5330:. Its main focus was the relationship of political, economic and geographical systems. The general political and economic pattern of the region seems irrelevant to other parts of the world of their time, but in correlation with their maritime trade network, it produced high levels of socio-economic complexity. He concluded, from his earlier publications in 1974 that state development in this region developed much differently than the rest of early Southeast Asia. Bronson's model was based on the dendritic patterns of a drainage basin where its opening leads out to sea. Being that historical evidence places the capital in Palembang, and in junction of three rivers, the Musi River, the Komering River, and the Ogan River, such model can be applied. For the system to function appropriately, several constraints are required. The inability for terrestrial transportation results in movements of all goods through water routes, lining up economical patterns with the dendritic patterns formed by the streams. The second being the overseas centre is economically superior to the ports found at the mouth of the rivers, having a higher population and a more productive and technologically advanced economy. Lastly, constraints on the land work against and do not develop urban settlements.
5207:
7113:, fabrics, silks, and Chinese artwork were among valuable commodities being traded in Srivijayan ports. What goods were actually native to Srivijaya is currently disputed due to the volume of cargo that regularly passed through the region from India, China, and Arabia. Foreign traders stopped to trade their cargo in Srivijaya with other merchants from Southeast Asia and beyond. It was an easy location for traders from different regions to meet as opposed to visiting each other directly. This system of trade has led researchers to conjecture that the actual native products of Srivijaya were far less than what was originally recorded by Chinese and Arabic traders of the time. It may be that cargo sourced from foreign regions accumulated in Srivijaya. The accumulation of particular foreign goods that were easily accessible and in large supply might have given the impression they were products of Srivijaya. This could also work in the opposite direction with some native Srivijayan goods being mistaken as foreign commodities.
7456:
century. The inscriptions uncover the hierarchical leadership system, in which the king is served by many other high-status officials. A complex, stratified, cosmopolitan and prosperous society with their tastes in are, literature and culture, with complex set of rituals, influenced by
Mahayana Buddhism; blossomed in ancient Srivijayan society. Their complex social order can be seen through studies on inscriptions, foreign accounts, and in bas-reliefs of temples from this period. Their accomplished artistry was evidenced from a number of Srivijayan Mahayana Buddhist statues discovered in the region. The kingdom had developed a complex society; which was characterised by the heterogeneity of their society, inequality of social stratification, and the formation of national administrative institution in their kingdom. Some forms of metallurgy were used as jewelry, coins and as decorative status symbols.
4149:
79:
1482:
5287:
hinterland. No hinterland makes low archaeological visibility. The settlement must also have access to both easy transportation and major interregional trade routes, crucial in a region with few resources. Access to the former and later played a major role in the creation of an extreme economic surplus in the absence of an exploited hinterland. The urban centre must be able to organize politically without the need for ceremonial foci such as temples, monuments and inscriptions. Lastly, habitations must be impermanent, being highly probable in the region
Palembang and of southern Southeast Asia. Such a model was proposed to challenge city concepts of ancient urban centres in
2056:
8133:
5295:
7635:"...Many kings and chieftains in the islands of the Southern Ocean admire and believe (Buddhism), and their hearts are set on accumulating good actions. In the fortified city of Bhoga Buddhist priests number more than 1,000, whose minds are bent on learning and good practices. They investigate and study all the subjects that exist just as in the Middle Kingdom (Madhya-desa, India); the rules and ceremonies are not at all different. If a Chinese priest wishes to go to the West in order to hear (lectures) and read (the original), he had better stay here one or two years and practise the proper rules and then proceed to Central India."
5798:
10518:
7495:
67:
6952:
7168:
Burma and
Cambodia. They are, invariably, depicted by the Arab writers as extremely powerful and being equipped with vast armies of men, horses and having tens of thousands of elephants. They were also said to be in possession of vast treasures of gold and silver. Trading records from the 9th and 10th centuries mention Srivijaya, but do not expand upon regions further east, indicating that Arabic traders were not engaging with other regions in Southeast Asia, serving as further evidence of Srivijaya's important role as a link between the two regions.
6337:
5382:
425:
7515:
6164:
6897:
resources from their respective regions for export. A portion of their revenue was required to be paid to the king. They were not allowed to infringe upon international trade relations, but the temptation of keeping more money to themselves eventually led foreign traders and local rulers to conduct illicit trading relations of their own. Other sources claim that the Champa invasion had weakened the central government significantly, forcing vassals to keep the international trade revenue for themselves.
8066:
7243:
during this time. The
Javanese navy was strong enough to seriously disrupt Srivijaya's communications with China. Despite the naval confrontation between Java and Srivijaya, communication between the coastal governments of the Indian Ocean and China continued during this time, suggesting that the conflict did not always occur on the high seas, but was more likely to be confined to the estuaries and rivers around the Srivijayan capital of Palembang, the mouth of the Musi River and the Bangka Straits.
7475:
5226:. Furthermore, a significant number of Hindu-Buddhist statuary has been recovered from the Musi River basin. These discoveries reinforce the suggestion that Palembang was the centre of Srivijaya. Nevertheless, Palembang left little archaeological traces of ancient urban settlement. This is probably because of the nature of Palembang's environment — a low-lying plain which is frequently flooded by the Musi River. Experts suggests that the ancient Palembang settlement was formed as a collection of
7322:)... This state is at the middle of the sea, controlling the choke-point through which the various foreign vessels come and go. In the past, used an iron chain as a barrier... This year (i.e. presently), it is not taut (i.e. not extended) and not used, pile in the water... If merchant ships cross and do not enter , then ships are dispatched to do battle . They have to die (i.e. the persons onboard the merchant ships have to be killed). Hence, this state (Sanfoqi) is a great shipping centre.
5520:
6483:
5337:) revealed the remnants of ancient man-made canals, moats, ponds, and artificial islands, suggesting the location of Srivijaya's urban centre. Several artefacts such as fragments of inscriptions, Buddhist statues, beads, pottery and Chinese ceramics were found, confirming that the area had once been densely populated. By 1993, Pierre-Yves Manguin had shown that the centre of Srivijaya was along the Musi River between Bukit Seguntang and Sabokingking (situated in what is now
7219:
international maritime activities, which means that a shore-based state like this develops and maintains its power with its navy. However, a survey of the available information shows that such an assumption is incorrect. Data on maritime activity are scanty and mentions of their navy occurs only in incomplete sources. Even the material aspects of
Southeast Asian navies were not known until the 15th century, scientific attention generally focused on shipbuilding techniques.
6744:
7759:. Yijing and other monks of his time practiced a pure version of Buddhism although the religion allowed for cultural changes to be made. He is also given credit for translating Buddhist text which has the most instructions on the discipline of the religion. Yijing wrote his memoir of Buddhism whilst in Srivijaya. Travellers to these islands mentioned that gold coins were in use in the coastal areas but not inland. Srivijaya drew in priests from as far away as Korea.
4915:
13960:
13553:
7117:
in
Guangzhou, or in Indonesia, but nowhere else along the trade route. There have been some discrepancies with the dating of said artifacts. Ceramic sherds found around the Geding Suro temple complex have been revealed to be much more recent than previously assumed. A statuette found in the same area did align with Srivijayan chronology, but it has been suggested that this is merely a coincidence and the product was actually brought to the region recently.
5278:. The historical evidence was contrasted in 1975 with publications by Bennet Bronson and Jan Wisseman. Findings at certain major excavation sites, such as Geding Suro, Penyaringan Air Bersih, Sarang Wati, and Bukit Seguntang, conducted in the region played major roles in the negative evidence of the 1st-millennium kingdom in the same region. It was noted that the region contained no locatable settlements earlier than the middle of the second millennium.
78:
6918:
1989:
1415:
8649:(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 2001, p. 56). Arlo Griffiths, however, refuted these theories and convincingly demonstrated that Java in the inscriptions both in the continent of Southeast Asia and in the Indonesian and Malaysian archipelago refer to the Indonesian island of Java, see his article 'The Problem of the Ancient Name Java and the Role of Satyavarman in Southeast Asian International Relations around the Turn of the Ninth Century CE' (
13157:
5864:
4595:
4082:
13970:
13563:
7836:
would have taken about a year with the assistance of monsoon winds, it was easier to stop at
Srivijaya. It took about half a year from either direction to reach Srivijaya which was a far more effective and efficient use of manpower and resources. A round trip from one end to Srivijaya and back would take the same amount of time to go the entire distance one way. This theory has been supported by evidence found in two local shipwrecks.
6904:(oath of allegiance), the royalties of each kadatuan often formed alliances through dynastic marriages. For example, a previously suzerained kadatuan over time might rise in prestige and power, so that eventually its ruler could lay claim to be the maharaja of the central kadatuan. The relationship between Srivijayan in Sumatra (descendants of Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa) and Sailendras in Java exemplified this political dynamic.
6604:
5373:
immediately lost as local treasure hunters immediately has sold them to international antiquities dealers before archaeologists could properly study them. These discoveries led to the treasure rush in Musi River in 2021, where locals formed groups of treasure divers operating in some parts of the Musi River in and around
Palembang. These troves seem to confirm that Palembang was indeed the commercial centre of Srivijaya.
8022:
6997:
control on trade within the
Straits of Malacca and international trade routes going through the strait. Srivijaya's victory on its dominance of river-mouths centres on the Sumatra, Malaya and western Java coasts ensured Palembang's control over the region. This was accomplished through its system of: 'oath of allegiances' to local elites; its efforts on redistributions of wealth; and alliances made with local
7717:
5270:, the geographical location of modern Palembang was a possible candidate for the 1st-millennium kingdom settlement like Srivijaya as it is the best described and most secure in historical context, its prestige was apparent in wealth and urban characteristics, and the most unique, which no other 1st-millennium kingdom held, was its location in junction to three major rivers, the Musi River, the
6893:, typical of that of classical Southeast Asian Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms. It could be described as federation of kingdoms or vassalised polity under a centre of domination, namely the central Kadatuan Srivijaya. The polity was defined by its centre rather than its boundaries and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing further administrative integration.
6674:, the maternal grandson of emperor Rajendra Chola I, in his youth (1063) was in Srivijaya, restoring order and maintaining Chola influence in that area. Virarajendra Chola states in his inscription, dated in the 7th year of his reign, that he conquered Kadaram (Kedah) and gave it back to its king who came and worshiped his feet. These expeditions were led by Kulottunga to help the
6612:
were probably caused by
Srivijaya's attempts to throw obstacles in the way of Chola's trade with the East or, more probably, a simple desire on the part of Rajendra Chola to extend his military victories to well known countries to gain prestige. The new research however, suggests that the attack was a pre-emptive strike with a commercial motive. Rajendra Chola's naval strike was a
6948:. In order to participate in this trade agreement, Srivijaya was involved in a tributary relation with China, in which they sent several envoys and embassies to secure the Chinese court's favour. By 1178, a Srivijayan mission to China highlighted Srivijaya's role as an intermediary to acquire Bornean products, such as plum flower-shaped Borneo camphor planks.
5489:. Because of the large amount of remains, such as the Ligor stele, found in this region, some scholars have attempted to prove that Chaiya was the capital. This period was also a time for art. The Buddhist art of the Srivijayan Kingdom was believed to have borrowed from Indian styles like that of the Dvaravati school of art. Some scholars believe that
6459:
revolt, which led to the attack and destruction of the Mataram palace. This sudden and unexpected attack took place during the wedding ceremony of Dharmawangsa's daughter, which left the court unprepared and shocked. With the death of Dharmawangsa and the fall of the Mataram capital, Srivijaya contributed to the collapse of Mataram kingdom, leaving
6451:(Sri Cudamani Warmadewa). The Srivijayan envoy told the Chinese court that in their country a Buddhist temple had been erected to pray for the long life of Chinese Emperor, and asked the emperor to give the name and the bell for this temple which was built in his honor. Rejoiced, the Chinese Emperor named the temple
7766:
who taught Buddhist philosophy in Srivijaya and Nalanda. The language diction of many inscriptions found near where Srivijaya once reigned incorporated Indian Tantric conceptions. This evidence makes it clear the relationship of the ruler and the concept of bodhisattva—one who was to become a Buddha.
7547:
Buddha statue located in Palembang. This statue, dating back to the 7th or 8th century, is evidence of the spread of art, culture, and ideology through trade. According to various historical sources, a complex and cosmopolitan society with a culture deeply influenced by Vajrayana Buddhism, flourished
7326:
This information may refer to sea and river warfare in particular given the extensive navigation capabilities of the Musi and Batang Hari rivers where the main centres of the kingdoms around the Malacca Strait (Palembang and Jambi) were located. These records show that both the nature of the navy and
7317:
All are excellent in maritime and land warfare. At any time that a mobilisation order is established, chieftains command . All of them prepare and equip with soldiers, equipment, and food. Arriving at the enemy, they dare to die (i.e. are not afraid of dying). the elder of the various states (i.e.
