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are often forceful and inspired, but they are erratic, arbitrarily advanced, and, despite all their show of boldness, lacking in inward certainty and continuity. There is something unsettled about his whole nature: his fluctuation between realistic candor in general and silly mystification in particulars, between cold self-control, rapturous abandonment to sensual pleasures, and insecure and sometimes sentimental vaingloriousness, is not always easy to put up with; his literary style is very impressive and unmistakably original, but it is short-winded, not uniformly successful, and only seldom wholly takes possession of and fixes the subject. But, such as he was, he offered himself to the moment; circumstances seized him, tossed him about, and laid upon him a unique and unexpected destiny; they formed him so that he was compelled to come to terms with reality in a way which no one had done before him.
412:
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387:, written in 52 days, is set in Italy, which he considered a more sincere and passionate country than Restoration France. An aside in that novel, referring to a character who contemplates suicide after being jilted, speaks about his attitude towards his home country: "To make this course of action clear to my French readers, I must explain that in Italy, a country very far away from us, people are still driven to despair by love."
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445:. Later, he would also suffer "restlessness in spirit" when one of his childhood friends, Victorine got married. In a letter to Pauline, he described her as the woman of his dreams and wrote that he would have discovered happiness if he became her husband. This fusion of, and tension between, clear-headed analysis and romantic feeling is typical of Stendhal's great novels; he could be considered a Romantic realist.
601:, Stendhal refers to a novel as a mirror being carried in a basket. The metaphor of the realistic novel as a mirror of contemporary reality, accessible to the narrator, has certain limitations, which the artist is aware of. A valuable realistic work exceeds the Platonic meaning of art as a copy of reality. A mirror does not reflect reality in its entirety, nor is the artist's aim to document it fully. In
2220:(1986) p.500, quote (translation by Randall 2001 p.199): "used the texts of Carpani, Winckler, Sismondi et 'tutti quanti', as an ensemble of materials that he fashioned in his own way. In other words, by isolating his personal contribution, one arrives at the conclusion that the work, far from being a cento, is highly structured such that even the borrowed parts finally melt into a whole
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419:, in 1835: "I dreamed deeply of these names, and of the astonishing stupidities and stupidities they did to me." (From left to right: Virginie Kubly, Angela Pietragrua, Adèle Rebuffel, Mina de Griesheim, Mélanie Guilbert, Angelina Bereyter, Alexandrine Daru, Angela Pietragrua, Matilde Dembowski, Clémentine Curial, Giulia Rinieri, Madame Azur-Alberthe de Rubempré)
1108:, then, are very closely connected with contemporary historical circumstances; contemporary political and social conditions are woven into the action in a manner more detailed and more real than had been exhibited in any earlier novel, and indeed in any works of literary art except those expressly purporting to be politico-satirical tracts."
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a universal point of view in all things; but it is not only in the name of freedom in general but also in the name of individual happiness that
Stendhal calls for women's emancipation." Yet, Beauvoir criticises Stendhal for, although wanting a woman to be his equal, her only destiny he envisions for her remains a man.
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We may ask ourselves how it came about that modern consciousness of reality began to find literary form for the first time precisely in Henri Beyle of
Grenoble. Beyle-Stendhal was a man of keen intelligence, quick and alive, mentally independent and courageous, but not quite a great figure. His ideas
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de
Beauvoir writes "Stendhal never describes his heroines as a function of his heroes: he provides them with their own destinies." She furthermore points out that it "is remarkable that Stendhal is both so profoundly romantic and so decidedly feminist; feminists are usually rational minds that adopt
286:
Marie-Henri Beyle was born in
Grenoble, Isère, on 23 January 1783, into the family of the advocate and landowner Chérubin Beyle and his wife Henriette Gagnon. He was an unhappy child, disliking his "unimaginative" father and mourning his mother, whom he loved fervently, and who died in childbirth in
1002:
When we are in
Bologna, we are entirely indifferent; we are not concerned to admire in any particular way the person with whom we shall perhaps one day be madly in love; even less is our imagination inclined to overrate their worth. In a word, in Bologna "crystallization" has not yet begun. When
365:
by finding a usable ford rather than the overwhelmed pontoon bridge, which probably saved his life and those of his companions. He arrived in Paris in 1813, largely unaware of the general fiasco that the retreat had become. Stendhal became known, during the
Russian campaign, for keeping his wits
503:
Stendhal used many aliases in his autobiographical writings and correspondence, and often assigned pseudonyms to friends, some of whom adopted the names for themselves. Stendhal used more than a hundred pseudonyms, which were astonishingly diverse. Some he used no more than once, while others he
460:
to treat his sexual disease, resulting in swollen armpits, difficulty swallowing, pains in his shrunken testicles, sleeplessness, giddiness, roaring in the ears, racing pulse and "tremors so bad he could scarcely hold a fork or a pen". Modern medicine has shown that his health problems were more
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and
Stendhal "the Novel owes its next great step forward...At that point it became suddenly evident that the Novel as such was capable of being regarded as a means of profoundly serious and many-sided discussion and therefore as a medium of profoundly serious investigation into the human case."
500:, an art historian and archaeologist famous at the time. However, it is not clear whether he chose the name in honour of Winckelmann or simply knew the place as a centre of communications between Berlin and Hanover. Stendhal added an additional "H" to make the Germanic pronunciation more clear.
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that "it would be almost incomprehensible without a most accurate and detailed knowledge of the political situation, the social stratification, and the economic circumstances of a perfectly definite historical moment, namely, that in which France found itself just before the July
Revolution."
995:
338:(Brunswick), where he fell in love with Wilhelmine von Griesheim, whom he called Minette, and for whose sake he remained in the city. "I have no inclination, now, except for Minette, for this blonde and charming Minette, this soul of the north, such as I have never seen in France or Italy."
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As I emerged from the porch of Santa Croce, I was seized with a fierce palpitation of the heart (that same symptom which, in Berlin, is referred to as an attack of the nerves); the well-spring of life was dried up within me, and I walked in constant fear of falling to the ground.
