 4059: 4054: 4038: 4032: 4020:. Retrieved 4016: 4007: 3995:. Retrieved 3991: 3982: 3970: 3958:. Retrieved 3954:the original 3944: 3935: 3925: 3906: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3862:. Retrieved 3858: 3849: 3837:. Retrieved 3833: 3809:. Retrieved 3804: 3795: 3783:. Retrieved 3779: 3769: 3757:. Retrieved 3753:"Light Rail" 3732:. Retrieved 3728: 3693: 3661:. Retrieved 3638: 3631: 3619:. Retrieved 3615:the original 3610: 3600: 3588:. Retrieved 3584: 3574: 3562:. Retrieved 3558: 3549: 3537:. Retrieved 3527: 3515:. Retrieved 3511: 3502: 3490:. Retrieved 3480: 3468:. Retrieved 3464: 3442: 3436: 3424:. Retrieved 3410: 3397: 3391: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3350:. Retrieved 3338: 3316:. Retrieved 3312: 3302: 3283: 3277: 3265:. Retrieved 3261: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3222:. Retrieved 3218:the original 3211: 3202: 3190:. Retrieved 3184: 3178: 3166:. Retrieved 3162:the original 3148: 3136:. Retrieved 3129:the original 3116: 3104:. Retrieved 3100:the original 3091: 3082: 3070:. Retrieved 3066:the original 3049: 3037:. Retrieved 3033:the original 3002:. Retrieved 2993: 2980:. Retrieved 2972: 2946:. Retrieved 2938: 2928: 2876: 2836:Capa vehicle 2630: 2615: 2600: 2559: 2550: 2541:Floor height 2533: 2511:2–5 vehicles 2237: 2231: 2189: 2175:light metro. 2174: 2102:Differences 2099:Alternative 2091: 2066: 2039: 1970: 1950: 1907: 1855: 1840: 1825: 1812: 1804: 1792: 1783: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1736: 1673: 1669: 1658: 1634: 1609:double track 1602: 1589:ride-sharing 1587:) lanes and 1563: 1552: 1499:narrow gauge 1492: 1465:Kuala Lumpur 1453:AirTrain JFK 1450: 1442: 1399: 1293: 1265: 1257: 1242: 1217: 1201: 1192:right-of-way 1189: 1173: 1142: 1140: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1073:Philadelphia 1056: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031:.) The word 1024: 1008: 1000: 992: 990: 975: 962: 956: 948: 947: 913: 896: 888: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 860: 854: 846: 844: 648: 505:Service and 369: 339: 333: 331: 313: 302: 287: 259: 238:Lichterfelde 215: 168:light metros 156: 140:City railway 139: 133: 131: 110: 106: 102: 101: 55: 6170:Transit map 6145:Public good 6062:and signage 5919:First class 5833:Smart cards 5808:Money train 5670:Kassel kerb 5630:Bus station 5418:Cable ferry 5385:Ocean liner 5365:Cable ferry 5222:Paratransit 4983:Transit bus 4978:Shuttle bus 4926:Express bus 4881:Bus service 4781:operations. 4679:10 November 4656:26 December 4626:21 December 4568:. pp. 4502:21 February 4389:11 February 4353:20 November 4322:20 November 4312:Constructor 4258:23 November 4232:23 November 4184:24 February 3960:24 February 3864:15 November 3663:15 February 3352:26 December 3318:26 December 3224:26 December 2982:26 December 2764:VLT Carioca 2684:Honeysuckle 2637:Stourbridge 2607:Jersey City 2402:articulated 2215:tram-trains 2209:, were the 2184:Interurbans 2169:Light metro 1930:tram-trains 1922:Netherlands 1918:Saarbrücken 1818:, Alberta, 1722:High volume 1575:two seconds 1571:traffic jam 1495:track gauge 1489:Track gauge 1483:light metro 1402:Siemens S70 1253:Light metro 1237:light metro 1181:light metro 1157:, freight, 1093:New Orleans 1053:Straßenbahn 999:. The word 753:Terminology 698:Attractions 685:Miscellanea 521:Locomotives 479:Track gauge 472:Maintenance 386:from 1994. 304:Stadtbahnen 218:Sestroretsk 51:Light metro 6219:Light rail 6213:Categories 6120:Dwell time 6110:Crush load 6060:Technology 5980:Short turn 5943:Scheduling 5907:Facilities 5695:Queue jump 5615:Bus garage 5517:Carsharing 5395:Water taxi 5375:Hovercraft 5327:Car jockey 5319:Carpooling 5294:Share taxi 5264:Marshrutka 5229:Dollar van 5172:Tram-train 5100:Light rail 5095:Interurban 5058:Heavy rail 4988:Trolleybus 4948:Marshrutka 4931:Guided bus 4733:. Siemens. 4436:14 October 4022:2 December 3997:2 December 3859:TreeHugger 3517:7 February 2975:(E-C058). 