7300:
This country (Sanfoqi) has no products, but its people are well trained in warfare. When they put medicine on their body, they can't be hurt. In offensive naval warfare, their attacks are unmatched. Therefore, neighboring countries are aligned with it. If foreign ships passing through the vicinity do
7267:
Until the 11th century, at least in terms of their military outlook, the kingdom was arguably land-based. Only with the changing international context from the 11th century onwards, marked initially by the Chola attacks, and then with the increasing presence of Chinese merchants directly operating in
7242:
note that between 990 and 991, a Srivijayan envoy was unable to return from South China to Palembang because of the ongoing military conflict between Java and Srivijaya. However the Javanese, Arabs from the Middle East, and South Asia were able to maintain diplomatic and economic exchanges with China
6705:
After the fall of Shailendra dynasty in Sumatra in the 11th century, and a period of Chola involvements in the region, there are no clear records which can explain the period ensuing the fall of Srivijaya. Almost 150 years later, a new dynasty emerged in the region replacing the Sailendras. They were
5372:
In 2021 numbers of treasures were surfaced from shallows and riverbed of the Musi River by local fishermen that turns to be treasure divers. The troves includes coins of certain periods, gold jewelries, Buddhist statues, gems, colourful beads, and Chinese ceramic fragments. However, these troves were
8033:
Although Srivijaya left few archaeological remains and was almost forgotten in the collective memory of Maritime Southeast Asia, the rediscovery of this ancient maritime empire by Cœdès in the 1920s raised the notion that it was possible for a widespread political entity to have thrived in Southeast
7835:
traffic as well as local trade, charging a toll on passing ships. Serving as an entrepôt for Chinese, Malay, and Indian markets, the port of Palembang, accessible from the coast by way of a river, accumulated great wealth. Instead of traveling the entire distance from the Middle East to China, which
7624:
After the bronze and Iron Age, an influx of bronze tools and jewelry spread throughout the region. The different styles of bangles and beads represent the different regions of origin and their own specific materials and techniques used. Chinese artwork was one of the main items traded in the region,
7552:
described Buddhist rituals and blessings at the event of establishing a public park. This inscription allowed historians to understand the practices being held at the time, as well as their importance to the function of Srivijayan society. Talang Tuwo serves as one of the world's oldest inscriptions
7263:
The inability of the Malacca Strait states to respond to maritime threats became very clear in the early 11th century. Between 1017 and 1025, the Chola Empire raided the main Malay ports in the strait and the Gulf of Siam, including Kedah, Malay (Jambi), Lambri, Srivijaya, and Langkasuka, looted the
7116:
Ceramics were a major trade commodity between Srivijaya and China with shard artefacts found along the coast of Sumatra and Java. It is assumed that China and Srivijaya may have had an exclusive ceramics trade relationship because particular ceramic shards can only be found at their point of origin,
6845:
During its formation, the empire was organised in three main zones — the estuarine capital region centred on Palembang, the Musi River basin which served as hinterland and source of valuable goods, and rival estuarine areas capable of forming rival power centres. These rival estuarine areas, through
6458:
In 1006, Srivijaya's alliance proved its resilience by successfully repelling the Javanese invasion. This attack opened the eyes of Srivijayan Maharaja to the threat of the Javanese Mataram Kingdom, so he laid a plan to destroy his Javanese rival. Srivijaya assisted Haji (king) Wurawari of Lwaram to
5460:
In the second half of the eighth century, the Srivijayan mandala seems to have been ruled by the Sailendra dynasty of Central Java. Several Arabic sources mentioned that Zabag (the Javanese Sailendra dynasty) ruled over Sribuza (Srivijaya), Kalah (a place in the Malay Peninsula, probably Kedah), and
7357:
in 1275, a large number of Malay port-states emerged in the strait, each seeking to engage directly with foreign traders, with varying degrees of success. Therefore, the development of an increasingly proactive naval strategy was not only a reaction to the changing nature of interactions with major
7167:
Arab writers of the 9th and 10th century, in their writings, considered the king of Al-Hind (India and to some extent might include Southeast Asia) as one of the four great kings in the world. The reference to the kings of Al-Hind might have also included the kings of Southeast Asia; Sumatra, Java,
6611:
Rajendra Chola's overseas expeditions against Srivijaya were unique in India's history and its otherwise peaceful relations with the states of Southeast Asia. The reasons for the naval expeditions are uncertain as the sources do not state its exact causes. Nilakanta Sastri suggests that the attacks
5221:
Other than the Kedukan Bukit inscription and other Srivijayan inscriptions, immediately to the west of modern Palembang city, a quantity of artefacts have been revealed through archaeological surveys commenced since the 20th century. Artefacts unearthed include large amounts of Chinese ceramics and
4769:
Although it was once thought of as a maritime empire, new research on available records suggests that Srivijaya was primarily a land-based polity rather than a maritime power; fleets were available but acted as logistical support to facilitate the projection of land power. In response to the change
8163:
in Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium, Palembang, a colossal dance performance titled "Srivijaya the Golden Peninsula" was performed featuring Palembang traditional dances and a life-sized replica of an ancient ship. In popular culture, Srivijaya has become the source of inspiration for numbers of fictional
8008:
against Tambralinga. After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king, Sangrama Vijayatungavarman. This eventually led to the Chola Empire coming into conflict with Srivijaya. The conflict ended with a victory for the Chola
7732:
stayed in Srivijaya for six months and studied Sanskrit. According to Yijing, within Palembang there were more than 1,000 monks studying for themselves and training traveling scholars who were going from India to China and vice versa. Most of these travelers stayed in Palembang for long periods of
5438:
Compared to Palembang, Muaro Jambi has richer archaeological sites, i.e. multiple red brick temples and building structures along the Batang Hari river whilst Pelembang has no comparable temples or building structures. The proponents of the theory that Muaro Jambi was Srivijaya's capital point out
8061:
that limited the use and knowledge of liturgical language to the Brahmin caste. For centuries, Srivijaya, through its expansion, economic power and military prowess, was responsible for the spread of Old Malay throughout the Malay Archipelago. It was the working language of traders, being used in
6678:
king who had sought the help of Virarajendra Chola. An inscription of Canton mentions Ti-hua-kialo as the ruler of Srivijaya. According to historians, this ruler is the same as the Chola ruler Ti-hua-kialo (identified with Kulottunga) mentioned in the Song annals and who sent an embassy to China.
6996:
Besides interregional trade agreements, the Srivijayan economy is also theorized to have adopted a "riverine system model", where dominance of a river-system and river-mouth centres guaranteed the kingdom's control of the flow of goods from the hinterland region upstream of the river; as well as
5451:
and archaeological findings, suggest that Srivijaya's capital fits Muaro Jambi's environment better than the marshy Palembang. The study also compares the environment, geographical location, and the economic wealth of both cities; arguing that Jambi, located on the mouth of the Batang Hari River
8057:, while Old Malay was a common language in the Srivijayan realm. This linguistic policy probably stemmed from the rather egalitarian nature of Mahayana Buddhism adhered to in Srivijaya, in contrast to the elitist nature of Hinduism. Unlike Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism did not have emphasize on a
7222:
In the Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 AD), it is recorded that only 312 people used boats out of a total force of 20,000 people, which also included 1312 land soldiers. The large number of ground troops shows that Srivijaya's navy only acted as a minor provider of logistical support. In the 8th
6682:
Tamil colonization of the Malacca Strait seems to have lasted for a century. The Cholas left several inscriptions in northern Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. Tamil influence can be found in works of art (sculpture and temple architecture), it indicated government activity rather than commerce.
7455:
Srivijaya-Palembang's significance both as a centre for trade and for the practice of Vajrayana Buddhism has been established by Arab and Chinese historical records over several centuries. Srivijaya' own historical documents, inscriptions in Old Malay, are limited to the second half of the 7th
7120:
The currency of the empire was gold and silver coins embossed with the image of the sandalwood flower (of which Srivijaya had a trade monopoly on) and the word "vara," or "glory," in Sanskrit. Other items could be used to barter with, such as porcelain, silk, sugar, iron, rice, dried galangal,
7822:
The oldest accounts of the empire come from Arabic and Chinese traders who noted in their travel logs of the importance of the empire in regional trade. Its location was instrumental in developing itself as a major port which connected China, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Control of the
6896:
The relations between the central kadatuan and its member (subscribers) kadatuans were dynamic. As such, the status would shift over generations. Minor trading ports throughout the region were controlled by local vassal rulers in place on behalf of the king. They also presided over harvesting
5286:
was initiated by a proposition for an alternative model. Excavations showed failed signs of a complex urban centre under the lens of a sinocentric model, leading to parameters of a new proposed model. Parameters for such a model of a city-like settlement included isolation in relevance to its
5281:
Lack of evidence of southern settlements in the archaeological record comes from the disinterest in the archeologist and the unclear physical visibility of the settlements themselves. Archeology of the 1920s and 1930s focused more on art and epigraphy found in the regions. Some northern urban
7218:
Previously it was assumed that Srivijaya was a maritime power that could not be separated from ethnicity and society in the Malacca Strait. The assumption that occurs is that the formation of a successful state and hegemony in the strait is directly related to the ability to participate in
7609:, Palembang, Avalokiteshvara from Bingin Jungut in Musi Rawas, the bronze Maitreya statue of Komering, all discovered in South Sumatra. In Jambi, a golden statue of Avalokiteshvara was discovered in Rataukapastuo, Muarabulian. In the Malay Peninsula the bronze statue of Avalokiteshvara of
7206:
and gaining trade patronage by the Chinese court, Srivijaya was constantly managing its trade networks and, was always wary of potential rival ports of its neighbouring kingdoms. A majority of the revenue from international trade was used to finance the military which was charged with the
11264:
6226:. Historians have argued that this was because Balaputra's mother Tara, the queen consort of King Samaragrawira, was the princess of Srivijaya, making Balaputra the heir of the Srivijayan throne. Balaputra the Maharaja of Srivijaya later stated his claim as the rightful heir of the
6967:
from Kedah. Arab accounts state that the empire of the Srivijayan Maharaja was so vast that the swiftest vessel would not have been able to travel around all its islands in two years. The islands that the accounts referred to produced camphor, aloes, sandal-wood, spices like
6518:
in 1025. His navy sailed swiftly to Sumatra using monsoon winds, made a stealth attack and raided Srivijaya's 14 ports. The strike took Srivijaya by surprise and unprepared; they first ransacked the capital city of Palembang and then swiftly moved on to other ports including
8105:
can be seen on the vest worn by Figure 1 statue at the Bumiayu temple complex, which suggests that the motif that has been around since the 9th century. This archaeological study has enforced the notion that songket gold thread weaving tradition originated in Srivijaya.
7386:
is identified as a Malay type of ship in later records, but during the Srivijaya era, the ship was mentioned in 2 inscriptions on the northern coast of Bali dated 896 and 923 AD. These inscriptions are written in the Old Balinese language, and not in Old Malay.
5261:
Palembang and its relevance to the early Malay state were controversial in terms of its evidence build-up through the archaeological record. Strong historical evidence found in Chinese sources, speaking of city-like settlements as early as 700 AD, and later
7810:
Although historical records and archaeological evidence are scarce, it appears that by the 7th century, Srivijaya had established suzerainty over large areas of Sumatra, western Java and much of the Malay Peninsula. Initially, Srivijaya dominated a
7226:
The absence of any terms denoting maritime vessel for general use and military showed that the navy was not a permanent aspect of Srivijaya. Even when neighboring powers in maritime Asia, especially Java during the 10th to 14th centuries, and the
8640:
Some academics, such as Charles Higham and Michael Vickery, disputed Coedès' assumption that Jayavarman II lived in Java for some time. They asserted that people living in Cambodian regions near the former territory of Champa used the Khmer word
6623:, which were based on intensive agriculture rather than coastal and long-distance trade. With the passing of time, the regional trading centre shifted from the old Srivijayan capital of Palembang to another trade centre on the island of Sumatra,
5968:. It is unknown what the exact nature of their relationship was, with Arab sources mentioning that Zabag (Java) ruled over Sribuza (Srivijaya), Kalah (a place in the Malay peninsula, probably Kedah), and Ramni (a place in Sumatra, probably
7797:
According to the styles of Shiva and Agastya statues found in Bumiayu temple 1, those Hindu statues are dated from around the 9th to 10th-century. By the 12th to 13th-century it seems that the faith in Bumiayu was shifted from Hinduism to
6679:
According to Tan Yeok Song, the editor of the Srivijayan inscription of Canton, Kulottunga stayed in Kadaram (Kedah) after the naval expedition of 1067 AD and reinstalled its king before returning to South India and ascending the throne.