1039:
concurred with Taine's assessment of
Stendhal's skills as a "psychologist", and although emphatic in his praise of Stendhal's psychological accuracy and rejection of convention, he deplored the various implausibilities of the novels and Stendhal's clear authorial intervention.
605:, the writer emphasizes the significance of selection when it comes to describing reality, with a view to realizing the cognitive function of a work of art, achieved through the categories of unity, coherence and typicality". Stendhal was an admirer of Napoleon and his novel
1334:
is less common in France today, but was presumably the most common one in 19th-century France and perhaps the one preferred by
Stendhal, as shown by the at the time well-known phrase "Stendhal, c'est un scandale" as explained on page 88 of
504:
returned to throughout his life. "Dominique" and "Salviati" served as intimate pet names. He coins comic names "that make him even more bourgeois than he really is: Cotonnet, Bombet, Chamier." He uses many ridiculous names: "Don phlegm", "
1140:; one feels that the great events of contemporary history affected Stendhal much more directly than they did the other two; Rousseau did not live to see them, and Goethe had managed to keep aloof from them." Auerbach goes on to say:
524:
he writes: "Will I be believed if I say I'd wear a mask with pleasure and be delighted to change my name?...for me the supreme happiness would be to change into a lanky, blonde German and to walk about like that in Paris."
519:
and autobiographical writings include many comments on masks and the pleasures of "feeling alive in many versions." "Look upon life as a masked ball," is the advice that Stendhal gives himself in his diary for 1814. In
357:'s army in the 1812 invasion of Russia. Upon arriving, Stendhal witnessed the burning of Moscow from just outside the city as well as the army's winter retreat. He was appointed Commissioner of War Supplies and sent to
636:(1824), now more valued for its wide-ranging musical criticism than for its historical content. He also idealized aristocracy, noting its antiegalitarianism but appreciating how it is liberal in its love of liberty.
1007:, and takes the road to Rome. The departure, according to Stendhal, has nothing to do with one's will; it is an instinctive moment. This transformative process actuates in terms of four steps along a journey:
1672:
549:. He was not fully appreciated until the beginning of the 20th century. He dedicated his writing to "the Happy Few" (in English in the original). This can be interpreted as a reference to Canto 11 of
295:
His closest friend was his younger sister, Pauline, with whom he maintained a steady correspondence throughout the first decade of the 19th century. His family was part of the bourgeois class of the
433:. She credited him for perceiving a woman as just a woman and simply a human being. Citing Stendhal's rebellious heroines, she maintained that he was a feminist writer. One of his early works is
975:
he describes or compares the "birth of love", in which the love object is 'crystallized' in the mind, as being a process similar or analogous to a trip to Rome. In the analogy, the city of
652:
1024:
This journey or crystallization process (shown above) was detailed by Stendhal on the back of a playing card while speaking to Madame Gherardi, during his trip to the Salzburg salt mine.
2201:, notes in a letter to a friend: 'he knows very well how to use what one reports to him, and, above all, he knows well how to appropriate foreign works. He translates passages from my
2197:
If the plagiarisms of Stendhal are legion, many are virtually translations: that is, cross-border plagiarism. Maurevert reports that Goethe, commenting enthusiastically on Stendhal's
878:
768:
586:, "the happy few" refers ironically to the small number of people who read the title character's obscure and pedantic treatise on monogamy. As a literary critic, such as in
1132:, are "far more closely, essentially, and concretely connected with the politics, sociology, and economics of the period than are, for example, the corresponding works of
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considered the psychological portraits of Stendhal's characters to be "real, because they are complex, many-sided, particular and original, like living human beings."
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1681:, p. 228 "...the novelist Stendhal, an officer in the commissariat, who was still among the luckiest men on the retreat, having preserved his carriage.".
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about him, and maintaining his "sang-froid and clear-headedness." He also maintained his daily routine, shaving each day during the retreat from Moscow.
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274:, 1839), he is highly regarded for the acute analysis of his characters' psychology and considered one of the early and foremost practitioners of
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considers Stendhal "the greatest all round French writer – author of two of the top 20 French novels, author of a highly original autobiography (
423:
Stendhal was a dandy and wit about town in Paris, as well as an obsessive womaniser. His genuine empathy towards women is evident in his books;
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Stendhal suffered miserable physical disabilities in his final years as he continued to produce some of his most famous work. He contracted
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at Trieste and Civitavecchia. He formed a particular attachment to Italy, where he spent much of the remainder of his career. His novel
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was essentially the literary counterpart of liberalism in politics. When Stendhal was appointed to a consular post in Trieste in 1830,
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Since Stendhal had lived and traveled extensively in Germany, it is of course also possible that he in fact pronounced his name as
1413:), and that some French speakers approximated this but that most used one of the two common French pronunciations of the spelling
1328:, which is run by a professor of linguistics and records the pronunciations of highly educated native speakers. The pronunciation
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559:, which refers to "the thousand happy few" who enjoy high society, or to the "we few, we happy few, we band of brothers" line of
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attributable to his treatment than to his syphilis. He is said to have sought the best treatment in Paris, Vienna and Rome.
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935:), a famous collection of essays on Italian painting, and biographies of several prominent figures of his time, including
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Stendhal died on 23 March 1842, a few hours after collapsing with a seizure in the street in Paris. He is interred in the
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Angela Pietragrua is cited twice: during their first meeting in 1800; and when he fell in love with her in 1811.
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1291:- name composed of only one word. An individual who is known and addressed by a mononym is a mononymous person.
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594:'s classicism to the freer verse and settings of Shakespeare, and supporting the writing of plays in prose.
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and historical dimensions. Stendhal was an avid fan of music, particularly the works of the composers
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1196:), a superb travel writer, and as inimitable a presence on the page as any writer you'll ever meet."
