1119:
two sides, and only 81 stamps were perforated on all four sides. (A pane of 50 commemorative-sized stamps typically contained only 36 fully perforated copies.) Because stamps with a straight edge are less desirable to collectors—and fetch lower prices—than fully perforated examples, unscrupulous dealers have "reperforated" many older straight-edged stamps: that is, they have carefully cut false perforations into the flat side, so that the copy can be sold for the same price as a normally perforated version. In other cases a valuable and a common variety of a stamp may differ only by the presence or size of the perforations. Thus new perforations are cut into the stamp, or perforations are cut off to make a common stamp appear like a rare imperforate or rare coil issue.
698:. It was hoped that stamp collectors became aware of this stamp and that a major press campaign would subsequently take place about it. It turned out, however, that this forgery did not attract a lot of attention, neither in Switzerland nor in the rest of Europe. In the end, the British agents were forced to take the Himmler stamp directly to stamp dealers to make it public. However, even this measure did not lead to the desired success and the action turned out to be a complete failure, as practically nobody believed in the alleged Himmler overthrow. What was curious, however, was that a member of the US secret service
564:'s head in place of King George's, the inscription that was faulty ("This war is a Jewsh war" ) and the years altered to 1939-1944. A similar falsification concerned the coronation issue from 1937 in which Stalin's head appears in the place of the Queen's, the star of David is present, as well as an inscription concerning the Tehran conference. A third forgery is different and affects the 1937 series with the head of King George VI. The alterations are very subtle affecting emblems. Six values of the series were falsified. In the short film "Adolph Burger's Historical Artifacts" Sachsenhausen survivor
658:
414:
290:
cancellation, it necessarily is a philatelic forgery since it was obviously made for sale to collectors, not to be used to send a letter. If the cancellation is genuine, it is likely, but not necessarily, a postal forgery, since sometimes forgers have used genuine cancellation devices to "cancel" forged stamps. A helpful distinction may be to have one of these stamps on an envelope that actually went through the mail, but that too requires caution. Counterfeits that reach the philatelic community are fairly scarce, and that alone makes them more valuable.
36:
380:
1078:
403:
784:
581:
1070:
772:
1145:
1209:
992:. The story is about a Britain that was occupied by Nazi Germany during the Second World War. In this context, a stamp with Hitler's head and the inscription "Postage Revenue", as found on all British stamps, appeared on the front page of the book. As a clever marketing strategy for the introduction of the book, a booklet of stamps was produced, which contained the alleged Hitler stamps with three different values and in three different colours of six stamps each. However, the
674:
1197:
philatelic community. The authorities can do that profitably because they no longer need to provide the postal services that the stamps were meant to pay for. Many collectors are more interested in stamps that have been correctly used, and the corresponding used stamp may often be worth more than a mint stamp. Authorities who do this tend to use the same canceller for all CTOs, and apply it very neatly in the corner of four stamps at one time.
549:
93:
858:
535:. The fake postage stamps were printed on slightly more yellowish paper than the originals. Furthermore, the stamp images of the forgeries are slightly higher (¼ – ½ mm). Used war mail forgeries have not yet been found; however, there are mint pieces of all three values as well as proofs of the 10-Hellers value in small sheet format in three different colours with the date September 25, 1918.
392:
666:
976:
764:
1165:(for the 1893 card). This led him to the conclusion that the recipient addressed them to himself and had a sympathetic or complicit postal clerk fraudulently back date the year to match the card's date of origin. He probably then sent the uncirculated, but postmarked, cards to the Senf brothers who sold them to collectors.
927:
Remainders are surplus stocks of legitimate postage stamps that are put on the philatelic market after ceasing to be valid for postal purposes. Among these are the later stamps of Nova Scotia, before it became a province of Canada, and the German inflationary period stamps. One effect of distributing
876:
from 1940 to 1945. The
British designer and engraver N.V.L. Rybot was commissioned by the German administration to design and print Jersey stamps. Apparently to his personal satisfaction, he engraved the very small and inconspicuous letters "AABB" and "AAAA" in the four corners of the ½ as well as of
1169:
There are many instances of stamps that have been produced in large quantities, but where comparatively very small numbers have done postage service. Huge quantities of mint stamps can be left over after a bout of inflation, a political overthrow or loss of a war. In some cases a genuine stamp can
1118:
For many years, sheets of stamps were generally cut into four quarters (panes) before being perforated. This produced many stamps that were perforated on only three sides. On a pane of 100, for example, 18 stamps appeared with a single straight edge, the single (corner) stamp lacked perforations on
1109:
In another example the 1948 Gandhi stamps of India were overprinted with the single word "SERVICE" to produce a stamp for official government use. The key to knowing the difference between the two is based on recognizing the difference between a typographed and a lithographed overprint. The former
324:
Unlike counterfeits these are very common in collections. Many that were produced in the earliest days of stamp collecting in the 19th century are still plentiful. At that time many considered it quite acceptable to fill a space in an album with a facsimile when the genuine stamp was unavailable.