5485:, was the centre of Srivijaya. The Srivijayan Period is referred to as the time when Srivijaya ruled over present-day southern Thailand. In the region of Chaiya, there is clear evidence of Srivijayan influence seen in artwork inspired by
5412:, rather than on the originally-proposed Musi River. The archaeological site includes eight excavated temple sanctuaries and covers about 12 square kilometers, and stretches 7.5 kilometers along the Batang Hari River, while 80 mounds (
9301:"Sriwijaya : history, religion & language of on early Malay polity / collected studies by George Coedes and Lovis-Charles Damais; edited, Pierre-Ives Manguin and Tan Sri Dato Mubin Sheppard, OPAC Perpustakaan Nasional RI"
5317:
Due to the contradicting pattern found in southern regions, like Palembang, in 1977 Bennet Bronson developed a speculative model for a better understanding of coastal-oriented states in Insular Southeast Asia, such as insular and
7785:
Shivaist Hindu temple compound built and used between the 8th and 13th century. The Bumiayu temple site is located by the banks of the Lematang River, a tributary of the Musi River. This temple compound was probably built by a
6414:
which made him unable to return home. In 992 an envoy from Java arrived in the Chinese court and explained that their country was involved in continuous war with Srivijaya. In 999 the Srivijayan envoy sailed from China to
7280:, historians believe that Srivijaya may be no longer the appropriate name for the overlord's centre, and epigraphic references to 'Sriwijaya' also ceased after the attack. However, the Chinese term for Srivijaya, namely
6419:
in an attempt to return home, however, he received no news about the condition of his country. The Srivijayan envoy then sailed back to China and appealed to the Chinese Emperor for the protection of Srivijaya against
7568:, had been used since the 7th century in the Malay Archipelago as evident by inscriptions in the coastal areas of the archipelago, such as those discovered in Java. The language was spread by traders and become the
6003:(the slayer of a heroic enemy), which refers to Dharanindra. Unlike his predecessor, the expansive and warlike Dharanindra, Samaragrawira seems to have been a pacifist, enjoying the peaceful prosperity of interior
5675:
heads, and on the lower portion there is a water spout to channel liquid that was likely poured over the stone during a ritual. The ritual included a curse upon those who commit treason against Kadatuan Srivijaya.
4774:
developed a naval strategy to delay their decline. The naval strategy was mainly punitive; this was done to coerce trading ships to be called to their port. Later, the naval strategy degenerated to raiding fleet.
6936:. Srivijaya once served as a centre of Buddhist learning and expansion. The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".
13925:
13518:
7770:
One thing researchers have found Srivijaya to be lacking is an emphasis in art and architecture. While neighboring regions have evidence of intricate architecture, Palembang lacks Buddhist stupas or sculptures.
7655:
Remnants of Buddhist shrines (stupas) near Palembang and neighboring areas aid researchers in their understanding of the Buddhism within this society. Srivijaya and its kings were instrumental in the spread of
7258:
In the past, used an iron chain as a barrier to prepare against other robbing parties (arriving on vessels?). There were opportunities to release (i.e. draw) it by hand. If merchant ships arrive, it has to be
5282:
settlements were sited due to some overlap in fitting the sinocentric model of city-state urban centres. An approach to differentiate between urban settlements in the southern regions from the northern ones of
12897:
12864:
12852:
7851:
was the first rival power centre absorbed into the empire, and thus began the domination of the region through trade and conquest in the 7th through the 9th centuries. The Melayu Kingdom's gold mines in the
6358:
became more intense and hostile. The animosity was probably caused by Srivijaya's effort to reclaim the Sailendra lands in Java or by Mataram's aspiration to challenge Srivijaya domination in the region. In
6069:
Dewi Tara, the daughter of Dharmasetu, married Samaratunga, a member of the Sailendra family who assumed the throne of Srivijaya around 792. By the 8th century, the Srivijayan court was virtually located in
7577:
Despite its economic, cultural and military advances, Srivijaya left few archaeological remains in their heartlands in Sumatra. Some Buddhist temples dated from Srivijayan era are found in Sumatra and are
6307:
was so impressed with the wealth of the Srivijayan ruler that he declared that one would not hear of a king who was richer, stronger or had more revenue. The main urban centres of Srivijaya were then at
8147:, established in 1960 in Palembang, was named after Srivijaya. Kodam Sriwijaya (a military commando area unit), PT Pupuk Sriwijaya (a fertiliser company), Sriwijaya Post (a Palembang-based newspaper),
11572:
Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (3), pp. 318-336, Brill Publishers
8093:, and to a certain extent West Sumatra and Jambi. This has motivated Indonesian historians to trace the origin of songket and its possible link to Srivijaya. Based on an archaeological study on the
13935:
13528:
6889:(local principalities), which swore allegiance to the central ruling powerful Kadatuan ruled by the Srivijayan Maharaja. The political relations and system relating to its realms is described as a
7819:. Regarding its status as the central port of the region, it seems that Srivijaya had a unique "ritual policy" in its relations with the dominant powers of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China.
6530:
and foreign trade. At times, the Chola's seafaring led to outright plunder and conquest as far as Southeast Asia. An inscription of King Rajendra states that he had captured the King of Kadaram,
66:
8645:, which normally refers to the Indonesian island of Java, for the Cham. Jayavarman II, moreover, started his career in a town in the east of Cambodia, a region near Champa, cf. Charles Higham,
7184:. This has led some historian to argue that the amorphous statehood of Srivijaya, which dominated a confederation of semi autonomous port cities in the Maritime Southeast Asia, was actually a
8034:
Asia in the past. Modern Indonesian historians have used Srivijaya as a frame of reference of how ancient globalisation, foreign relations and maritime trade, have shaped Asian civilisation.
6648:
of Srivijaya has faded. It is very possible that Srivijaya collapsed in 1025. In the following centuries, Chinese chronicles still mentioned "Sanfoqi", but this term probably refers to the
6567:. She also became the queen consort of Airlangga named Dharmaprasadottungadevi and, in 1035, Airlangga constructed a Buddhist monastery named Srivijayasrama dedicated to his queen consort.
13894:
13487:
10672:
6642:
sent a mission to China in 1028, but this would refer to Malayu-Jambi, not Srivijaya-Palembang. No Srivijayan envoys arrived in China between 1028 and 1077. This indicates that the
6656:(Jambi country of Sanfoqi). The last epigraphic evidence that mentions the word "Sriwijaya" or "Srivijaya" comes from the Tanjore inscription of the Chola kingdom in 1030 or 1031.
12529:
11836:
9549:
Ahmad Rapanie, Cahyo Sulistianingsih, Ribuan Nata, "Kerajaan Sriwijaya, Beberapa Situs dan Temuannya", Museum Negeri Sumatera Selatan, Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan.
13684:
7996:
The reason for this sudden change in the relationship with the Chola kingdom is not fully known. However, as some historians suggest, that the Khmer king, Suryavarman I of the
7743:, Srivijaya attracted pilgrims and scholars from other parts of Asia. These included the Chinese monk Yijing, who made several lengthy visits to Sumatra on his way to study at
13930:
11706:
7889:. This means that between 1178 and 1225 the Srivijayan kingdom centred in Palembang was defeated by the Malayu kingdom centred in Jambi. Thus, the seat of the empire moved to
7794:. The fact that a Hindu temple was discovered within the area of predominantly Buddhist Srivijaya suggests that Srivijaya's two religious groups coexisted quite harmoniously.
7646:
13889:
13482:
6062:
as the same person. However, later historians such as Slamet Muljana equate Samaratungga with Rakai Garung, mentioned in the Mantyasih inscription as the 5th monarch of the
7950:
in southern Thailand was, at least temporarily, the capital of Srivijaya, but this claim is widely disputed. However, Chaiya was probably a regional centre of the kingdom.
7415:. However, between the 9th and the 12th centuries, the influence of Srivijaya seems to have extended far beyond this core. Srivijayan navigators may have reached as far as
7121:
rhubarb, and camphor. Some Arabic sources record that the profits acquired from trade ports and levies were converted into gold and hidden by the King in the royal pond.
15488:
13899:
13492:
5206:
7301:
not call in this state, are sent to teach them a lesson and to kill. Therefore, the state is rich, with rhino horn, elephant (ivory), pearls, aromatics and medicines.
7156:), a gift from the Caliph to the Maharaja. Later, a Chinese chronicle made mention of Sri Indravarman and how the Maharaja of Srivijaya had sent the Chinese Emperor a
6667:
sent missions to China in 1077, 1079, 1082, 1088, and 1090. It is possible that the Cholas installed a crown prince in the Tamil-dominated area of the Malacca Strait.
383:
358:
8101:, South Sumatra, it can be seen that songket has been known by the people of South Sumatra since the 9th century. A textile motif known today in Palembang songket as
13010:
12998:
9559:
5266:
travelers, who visited the region during the 10th and 11th centuries, held written proof, named the kingdom of Srivijaya. As far as early state-like polities in the
13674:
13634:
11680:
9904:
4706:, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for six months. The earliest known inscription in which the name Srivijaya appears also dates from the 7th century in the
13044:
11236:
Titik Temu, Jejak Peradaban di Tepi Batanghari, Photograph and artifact exhibition of Muara Jambi Archaeological site, Bentara Budaya Jakarta, 9–11 November 2006
7931:, spent years in the court of Sailendra in Java before returning to Cambodia to rule around 790. Influenced by the Javanese culture of the Sailendran-Srivijayan
1125:
15558:
13884:
6559:. The peace deal was brokered by the exiled daughter of Vijayottunggavarman, who managed to escape the destruction of Palembang, and came to the court of King
3731:
11908:
11099:
Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2012). Lancaran, Ghurab and Ghali: Mediterranean impact on war vessels in Early Modern Southeast Asia. In G. Wade & L. Tana (Eds.),
7264:
Kedah treasury and captured Srivijayan rulers, a further indication of the incompetence of the Malacca Strait states to defend themselves from naval attacks.
6105:, which was completed in 825, during his reign. According to Cœdès, "In the second half of the ninth century Java and Sumatra were united under the rule of a
13027:
12612:
11736:
6455:('ten thousand years of receiving blessing from heaven, which is China) and a bell was immediately cast and sent to Srivijaya to be installed in the temple.
10291:
9209:
15553:
13719:
13669:
12717:
12595:
12065:
6435:, to seek protection from China. Warmadewa was known as an able and astute ruler, with shrewd diplomatic skills. In the midst of the crisis brought by the
3661:
10557:
Kee-Long, So (1998). "Dissolving Hegemony or Changing Trade Pattern? Images of Srivijaya in the Chinese Sources of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries".
7844:, a coastal city on the nearby island of Java. Both ships carried a variety of foreign cargo and, in the case of the Belitung wreck, had foreign origins.
6940:
The main goal of Srivijayan foreign economic relations was to secure a lucrative trade agreement to serve the large Chinese market, that spanned from the
6762:, discovered in Sabokingking, Palembang, testifies to the complexity and stratified titles of the Srivijayan state officials. These titles are mentioned:
13945:
13864:
13824:
13679:
13538:
1930:
13704:
7605:, were discovered at numerous sites in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. These archaeological findings such as the stone statue of Buddha discovered in
3781:
12037:
7330:
At the same time, the 12th century saw the beginning of the decline of the empires around the Malacca Strait and in the eyes of its foreign partners.
6551:
after the successful naval raid in 1025 married Onang Kiu, the daughter of Vijayottunggavarman. This invasion forced Srivijaya to make peace with the
15538:
12491:
10052:"The Problem of the Ancient Name Java and the Role of Satyavarman in Southeast Asian International Relations around the Turn of the Ninth Century CE"
7338:
during the 11th century. By the early 13th century, Pahang, Kuala Beranang and Kompei had established direct economic links with the Chinese port of
5903:, north of Langkasuka, came under Srivijayan influence. These kingdoms on the peninsula were major trading nations that transported goods across the
4681:. Due to its location, Srivijaya developed complex technology utilizing maritime resources. In addition, its economy became progressively reliant on
3601:
1105:
1595:
9837:
3100:
2106:
11190:
7188:. However, the true nature of Srivijaya naval development and maritime hegemony is still a subject of studies and disagreements among historians.
5452:
basin with its connection to Minangkabau hinterland was the centre of gold trade in the area, that described as the fabulous wealth of Srivijaya.
4148:
15508:
12859:
11248:
11163:
7223:
century, Srivijaya's naval capabilities grew to match the proportion of its army strength, although it only played a role as logistical support.
3265:
1085:
10207:
15503:
8168:, took place three centuries after the fall of Srivijaya, telling a story about court intrigue amidst the efforts to revive the fallen empire.
6570:
The Cholas continued a series of raids and conquests against parts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula for the next 20 years. The expedition of
5291:
and basic postulates themselves such as regions found in the south, like Palembang, based their achievements in correlation with urbanization.
3358:
2017:
1443:
14357:
12617:
11422:
10338:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.71
8472:
attack of Srivijaya, building of a temple for the Chinese Emperor, Tanjore Inscription or Leiden Inscription (1044), building of a temple at
7419:. The migration to Madagascar was estimated to have taken place around 830 CE. According to an extensive new mitochondrial DNA study, native
5006:
are also vital primary historical sources. Also, regional accounts that some might be preserved and retold as tales and legends, such as the
4623:
4110:
9720:
9585:
5578:. In establishing its power, Srivijaya had first to consolidate its position in Southeast Sumatra, which at that time consisted of multiple
5130:. This is another reason why the discovery of Srivijaya was so difficult. While some of these names are strongly reminiscent of the name of
15498:
15493:
12892:
12634:
7268:
Southeast Asian waters, coupled with the emergence of new powers on the seafront, did the role and nature of these navies begin to change.