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were a revelation to Beyle. As an assistant war commissioner, he served in the administration of the
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calling him "that pet of all those who like their French plain". In the notes to his translation of
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Delight – one delights in overrating the beauty and merit of the person whose love one hopes to win.
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Nabokov wrote satirically, "Literary departments still labored under the impression that Stendhal,
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488:(September 1817) onwards, he published his works under the pseudonym "M. de Stendhal, officier de
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Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-century France
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Cite error: The named reference "JR" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
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Acknowledgement – one acknowledges the pleasantness of having gained the loved one's interest.
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278:. A self-proclaimed egotist, he coined the same characteristic in his characters' "Beylism".
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1460:"Stendhal: definition of Stendhal in Oxford dictionary (British & World English) (US)"
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In Auerbach's view, in Stendhal's novels "characters, attitudes, and relationships of the
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was "the most beautiful accident of my life, more so than even my discovery of Stendhal".
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The Illustrious Dead: The Terrifying Story of How Typhus Killed Napoleon's Greatest Army
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Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, 2019 (Periplous. Münchener Studien zur Literaturwissenschaft).
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The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind
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Contemporary readers did not fully appreciate Stendhal's realistic style during the
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on 3 August 1810, and thereafter took part in the French administration and in the
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2675:. George Allen & Unwin, 1980 (UK). written in collaboration with Carol Cosman.
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he encountered when he first visited the Tuscan city. As he described in his book
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1485:"Stendhal: definition of Stendhal in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)"
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the Stendhal Express, though there is no physical distress connected to it.
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Stendhal's depiction of "crystallization" in the process of falling in love.
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Napoleonic Scholarship: The Journal of the International Napoleonic Society
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1510:"Stendhal - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
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Eros - Wunde - Restauration. Stendhal und die Entstehung des Realismus,
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He spent "the happiest years of his life" at the Beyle country house in
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by Stirling Haig. On the other hand, many obituaries used the spelling
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in December 1808. As he noted in his journal, he was taking iodide of
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In 1817 Stendhal was reportedly overcome by the cultural richness of
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1718:"Following in the Footsteps of Glory: Stendhal's Napoleonic Career"
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considers modern "serious realism" to have begun with Stendhal and
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the journey begins, love departs. One leaves Bologna, climbs the
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Before settling on the pen name Stendhal, he published under many
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Stendhal: "The Red and the Black" and "The Charterhouse of Parma"
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and claims to have heard the anecdote recounted by a marchesina.'
2102:. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books. p. 8.
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His other works include short stories, journalism, travel books (
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According to the literary theorist Kornelije Kvas: "In his novel
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20:
2252:
Dousteyssier-Khoze, Catherine; Place-Verghnes, Floriane (2006).
2251:
1168:
is "much overrated", and that Stendhal has a "paltry style". In
512:, said: "He never wrote a letter without signing a false name."
437:, a rational analysis of romantic passion that was based on his
3381:
1592:
Essential Novelists - Stendhal: modern consciousness of reality
1260:
1241:
541:, considered to be Stendhal's most notable and well-known work.
3069:
2825:
Digital version of Stendhal's shoulder-notes on his own books.
441:
for Mathilde, Countess Dembowska, whom he met while living at
353:
in Italy. He travelled extensively in Germany and was part of
2014:. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Harvard University Press.
1927:
Stendhal: The Red and the Black and The Charterhouse of Parma
1256:
613:
442:
374:
361:
to prepare provisions for the returning army. He crossed the
216:
175:
84:
2400:
Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature
1047:
refers to Stendhal as "France's last great psychologist" in
3337:
2580:
Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future
1011:
Admiration – one marvels at the qualities of the loved one.
984:
204:
19:
This article is about the writer. For the German city, see
2844:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2810:
2646:
2255:
Poétiques de la parodie et du pastiche de 1850 à nos jours
1314:
is the most common in France today, as shown by the entry
408:
on account of Stendhal's liberalism and anti-clericalism.
2702:
Reading Realism in Stendhal (Cambridge Studies in French)
1566:. New York: St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 1334.
1229:
The condition was diagnosed and named in 1979 by Italian
729:
Melancholy portrait of Stendhal by Ducis, 1835, in Milan.
231:
2297:
2081:
2079:
1368:
Literaturblatt für germanische und romanische Philologie
141:; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his
2647:
Stendhal; Del Litto, Victor; Abravanel, Ernest (1970).
2309:
1017:
Hope – one envisions gaining the love of the loved one.
2403:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
1364:
was also already common at the time of his death (see
2604:. Translated by Common, Thomas. Courier Corporation.
2076:
2010:
Starobinski, Jean (1989). "Pseudononimous Stendhal".
1968:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
1114:
uses Stendhal as an example of a feminist author. In
923:(1838; though first published posthumously in 1930) (
492:". He borrowed this pen name from the German city of
234:
225:
207:
198:
163:
2653:(in French). Vol. 41. le Cercle du bibliophile.
1828:
1816:
1695:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
1633:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 11.
1487:. Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014-01-23. Archived from
1462:. Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014-01-23. Archived from
1371:(in German). Vol. 57 to 58. 1936. p. 175).
1270:
612:
Today, Stendhal's works attract attention for their
228:
219:
213:
201:
178:
172:
166:
2518:
Naples and Florence: A Journey from Milan to Reggio
2177:
Pragmatic plagiarism: authorship, profit, and power
1902:
Study Guide to The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir
1849:
Paul Broca and the Origins of Language in the Brain
1217:
Naples and Florence: A Journey from Milan to Reggio
609:is considered his literary tribute to the emperor.
237:
210:
160:
2174:
254:), was a French writer. Best known for the novels
2669:A Lion for Love: A Critical Biography of Stendhal
2428:
2426:
2424:
1851:. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. p. 135.
1358:, which clearly indicates that the pronunciation
415:List of the women that he had loved, inserted in
5588:French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
5509:
2058:. Translated by Ellis, David. Horizon. pp.
1124:Even Stendhal's autobiographical works, such as
2598:Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1 January 2004).