212:
Those who produce counterfeits appeal to a very different market from philatelists. They depend on their stamps being produced in large quantities in order to be able to recover their outlay. The person who would use them must feel that he or she can purchase them for a price that is significantly
158:
Stamps are legitimate if they are recognized internationally in practice, even if they are not recognized expressly, as by a treaty or international agreement. This is the same principle of international law that applies to the recognition of nation-states. A nation becomes a nation-state when the
1053:
This is the most obvious way of producing forgeries. The forger starts from scratch, and engraves a completely new plate. It is virtually impossible to produce a new engraving that will be identical to the original. Thus, in the earliest set of Hong Kong stamps the forgeries can be distinguished by
936:
Bogus stamps are fictitious stamps which purport to be produced by an entity that exists and might have produced them, but did not. A bogus stamp is not a forgery because it is not based on any genuine stamp. It does not even resemble anything that the entity did produce, and only rarely are any of
877:
the 1 penny stamps. After the war, Rybot explained that he had inserted the secret letters in order to strengthen the fighting spirit of the
British, who were informed about the forgery. According to his statement, the letters "AABB" were to represent an abbreviation for the words "Adolphe Atrox" (
1094:
One would imagine that overprints should be easier for a forger to falsify. It is just a simple matter of applying a few letters to a stamp with black ink. Paying attention to detail can reward a philatelic sleuth. The stamps of
Bangkok from the 1880s were produced by overprinting each stamp a
725:
There are two distinctly different versions of the
Himmler stamp, one with wide lines, a second type with narrow lines; there are imperforated proofs of the second type in both violet and black, and of the first type in violet. No genuine cancellations have yet been found; all known specimens are
354:
As an expert can falsify stamps often quite easily, it is advisable particularly when dealing with stamps of value to have them examined and expertised. Such experts are highly specialized and generally focused on a selected philatelic area. Falsified stamps may be marked as such, while a genuine
220:
was the first stamp to be copied in 1840, its first year. Partial forgery consists of changing colors or changing the face values of stamps to imitate a higher value stamp. Other tricks consisted of methods to make the cancellation disappear (chemically erasing, placing a second stamp on it if it
289:
It may not be possible to distinguish between a philatelic and postal forgery if the stamps are unused, merely by looking at them; the techniques utilized in producing them are identical. However, if the stamps bear cancellations, they may be more readily distinguished. If a stamp has a forged
814:
written in German. Also, in the right-hand "Italian part", the cutting and stabbing weapons were depicted heavily worn or damaged. In the left "German part" the sword hilt received the small caricature of a head or face. More subtle was the characterization of German dominance over Italy in the
1177:
It is also important to know that not all cancellations are postal. Some countries have inscribed their stamps "Postage and
Revenue". Some very high face values on such stamps could not reasonably have been used for postage, thus making any kind of proper postal usage exceedingly rare. More
1196:
Technically CTOs are not fakes since they have been cancelled by the stamp issuing authority. Many of these are easily identified because while they have been postmarked they still retain their original gum. Some postal authorities cancel them and sell them at a considerable discount to the
333:
Fakes begin with a genuine stamp, which is altered in some way to make it more valuable to stamp collectors. When catalogues show different varieties with significantly different values this can be great motivation to alter the cheap example into something that can be sold for great profit.
710:
in which he described the mysterious stamp. As the US side amazingly had not been informed about the counterfeiting operation by the
British secret service, the US secret service started superfluous investigations and thus tied up personnel, which finally turned the whole operation into an
370:
Political and propaganda forgery is produced by countries in conflict to hurt the opponent. Stamps may be issued to deprive the enemy of revenue, to distribute propaganda material, to cause confusion, and to depict propaganda messages. Propaganda stamps are very collectable and have been
1095:
single letter "B" on stamps of the
Straits Settlements. Some of these overprints are bogus because they are on underlying stamps that were never known to have been issued with that overprint. Forgeries can be discovered by examining the relative heights of the two loops of the B.
918:
Official reprints of stamps that are no longer valid for postage are usually produced by governments to meet a philatelic demand. Scott numbers 3 and 4 of the United States were produced for this purpose. This also happened with several early sets of the People's
Republic of China.
693:
and wanted to make himself a new leader or president of
Germany, an allegedly prepared stamp issue with his portrait was considered suitable to bring this idea into the minds of the NS leadership in the first place. The stamp was distributed by British agents, especially in neutral
809:
in a caricature-like manner, so that the impression was created to contrast an "aggressive and grim" looking Hitler with a "baffled and intimidated" looking
Mussolini. The Italian text was changed from (translated) "Two peoples, one war" to "Two peoples, one FĂĽhrer", with the word
337:
Knowledge is an important tool in helping to detect fakes and forgeries. A person who is able to identify some of the most obvious forgeries can save a lot of money in expertising fees, though the information may not yet be enough to establish that a stamp is genuine. Earee's
172:
The first postage stamp was issued in Great Britain in 1840, and by the early 1860s the first postage stamp forgery—in the sense of a stamp created to fool philatelists into thinking that it is a genuine one—appeared on the market. By 1863 forgeries were so common that the book
835:. It is assumed that this was intended to be used to frank the propaganda booklets "Neapolitan letters" from 1943. Both perforated and imperforated specimens of this stamp exist. The forgery differed from the original mainly by the perforation (14 Âľ : 14) instead of 14.