2920:References 2722:Kryvyi Rih 2705:street in 2703:Hämeenkatu 2565:third rail 2517:1 vehicle 2488:Top speed 2433: in) 2400: in) 2361: in) 2288:BART A-Car 2256:Light rail 2242:heavy rail 2205:, and the 2199:Red Devils 2190:interurban 2118:third rail 2077:third rail 2054:Gold Coast 2050:Third rail 2001:River Line 1998:NJ Transit 1938:Strasbourg 1874:See also: 1865:Variations 1694:Low volume 1549:Efficiency 1288:Coast Tram 1286:Belgium's 1155:high-speed 1143:heavy rail 1105:streetcars 1101:light rail 1081:Pittsburgh 1045:light rail 1021:land train 993:light rail 963:Light rail 949:Light rail 939:California 931:New Jersey 927:River Line 908:pantograph 879:light rail 847:light rail 827:See also: 703:By country 654:Interurban 649:Light rail 494:Dual gauge 445:Management 390:Definition 250:interurban 212:in Ontario 200:Interurban 178:See also: 152:heavy rail 103:Light rail 43:Interurban 6084:Timetable 5813:Paid area 5763:Exit fare 5730:Ticketing 5710:Tram stop 5625:Bus stand 5598:Locations 5579:Slope car 5549:Hyperloop 5539:Escalator 5500:transport 5479:Escalator 5467:transport 5433:Funicular 5390:Vaporetto 5380:Hydrofoil 5299:Songthaew 5269:Nanny van 5254:Limousine 5197:Boda boda 5053:Funicular 5028:Cable car 4911:Charabanc 4477:109351210 4463:: 11–19. 3683:ignored ( 3673:cite book 3621:14 August 3168:6 January 3138:6 January 3072:6 January 3039:6 January 2788:Changchun 2547:Low floor 2514:1 vehicle 2471:Capacity 2383: in) 2344: in) 2327: in) 2188:The term 1963:platforms 1910:Karlsruhe 1686:Car + bus 1580:rush hour 1485:systems. 1469:Vancouver 1409:METRORail 1311:Baltimore 1210:Sydney's 1097:streetcar 1089:Cleveland 1061:Blackpool 1041:streetcar 1037:streetcar 1025:cable car 1019:, even a 1005:streetcar 899:rail cars 881:instead. 871:city rail 856:Stadtbahn 845:The term 728:Modelling 708:Companies 693:Accidents 516:Operating 450:Rail yard 332:The term 284:Emergence 274:Blackpool 135:Stadtbahn 6100:Boarding 6016:Security 5989:Politics 5852:Transfer 5645:Dry dock 5635:Bus stop 5620:Bus lane 5610:Bus bulb 5589:Vactrain 5569:Robotaxi 5534:Elevator 5512:Airliner 5474:Elevator 5465:Building 5448:tricable 5428:Elevator 5342:Slugging 5184:for hire 5182:Vehicles 5115:Monorail 5085:Horsecar 5011:glossary 4709:18 March 4112:14 March 4043:Archived 3914:Archived 3611:Planning 2898:Premetro 2799:See also 2573:Bordeaux 2474:150 max. 2069:Bordeaux 1946:commuter 1934:Mulhouse 1772:The new 1518:Capacity 1472:SkyTrain 1423:trains. 1185:Sprinter 1159:commuter 1149:and the 981:Monorail 935:Sprinter 904:trolley 775:Vactrain 565:Wheelset 188:Horsecar 138:meaning 6155:Service 5960:Headway 5924:Sleeper 5866:Routing 5841:Calypso 5837:CIPURSE 5675:Layover 5605:Airport 5507:Airline 5443:bicable 5347:Vanpool 5309:Tuk tuk 5249:Jeepney 5239:Gondola 5135:Railbus 4818:of the 4774:24 July 3933:(2000) 3839:24 July 3811:24 July 3785:22 July 3759:22 July 3734:22 July 3590:18 July 3564:18 July 3539:18 July 3492:18 July 3470:24 July 3426:24 July 3267:18 July 3192:24 June 3106:29 July 3004:24 June 2941:(161). 2749:Toronto 2726:Ukraine 2707:Tampere 2428:⁄ 2411:⁄ 2395:⁄ 2378:⁄ 2366:Length 2356:⁄ 2339:⁄ 2322:⁄ 2273:Siemens 2203:Bullets 2195:Midwest 2147:⁄ 2021:O-Train 2017:Conrail 2009:Trenton 1908:Around 1884:On the 1820:C-Train 1816:Calgary 1800:Big Dig 1737:Source: 1641:C-Train 1638:Calgary 1476:Toronto 1406:Houston 1249:Seattle 1239:system. 1065:Toronto 1033:trolley 916:O-Train 875:by bane 748:Suicide 733:Museums 664:History 642:History 620:Freight 422:History 309:Hamburg 264:in the 256:Postwar 196:PCC car 174:History 5660:Harbor 5655:Hangar 5574:Shweeb 5279:Pesero 5234:Dolmuş 5105:Maglev 4958:Pesero 4941:driver 4894:driver 4576: 4475: 4147: 4084: 3654: 3290: 2948:1 July 2846:H-Bahn 2581:diesel 2567:. The 2464: 2457: 2450: 2443: 2307:Width 2284:Model 2071:, the 2058:G:link 2005:Camden 1936:, and 1916:, and 1914:Kassel 1902:Ottawa 1746:Safety 1731:4,600 1717:3,250 1703:2,250 1654:Line 1 1437:G:Link 1417:LACMTA 1300:System 1272:A Line 1161:, and 1091:, and 1085:Newark 1069:Boston 945:cars. 862:S-Bahn 671:Maglev 533:Trains 355:, and 350:CTrain 226:Russia 198:, and 117:using 5735:fares 5498:Other 5405:Cable 5370:Ferry 4765:(PDF) 4731:(PDF) 4572:–47. 4498:(730) 4473:S2CID 4383:(PDF) 4376:(PDF) 4284:(PDF) 4277:(PDF) 4178:(PDF) 4171:(PDF) 4133:(PDF) 3702:(PDF) 3420:(PDF) 3343:(PDF) 3132:(PDF) 3125:(PDF) 2792:China 2276:Skoda 2250:Type 2003:from 1728:3,400 1714:2,350 1700:1,650 1619:. 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