2125:How the French Won Waterloo - or Think They Did
1879:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 218.
750:(1830, later published in the Paris periodical
299:, which explains his ambiguous attitude toward
2421:
1953:. Suffolk: Chapman and Hall. 1913. p. 74.
318:where Stendhal stayed in December 1812 during
3085:
2985:
2864:
2100:The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature
1661:. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. p. 68.
2583:. Translated by Hollingdale, R. J. Penguin.
1747:Sartre, Jean-Paul (September–October 2009).
394:and his sojourn in Italy convinced him that
2432:
2009:
1631:Stendhal: Fiction and the Themes of Freedom
1248:) amongst first-time visitors to the city.
569:, but Stendhal's use more likely refers to
3092:
3078:
2992:
2978:
2871:
2857:
1656:
326:The military and theatrical worlds of the
36:
2597:
2576:
2460:"The Strange Case of Pushkin and Nabokov"
2315:
2303:
2147:
1807:
1255:named their overnight train service from
1053:(1886). He also mentions Stendhal in the
537:The second volume of the 1831 edition of
373:, he left for Italy, where he settled in
2828:
2650:Vies de Haydn, de Mozart et de Métastase
2601:Twilight of the Idols and the Antichrist
2396:
2049:
1874:
1846:
1773:
1628:
993:
724:
532:
410:
309:
5538:19th-century French short story writers
2792:: text, concordances and frequency list
2392:
2390:
2388:
2278:
2181:. University of Toronto Press. p.
2172:
2034:
2005:
2003:
1924:
1780:The British Journal of General Practice
1715:
870:(written in 1832 and published in 1892)
721:(1839–1842, unfinished, published 1889)
5510:
2739:Stendhal: The Background to the Novels
2555:
2457:
2233:
2122:
2085:
1746:
377:. In 1830, he was appointed as French
5439:Romanticism and the French Revolution
3073:
2973:
2878:
2852:
2618:
2577:Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1973).
2534:
2487:
2035:Di Maio, Mariella (2011). "Preface".
1996:. Cambridge: CUP Archive. p. 67.
1991:
1987:
1985:
1963:
1870:
1868:
1834:
1822:
1678:
1652:
1650:
1561:
1424:
1418:
1388:
1359:
1329:
1319:
1309:
1027:
390:Stendhal identified with the nascent
249:
136:
5593:French psychological fiction writers
2515:
2385:
2358:
2327:
2097:
2037:Aux âmes sensibles, Lettres choisies
2000:
1899:
1690:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1557:
1555:
1336:
1199:
2714:. London, Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994.
2704:. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
1904:. Nashville: Influence Publishers.
1663:
632:. He wrote a biography of Rossini,
13:
2640:
2091:
1982:
1865:
1647:
1616:"Literary Encyclopedia – Stendhal"
958:
693:(1835, unfinished, published 1894)
307:, and the monarchy later on.
14:
5629:
5548:19th-century pseudonymous writers
2745:
2150:Modernism and the Critical Spirit
1580:
1552:
1512:. Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31
547:Romantic period in which he lived
5492:
5491:
2777:
2741:. Oxford University Press, 1971.
2734:. London, Victor Gollancz, 1974.
2661:. New York, Noonday Press, 1959.
2458:Wilson, Edmund (July 15, 1965).
1929:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 261.
1716:Markham, J. David (April 1997).
1273:
921:Voyage dans le midi de la France
836:
484:(1817). From the publication of
194:
156:
5583:French male short story writers
3099:
2509:
2488:Dirda, Michael (June 1, 2005).
2481:
2451:
2359:Wood, Michael (March 5, 2015).
2352:
2321:
2272:
2245:
2227:
2210:
2166:
2141:
2116:
2043:
2028:
1957:
1943:
1918:
1893:
1840:
1767:
1740:
1709:
1693:Stendhal: The Red and the Black
1684:
1432:
1340:Stendhal: The Red and the Black
1337:Haig, Stirling (22 June 1989).
1240:conditions (racing heart beat,
1152:was dismissive of Stendhal, in
879:The Private Diaries of Stendhal
5553:Burials at Montmartre Cemetery
2687:. Paris, Paul Ollendorf, 1914.
2619:Talty, Stephan (2 June 2009).
2541:. Cambridge University Press.
2528:
1622:
1608:
1523:
1502:
1477:
1452:
1343:. Cambridge University Press.
1302:
925:Travels in the South of France
886:
1:
5533:19th-century French novelists
5462:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
2816:Centro Stendhaliano di Milano
2659:Stendhal: Notes on a Novelist
2556:Martin, Brian Joseph (2011).
2535:Green, F. C. (16 June 2011).
2222:a l'allure bien stendhalienne
1847:LaPointe, Leonard L. (2012).
1774:Bamforth, Iain (2010-12-01).
1445:
471:
2468:The New York Review of Books
2433:De Beauvoir, Simone (1997).
2397:Auerbach, Erich (May 2003).
1562:Times, The New York (2011).
813:
7:
5608:Writers of the Romantic era
5543:19th-century French writers
2776:(public domain audiobooks)
2671:. Basic Books, 1979 (USA);
1877:Simone de Beauvoir on Woman
1657:Richardson, Joanna (1974).
1266:
1094:, he remarks of a scene in
969:In Stendhal's 1822 classic
862:(1835–1836, published 1890)
824:(1817–1818, published 1929)
733:
653:Théophile Frédéric Winckler
10:
5634:
5379:Coleridge's theory of life
2835:"Beyle, Marie Henri"
2761:Works by or about Stendhal
2366:The London Review of Books
2258:. Peter Lang. p. 34.
2148:Goodheart, Eugene (2018).
1381:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1236:, who had noticed similar
1203:
962:
498:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
18:
5471:
5434:Romanticism and economics
5371:
5263:
5010:
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4777:
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4344:
4298:
4289:
4134:
4078:
4027:
3986:
3945:
3899:
3841:
3711:
3590:
3512:
3449:Manuel Antônio de Almeida
3431:
3422:
3308:
3176:
3107:
3049:
3014:
2957:The Charterhouse of Parma
2941:The Life of Henry Brulard
2887:
2173:Randall, Marilyn (2001).