1039:
Cinderellas is a broad term for just about anything that looks like a postage stamp but is not. While the term includes bogus stamps and fantasies, it also includes many fund raising labels, Christmas seals, and other stickers that were produced for legitimate purposes.
325:
Later, especially in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, massive numbers of stamps were forged for the packet trade, including very common as well as rare stamps, so that the fact that a stamp is common is no guarantee that it is not a philatelic forgery.
1102:, is four stamps overprinted for an industrial exhibition held in Auckland in 1913. The accompanying image shows genuine overprints, and forged overprints from an internet auction. A New Zealand dealer prices a set of postally used stamps with genuine overprints at
1089:
alongside a genuine surcharge. While the relative spacings of the three elements of the surcharge are roughly the same as on the genuine stamp, note, however, the differences in the crossbar on the "t" and the cap of the "5", together with the crispness of the
1178:
commonly these high face values were for fiscal usages to indicate the payment of taxes on real estate or corporate shares. While such cancellations are not fakes, they can easily be misrepresented to the unwary as the more valuable postal cancellations.
146:
is used to indicate the alteration of a genuine stamp to make it appear as something else. Fakes might refer to cancellations, overprints, added or clipped perforations, stamp design alterations, etc." While difficult to do today, one famous case is the
371:
philatelically forged: a forgery of a forgery. Many propaganda stamps would have been difficult to circulate in the postal system because they would have been immediately removed, thus used propaganda stamps are unusual (but easily falsified).
722:, commented after the war that Heinrich Himmler was very indignant about this British forgery with his portrait. This apparently prompted him to repay with the same coin and also to commission mocking propaganda stamps on the British side.
1156:
noticed that he had other cards postmarked MayagĂĽez and addressed to the same recipient who lived in MayagĂĽez, who he knew to be a representative of the Senf brothers, stamp dealers in Leipzig, Germany. The other cards were dated 8 April
1135:
The colour of a stamp can be changed by exposing the stamp to various chemicals, or by leaving it out in bright sunlight. Carefully applied chemicals can also be used to remove specific colours to produce "rare" missing colour varieties.
642:
Regarding Germany, the first forgery was the 12 pfennig Hindenburg head stamp, later followed by the 3, 4, 6, and 8 pfennig values, to distribute propaganda material in Germany. Other stamps such as the Hitler heads and some
1170:
have a fake cancellation applied to make it appear to be a rare, and valuable postally used example. A notable example is the 90¢ U. S. stamp of 1860, withdrawn within a year, on which a genuine cancellation raises the
996:
confiscated all the booklets it could get its hands on as rapidly as possible. The remaining booklets quickly became a rarity sought after by collectors. At an auction in England, for example, a booklet was sold for 300
1016:
are usually intended to serve a local purpose, and are not necessarily fraudulent. Thus we have in relation to the Great Britain: "... there were two local entities that 'performed much in the way of postal service ...
485:. The five forged issues were about twice the size of the original stamps, presumably to show the overprint in larger letters. The stamps were apparently intended to put the massive German resistance in the colony of
195:
to make an almost perfect copy of the stamp. In his lifetime, Jean de Sperati forged over 500 stamps. He sometimes signed his work in pencil on the back. His forged stamps are now often worth more than the originals.
213:
lower than the price at a legitimate post office, or is perhaps duped into thinking they are genuine. This makes the most common current stamp used for everyday mailing a prime target for counterfeiting activity.
838:
Stamps were produced in Great Britain for the Generalgouvernement and used by the Polish underground army to distribute propaganda material. The Hitler head stamp of the Generalgouvernement was modified to depict
823:. The stamp, which was originally issued in a violet shade, was printed in green. The text was changed from "Poste Italiane" to "Two Peoples/One War". Both forgeries were probably produced in autumn 1943. The
508:", a blue 20 pfennig stamp the imprint "Schweiz 25 Centimes". The article stated that there are more Germania stamps with various other values. This was obviously intended to give the impression that neutral
1849:, in two volumes: vol.1, "Europe", Nice, Imprimerie de l'Éclaireur, 1927; vol.2, "Hors d'Europe", Bergerac, Imprimerie générale du sud-ouest, 1929. A one volume translation of this was published in 1998 as
983:
In exceptional cases, even fantasies can be highly traded in collector circles. Fantasy stamps from 1978, which were produced in Great Britain, represent an exceptional case. In that year the British author
452:
fell victim to war mail forgeries. However, only unused pieces are known. Imperforated proofs were also discovered among these forgeries. The war fakes differ in drawing and paper from the original stamps.