7210:
Srivijayan settlers may have colonized some parts of Madagascar. The migration to Madagascar was estimated to have taken place around 830.
6959:
In the world of commerce, Srivijaya rose rapidly to be a far-flung empire controlling the two passages between India and China, namely the
3641:
1174:
10636:
9404:
15523:
13015:
13003:
12847:
9644:"Muaro Jambi, The Capital of Srivijaya, According to the writings of I-Tsing, Chau Ju-kua and recent studies and archaeological findings"
3681:
3195:
11840:
11318:
W., T. (1897). "Review of A Record of the Buddhist Religion, as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A. D. 671-695), I-Tsing".
9675:
8589:
Ti inya Rahiyang Sanjaya nyabrang ka désa Malayu. Diprang di Kemir, éléh Rahiyangtang Gana. Diprang deui ka Keling, éléh Sang Sriwijaya.
7908:. This was not the first time the Srivijayans had a conflict with the Javanese. According to historian Paul Michel Munoz, the Javanese
11777:
9015:
6878:
in northern Sumatra. There are also reports mentioning the Java-Srivijayan raids on Southern Cambodia (Mekong estuarine) and ports of
15513:
12600:
9461:
6890:
3995:
3891:
12710:
12058:
10887:
Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the expansion Islam 7th–11th centuries by André Wink p. 226
6187:
and Pramodhawardhani are interpreted differently by some historians. An older theory according to Bosch and De Casparis holds that
3348:
2911:
2907:
9702:
9486:
Bronson, Bennet; Wisseman, Jan (17 April 1975). "Palembang as Srivijaya The Lateness of Early Cities in Southern Southeast Asia".
1691:
13874:
13467:
12013:
3611:
1777:
1671:
10183:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia, Volume 1 of Nalanda-Sriwijaya series
15563:
13049:
13032:
7767:
This is the first evidence seen in the archaeological record of a Southeast Asian ruler regarded as a religious leader/figure.
7679:
Other than Palembang, three Srivijayan archaeological sites in Sumatra are notable for their Buddhist temple density. They are
6375:. The villagers of Anjuk Ladang were awarded for their service and merit in assisting the king's army, under the leadership of
4994:'s account is especially important in describing Srivijaya, when he visited the kingdom in 671 for six months. The 7th-century
4518:
1839:
10280:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.71
15310:
14692:
10756:
10705:
9768:
9131:
8998:
8766:
8117:, as a source of pride. Srivijaya has become the focus of national pride and regional identity, especially for the people of
6031:
rule. This decision was later proven to be a mistake, as Jayavarman II revolted, moved his capital further inland north from
5547:
5427:
in nature, which suggests that the site served as a Buddhist learning centre, connected to the 10th century Buddhist scholar
4000:
2780:
1910:
1219:
9183:
8009:
and heavy losses for Srivijaya and the capture of Sangramavijayottungavarman in the Chola raid in 1025. During the reign of
7860:, the Sanskrit name for Sumatra. Srivijaya helped spread Malay culture throughout Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and western
13849:
13599:
13442:
13192:
12781:
10051:
7935:(and likely eager to emulate the Javanese model in his court), he proclaimed Cambodian independence from Java and ruled as
6754:
heads on top, and a waterspout on the lower part to channel the water probably poured during a ceremonial allegiance ritual
5258:(king's court) and religious structures were built on land, while the people live in floating houses along the Musi River.
4986:
historical accounts and the Southeast Asian stone inscriptions that have been discovered and deciphered in the region. The
4491:
3971:
3741:
3315:
3245:
3050:
1900:
1825:
1585:
1360:
15216:
11862:
9105:
6726:
kingdom can be considered as the successor of Srivijaya. The oldest inscription bearing the name of Maharaja Mauli is the
6687:
of ca. 1120 CE mentioned Kulottungga's destruction of Kadaram (Kedah). After that, Kedah disappeared from Indian sources.
5624:
basin which served as a hinterland, and estuarine areas capable of forming rival power centres. The areas upstream of the
4929:
Little physical evidence of Srivijaya remains. There had been no continuous knowledge of the history of Srivijaya even in
12791:
12786:
12703:
12051:
12022:
7553:
that talks about the environment, highlighting the centrality of nature in Buddhist religion and Srivijayan society. The
7327:
the role it played in the survival of the government itself, in the late 12th and 13th centuries, became very different.
5835:-speaking Shivaist family led by Dapunta Selendra had established themselves in the Batang area of the northern coast of
5572:. Many of these armed forces gathered under Srivijayan rule would have been the sea people, referred to generally as the
5546:(683)—considered to be the oldest inscription related to Srivijaya, discovered on the banks of the Tatang River near the
4509:
4500:
3771:
3621:
3541:
3295:
3000:
1320:
15362:
14362:
11587:(1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338-342, Artibus Asiae Publishers
10695:
8098:
6921:
6498:
The factors in the decline of Srivijaya were foreign piracy and raids that disrupted trade and security in the region.
5217:
bank near Palembang in 1917. The Srivijayan capital was probably formed from a collection of floating houses like this.
5171:
theory as the place where Srivijaya was first established was presented by Cœdes and supported by Pierre-Yves Manguin.
2461:
2010:
1575:
1436:
1382:
166:
71:
The maximum extent of Srivijaya around the 8th to the 11th century with a series of Srivijayan expeditions and conquest
11810:
11558:
Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium by Ronald Findlay, Kevin H. O'Rourke p.67
14006:
11961:
11940:
11787:
11513:
11138:
White, Joyce C.; Hamilton, Elizabeth G. "The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand: New Perspectives".
10853:
10733:
10666:
10488:
10380:
10301:
10191:
10141:
10101:
10034:
9526:
9388:
9269:
9068:
8909:
7531:
Some art was heavily influenced by Buddhism, further spreading religion and ideologies through the trade of art. The
7207:
responsibility of protecting the ports. Some records even describe the use of iron chains to prevent pirate attacks.
7191:
Srivijaya benefited from the lucrative maritime trade between China and India as well as trading in products such as
5593:
inscriptions, it is known that Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa launched a maritime conquest in 684 with 20,000 men in the
5465:). However, it's unknown whether Srivijaya's capital moved to Java or Srivijaya simply became a subordinate of Java.
4937:; its forgotten past has been resurrected by foreign scholars. Contemporary Indonesians, even those from the area of
4616:
4103:
3761:
3255:
1340:
11374:
9507:"Exchange at the Upstream and Downstream Ends: Notes toward Functional Model of the Coastal State in Southeast Asia"
7129:
Other than fostering lucrative trade relations with India and China, Srivijaya also established commerce links with
5254:(Srivijaya) live scattered outside the city on the water, within rafts lined with reeds." It was probably that only
5021:
The historical records of Srivijaya were reconstructed from a number of stone inscriptions, most of them written in
8978:
8159:(Palembang football club) were also all named after Srivijaya. On 11 November 2011, during the opening ceremony of
8143:
Srivijaya is a street name in many cities in Indonesia and has become synonymous with Palembang and South Sumatra.
5060:
Srivijaya, and by extension Sumatra, had been known by different names to different peoples. The Chinese called it
3811:
3791:
3491:
3040:
2935:
2802:
1880:
1613:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1350:
1330:
11286:
5191:
temple is located as Minanga Tamwan. However, a recent study suggests that Minanga Tamwan is located by the upper
4833:
means "shining victory", "splendid triumph", "prosperous victor", "radiance of excellence" or simply "glorious".
3275:
15518:
14988:
13112:
12371:
11007:
Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu Fan Chï
10234:
9156:
4576:
4418:
3671:
3328:
3305:
3165:
3030:
2441:
1964:
1890:
1739:
14150:
8045:. This has promoted the status of local languages to the same status as Sanskrit; as the language of the elite.
5597:
journey to acquire wealth, power, and 'magical powers'. Under the leadership of Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, the
12796:
11681:"The Ancient Sriwijaya Heritage" Featuring Glimpse of Songket in Traditional Southern Sumatra Wedding Ceremony"
10244:
5196:
5049:
in the east. In the 20th century, both empires were referred to by nationalistic intellectuals to argue for an
4055:
3931:
3921:
3901:
3871:
3521:
3511:
1940:
1392:
1184:
432:
11661:
11216:
7231:
in the 11th century, began to develop their navies, Srivijaya's naval power was relatively weak. For example,
15426:
13277:
11751:
9425:
Het sultanaat Palembang 1811 – 1825, M.O. Wolders, Kon. Inst. voor taal-, land- en volkenkunde, Den Haag 1975
8137:
6313:
5334:
5298:
4795:
3881:
3721:
3651:
3551:
3410:
3338:
3155:
2776:
2586:
2003:
1974:
1481:
1461:
1429:
1397:
1387:
1370:
1335:
1259:
1229:
1164:
994:
697:
520:
404:
6885:
After its expansion to the neighbouring states, the Srivijayan empire was formed as a collection of several
6195:, which means he was the younger brother of Pramodhawardhani. Later historians such as Muljana, argued that
4871:, mentioned the name "Sang Sri Wijaya". The manuscript describes princely hero that rose to be a king named
15528:
15421:
15305:
13523:
13143:
13138:
11916:. Special Publication No. 22. Freemantle: Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology
8037:
An important legacy of Srivijaya was its language. Unlike some inscriptions of Srivijayan contemporaries –
7680:
7579:
6715:
6624:
6487:
5528:
5401:
5393:
5385:
4609:
4561:
4556:
4128:
4096:
4020:
4005:
3961:
3911:
3821:
3751:
3501:
3421:
3010:
2921:
2720:
2035:
1850:
1797:
1719:
1013:
706:
2055:
15543:
15431:
14468:
13794:
13387:
13067:
10404:
8554:
8543:
7815:
of semi-autonomous port cities in the region, through nurturing alliances and gaining fealty among these
7277:
6620:
6531:
6515:
6477:
5473:
Another theory suggests that Dapunta Hyang came from the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and that the
5448:
5045:
inscriptions. Srivijaya became a symbol of early Sumatran importance as a great empire to balance Java's
4852:(discovered in 1892). However, at that time he believed that it referred to a king named "Vijaya", with "
4779:
4388:
4010:
3841:
3831:
3461:
3135:
2431:
1701:
1239:
311:
8132:
5699:
garden endowed by King Jayanasa of Srivijaya for the well-being of all creatures. It is likely that the
5609:, was rich in gold and was held in high esteem at the time. Srivijaya recognised that the submission of
12806:
12216:
12000:
11633:
11288:
A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671–695 by I-tsing
11194:
8624:
8196:
8160:
6619:
The raids gravely weakened the Srivijayan hegemony and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms like
6268:
and later seized the throne of Srivijaya. The new maharaja was able to dispatch a tributary mission to
5735:. Also, according to the inscriptions, Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa launched a military campaign against
5644:
or king. Force was the dominant element in the empire's relations with rival river systems such as the
5632:
traders. The capital was administered directly by the ruler, while the hinterland remained under local
5557:
4821:
means "fortunate", "prosperous", or "happy" and also has some association with the divine, at least in
4770:
in the maritime Asian economy, and threatened by the loss of its dependencies, the kingdoms around the
4204:
3941:
3801:
3531:
3020:
2546:
1969:
1491:
1194:
17:
11245:
11167:
6683:
Chola's grip on northern Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula receded in the 12th century — the Tamil poem
5564:
journey and led 20,000 troops and 312 people in boats with 1,312 foot soldiers from Minanga Tamwan to
15533:
15389:
14537:
14101:
12745:
11607:
10900:
Murray P. Cox; Michael G. Nelson; Meryanne K. Tumonggor; François-X. Ricaut; Herawati Sudoyo (2012).
10899:
9611:
8599:
8204:
7791:
6644:
5543:
5524:
5167:
came from Minanga Tamwan. The exact location of Minanga Tamwan is still a subject of discussion. The
5164:
5152:
5030:
5015:
4841:
4707:
2536:
1749:
1345:
292:
220:
195:
12027:
10895:
10893:
6984:, as well as ivory, gold and tin, all of which made the wealth of the Maharaja equal to any king in
6574:
had such a lasting impression on the Malay people of the period that his name is even mentioned (as
5294:
15347:
15322:
15172:
14831:
14826:
13844:
13809:
13764:
13616:
13592:
13437:
13402:
13357:
13209:
13185:
13133:
12629:
12361:
11449:
8368:
8152:
7370:
epigraphical records rarely mentioned watercraft. The Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 AD) mentioned
4566:
4551:
3711:
3631:
3471:
3060:
2730:
2496:
2322:
1325:
746:
12005:
4840:
and the neighboring islands thought that the term "Srivijaya" referred to a king's name. In 1913,
15414:
15295:
14836:
14789:
14732:
14431:
14375:
14123:
13734:
13729:
13624:
13327:
13322:
13217:
11005:
10890:
10648:
8208:
7707:
river valleys, North Sumatra province. It is highly possible that these Buddhist sites served as
7621:
in Southern Thailand. The difference in material, supports the spread of Buddhism through trade.