1629:Brombert, Victor (2018).
1126:The Life of Henry Brulard
859:The Life of Henry Brulard
841:Stendhal's brief memoir,
711:The Charterhouse of Parma
662:
384:The Charterhouse of Parma
287:1790, when he was seven.
271:The Charterhouse of Parma
251:[stɛ̃dal,stɑ̃dal]
113:
105:
94:
74:
51:
35:
28:
16:French writer (1783–1842)
3214:German historical school
2283:. Routledge. p. 6.
2239:Les plagiats de Stendhal
2199:Rome, Naples et Florence
2123:Clarke, Stephen (2015).
2098:Kvas, Kornelije (2020).
2039:. Gallimard. p. 19.
1295:
893:Rome, Naples et Florence
753:La Revue des Deux Mondes
528:
5603:French male biographers
5558:Conseil d'État (France)
3861:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
3031:The Courier of the King
2841:Encyclopædia Britannica
2811:French site on Stendhal
2684:Stendhal et le beylisme
2279:Pearson, Roger (2014).
1925:Pearson, Roger (2014).
1875:Leighton, Jean (1975).
1691:Haig, Stirling (1989).
1405:(and perhaps also with
1393:(as the German city of
1251:In homage to Stendhal,
1043:The German philosopher
793:La Duchesse de Palliano
788:The Duchess of Palliano
639:In his works, Stendhal
626:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
482:The History of Painting
466:Cimetière de Montmartre
427:spoke highly of him in
371:Treaty of Fontainebleau
322:'s retreat from Russia.
314:A plaque on a house in
305:the Bourbon Restoration
281:
5444:Romanticism in science
5399:Middle Ages in history
5394:List of Romantic poets
4106:Josiah Gilbert Holland
2949:The Pink and the Green
1951:The Fortnightly Review
1900:Rass, Rebecca (2020).
1227:
1147:
999:
965:Crystallization (love)
915:Racine and Shakespeare
730:
706:La Chartreuse de Parme
698:The Pink and the Green
588:Racine and Shakespeare
584:The Vicar of Wakefield
572:The Vicar of Wakefield
542:
486:Rome, Naples, Florence
420:
323:
266:La Chartreuse de Parme
5613:Writers from Grenoble
5598:French travel writers
5578:French male novelists
5573:French male essayists
5414:Romantic epistemology
5404:Opium and Romanticism
3973:Stojadinović-Srpkinja
3199:Counter-Enlightenment
3039:The Red and the Black
3006:The Red and the Black
2925:Memoirs of an Egotist
2917:The Red and the Black
2802:The Red and the Black
2673:Stendhal. A Biography
2334:. Macmillan. p.
2056:Memoirs of an Egotist
1992:Green, F. C. (1939).
1964:Green, F. C. (1939).
1792:10.3399/bjgp10X544780
1776:"Stendhal's Syndrome"
1590:Nemo, August (2020).
1535:Pronny the pronouncer
1466:on September 25, 2013
1326:Pronny the pronouncer
1222:
1186:were great writers."
1142:
1130:Memoirs of an Egotist
1096:The Red and the Black
1056:Twilight of the Idols
997:
911:Racine et Shakespéare
851:Life of Henry Brulard
847:Memoirs of an Egotist
728:
683:The Red and the Black
603:The Red and the Black
599:The Red and the Black
539:The Red and the Black
536:
522:Memoirs of an Egotist
417:Life of Henry Brulard
414:
332:Kingdom of Westphalia
313:
261:The Red and the Black
138:[maʁiɑ̃ʁibɛl]
5478:Age of Enlightenment
3120:England (literature)
2328:Wood, James (2008).
2216:Victor Del Litto in
1321:[stɛ̃daljɛ̃]
1194:Vie de Henry Brulard
1050:Beyond Good and Evil
867:Souvenirs d'égotisme
843:Souvenirs d'Égotisme
800:The Abbess of Castro
769:Vittoria Accoramboni
44:Olof Johan Södermark
5429:Romantic psychology
3224:Hudson River School
3168:Sweden (literature)
3153:Russia (literature)
2799:Audio Book (mp3) of
2785:StendhalForever.com
2737:Tillett, Margaret.
2690:Dieter, Anna-Lisa,
2495:The Washington Post
2437:. London: Vintage.
2361:"What is concrete?"
2152:. Oxon: Routledge.
1390:[ˈʃtɛndaːl]
1234:Graziella Magherini
1166:Le Rouge et le Noir
1045:Friedrich Nietzsche
874:Journal (1801–1817)
805:L'Abbesse de Castro
678:Le Rouge et le Noir
607:Le Rouge et le Noir
561:William Shakespeare
328:First French Empire
256:Le Rouge et le Noir
99:Montmartre Cemetery
5568:French biographers
3414:White Mountain art
3355:Historical fiction
3163:Spain (literature)
3023:The Secret Courier
2893:A Life of Napoleon
2821:2021-12-21 at the
2728:Richardson, Joanna
2657:Adams, Robert M.,
1308:The pronunciation
1164:, he asserts that
1112:Simone de Beauvoir
1073:, asserts that to
1028:Critical appraisal
1000:
821:A Life of Napoleon
761:Italian Chroniques
731:
701:(1837, unfinished)
630:Gioacchino Rossini
543:
425:Simone de Beauvoir
421:
324:
5505:
5504:
5419:Romantic medicine
5389:List of romantics
4828:
4827:
4479:Felix Mendelssohn
4474:Fanny Mendelssohn
4285:
4284:
3999:Rosalía de Castro
3937:Soares dos Passos
3285:Transcendentalism
3249:Nazarene movement
3209:Düsseldorf School
3067:
3066:
3058:Scarlet and Black
2967:
2966:
2770:Works by Stendhal
2756:Project Gutenberg
2752:Works by Stendhal
2724:. New York, 1945.