1005:. So it was not long before counterfeiters came up with the idea of forging even these booklets with fantasy stamps themselves. These imitations also brought in several hundred dollars on the US market.
1025:.' Those two, it would seem, are considered thoroughly legitimate." These islands did not have official post offices, and a private service needed to be established to transport mail to the mainland.
1057:
Modern electronic techniques would appear to make things easier for the forger, but understanding how different printing methods work can be very helpful in discovering these forgeries. Recently
831:
No. 626 (Italy) is shown, but in blue coloring instead of a violet tone. Probably already at the beginning of 1943 the PWE also produced a war forgery of the Italian stamp with the image of King
1174:
value from US $ 3000 to $ 11,000. Scott's listing includes the caveat: "All used examples ... must be accompanied by certificates of authenticity issued by recognized expertizing committees."
905:("un-German un-democratic dictatorship"). Other changes were made to the stamps of the Five Year Plan. The group also modified production instructions to factories that caused economic damage.
1054:
counting the number of shading lines in the background. Some early Japanese forgeries are distinguished by remembering that the chrysanthemum crest in the stamp should always have 16 petals.
255:
Postal services developed, early on, measures to protect the integrity of their stamps. Some of these steps are similar to those used to protect against forged currency. Major steps include:
1865:
Theodore M. Tedesco, Index of Literature in the English Language that Describes Postal Stamp Forgeries, Fakes, Reprints, Fraudulent Postal Markings and Other Obliterations and Bibliography.
552:
Propaganda stamp with the head of King George VI. Version with red overprint: "Liquidation of Empire/BAHAMA-Is". Additionally with false cancellation: "LONDON AAAO/-6JUN/44/SPECIAL-STAMP".
177:
was published and by 1864, forgeries were being produced of both common and scarce stamps from a wide range of issuing countries such as Austria, British Guiana, Finland, India and Spain.
937:
these labels ever shipped to the place that is shown as issuing them. The term also refers to a genuine stamp which bears the sham addition of an unauthorized surcharge or overprint.
298:
Soon after their introduction, stamps became philatelic objects, and stamp forgery to the detriment of the collector became a problem. The first book about the topic was written by
191:
forgery refers to a stamp that was originally issued in 1865. To produce his forgery, de Sperati bleached a real, cheaper stamp of the same vintage. He then used a process called
163:
which is not a member of the UPU but which does get its mail delivered, this demonstrate that the stamps it issues are neither propaganda labels nor part of a money-making scam.
247:
As a curiosity postal authorities have published their own forgeries, thus the British Post Office forged its own 1d stamps in 1856 to see if its features were fraud-proof.
596:
in 1944. These stamps were applied to letters containing propaganda, marked with false postmarks (Wien 8, Wien 40, Hannover 1), and distributed by drops from airplanes as
881:
for "Cruel Adolf") and "Bloody Benito". Furthermore, the letters "AAAA" had the abbreviated meaning "Ad Avernum, Adolphe Atrox", Latin for "To hell, cruel Adolf".
520:
felt compelled to deny the article and accuse the newspaper of having fallen for a forgery, which, according to subsequent evidence, was without doubt the case.
184:
890:
706:, of all people, ascribed extraordinary significance to this stamp. On June 10, 1944, US agent Allan Dulles prepared a detailed report for his superior in
204:
Stamp-like objects, not all of which are really fakes and forgeries, are described below for the sake of developing a better understanding of such claims.
1106:
1600, while the same four stamps, postally used without the overprint, are priced at NZD 8. This indicates the potentially lucrative payoff for forgers.
1179:
730:, which were prepared with attached Himmler stamps and faked German cancellations. These were intended for neutral countries such as Switzerland,
1409:
138:
to indicate stamps produced to defraud collectors (properly known as forgeries) and to defraud stamp-issuing governments (properly known as
154:
Questions are often raised about when a stamp is legitimately produced for postage. Matthew Karanian has proposed the following guideline:
221:
just hits a corner). The Spanish Post Office had to change its stamps almost annually between 1850 and 1879 to stay ahead of the forgers.
1152:
canceled on "8 April 1885". This was thought to be a genuine (and quite valuable) used card until a noted collector of Puerto Rican
560:
by order of Heinrich Himmler during the war. The modifications included the insertion of Jewish and communist emblems, placement of
1921:
1258:
972:. The stamps of New Atlantis required the construction of a bamboo raft that would be floated in the Atlantic as the country.
726:
clearly forgeries to the collectors' detriment. However, some postcards and envelopes were made by the British secret service
556:
All known German falsifications are propaganda forgeries. Forgeries of the Silver Jubilee issue of 1935 were falsified at the
130:
To a large extent the definitions below are consistent with those given in the introduction to various recent editions of the
1743:
897:(GDR). The first stamps to be modified were the 12 and 24 pfennig values of the series depicting the President of the GDR
1689:
1514:
1061:
from Germany used modern technology to produce convincing reproductions which were then unscrupulously sold as genuine.