7549:
7358:
trading partners such as China and India, but also as a result of the polities' declining power.
6759:
6747:
6364:
5680:
5656:
5397:
5038:
5034:
4934:
4918:
4678:
4045:
4015:
3951:
3861:
3441:
3200:
3175:
2925:
1807:
492:
10316:
History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800 by Geoffrey C. Gunn p.43
9506:
7668:. People making pilgrimages were encouraged to spend time with the monks in the capital city of
4906:, which dominated a confederation of semi autonomous harbour cities in Maritime Southeast Asia.
15436:
15337:
15332:
15020:
14968:
14888:
14821:
14725:
14710:
14603:
14370:
14324:
14165:
14052:
13854:
13829:
13744:
13724:
13644:
13447:
13422:
13337:
13317:
13267:
13237:
13227:
12639:
12032:
9785:
9560:"Media Dunia Heboh atas Temuan Harta Karun Swarnadwipa Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Dasar Sungai Musi"
8488:
8212:
7978:
7869:
7554:
5716:
5625:
5621:
5310:
5214:
5160:
5042:
4849:
4176:
4167:
3591:
3561:
2862:
2710:
2636:
2596:
1920:
9730:. Singapore: The Nalanda-Srivijaya Centre Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Archived from
7912:
was a strong rival of Srivijaya in the 8th century when the Srivijayan capital was located in
7331:
5797:
5601:
became the first kingdom to be integrated into Srivijaya. This possibly occurred in the 680s.
5428:
5053:
identity within a united Indonesian state that had existed prior to the colonial state of the
15367:
15327:
15140:
15015:
14079:
14069:
14028:
13999:
13940:
13819:
13814:
13694:
13533:
13412:
13407:
13287:
12993:
12403:
12356:
11730:
10873:
India and Indonesia During the Ancien Regime: Essays by P. J. Marshall, Robert Van Niel: p.41
10697:
New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia: Continuing Explorations
10657:
10370:
9679:
9661:
9016:"State formation and the evolution of naval strategies in the Melaka Straits, c. 500-1500 CE"
7013:
in which valuable commodities from the region and beyond were collected, traded and shipped.
6052:
5828:
5369:'Giant Harbour', this is probably a testament of its history as a once a great port.
4786:
upon their ports. After Srivijaya fell, it was largely forgotten. It was not until 1918 that
4718:, dated 16 June 682. Between the late 7th and early 11th century, Srivijaya rose to become a
3851:
3368:
3080:
2822:
1767:
1643:
1249:
976:
441:
329:
15255:
10271:
Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations by Tansen Sen p.226
7176:
For some periods, Srivijaya controlled the transoceanic trade in its central passage in the
6439:
invasion, he secured Chinese political support by appeasing the Chinese Emperor. In 1003, a
4677:
from the 7th to 11th century AD. Srivijaya was the first polity to dominate much of western
15460:
15290:
15260:
15135:
15066:
15037:
14956:
14290:
14128:
14118:
13834:
13789:
13769:
13759:
13659:
13477:
13427:
13382:
13362:
13352:
13252:
13077:
13072:
12750:
12740:
12656:
12646:
12519:
12501:
12438:
12366:
12336:
12226:
12201:
12191:
8251:
8144:
7947:
7141:
6015:
project. It was in these years, at the beginning of the 9th century, that the Khmer prince
5501:
historians argue it was the capital of Srivijaya itself, but this is generally discounted.
5478:
5018:. It's likely that the Zabag-Khmer story was based on Javanese overlordship over Cambodia.
4546:
4398:
3481:
3406:
3285:
3185:
2955:
2700:
2408:
2067:
1530:
1470:
1277:
1040:
1003:
956:
886:
856:
826:
796:
413:
15240:
10461:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia
10446:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia
7494:
4941:(around where the kingdom was based), had not heard of Srivijaya until the 1920s when the
4894:
historical accounts, historians concluded that the term "Srivijaya" was in reference to a
8:
15152:
15032:
14998:
14900:
14720:
14715:
14527:
14246:
14182:
14057:
14042:
13914:
13859:
13774:
13754:
13639:
13629:
13585:
13507:
13452:
13367:
13347:
13232:
13222:
13178:
12726:
12651:
12605:
12443:
12433:
12428:
12393:
12346:
11986:
Perdagangan Internasional pada Masa Jawa Kuno; Tinjauan Terhadap Data Tertulis Abad X–XII
10721:
10600:
Wolters, O. W. (1966). "A Note on the Capital of Śrīvijaya during the Eleventh Century".
9300:
8392:
8300:
8125:. For the people of Palembang, Srivijaya has become a source of artistic inspiration for
7962:
7890:
6846:
raids and conquests, were held under Srivijayan power, such as the Batanghari estuarine (
6390:
of Java launched a naval invasion against Srivijaya and attempted to capture the capital
6235:
6128:
beliefs and strove to become a peaceful and benevolent ruler. His successor was Princess
6093:
did not indulge in military expansion but preferred to strengthen the Srivijayan hold on
5988:
5918:
of Srivijaya ordered the construction of three sanctuaries dedicated to the Bodhisattvas
5667:
inscription, from the 7th century. This inscription was very likely used in a ceremonial
5405:
5319:
4954:
4640:
4137:
2832:
2526:
2044:
1787:
1681:
1661:
1095:
1060:
926:
846:
716:
14868:
14858:
8855:"Śrīvijaya Revisited: Reflections on State Formation of a Southeast Asian Thalassocracy"
8041:
and other Javanese polities that use Sanskrit – Srivijayan inscriptions were written in
7993:
the relationship deteriorated as the Chola dynasty started to attack Srivijayan cities.
7246:
Srivijaya's response to Javanese aggression appeared to be defensive. In his account of
6299:
kingdom of Nan Han. Srivijaya undoubtedly benefited from this. Sometime around 903, the
6140:. The political move that seemed to be an effort to secure peace and Sailendran rule on
15548:
15265:
15245:
15228:
15179:
15044:
14853:
14804:
14737:
14655:
14596:
14591:
14586:
14542:
14512:
14404:
14302:
14170:
14145:
13904:
13839:
13804:
13739:
13709:
13654:
13649:
13497:
13432:
13397:
13332:
13312:
13302:
13262:
13247:
13242:
13117:
12679:
12671:
12661:
12486:
12471:
12351:
12221:
12150:
12095:
11484:
11323:
10926:
10901:
10617:
10582:
10574:
9532:
9035:
8882:
8826:
8795:
8584:
8452:
8010:
7837:
7744:
7501:
7319:
7181:
6951:
6432:
6292:
6227:
6219:
6106:
6047:
in 802. Samaragrawira was mentioned as the king of Java that married Tārā, daughter of
6028:
5848:
5840:
5381:
4872:
4864:
4860:
4682:
4581:
4067:
2750:
2670:
2486:
2418:
2264:
2130:
1870:
1729:
1300:
1285:
946:
916:
836:
756:
589:
267:
12010:
6659:
Chola control over Srivijaya lasted for several decades. Chinese chronicles mentioned
5616:
The empire was organised in three main zones: the estuarine capital region centred on
5534:
Around 500 CE, the roots of the Srivijayan empire began to develop around present-day
424:
15374:
15270:
15206:
15201:
15130:
15027:
14742:
14670:
14665:
14507:
14436:
14419:
14414:
14409:
14209:
14160:
13969:
13799:
13779:
13714:
13689:
13664:
13562:
13457:
13417:
13392:
13372:
13307:
13282:
13272:
13257:
12946:
12771:
12766:
12524:
12461:
12341:
12321:
12280:
12211:
12206:
11957:
11936:
11783:
11509:
10931:
10849:
10798:
10752:
10729:
10701:
10662:
10586:
10484:
10376:
10297:
10240:
10187:
10137:
10097:
10074:
10030:
9885:
9764:
9522:
9384:
9265:
9261:
9064:
9039:
8994:
8905:
8874:
8762:
8616:
8521:
8126:
8026:
7974:
7853:
7841:
7824:
7684:
7583:
7436:
7428:
7199:
7177:
7145:
7086:
6727:
6719:
6336:
6020:
5911:
5896:
5756:
5645:
5486:
5409:
5267:
5054:
5050:
4946:
4791:
4771:
4463:
4453:
4273:
4050:
3090:
2965:
2355:
2345:
2244:
1835:
1623:
1540:
1135:
1115:
896:
786:
776:
736:
471:
10816:
10748:
A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500
9863:
5806:
15223:
15010:
15005:
14961:
14948:
14878:
14846:
14841:
14705:
14700:
14682:
14643:
14576:
14559:
14500:
14490:
14485:
14426:
14382:
14352:
14312:
14295:
14278:
14241:
13992:
13784:
13749:
13699:
13608:
13377:
13342:
13297:
13292:
13201:
12776:
12684:
12413:
12316:
12186:
12120:
11988:. Essay of Faculty of Cultural Studies. Gadjah Mada University of Yogyakarta, 2007.
11718:
11375:"A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago"
11113:
10921:
10913:
10788:
10780:
10652:
10609:
10566:
10066:
9875:
9514:
9027:
8984:
8866:
8754:
8503:
8477:
8001:
7990:
7982:
7799:
7514:
6671:
6649:
6571:
6548:
6463:
in further unrest, violence and, ultimately, desolation for several years to come.
6129:
6058:
Earlier historians, such as N. J. Krom and Cœdes, tend to equate Samaragrawira and
5786:
5770:
5764:
5748:
5346:
5155:, dated 605 Saka (683), Srivijaya was first established in the vicinity of today's
4983:
4958:
4891:
4473:
4428:
4062:
4040:
3581:
3431:
3235:
2882:
2792:
2740:
2606:
2451:
2365:
2254:
2201:
1993:
1419:
1295:
1050:
876:
866:
559:
11722:
9536:
8744:
7423:
today can likely trace their heritage back to 30 founding mothers who sailed from
4738:. Srivijaya's main foreign interest was nurturing lucrative trade agreements with
15441:
15409:
15282:
15250:
15233:
15189:
15184:
15162:
15157:
15115:
15108:
15083:
14943:
14938:
14779:
14660:
14554:
14549:
14517:
14342:
14332:
14226:
14219:
14214:
14199:
14155:
14037:
14023:
13161:
13107:
12398:
12331:
12326:
12196:
12145:
12135:
12017:
11951:
11930:
11910:
Ceramics from the Musi River, Palembang, Indonesia: Based on a private collection
11503:
11252:
10746:
10519:"Mandala: from sacred origins to sovereign affairs in traditional Southeast Asia"
10505:
Prasasti Indonesia II: Selected Inscriptions from the 7th to the 9th Century A.D.
10181:
10161:
9376:
8623:
refers to some "magic potion". An alternative translation, however, is possible:
8230:
7924:
7909:
7665:
7625:
spreading art styles enveloped in ceramics, pottery, fabrics, silk, and artwork.
7606:
7598:
7485:
7420:
7408:
7134:
6436:
6421:
6395:
6355:
6352:
6317:
6063:
6036:
5961:
5960:
Srivijayan lineage, and then further established their rule and authority in the
5947:
5931:
5892:
5880:
5872:
5700:
5688:
5474:
5416:) of temple ruins, are not yet restored. The Muaro Jambi archaeological site was
5306:
5223:
5107:
4922:
4727:
4599:
4571:
4408:
4086:
3571:
3451:
3225:
3125:
2690:
2395:
2385:
2332:
2309:
1550:
1290:
1031:
906:
806:
766:
599:
108:
100:
14863:
11354:
Magnin, Paul (1995). "Messengers Of Light: Chinese Buddhist Pilgrims In India".
9905:"Port and polity of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra (5th – 14th Centuries A.D.)"