2632:978-0-307-45975-6
2611:978-0-486-43460-5
2590:978-0-14-044267-0
2569:978-1-58465-944-0
2548:978-1-107-60072-0
2331:How Fiction Works
2159:978-1-351-30910-3
2134:978-1-4735-0636-7
2109:978-1-7936-0910-6
2050:Stendhal (1975).
1975:978-1-107-60072-0
1966:An Amharic Reader
1936:978-0-582-09616-5
1911:978-1-64542-393-5
1886:978-0-8386-1504-1
1858:978-1-59756-604-9
1640:978-0-226-53829-7
1601:978-3-96799-211-3
1573:978-0-312-64302-7
1491:on March 26, 2013
1361:[stɛ̃dal]
1331:[stɑ̃dal]
1311:[stɛ̃dal]
1206:Stendhal syndrome
1200:Stendhal syndrome
1071:The English Novel
829:A Life of Rossini
622:Domenico Cimarosa
130:Marie-Henri Beyle
127:
126:
114:Literary movement
89:Kingdom of France
69:Kingdom of France
30:Marie-Henri Beyle
5625:
5618:Rossini scholars
5563:French agnostics
5495:
5494:
5454:Evolution theory
4296:
4295:
3429:
3428:
3290:Ukrainian school
3094:
3087:
3080:
3071:
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2987:
2980:
2971:
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2873:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2809:
2797:
2790:Stendhal's works
2781:
2780:
2765:Internet Archive
2708:Keates, Jonathan
2654:
2636:
2615:
2594:
2573:
2552:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2490:"Dirda on Books"
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2127:. Random House.
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1786:(581): 945–946.
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1537:. Archived from
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1306:
1283:
1281:Biography portal
1278:
1277:
1276:
1150:Vladimir Nabokov
1105:dramatis personæ
649:Giuseppe Carpani
577:Oliver Goldsmith
496:, birthplace of
341:He was named an
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5424:Romantic poetry
5409:Romantic ballet
5384:German idealism
5367:
5333:Lacoue-Labarthe
5259:
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4723:Rimsky-Korsakov
4666:
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3778:Maria Edgeworth
3714:
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3397:Romantic genius
3327:Gesamtkunstwerk
3304:
3265:Sturm und Drang
3172:
3103:
3098:
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3010:
2998:
2968:
2963:
2883:
2877:
2823:Wayback Machine
2807:
2795:
2778:
2748:
2722:Toward Stendhal
2643:
2641:Further reading
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1753:New Left Review
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1618:. litencyc.com.
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1594:. Tacet Books.
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1155:Strong Opinions
1067:Ford Madox Ford
1033:Hippolyte Taine
1030:
967:
961:
959:Crystallization
933:A Roman Journal
889:
839:
816:
748:Mina de Vanghel
736:
665:
531:
510:Prosper Mérimée
474:
439:unrequited love
369:After the 1814
351:Napoleonic wars
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5372:Related topics
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3333:Gothic fiction
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3321:British Marine
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2832:, ed. (1911).
2830:Chisholm, Hugh
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2746:External links
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2698:Jefferson, Ann
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2435:The Second Sex
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2316:Nietzsche 2004
2308:
2306:, p. 187.
2304:Nietzsche 1973
2296:
2290:978-0582096165
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2088:, p. 123.
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2012:The Living Eye
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1837:, p. 239.
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1204:Main article:
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1117:The Second Sex
1082:Erich Auerbach
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963:Main article:
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634:Vie de Rossini
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506:Giorgio Vasari
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430:The Second Sex
363:Berezina River
347:Conseil d'État
293:near Grenoble.
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4192:Nikolai Gogol
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2933:Lucien Leuwen
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2665:Alter, Robert
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2345:9780374173401
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2318:, p. 46.
2317:
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2265:9783039107438
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2069:9780818002243
2065:
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2057:
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2021:0-674-53664-9
2017:
2013:
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1702:0-521-34189-2
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1558:
1556:
1541:on 2016-03-08
1540:
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1238:psychosomatic
1235:
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1226:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:Michael Dirda
1187:
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1161:Eugene Onegin
1157:
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913:(1823–1825) (
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837:Autobiography
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741:Vanina Vanini
738:
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719:
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691:
690:Lucien Leuwen
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297:Ancien Regime
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95:Resting place
93:
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78:23 March 1842
77:
73:
70:
66:
54:
50:
45:
42:Stendhal, by
39:
34:
27:
22:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5460:
5180:Porto-Alegre
4834:Philosophers
4718:Rachmaninoff
4167:Chavchavadze
4157:Baratashvili
3917:João de Deus
3886:Wincenty Pol
3678:Küchelbecker
3406:
3372:Noble savage
3359:
3325:
3300:Wallenrodism
3277:
3263:
3194:Coppet group
3128:(literature)
3056:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3004:
3000:
2955:
2947:
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2923:
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2738:
2731:
2721:
2718:Levin, Harry
2711:
2701:
2691:
2682:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2649:
2621:
2600:
2579:
2558:
2537:
2517:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2493:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2463:
2453:
2434:
2399:
2375:. Retrieved
2370:
2364:
2354:
2330:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2280:
2274:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2235:Hazard, Paul
2229:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2176:
2168:
2149:
2143:
2124:
2118:
2099:
2093:
2055:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2011:
1993:
1965:
1959:
1950:
1945:
1926:
1920:
1901:
1895:
1876:
1848:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1755:(59): 88–120
1752:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1725:
1721:
1711:
1692:
1686:
1674:
1658:
1630:
1624:
1610:
1591:
1563:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1534:
1525:
1514:. Retrieved
1504:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:the original
1479:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1454:
1434:
1426:[ɛ̃]
1420:[ɑ̃]
1414:
1367:
1355:
1339:
1325:
1315:
1304:
1250:
1231:psychiatrist
1228:
1223:
1215:
1209:
1193:
1188:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1129:
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1103:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1031:
1023:
1001:
989:perfect love
988:
981:indifference
980:
970:
968:
932:
930:
924:
920:
914:
910:
902:
898:
892:
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873:
865:
857:
850:
846:
842:
840:
827:
819:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
767:
764:, 1837–1839
759:
751:
747:
739:
716:
710:
704:
696:
688:
682:
676:
668:
659:and others.