964:
Fantasies are stamps claimed to be issued by places that do not even exist. One of the most famous of these were "King"
827:(PWE) also produced two propaganda booklets in Italian on which the Italian stamps are depicted. On one of the booklets
474:
white paper. Unlike the previous war mail forgeries, there are also pieces with real postmarks from both forged stamps.
470:
edition of the German Reich. The drawing deviates from the originals, as does the watermark, which is too thin, and the
1790:
148:
97:
1474:
1182:
was sentenced recently in a high-profile German legal case for forgery of postmarks to increase the value of stamps.
183:
is among the master forgers in the history of philately. He created forgeries of the 10 cent black, one of the first
79:
57:
965:
568:
shows examples of some of these stamps that he helped produce. He also describes this in greater detail in his book
50:
949:
928:
large quantities of remaindered stamps to the public is that used stamps can be much more valuable than mint ones.
557:
611:. Similarly, the Hitler block from 1937 was altered to show a death head, graves, and gallows; the inscription is
1926:
1421:
588:
The first stamps to be forged were the common 6 and 12 pfennig Hitler head stamps. The forgeries were printed in
1617:
1555:
1254:
753:("Hanged on...") Other forgeries were based on the welfare stamps from 1938, and the 1944 Hitler putsch stamp.
1890:
92:
1882:
1249:
699:
593:
318:
17:
824:
727:
477:
There is also known a type of propaganda forgery, which was produced between 1914 and 1918. Forgeries of
956:. The 1923 famine relief stamps of Azerbaijan were bogus, but these too were also subsequently forged.
603:
The US modified the 12 pfennig Hitler head stamp by the insertion of a death head and the inscription
650:
A major effort was the production of propaganda stamps. The Hitler head stamp was modified to depict
160:
1392:
1353:
1579:
Gustav Schenk. The Romance of the Postage Stamp. Doubleday & C0, Garden City, NY (1959), p183ff
1244:
1058:
941:
44:
1367:
1223:
1110:
will leave an impression in the paper which can be detected by looking at the back of the stamp.
1876:
756:
Regarding France, Britain produced forgeries of the Iris series and of stamps depicting Marshal
657:
481:
stamps were produced, which showed the imprint "G. E. A. BRITISH OCCUPATION" and a new value in
682:
61:
1825:
311:
1379:
1340:
1328:
1234:
449:
235:
1864:
1445:
872:
may be regarded as a curiosity. Jersey, like the other Channel Islands, was occupied by the
893:
produced anti-communist propaganda including stamps that were used in the postal system of
597:
532:
8:
1832:, 2nd edition, London, Stanley Gibbons, 1892. A classic for identifying early forgeries.
742:
413:
402:
299:
265:
523:
Shortly before the end of World War I, war mail forgeries of the values of 5, 10 and 25
379:
1239:
1191:
1103:
1077:
854:
to create confusion and suggest an imminent German occupation. Few examples are known.
832:
719:
715:
636:
478:
757:
355:
stamp of value should receive a certificate of authenticity by a reputable authority.
1822:, Vol. 96, No. 12, December 1982, pp. 1097–1103. Includes detection techniques.
1796:
1786:
1534:
1470:
1310:
1153:
1086:
969:
665:
644:
497:
1502:
p. 10 (Mexico sold genuine cancellation devices which were later used on forgeries).
1127:
In some cases the value of a damaged stamp can be enhanced by repairing the damage.
690:
1905:
1214:
1034:
975:
873:
738:
to be distributed there by agents. Some of these postal items have been preserved.
707:
651:
465:
456:
The second German postage stamp issue was forged by Great Britain on behalf of the
192:
188:
1839:, Vol. 96, No. 5, May 1982, pp. 439–443, 467. Even the experts can be wrong.
940:
They are generally issued to deceive collectors. Among these are the "issues" for
1894:
1883:
Fakes and forgeries: cull them or collect them? by Rick Miller, Linn's Stamp News
1842:
1518:
1462:
1171:
1082:
624:
482:
461:
422:
180:
101:
1747:
1589:
1535:"Friedman: British Forgeries of the Stamps and Banknotes of the Central Powers"
1229:
998:
866:
800:
783:
580:
524:
112:
1693:
1511:
1069:
187:, in 1847. It is possible to identify these forgeries by two small flaws. The
1915:
1800:
1002:
898:
771:
763:
623:
Soviet forgeries were limited to postcards with propaganda messages that had
561:
430:
426:
1487:
The Yucatan Affair - The Work of Raoul C. De Thuin, Philatelic Counterfeiter
1144:
805:
No. 625 (Italy) was changed by disfiguring the heads of Hitler respectively
799:, which was allied with Germany in the Second World War. Thus the design of
741:
Another propaganda forgery concerns the 1943 Hitler putsch stamp that shows
358:
In recent years, homemade forgeries can easily reach the market through the
985:
945:
894:
746:
565:
334:
Sometimes only minor changes can affect the apparent valuation of a stamp.