9880:
7896:
Srivijaya was then in frequent conflict with, and ultimately subjugated by, the
7346:'s influence in the early 13th century, while Ligor fell under the influence of
4726:. It was involved in close interactions, often rivalries, with the neighbouring
15384:
15379:
15342:
15317:
15300:
15211:
15196:
15167:
15125:
14973:
14933:
14928:
14883:
14809:
14769:
14759:
14749:
14564:
14443:
14337:
14204:
14086:
13039:
12622:
12590:
12582:
12514:
12306:
12265:
12140:
12125:
12105:
11584:
10841:
10326:
9731:
9056:
8558:
8156:
8094:
8082:
8065:
7848:
7778:
7565:
7440:
7396:
7382:
7289:
7192:
6985:
6964:
6925:
6900:
In addition to coercive methods through raids and conquests and being bound by
6847:
6711:
6696:
6628:
6499:
6491:
6368:
6341:
6254:
6246:
5802:
5629:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5288:
5283:
5271:
5227:
5210:
5192:
5026:
5022:
4976:
4950:
4880:
4723:
4696:
4670:
4378:
2812:
2660:
2656:
2576:
2516:
2375:
966:
936:
816:
639:
569:
376:
12930:
12011:
Timeline of Indonesia from prehistory to present: click on the period for info
11837:"Wonderful Indonesia - Spectacular Opening of the 26th SEA GAMES in Palembang"
11342:
Old World Encounters: Cross Cultural Contacts and Exchange in Pre-Modern Times
11306:
Old World Encounters: Cross Cultural Contacts and Exchange in Pre-Modern Times
10570:
9254:
9031:
7856:
hinterland were a crucial economic resource and may be the origin of the word
7504:, South Sumatra. Srivijayan art (c. 8th–9th century CE) resemble Central Java
6163:
6089:
of Srivijaya. He reigned from 792 to 835. Unlike the expansionist Dharmasetu,
4313:
15482:
15465:
15352:
15147:
15120:
15093:
15071:
15049:
14816:
14799:
14784:
14628:
14581:
14569:
14495:
14387:
14261:
14256:
14231:
14113:
13963:
13556:
13087:
13082:
12951:
12165:
12100:
12043:
11665:
10802:
10793:
10078:
9889:
9435:
8974:
8878:
8341:
8262:
8247:
8148:
8122:
8005:
7970:
7928:
7812:
7729:
7700:
7641:
7570:
7544:
7481:
7474:
7185:
6851:
6707:
6534:, son of Mara Vijayatunggavarman, and plundered many treasures including the
6261:
6133:
6016:
5992:
5984:
5728:
5720:
5440:
5431:. Chinese sources also mentioned that Srivijaya hosted thousands of Buddhist
5388:
Buddhist temple compound, a possible location of Srivijaya's religious centre
5342:
5090:
5007:
5003:
4991:
4942:
4903:
4787:
4703:
4655:
3691:
3396:
2945:
2556:
2506:
2231:
1860:
619:
31:
14893:
14873:
8959:
8870:
6402:
period sources. In 988, a Srivijayan envoy was sent to the Chinese court in
6249:(Melayu Kingdom) was able to assert enough independence to send missions to
15357:
15098:
15088:
15054:
14983:
14978:
14905:
14695:
14677:
14638:
14633:
14613:
14608:
14480:
14473:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14347:
14285:
14266:
14251:
14187:
12920:
12842:
12821:
12509:
12170:
11700:
11698:
10935:
10917:
10070:
9383:(in Indonesian) (2nd ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 38.
8507:
8473:
8469:
8360:
8038:
7997:
7986:
7920:
7885:
mentioned that Palembang (Srivijaya) was a vassal kingdom that belonged to
7874:
7857:
7828:
7696:
7692:
7587:
7536:
7532:
7400:
7228:
7094:
7090:
6960:
6945:
6941:
6855:
6580:
6543:
6482:
6440:
6399:
6387:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6207:
6200:
6192:
6180:
6137:
6118:
6090:
6082:
6059:
6040:
6024:
5965:
5852:
5836:
5752:
5740:
5637:
5519:
5199:, South Sumatra. Komering River is a tributary of the Musi River, with its
5180:
5118:
5112:
5099:
4783:
4747:
4743:
4693:
4283:
4223:
4213:
3145:
3070:
2975:
2872:
2680:
609:
539:
502:
242:
96:
11979:
A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade, and Influence
9543:
7965:, dated 860, records that Maharaja Balaputra dedicated a monastery at the
6743:
15076:
15061:
14910:
14623:
14532:
14522:
14448:
14096:
14091:
13973:
13566:
12966:
12423:
12418:
12311:
12255:
11658:
9864:"Hulu ke Hilir: Jaringan dan Sistem Perniagaan Sungai Kerajaan Srivijaya"
8315:
7954:
7832:
7763:
7688:
7540:
7347:
7106:
6723:
6700:
6613:
6597:
6511:
6321:
5980:
5904:
5900:
5813:
5809:
5498:
5323:
5244:
5188:
5085:
4914:
4763:
4751:
4731:
4686:
4253:
2077:
1515:
726:
649:
451:
140:
11695:
11488:
11327:
10578:
8886:
8854:
8830:
8814:
8799:
8783:
7203:
7010:
6066:. This would mean that Samaratungga was the successor of Samaragrawira.
15103:
14920:
14794:
14754:
14687:
12956:
12887:
12539:
12466:
12385:
12155:
10621:
10463:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009 - History. pp. 11–12.
9518:
8989:
8972:
8758:
8291:
7901:
7882:
7777:
was also practiced in Srivijaya. This is based on the discovery of the
7444:
7416:
7074:
6589:
6507:
6376:
6304:
6048:
6008:
5915:
5888:
5574:
5444:
5275:
5239:
5200:
5134:, there is a distinct possibility that they may have been referring to
4890:
Subsequently, after studying local stone inscriptions, manuscripts and
4343:
4263:
4186:
3701:
2842:
2616:
2566:
2221:
2176:
2117:
1633:
669:
124:
12695:
10179:
9157:"Srivijaya: A primer - Part 1 | SEAArch - Southeast Asian Archaeology"
7755:, who played a major role in the development of Vajrayana Buddhism in
7535:
and architecture of Srivijaya was influenced by the Indian art of the
5739:
in the late 7th century, a period which coincided with the decline of
5222:
Indian rouletted ware remains, also the ruins of stupa at the foot of
4750:. Srivijaya had religious, cultural and trade links with the Buddhist
14993:
14648:
14618:
14399:
14273:
14064:
12925:
12837:
12130:
12115:
11397:
9407:(in Indonesian). Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Jambi. 8 January 2019
8379:
8327:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8090:
8042:
7905:
7782:
7737:
7669:
7594:
7561:
7505:
7424:
7412:
7367:
6933:
6917:
6675:
6592:
princes have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, such as the Raja of
6564:
6560:
6556:
6460:
6403:
6391:
6372:
6360:
6345:
6309:
6296:
6258:
6242:
6223:
6196:
6188:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6114:
6098:
6032:
6012:
5943:
5923:
5919:
5832:
5821:
5782:
5744:
5692:
5660:
5617:
5590:
5569:
5535:
5421:
5404:, suggesting that the initial centre of Srivijaya was located in the
5338:
5327:
5302:
5231:
5176:
5168:
5156:
5046:
4999:
4938:
4930:
4902:. The main concern is to define Srivijaya's amorphous statehood as a
4868:
4845:
4759:
4711:
4666:
4323:
4293:
2646:
2626:
2284:
2141:
679:
629:
482:
254:
156:
104:
84:
12033:Śrīvijaya―towards ChaiyaーThe History of Srivijaya - Takahashi Suzuki
11953:
Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula
11568:
11566:
11564:
10846:
Islam in the Indonesian world: an account of institutional formation
10613:
10448:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009 - History. p. 305.
10347:
Aryatarangini, the Saga of the Indo-Aryans, by A. Kalyanaraman p.158
10293:
Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula
10094:
Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula
10027:
Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula
9643:
8902:
Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula
8748:
7395:
The core of the Srivijayan realm was concentrated in and around the
6351:
In the 10th century, the rivalry between Sumatran Srivijaya and the
5863:
5640:, who were organised into a network of alliances with the Srivijaya
14394:
14177:
14135:
14074:
13577:
13170:
12557:
12552:
12453:
12285:
12110:
12006:
Articles about Srivijaya Kingdom in Southeast Asian Archaeology.com
11596:
Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.485
10902:"A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar"
8046:
7936:
7816:
7787:
7774:
7740:
7720:
Candi Tinggi, one of the temples within Muaro Jambi temple compound
7657:
7602:
7521:
7432:
7339:
7292:
where the mandala was re-centred . The new records appeared in the
7102:
7098:
7062:
6977:
6886:
6859:
6585:
6538:
the jewelled 'war gate' of Srivijaya adorned with great splendour.
6428:
6148:
6145:
6125:
6122:
6086:
6075:
5844:
5760:
5641:
5579:
5552:
5482:
5424:
5417:
5255:
5250:
5172:
5068:
5062:
4987:
4899:
4822:
4810:
4719:
4674:
4652:
2090:
461:
184:
180:
170:
116:
112:
10458:
10443:
8164:
feature films, novels and comic books. For example, the 2013 film
7977:. In 1006, a Srivijayan Maharaja from the Sailendra dynasty, king
7133:. In a highly plausible account, a messenger was sent by Maharaja
7089:
archipelago; various spices of Southeast Asia and India including
6603:
6371:— which refers to a Srivijayan attack upon the Mataram Kingdom of
6210:
because of a succession dispute with Pikatan, or already ruled in
6097:. He personally oversaw the construction of the grand monument of
5333:
An aerial photograph taken in 1984 near Palembang (in what is now
14307:
14236:
14192:
14047:
12904:
12871:
12562:
12260:
12240:
11561:
11320:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
8086:
8070:
8054:
8050:
8021:
7966:
7713:
community; the monastic Buddhist learning centres of the region.
7404:
7110:
7038:
6379:, in repelling invading Malayu (Sumatra) forces; subsequently, a
6215:
6211:
6102:
5957:
5876:
5868:
5774:
5732:
5724:
5539:
5396:, and not Palembang. In 2013, archaeological research led by the
5135:
5081:
4963:
4837:
4715:
4699:
4662:
4303:
4243:
1511:
549:
363:
128:
120:
88:
14108:
11580:
11578:
11010:. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences. pp. 60, 62.
9285:
Krom, N.J. (1938). "Het Hindoe-tijdperk". In F.W. Stapel (ed.).
7065:
and precious stones from Borneo; exotic birds and rare animals,
6751:
6121:, like Samaragrawira, seems to have been influenced by peaceful
5781:
as being part of Srivijaya. By the end of the 8th century, many
5672:
5671:(allegiance ritual). The top of the stone is adorned with seven
5392:
Some scholars argue that the centre of Srivijaya was located in
4982:
The Srivijayan historiography is based on two main sources: the
14140:
14015:
13022:
12572:
12567:
12275:
11709:[The History of Songket Based on Archaeological Data].
11423:"Candi Bumiayu, Satu-satunya Komplek Candi Sriwijaya di Sumsel"
10644:
8977:(1995). Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (eds.).
7958:
7940:
7861:
7752:
7748:
7725:
7716:
7709:
7704:
7618:
7524:
statue from Komering, South Sumatra, 9th century Srivijayan art
7376:
7138:
7130:
7082:
7070:
7058:
7054:
7026:
7022:
7018:
6973:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6663:
which means "Chola country of Sanfoqi", likely refer to Kedah.
6527:
6494:, later integrated as one of Srivijaya's important urban centre
6416:
6300:
6288:
6179:, however, opposed the rule of Pikatan and Pramodhawardhani in
5969:
5927:
5462:
5432:
5354:
5235:
5011:
4895:
4884:
4755:
4735:
4658:
4368:
4233:
3215:
2852:
2211:
1520:
659:
132:
9902:
9586:"Have Sumatran fishing crews found the fabled Island of Gold?"
9428:
8352:, Arabian text (790), continued the construction of Borobudur
7733:
time to wait for Monsoon winds to help further their journey.
7647:
A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea
6932:, which followed both inland and maritime trade routes of the
6287:, there was brisk trading between the overseas world with the
5084:, which could be considered the predecessor of Srivijaya. The
4848:
that identified the name "Srivijaya" written in a 7th-century
4836:
Early 20th-century historians who studied the inscriptions of
14774:
12547:
12481:
12408:
12270:
11575:
8349:
8323:
8304:
8058:
7973:
of southern India was initially friendly during the reign of
7756:
7673:
7614:
7610:
7195:
7078:
7042:
7034:
6981:
6969:
6863:
6850:
in Jambi). Several strategic ports also included places like
6607:
Ruins of the Wat Kaew in Chaiya, dating from Srivijayan times
6593:
6520:
6503:
6407:
6325:
6269:
6250:
6152:
5817:
5649:
5633:
5583:
5565:
5263:
4739:
529:
144:
136:
27:
Empire based on the island of Sumatra from 650 to around 1025
11477:
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
10694:
Aung-Thwin, Michael Arthur; Hall, Kenneth R. (13 May 2011).
10267:
10265:
10263:
9405:"Masa Klasik Hindu-Buddha: Nama Desa Disebut dalam Prasasti"
4829:
means "victorious" or "excellence". Thus, the combined word
12476:
12080:
11152:
Thai Art with Indian Influences by Promsak Jermsawatdi p.65
11019:
11017:
9896:
9289:. Amsterdam: N.V. U.M. Joost van den Vondel. vol. I p. 149.
7913:
7897:
7661:
7153:
7066:
7050:
7030:
7014:
6929:
6552:
6411:
6279:
In the first half of the 10th century, between the fall of
6265:
6257:'s independence coincided with the troubled times when the
6231:
6214:. Either way, it seems that Balaputra eventually ruled the
6141:
6110:
6094:
6071:
6044:
6004:
5999:(the jewel of the Śailendra family) with the stylised name
5976:
5953:
5778:
5736:
5184:
5131:
4925:
area, tells the establishment of the sacred Śrīksetra park.