645:appropriated
638:
633:
611:
606:
602:
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596:
587:
583:
581:
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564:
554:
544:
538:
521:
516:
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485:
481:
475:
463:
447:
434:
428:
422:
416:
403:
402:refused his
389:
382:
368:
340:
336:Braunschweig
325:
285:
269:
265:
264:, 1830) and
259:
255:
145:
129:
128:
80:(1842-03-23)
5528:1842 deaths
5523:1783 births
5170:Michałowski
5002:Wackenroder
4967:F. Schlegel
4962:A. Schlegel
4738:Tchaikovsky
4627:Bortkiewicz
4499:R. Schumann
4494:C. Schumann
4459:Kalkbrenner
4428:Saint-Saëns
3733:Anne Brontë
3618:Eichendorff
3603:B. v. Arnim
3598:A. v. Arnim
3408:Weltschmerz
3367:Medievalism
3316:Blue flower
3244:Nationalist
3189:Bohemianism
3101:Romanticism
2808:(in French)
2796:(in French)
2529:Works cited
2464:nybooks.com
2086:Martin 2011
2052:"Chapter V"
1749:"War Diary"
1409:instead of
1401:instead of
1316:stendhalien
987:represents
979:represents
887:Non-fiction
592:Jean Racine
515:Stendhal's
458:quicksilver
396:Romanticism
122:Romanticism
5512:Categories
5045:Chassériau
5020:Aivazovsky
4728:Rubinstein
4713:Mussorgsky
4662:Wieniawski
4647:Paderewski
4489:Moszkowski
4272:Vörösmarty
4262:Shevchenko
4116:Longfellow
4040:Batyushkov
4035:Baratynsky
4004:Espronceda
3871:Mickiewicz
3866:Malczewski
3833:Wordsworth
3818:M. Shelley
3773:de Quincey
3638:Günderrode
3522:Baudelaire
3402:Wanderlust
3239:Lake Poets
2679:Blum, Léon
2516:Stendhal.
2414:069111336X
2373:(5): 19–21
1835:Green 2011
1823:Green 2011
1679:Talty 2009
1545:2013-08-30
1531:"Stendhal"
1516:2014-01-28
1495:2014-01-28
1470:2014-01-28
1446:References
1253:Trenitalia
1176:Galsworthy
1061:Dostoevsky
1037:Émile Zola
953:Metastasio
899:De L'Amour
551:Lord Byron
472:Pseudonyms
400:Metternich
392:liberalism
106:Occupation
58:1783-01-23
5485:Modernism
5145:Kiprensky
5105:Géricault
5090:Friedrich
5080:Delacroix
5055:Constable
5035:Bonington
5025:Bierstadt
4977:Senancour
4952:Schelling
4907:Lamennais
4902:Khomyakov
4867:Coleridge
4862:Chaadayev
4769:Stanković
4764:Mokranjac
4683:Balakirev
4642:Moniuszko
4591:Donizetti
4586:Cherubini
4484:Meyerbeer
4469:Marschner
4444:Beethoven
4357:Moscheles
4291:Musicians
4277:Wergeland
4242:Orbeliani
4197:Grundtvig
4101:Hawthorne
4070:Zhukovsky
4065:Vyazemsky
4050:Lermontov
4009:Gutiérrez
3968:Radičević
3932:Herculano
3856:Krasiński
3798:Radcliffe
3768:Coleridge
3743:E. Brontë
3738:C. Brontë
3668:Jean Paul
3663:Hölderlin
3552:Lamartine
3489:Magalhães
3479:Guimarães
3387:Pantheism
3377:Nostalgia
3229:Indianism
3177:Movements
3108:Countries
2879:Works by
2625:. Crown.
1800:0960-1643
1666:help page
1397:), using
1377:cite book
1246:dizziness
1005:Apennines
814:Biography
781:Les Cenci
776:The Cenci
643:excerpts
490:cavalerie
478:pen names
454:potassium
405:exequatur
345:with the
5518:Stendhal
5497:Category
5313:Dahlhaus
5298:Blanning
5265:Scholars
5235:Tropinin
5230:Tidemand
5220:Stattler
5215:Scheffer
5115:Głowacki
5085:Edelfelt
5040:Bryullov
4982:Snellman
4957:Schiller
4947:Rousseau
4927:Michelet
4872:Constant
4842:Belinsky
4815:Sibelius
4759:Konjović
4733:Scriabin
4703:Lyapunov
4637:Lipiński
4606:Spontini
4596:Paganini
4540:Goldmark
4331:Thalberg
4326:Schubert
4306:Bruckner
4267:Topelius
4257:Runeberg
4247:Prešeren
4217:Leopardi
4182:Frashëri
4172:Eminescu
4152:Andersen
4060:Tyutchev
4045:Karamzin
4019:Zorrilla
4014:Saavedra
3912:Castilho
3900:Portugal
3891:Słowacki
3793:Polidori
3723:Barbauld
3658:Hoffmann
3613:Brentano
3527:Bertrand
3348:Romantic
3184:Ancients
3158:Scotland
3001:Stendhal
2881:Stendhal
2819:Archived
2774:LibriVox
2732:Stendhal
2712:Stendhal
2562:. UPNE.
2538:Stendhal
2501:July 24,
2473:July 24,
2377:July 24,
2237:(1921).