673:
531:
were produced in England. The stamps show the Austrian imperial crown and
1726:
1149:
1099:
1013:
850:
received stamps forged by the British authorities that had overprints of
695:
686:
509:
489:
into perspective and to propagate an early occupation of the whole area.
457:
217:
139:
1906:
World Forgery Catalogue: A reference list of stamp forgery descriptions
993:
840:
259:
843:
on the 20 groszy value. These stamps circulated in the postal system.
1899:
979:
Hitler-fantasy: a genuine stamp on top and a fake stamp at the bottom
820:
806:
635:
Great Britain produced forgeries for Germany, France, Italy, Poland (
464:. Affected are the postage stamp values of 10 and 15 pfennigs of the
434:
124:
116:
1888:
Propaganda and Espionage Philately by SGM Herbert A. Friedman (Ret.)
1877:
Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery: Postal Imposters
1621:
1559:
1489:(2d ed. American Philatelic Society, State College, PA 1980) p. 149.
1257:, a collection of world forgeries to about 1900 that is part of the
1001:. In Germany, in 1998, one of them realized the proud price of 1250
857:
685:
with the intention of driving a wedge between the leadership of the
548:
1887:
1783:
Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps and Covers 2013
1469:. 1st edition. London: Guinness Superlatives Limited, 1982, p.150.
735:
505:
359:
1769:
Postal Cards of Spanish Colonial Cuba, Philippines and Puerto Rico
460:
Propaganda Office. It was used to frank leaflets and brochures in
1818:
Werner M. Bohne, "Caveat Emptor: Detecting German Forgeries", in
847:
528:
513:
501:
492:
On December 12, 1914, two Germania stamps were reproduced in the
445:
441:
406:
Probes of the British "Germania"-forgery, connected to 10 and 15
346:
are only two books in the vast literature about stamp forgeries.
1870:
1500:
CharacterĂsticas de Algunas Falsificaciones de Timbres de MĂ©xico
391:
953:
869:
731:
712:
493:
1900:
Propaganda stamps showing originals and forgeries in pictures
1022:
989:
901:. The propaganda versions showed a noose and the inscription
878:
796:
471:
123:. Learning to identify these can be a challenging branch of
120:
1731:
The Encyclopædia of British Empire Postage Stamps, 1775-1950
1448:, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
1414:
167:
1018:
791:
Nr. 626 (Italy) (top). The original stamp is at the bottom.
779:
Nr. 625 (Italy) (top). The original stamp is at the bottom.
703:
589:
517:
543:
512:
was on the verge of being occupied by Germany. The German
282:
Secret marks either visible or invisible to the microscope
216:
The earliest commercial forgeries are all postal, and the
1618:"Herbert A. Friedman: Propaganda and Espionage Philately"
669:
Proofs of the Himmler-Forgery Type II in black and violet
159:
international community begins treating it as such. For
1851:
The Serrane Guide, Stamp Forgeries of the World to 1926,
1408:(Sharp Photography Publications, 2021) ASIN B091MBTGJ7
1767:
Mitchell, Byron, editor of the Puerto Rico section of
575:
365:
433:. Virtually all counterfeit stamps are forgeries for
1204:
884:
677:
Cancelled Himmler stamps forged by PWE on a postcard
349:
207:
1867:Massive bibliography of stamp fakes and forgeries.
1835:Stephen G. Esrati, "When Expertzers Disagree", in
1446:Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery
243:USA: 2c Washington (1894), 13c Liberty Bell (1980)
27:Fraudulently manufactured imitation postage stamps
1853:American Philatelic Society, Pennsylvania (1998).
1847:Vade-mecum du spécialiste-expert en timbres-poste
1913:
306:in 1862. Shortly thereafter Pemberton published
228:France: 20c (1870), 15c (1886), sower 25c (1923)
618:
149:Stock Exchange forgery of the late 19th century
1648:, Stanley Gibbons Publications, London (1978).
1556:"Friedman: Propaganda and Espionage Philately"
865:The propaganda forgeries of two stamps of the
1713:Richard M. Langworth, "Herm and Its Locals",
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1467:The Guinness Book of Stamps Facts & Feats
952:, and for the uninhabited Scottish island of
718:inmate Adolf Burger, who had participated in
1830:Album Weeds; or, How to Detect Forged Stamps
1744:"Auckland City Stamps 2008 Catalogue Page 5"
1374:. London: E. Marlborough. 1864-05-01: 67–69.
1073:Forged overprints on 1913 New Zealand stamps
795:Propaganda forgeries were also produced for
689:. With the idea that Himmler was planning a
661:Himmler-Forgery (Type I top, Type II bottom)
500:". A red 10 pfennig stamp bore the imprint "
417:"Germania"-forgery, 15 Pf. in correct colour
1733:, London, Robson Lowe Ltd., 1951, pp. 380-1
1295:Matthew Karanian, "The Karabagh Story", in
1185:
639:), and French Morocco during World War II.