4876:
4778:
The kingdom may have disintegrated after 1025 CE following
4692:
The earliest reference to it dates from the 7th century. A
92:
83:
Map of the expansion of the Srivijaya empire, beginning in
13984:
10971:
10969:
10781:"Sri Vijaya as the Entrepôt for Circum-Indian Ocean Trade"
10356:
India and Malaya Through the Ages: by S. Durai Raja Singam
10163:
Kerajaan Sriwijaya: pusat pemerintahan dan perkembangannya
9511:
Economic Exchange and Social Interaction in Southeast Asia
8980:
The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives
7927:
in its early stages. It is mentioned that the Khmer king,
7881:
sent their envoys for the last time in 1178. Then in 1225
7366:
Textual record of Srivijayan vessels are very lacking, as
7284:, was still used centuries later, but after 1025 the term
6955:
1 masa, silver coin of Srivijaya, circa 7th – 10th century
6854:(Kota Kapur), ports and kingdoms in Java (highly possible
6410:, the envoy learned that his country had been attacked by
10507:, Dinas Purbakala Republik Indonesia, Bandung: Masa Baru.
10260:
10208:"The Chola raid on Srivijaya as a geostrategic manoeuvre"
10180:
Hermann Kulke; K Kesavapany; Vijay Sakhuja, eds. (2009).
9912:
International Seminar Harbour Cities Along the Silk Roads
8113:
nationalists have used the name of Srivijaya, along with
7148:
in 718. The messenger later returned to Srivijaya with a
7046:
5400:
discovered several religious and habitation sites at the
5014:
accounts also vaguely describe the riches of the king of
4853:
4673:. Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of
11081:
11014:
9260:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp.
8753:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.
8365:
Unknown (under Javanese Sailendra dynasty overlordship)
8346:
Unknown (under Javanese Sailendra dynasty overlordship)
8320:
Unknown (under Javanese Sailendra dynasty overlordship)
8297:
Unknown (under Javanese Sailendra dynasty overlordship)
6199:
was the son of Samaragrawira and the younger brother of
6051:. He was mentioned by his other name Rakai Warak in the
11638:
Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia
11533:. Paris: École française d'Extrême-Orient. p. 124.
10966:
10954:
10751:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 22–24.
10029:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. pp. 130–131.
9961:
9662:"Peneliti UI Temukan Bukti Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Jambi"
9364:(2nd ed.). Haarlem: Erven F. Bohn N.V. p. 12.
5179:
was not the capital of Srivijaya and suggests that the
5010:
also provide a glimpse of the kingdom. Some Indian and
30:
This article is about the empire. For the airline, see
11246:
KaalaChaKra, Early Indian Influences in Southeast Asia
11101:
Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past
11004:
Hirth, Friedrich; Rockhill, William Woodville (1911).
10236:
Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History
9436:"Indonesia - The Malay kingdom of Srivijaya-Palembang"
8371:(824), 802 lost Cambodia, 825 completion of Borobudur
7762:
A notable Srivijayan and revered Buddhist scholar was
6136:, son of the influential Rakai Patapan, a landlord in
5695:, this inscription describes the establishment of the
10869:
10867:
10865:
10325:
Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300-1800 by
8562:
Chola inscription on the temple of Rajaraja, Tanjore
7660:
as they established it in places they conquered like
7557:
mentions Srivijayan military dominance against Java.
6690:
6203:, which would make himthe uncle of Pramodhawardhani.
9835:
9700:
9007:
7447:
may have been colonised by settlers from Srivijaya.
6206:
It is not known whether Balaputra was expelled from
11906:
11505:
The Muslim world : a historical survey, Part 4
10942:
10186:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
9786:"Śrīvijaya―towards ChaiyaーThe History of Srivijaya"
8188:Stone inscription or embassies to China and events
7953:Srivijaya also maintained close relations with the
7004:
6652:-Jambi kingdom, evidenced by the Chinese record of
5773:records dating to the late 7th century mention two
4949:, published his discoveries and interpretations in
15489:States and territories disestablished in the 1020s
11949:
11705:Purwanti, Retno; Siregar, Sondang Martini (2016).
11675:
11673:
11501:
11188:
11114:"Srivijaya empire | historical kingdom, Indonesia"
10862:
10155:
10153:
10096:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 175.
9253:
8904:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 171.
8606:(... Glorious Sriwijaya! prosperity and riches...)
8013:, Srivijaya sent an embassy to the Chola dynasty.
7435:, with all the local linguistic modifications via
6526:The Cholas are known to have benefitted from both
5858:
5789:, were within the Srivijayan sphere of influence.
5008:Legend of the Maharaja of Zabaj and the Khmer King
11735:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
11415:
9676:"Muaro Jambi Temple: The Legacy of Ancient Jambi"
9184:"Prasasti Kota Kapur dan nama Kedatuan Sriwijaya"
9061:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300-1800
7805:
5843:family. By the early 8th century, an influential
291:• Dapunta Hyang's expedition and expansion (
15480:
11907:Kitchener, Darrell J.; Kustiarsih, Heny (2019).
11542:
11540:
11284:
10883:
10881:
10879:
10687:
10232:
9374:
8928:Laet, Sigfried J. de; Herrmann, Joachim (1994).
7969:in Pala. The relation between Srivijaya and the
7893:in the last centuries of the kingdom existence.
6912:
6039:, severing the link to Srivijaya and proclaimed
11928:
11704:
11670:
10478:
10150:
10136:(in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: LKiS. p. 21.
10131:
9703:"Muarajambi Temple: Jambi's monumental mystery"
9485:
9462:"Konsep Mendesa di Ibu Kota Kerajaan Sriwijaya"
6383:(victory monument) was erected in their honor.
6367:dated 937 mentions an infiltration attack from
6222:and was enthroned in the Srivijayan capital of
6074:, as the Sailendras monarch rose to become the
5875:. By the turn of the 8th century the states in
5755:. The empire thus grew to control trade on the
5497:. It was a regional capital in Srivijaya. Some
1931:2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit
12073:
11344:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 73.
11308:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 72.
10693:
9783:
8859:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
8819:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
8062:various ports and marketplaces in the region.
8049:was only known in certain circles such as the
7747:in India in 671 and 695, and the 11th century
7728:visited the region. 250 years later, the monk
7124:
6398:invasion of Srivijaya was recorded in Chinese
87:in the 7th century, then extending to most of
15559:States and territories disestablished in 1377
14000:
13593:
13186:
12711:
12059:
11537:
11475:WOLTERS, O. W. (1979). "Studying Śrīvijaya".
11003:
10991:(Hongkong: Hongkong University Press), p. 47.
10876:
10779:Qin, Dashu; Xiang, Kunpeng (1 January 2011).
9928:. New York: Checkmark Books, 2002. 101. Print
9808:Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia
9805:
8604:Śrīvijaya jaya siddhayātra subhikṣa nityakāla
7939:, establishing Khmer Empire and starting the
7009:The port of Srivijaya served as an important
7001:(chieftains) rather than on direct coercion.
6584:. Even today the Chola rule is remembered in
6443:historical record reported that the envoy of
5628:were rich in various commodities valuable to
5560:and his retinue. He had embarked on a sacred
5301:(green) located southwest from the centre of
5195:in modern Minanga village, Cempaka district,
4856:" as an honorific title for a king or ruler.
4617:
4104:
2011:
1437:
15457:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
11707:"Sejarah songket berdasarkan data arkeologi"
11039:(Shanghai: Yuandong chubanshe, 1996), p. 42.
10714:
10459:Hermann Kulke; K Kesavapany; Vijay Sakhuja.
10444:Hermann Kulke; K Kesavapany; Vijay Sakhuja.
10368:
10364:
10362:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9247:
9245:
9084:
9082:
9080:
8927:
8631:(1995) renders it as "a prosperous journey".
6272:by 902. Two years after that, the weakening
6011:and being more interested in completing the
15554:States and territories established the 650s
11659:Southeast Asia Digital Library: About Malay
11441:
11300:
11298:
11103:(pp. 146–182). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
10452:
10166:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Girimukti Pasaka.
10159:
10125:
9820:
9806:Chihara, Daigorol; Giebel, Rolf W. (1996).
8813:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (20 January 2024).
8781:
7864:. Its influence waned in the 11th century.
7548:in the Srivijayan capital. The 7th century
6738:
5895:became part of Srivijaya. Soon after this,
5550:, states about the "glorious Srivijaya", a
5364:
4867:, composed around the late 16th century in
14007:
13993:
13600:
13586:
13193:
13179:
12718:
12704:
12066:
12052:
11873:
11447:
10817:"The Evolution of Money - Srivijaya Money"
10474:
10472:
10470:
10431:The Journal of the Siam Society, Volume 63
8466:Chinese embassies 988, 992, 1003 and 1004
6516:launched naval raids on ports of Srivijaya
6406:. After sojourning for about two years in
5080:), and there was an even older kingdom of
4624:
4610:
4111:
4097:
2018:
2004:
1444:
1430:
77:
65:
12001:Britannica Encyclopedia: Srivijaya empire
11278:
11137:
10999:
10997:
10925:
10792:
10656:
10359:
10175:
10173:
10049:
9973:
9879:
9838:"Background To The Sri Vijaya Story-Part"
9701:Syofiardi Bachyul Jb (25 November 2014).
9637:
9635:
9633:
9318:
9242:
9132:"Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit"
9106:"Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit"
9077:
8988:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8721:
8719:
8717:
8685:
7840:, an island east of Sumatra, and another
7593:Some Buddhist sculptures, such as Buddha
7390:
7271:
6733:
6276:conferred a title on a Srivijayan envoy.
5937:
5556:(kingdom or polity) which was founded by
15539:Pre-Muslim kingdoms in Malaysian history
11782:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
11528:
11372:
11295:
10778:
10641:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
10556:
10428:
9718:
9379:Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2
9368:
8782:Rausa-Gomez, Lourdes (20 January 1967).
8715:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8701:
8699:
8697:
8686:Miksic, John N.; Goh, Geok Yian (2017).
8131:
8089:weaving art is strongly associated with
8064:
8020:
7724:In the 5th century AD, the Chinese monk
7715:
7213:
7171:
6991:
6950:
6916:
6742:
6602:
6486:Candi Gumpung, a Buddhist temple at the
6481:
6335:
6162:
5862:
5839:. He was possibly the progenitor of the
5796:
5723:, the empire conquered most of southern
5518:
5380:
5293:
5205:
4913:
15281:
12725:
11474:
11140:Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective
10599:
10516:
10467:
9861:
9758:
9504:
9459:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8842:
8840:
8750:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
8413:Si-li-Hu-ta-hsia-li-tan Shih-li Wu-yeh
8175:
7480:A 2.77 metres tall statue of Buddha in
6670:There is also evidence to suggest that
5509:
3682:1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak
14:
15509:Former countries in Philippine history
15481:
11502:Spuler, Bertold; F.R.C Bagley (1981).
11353:
11189:Bambang Budi Utomo (23 January 2008).
10994:
10726:Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman kuna
10658:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638
10170:
9754:
9752:
9694:
9641:
9630:
9460:Sumayku, Reynold (17 September 2013).
9251:
9055:
8812:
8743:
7450:
7053:from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula;
6158:
5659:, discovered in Sabokingking, eastern
15504:Former countries in Malaysian history
13988:
13581:
13174:
12699:
12047:
11775:
11749:
11683:(in Indonesian). Antara. 26 July 2010
11605:
10774:
10772:
10770:
10768:
10675:from the original on 19 February 2019
10552:
10550:
10548:
10546:
10544:
10542:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10402:
10296:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.
10289:
10283:
10233:Craig A. Lockard (27 December 2006).
10212:SEAArch - Southeast Asian Archaeology
10160:Kurnia, Nia; Irfan, Sholihat (1983).
10091:
10024:
9714:
9712:
9481:
9479:
9161:SEAArch - Southeast Asian Archaeology
9051:
9049:
8899:
8852:
8694:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8025:The gilded costume of South Sumatran
7946:Some historians claim that Chaiya in
7564:language, the predecessor the modern
6924:starting in the 5th century BCE from
5914:in Vat Sema Muang says that Maharaja
5777:kingdoms and three other kingdoms on
5710:
5345:, Indonesia). Palembang is called in
4798:, formally postulated its existence.
13607:
13200:
11454:Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Jambi
11448:Budi Utomo, Bambang (22 June 2017).
11093:
11087:
11023:
10975:
10960:
10948:
10840:
10834:
10744:
10634:
9967:
9903:Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abd Rahman.
9359:
9284:
9129:
9103:
9013:
8923:
8921:
8837:
5956:established a relationship with the
5461:Ramni (a place in Sumatra, probably
5305:. The site forms an axis connecting
4887:against their king Sang Sri Wijaya.
4875:that — after he secured his rule in
3972:2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack
15499:Early kingdoms in Malaysian history
15494:1377 disestablishments in Indonesia
11750:Mikha, William (18 February 2021).
11606:Zuhdi, Susanto (5 September 2018).