2218:Stendhal
1994:Stendhal
1759:July 22,
1732:July 22,
1659:Stendhal
1267:See also
1212:Florence
1134:Rousseau
937:Napoleon
901:(1822) (
734:Novellas
709:(1839) (
657:Sismondi
641:reprised
556:Don Juan
450:syphilis
359:Smolensk
355:Napoleon
320:Napoleon
301:Napoleon
146:Stendhal
143:pen name
65:Grenoble
5338:Lovejoy
5273:Abraham
5195:Richard
5185:Préault
5110:Girodet
4992:Thoreau
4937:Novalis
4922:Mazzini
4917:Maistre
4892:Hazlitt
4877:Emerson
4857:Carlyle
4847:Berchet
4790:Berwald
4785:Bennett
4754:Hristić
4708:Medtner
4688:Borodin
4678:Arensky
4601:Rossini
4576:Bellini
4555:Joachim
4528:Hungary
4509:Strauss
4437:Germany
4403:Berlioz
4372:Voříšek
4367:Smetana
4345:Czechia
4299:Austria
4232:Maturin
4227:Manzoni
4202:Heliade
4177:Foscolo
4147:Alfieri
4142:Abovian
4096:Emerson
4055:Pushkin
3994:Bécquer
3927:Garrett
3881:Potocki
3828:Southey
3788:Maturin
3758:Carlyle
3715:Britain
3688:Novalis
3643:Gutzkow
3591:Germany
3557:Mérimée
3542:Gautier
3469:Barreto
3464:Azevedo
3444:Alencar
3424:Writers
3343:Byronic
3279:Purismo
3133:Germany
3115:Denmark
2901:Armance
2804:incipit
2763:at the
2405:454–464
1809:2991758
1395:Stendal
1356:Styndal
1289:Mononym
1180:Dreiser
1091:Mimesis
1075:Diderot
977:Bologna
972:On Love
949:Rossini
904:On Love
807:, 1832)
783:, 1837)
685:, 1830)
670:Armance
566:Henry V
517:Journal
494:Stendal
435:On Love
343:auditor
316:Vilnius
276:realism
247:French:
134:French:
118:Realism
101:, Paris
21:Stendal
5363:Wellek
5343:de Man
5328:Janion
5318:Ferber
5293:Berlin
5288:Beiser
5283:Barzun
5278:Abrams
5255:Wiertz
5240:Turner
5190:Révoil
5175:Palmer
5165:Martin
5160:Leutze
5135:Janmot
5095:Fuseli
5050:Church
4942:Quinet
4932:Müller
4887:Goethe
4882:Fichte
4805:Franck
4747:Serbia
4698:Glinka
4671:Russia
4657:Tausig
4652:Stolpe
4632:Chopin
4620:Poland
4581:Busoni
4545:Heller
4514:Wagner
4449:Brahms
4423:Onslow
4413:Halévy
4381:France
4362:Reicha
4352:Dvořák
4321:Mahler
4316:Hummel
4311:Czerny
4207:Isaacs
4187:Geijer
4121:Lowell
4111:Irving
4091:Cooper
4086:Bryant
4028:Russia
3963:Njegoš
3958:Kostić
3953:Jakšić
3946:Serbia
3876:Norwid
3851:Fredro
3843:Poland
3813:Seward
3703:Uhland
3693:Schwab
3683:Mörike
3673:Kleist
3628:Goethe
3623:Fouqué
3572:Nodier
3567:Nerval
3562:Musset
3514:France
3504:Varela
3499:Taunay
3484:Macedo
3432:Brazil
3382:Ossian
3309:Themes
3148:Poland
3143:Norway
3125:France
3042:(1954)
3034:(1947)
3026:(1928)
3009:(1830)
2960:(1839)
2952:(1837)
2944:(1836)
2936:(1835)
2928:(1832)
2920:(1830)
2912:(1829)
2904:(1827)
2896:(1818)
2629:
2608:
2587:
2566:
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2441:
2411:
2342:
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2189:
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1261:Venice
1242:nausea
1182:, and
1138:Goethe
1086:Balzac
945:Mozart
895:(1817)
832:(1824)
744:(1829)
718:Lamiel
673:(1827)
663:Novels
379:consul
109:Writer
46:, 1840
5449:Bacon
5358:Rosen
5353:Ricks
5348:Nancy
5308:Blume
5303:Bloom
5225:Stroy
5210:Saleh
5205:Runge
5155:Lampi
5140:Jones
5130:Hayez
5065:Corot
5030:Blake
4997:Tieck
4987:Staël
4912:Larra
4897:Hegel
4852:Burke
4810:Grieg
4800:Field
4795:Elgar
4778:Other
4611:Verdi
4569:Italy
4560:Liszt
4550:Hubay
4535:Erkel
4519:Weber
4504:Spohr
4464:Loewe
4454:Bruch
4418:Méhul
4408:Fauré
4398:Auber
4393:Alkan
4252:Raffi
4222:Mácha
4212:Lenau
4162:Botev
4135:Other
3987:Spain
3922:Dinis
3808:Scott
3783:Keats
3763:Clare
3753:Byron
3748:Burns
3728:Blake
3713:Great
3698:Tieck
3653:Heine
3648:Hauff
3582:Vigny
3577:Staël
3537:Dumas
3459:Assis
3454:Alves
3439:Abreu
3392:Rhine
3295:Ultra
3138:Japan
1296:Notes
1257:Paris
1088:. In
1069:, in
941:Haydn
647:from
614:irony
529:Works
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375:Milan
291:Claix
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5200:Rude
5150:Koch
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5120:Goya
5070:Dahl
5060:Cole
4388:Adam
4336:Wolf
4079:U.S.
3978:Zmaj
3608:Beer
3547:Hugo
3494:Reis
3474:Dias
3338:Hero
3273:Post
3234:Jena
3204:Dark
3015:Film
2627:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2564:ISBN
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2503:2015
2475:2015
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2409:ISBN
2379:2015
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2285:ISBN
2260:ISBN
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2154:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1970:ISBN
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1906:ISBN
1881:ISBN
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1796:ISSN
1761:2015
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1415:-en-
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