527:of the then current postage stamp issue of
1640:
1638:
1603:
1529:
1527:
1422:"Stamp forgeries of British Columbia, BNA"
1399:
747:July 20, 1944 Hitler assassination attempt
240:Australia: 2d Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932)
1335:. London: E. Marlborough. 1863-05-01: 61.
1314:, Edinburgh, 1863 (1979 republication in
889:Between 1948 and 1954 a group founded by
647:stamps may not have reached circulation.
448:postage stamp issue with the portrait of
168:History of philatelic fakes and forgeries
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1458:
1456:
1454:
1282:Tom Horn, "Beware of Problem Areas", in
1143:
1076:
1068:
974:
856:
782:
770:
762:
672:
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656:
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412:
401:
390:
378:
91:
43:This article includes a list of general
1635:
1524:
1308:Thornton Lewes & Edward Pemberton,
544:German forgeries for the United Kingdom
293:
14:
1914:
1771:, Robert Littrell, editor, UPSS (2010)
1717:, Vol. 95., No. 11, Nov. 1981, p. 1009
1573:
1259:British Library Philatelic Collections
861:Inserted letter «A» on a 1 penny stamp
681:The Himmler stamp was designed by the
304:De la falsifications des timbres-poste
250:
132:Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue
96:"Brighton forgeries" of the stamps of
1774:
1451:
1406:A Sharp Eye on collecting US Classics
1780:
1690:"Propaganda and Espionage Philately"
1644:Bennett, Russell and Watson, James;
1498:See, e.g., Roberto Liera Gutiérrez,
1299:, vol. 114, No. 3, March 2000, p.267
1286:vol. 118, No. 1, p. 60, January 2004
1064:
913:
630:
29:
1785:. Scott Publishing Co. p. 22.
1048:
903:Undeutsche Undemokratische Diktatur
825:British Political Warfare Executive
576:United States forgeries for Germany
366:Government and propaganda forgeries
321:have become collectibles, as well.
224:Notable postal forgeries include:
24:
1139:
387:(left). On the right the original.
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1938:
1858:
1661:, London, Heinemann, 1970, p. 81.
1311:Forged Stamps: How to Detect Them
1161:(for the 1887 card), and 8 April
1130:
885:Cold war: West Berlin for the GDR
308:Forged Stamps: How to detect them
231:Germany: 10pf (1902), 10pf (1909)
199:
175:Forged Stamps: How to Detect Them
1368:"The Stamp Collector's Magazine"
1329:"The Stamp Collector's Magazine"
1207:
1113:
558:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
350:Expertising stamps as protection
208:Postal forgeries or counterfeits
34:
1761:
1736:
1720:
1707:
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1651:
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1548:
1505:
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1479:
1008:
931:
538:
1922:Philatelic fakes and forgeries
1879:. Library and Archives Canada.
1873:. Stamp forgeries of the World
1438:
1360:
1321:
1302:
1289:
1276:
1255:Turner Collection of Forgeries
1028:
966:Charles-Marie David de Mayréna
908:
852:Deutsche Reichspost in Marokko
615:. Postcards were also forged.
429:postage stamps were forged by
374:
109:philatelic fakes and forgeries
13:
1:
1264:
922:
1692:. psywar.org. Archived from
1646:Philatelic Terms Illustrated
1620:. psywar.org. Archived from
1558:. psywar.org. Archived from
1316:Early Forged Stamps Detector
1269:
1250:Russian philatelic forgeries
959:
619:Soviet forgeries for Germany
594:Office of Strategic Services
7:
1908:by G. Kock, Helsinki, 1998.
1781:Snee, Charles, ed. (2012).
1485:See, e.g., James M. Chemi,
1200:
440:The values of 5, 10 and 15
236:4d World Cup Winners (1966)
185:United States postal issues
10:
1943:
1811:
1189:
1122:
1043:
1032:
988:published a book entitled
607:("ruined Reich") replaces
234:Great Britain: 1s (1872),
115:but have been produced to
111:are labels that look like
1081:Forged overprint on 1899
751:Gehängt am 8. August 1944
711:embarrassing mishap. The
584:American propaganda stamp
279:Insertion of silk threads
276:Special ink for postmarks
1679:Williams (1970), p. 109.
1245:Philatelic expertisation
1186:Cancelled-to-order (CTO)
328:
1657:L. N. and M. Williams,
1224:Fakes Forgeries Experts
64:more precise citations.
1927:Philatelic terminology
1902:, retrieved 04-12-2008
1670:Williams (1970), p. 2.
1444:"Postal Imposters" in
1387:Cite journal requires
1348:Cite journal requires
1166:
1098:Another example, from
1091:
1074:
980:
862:
792:
787:Propaganda forgery of
780:
775:Propaganda forgery of
768:
745:(a participant in the
683:British secret service
678:
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662:
585:
553:
418:
410:
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388:
165:
104:
1410:(read online, page 6)
1318:, New York), pp. 7-8.
1235:List of stamp forgers
1147:
1080:
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978:
950:Maluku Selatan stamps
860:
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774:
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382:
317:. Stamps produced by
156:
95:
1837:American Philatelist
1820:American Philatelist
1715:American Philatelist
1521:retrieved 04-12-2008
1297:American Philatelist
1284:American Philatelist
819:No. 626 (Italy), 50
613:Deutsches Reich 1944
598:Operation Cornflakes
570:The Devil's Workshop
294:Philatelic forgeries
134:. "We use the term
1826:Robert Brisco Earée
815:propaganda forgery
749:) and is inscribed
637:Generalgouvernement
395:Propaganda forgery
312:Robert Brisco Earée
300:Jean-Baptiste Moens
251:Protective measures
1893:2008-03-17 at the
1871:Stampforgeries.com
1517:2008-09-19 at the
1426:Stampforgeries.com
1240:Outline of forgery
1192:Cancelled-to-order
1167:
1092:
1075:
981:
891:Werner Hildebrandt
863:
846:French-controlled
833:Victor Emanuel III
793:
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769:
720:Operation Bernhard
716:concentration camp
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663:
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479:German East Africa
419:
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389:
285:Re-issue of stamps
270:Delicate engraving
105:
1659:Cinderella Stamps
1590:"PSYOP MISTAKES?"
1154:postal stationery
1087:provisional stamp
1065:Forged overprints
914:Official reprints
743:General Witzleben
734:or probably also
631:British forgeries
487:Deutsch-Ostafrika
397:Deutsch-Ostafrika
383:War mail forgery
98:Jammu and Kashmir
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
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1746:. Archived from
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1049:Entire forgeries
1035:Cinderella stamp
874:German Wehrmacht
652:Heinrich Himmler
625:imprinted stamps
342:, and Serrane's
273:Printing methods
193:photolithography
189:Vancouver Island
85:
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60:this article by
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1172:Scott Catalogue
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1140:False postmarks
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1083:Puerto Principe
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767:Emanuel-forgery
758:Philippe PĂ©tain
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609:Deutsches Reich
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462:German language
423:First World War
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181:Jean de Sperati
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102:Harold Treherne
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1748:the original
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1698:. Retrieved
1694:the original
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1626:. Retrieved
1622:the original
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1560:the original
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986:Len Deighton
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948:printed the
946:Henry Stolow
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932:Bogus stamps
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140:counterfeits
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107:In general,
106:
100:produced by
76:
67:
48:
18:Stamp forger
1727:Robson Lowe
1180:Rainer BlĂĽm
1150:postal card
1100:New Zealand
1029:Cinderellas
909:Other types
696:Switzerland
691:coup d'Ă©tat
687:Nazi regime
510:Switzerland
496:newspaper "
421:During the
385:Ludwig III.
375:World War I
340:Album Weeds
315:Album Weeds
218:Penny Black
62:introducing
1916:Categories
1754:2008-08-30
1700:2020-04-29
1628:2020-04-29
1596:2020-04-29
1566:2020-05-05
1541:2020-05-05
1265:References
1090:lettering.
994:Royal Mail
923:Remainders
841:Hans Frank
708:Washington
645:field post
450:Ludwig III
344:Vade Mecum
260:Watermarks
45:references
1801:781677423
1270:Citations
960:Fantasies
821:Centesimi
807:Mussolini
435:espionage
136:"forgery"
125:philately
1891:Archived
1515:Archived
1512:Examples
1201:See also
1085:, Cuba,
736:Portugal
506:Centimes
498:Le Matin
467:Germania
446:Bavarian
442:pfennigs
408:pfennigs
360:internet
264:Special
161:Karabagh
70:May 2020
1812:Sources
1431:June 5,
1123:Repairs
1044:Methods
848:Morocco
592:by the
529:Austria
525:Hellers
514:embassy
502:Schweiz
121:defraud
117:deceive
58:improve
1799:
1789:
1473:
970:Sedang
954:Staffa
870:Jersey
829:Michel
817:Michel
812:FĂĽhrer
802:Michel
789:Michel
777:Michel
732:Sweden
713:Jewish
566:Burger
494:French
472:chalky
427:German
144:"Fake"
47:, but
1023:Lundy
990:SS-GB
944:when
879:Latin
797:Italy
483:Cents
458:Dutch
329:Fakes
266:paper
1797:OCLC
1787:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1433:2020
1393:help
1354:help
1163:1893
1159:1887
1021:and
1019:Herm
704:Bern
590:Rome
518:Bern
310:and
142:).
1104:NZD
728:PWE
702:in
700:OSS
516:in
504:10
119:or
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1845:,
1828:,
1795:.
1729:,
1637:^
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1526:^
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1424:,
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