11529:Groslier, Bernard Philippe (1961).
11217:"Bukit Siguntang « ePalembang"
11161:
10403:Nayar, Mandira (27 December 2020).
9784:Takashi Suzuki (25 December 2012).
9749:
9678:. 25 September 2011. Archived from
9287:Geschiedenis van Nederlandsch Indië
9181:
8244:Chinese embassies 702, 716 and 724
7202:. Serving as Southeast Asia's main
6634:
6449:Shi-li-zhu-luo-wu-ni-fo-ma-tiao-hua
6331:
5785:kingdoms, such as Tarumanagara and
3772:2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia
24:
15524:Hindu Buddhist states in Indonesia
11892:
11395:
11317:
10906:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
10765:
10738:
10593:
10559:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
10533:
10517:Dellios, Rosita (1 January 2003).
9862:Sadzali, Asyhadi (30 April 2019).
9709:
9476:
9233:
9046:
9020:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
8960:"Sejarah Melayu, Buddhist Empires"
8893:
8666:
8456:Se-li-chu-la-wu-ni-fu-ma-tian-hwa
8099:Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency
7459:
7296:(1178 CE), written by Zhou Qufei:
6691:Successor state Malayu Dharmasraya
6245:between 820 and 850, the ruler of
5248:confirmed this; "The residents of
4879:— was involved in battle with the
3612:Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire
3532:Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident
2054:
25:
15575:
11993:
11879:
11429:(in Indonesian). 18 December 2019
10635:Acri, Andrea (20 December 2018).
10239:. Cengage Learning. p. 367.
10116:
10009:
9994:
9979:
9952:
9937:
9719:Zakharov, Anton A (August 2012).
9612:"Berburu Harta Karun Sungai Musi"
9344:
9329:
9088:
8942:
8918:
8000:, had requested aid from Emperor
6471:
5883:were under Srivijayan domination.
5847:family related to Srivijaya, the
5613:would increase its own prestige.
5439:that the descriptions written by
5175:, on the other hand, argues that
4957:newspapers. Cœdès noted that the
4909:
3782:Attacks against places of worship
15514:Former countries in Thai history
13968:
13959:
13958:
13561:
13552:
13551:
13155:
12023:Melayu online: Çriwijaya Kingdom
11981:. London: Allen and Unwin, 2003.
11974:. Boulder: Westview Press, 1997.
11972:Southeast Asia: Past and Present
11855:
11829:
11811:"The new Golden Peninsula Games"
11803:
11769:
11752:"Songket at Bumiayu Temple Arca"
11743:
11652:
11626:
11599:
11590:
11552:
11522:
11495:
11468:
11389:
11366:
11347:
11334:
11311:
11257:
11239:
11230:
11209:
11182:
11155:
11146:
11131:
11106:
11068:
11055:
11042:
11029:
10981:
9618:(in Indonesian). 8 November 2021
9256:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories
8957:
8512:Chinese embassies 1008 and 1016
8171:
7543:. This is evident in the Indian
7513:
7493:
7473:
7342:. Jambi became independent from
7160:(Chinese spelling of the Arabic
7005:Items of trade and barter system
6722:. This late 12th century Malayu
6427:Dharmawangsa's invasion led the
5851:of Javanese ancestry, dominated
5242:'s 13th century Chinese account
4593:
4147:
4080:
3742:2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods
1987:
1568:British colonial era (1819–1942)
1480:
1413:
423:
381:
356:
111:(also known as: Kra Peninsula),
11396:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
11193:. Melayu Online. Archived from
11166:. Melayu Online. Archived from
11037:Zhou Qufei : Lingwai daida
10809:
10628:
10510:
10497:
10437:
10422:
10396:
10350:
10341:
10332:
10319:
10310:
10274:
10226:
10200:
10110:
10085:
10043:
10018:
10003:
9988:
9946:
9931:
9918:
9868:Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
9855:
9829:
9823:Thai Art with Indian Influences
9814:
9799:
9777:
9668:
9654:
9604:
9578:
9552:
9498:
9453:
9419:
9397:
9353:
9338:
9293:
9278:
9227:
9202:
9175:
9149:
9123:
9097:
8966:
8747:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.).
8634:
8609:
8593:
8578:
8217:Malayu conquest, expedition to
8077:wedding costume, South Sumatra.
7989:. However, during the reign of
7500:Avalokiteshvara Bingin Jungut,
7488:, Palembang, c. 7th–8th century
5987:(r. 800–819), mentioned in the
5859:Conquest of the Malay Peninsula
5727:and the neighbouring island of
5468:
5455:
4683:the booming trade in the region
3602:Penang terminal bridge collapse
2587:Separation of Perlis from Kedah
1740:Singapore Glass Factory strikes
13926:British Indian Ocean Territory
13519:British Indian Ocean Territory
11640:(in Indonesian). 8 August 2017
11634:"Revolusi Bahasa di Sriwijaya"
11508:. Brill Archive. p. 252.
10787:(in French) (46–47): 308–336.
10720:Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro,
10375:. ABC-CLIO, 2011. p. 17.
10369:Jean Abshire (21 March 2011).
9759:Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011).
9664:(in Indonesian). 15 July 2013.
8973:Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox;
8951:
8936:
8806:
8775:
8443:Chinese embassies 980 and 983
8423:Chinese embassies 960 and 962
8276:Chinese embassies 728 and 742
7806:Relations with regional powers
7334:fell outside the influence of
6766:(princes, lit: sons of king),
6541:According to the 15th-century
6132:who was betrothed to Shivaite
5514:
5449:Srivijaya realms by the Cholas
5359:
5197:East Ogan Komering Ulu Regency
4758:, as well as with the Islamic
4685:, thus transforming it into a
3512:Campbell Shopping Complex fire
1126:French and British interregnum
139:, and ended as the Kingdom of
13:
1:
15564:Tributaries of Imperial China
11723:10.24832/siddhayatra.v21i2.22
11531:Indochine, Carrefour des Arts
10987:Chen Jiarong and Qian Jiang,
9836:Chand Chirayu Rajani (1974).
9821:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
9721:"The Śailendras Reconsidered"
8659:
8138:Srivijaya Archaeological Park
8083:Indonesian artistic tradition
7838:One off the coast of Belitung
7831:meant it controlled both the
7695:valley of Riau province; and
7361:
7353:After Singhasari's attack on
6913:Trade agreements and commerce
6810:(blacksmiths/weapon makers),
5991:(dated 860) as the father of
5792:
5703:site was the location of the
5335:Srivijaya Archaeological Park
5299:Srivijaya Archaeological Park
4796:French School of the Far East
3722:2002 Taman Hillview landslide
2777:Japanese occupation of Malaya
2236:
2095:
299:
54:
11901:A History of South-east Asia
11725:(inactive 1 September 2024).
11398:"Borobudur Temple Compounds"
9252:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003).
9014:Heng, Derek (October 2013).
8129:song and traditional dance.
7077:, and rare spices including
6488:Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds
6241:After a trade disruption at
5529:National Museum of Indonesia
5402:Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds
5146:
4801:
3962:2024 Lumut helicopters crash
3882:Kim Jong-nam's Assassination
3762:Bukit Antarabangsa landslide
3041:North Borneo self-governance
1851:1969 race riots of Singapore
1014:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
7:
14014:
11950:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006).
11608:"Sriwijaya dan Spirit Asia"
11546:
11191:"Risen Up Maritime Nation!"
10602:Artibus Asiae. Supplementum
10521:. Bond University Australia
10290:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006).
10092:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006).
10025:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006).
9926:Historical Atlas of Empires
9881:10.17510/paradigma.v9i1.276
9845:Journal of the Siam Society
9761:Majapahit Peradaban Maritim
9464:(in Indonesian). KOMPAS.com
9362:Het oude Java en zijn kunst
8900:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006).
8784:"Sri Vijaya and Madjapahit"
8555:Chola invasion of Srivijaya
8544:Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman
8187:
8184:
8181:
7628:
7152:(a black female slave from
7125:Trade relations with Arabia
6782:(local community leaders),
6532:Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman
6478:Chola invasion of Srivijaya
6447:was dispatched by the king
5731:as far as Palas Pasemah in
5687:inscription. Discovered in
4998:inscriptions discovered in
3812:Genting Highlands bus crash
3792:Cameron Highlands bus crash
3492:AIA building hostage crisis
3462:Ligitan and Sipadan dispute
3411:Philippine militant attacks
3216:Federal Territory of Labuan
3146:Declaration of Rukun Negara
3136:National Operations Council
3101:Second communist insurgency
1702:Anti-National Service Riots
521:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
312:Chola invasion of Srivijaya
10:
15580:
12074:Former states in Indonesia
11956:. Editions Didier Millet.
11903:. London: Macmillan, 1955.
11863:"Gending Sriwijaya (2013)"
11776:Smith, Anthony L. (2000).
11373:Takakusu, Junjiro (1896).
11291:. Oxford University Press.
10433:. s.n., 1975. p. 252.
9763:. Suluh Nuswantara Bakti.
8647:The Civilization of Angkor
8629:Dictionary of Old Javanese
8489:Sri Maravijayottungavarman
8197:Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa
8178:
8161:2011 Southeast Asian Games
7305:Similar information about
7290:Malayu Dharmasraya kingdom
6907:
6694:
6627:, which was the centre of
6475:
6466:
6171:) statue from Muaro Jambi.
6019:was appointed governor of
5941:
5580:quasi-independent polities
5558:Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa
5504:
5165:Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa
5141:
4979:refer to the same empire.
4975:, and the inscriptions in
4669:) that influenced much of
3942:2022 Batang Kali landslide
3256:Peace Agreement of Hat Yai
1692:Second Legislative Council
1195:United States of Indonesia
1032:Chinese Kongsi federations
221:Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa
29:
15450:
15402:
14919:
14323:
14022:
13954:
13913:
13873:
13615:
13547:
13506:
13466:
13208:
13152:
13126:
13100:
13060:
12986:
12979:
12939:
12913:
12880:
12830:
12814:
12805:
12759:
12733:
12670:
12581:
12538:
12500:
12452:
12384:
12299:
12248:
12239:
12179:
12088:
12079:
11377:. Oxford University Press
11285:Junjiro Takakusu (1896).
11164:"Sriwijaya dalam Tela'ah"
10745:Hall, Kenneth R. (2010).
10571:10.1017/s0022463400007451
9642:Leyten, J. (April 2017).
9375:Drs. R. Soekmono (1973).
9210:"Téks Carita Parahyangan"
9032:10.1017/S0022463413000362
8600:Kedukan Bukit inscription
8400:
8332:Conquered South Cambodia
8280:
8016:
7617:, and Avalokiteshvara of
7431:contains loan words from
7313:(c. 1225), which records:
5544:Kedukan Bukit inscription
5525:Kedukan Bukit inscription
5350:
5153:Kedukan Bukit inscription
4813:-derived name: श्रीविजय,
4708:Kedukan Bukit inscription
3872:Movida Bar grenade attack
3622:Bright Sparklers disaster
3522:Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash
3502:National Monument bombing
3472:Kuala Lumpur flash floods
3266:Royal Immunity Amendments
3011:Singapore self-governance
2922:Crown Colony of N. Borneo
2537:Siamese invasion of Kedah
1750:Pulau Senang prison riots
1672:First Legislative Council
1346:Javanese historical texts
335:
325:
321:
308:
293:Kedukan Bukit inscription
289:
285:
277:
273:
260:
248:
236:
226:
214:
210:
202:
190:
176:
162:
152:
76:
64:
53:
41:
13675:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
13268:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
11929:Muljana, Slamet (2006).
10821:www.thaibankmuseum.or.th
10794:10.4000/oceanindien.1379
10503:Casparis, J.G., (1956),
10479:Muljana, Slamet (2006).
10372:The History of Singapore
10132:Muljana, Slamet (2006).
10050:Griffiths, Arlo (2013).
9505:Bronson, Bennet (1977).
9182:MNI (21 November 2017).
8572:
8369:Karangtengah inscription
8153:Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium
8136:The Sriwijaya Museum in
7250:, Zhao Rugua records in
6870:in Malay peninsula, and
6739:Political administration
6720:Batang Hari river valley
6183:. The relations between
5887:During the 8th century,
5429:Suvarṇadvipi Dharmakīrti
5376:
3892:Darul Quran madrasa fire
3712:2001 Kampung Medan riots
3632:Highland Towers collapse
3329:Pakatan Harapan takeover
2731:Unfederated Malay States
2323:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
1720:Internal self-government
1106:Dutch East India Company
747:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
13936:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
13529:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
12016:6 February 2007 at the
11118:Encyclopedia Britannica
10649:Oxford University Press
9825:. Abhinav Publications.
9440:Encyclopedia Britannica
8871:10.3406/befeo.2016.6231
8853:Kulke, Hermann (2016).
8653:85/1 (2013), p. 43-81).
8525:Ha-ch'i-su-wa-ch'a-p'u
7923:might also have been a
7699:temple compound in the
7550:Talang Tuwo inscription
7137:to deliver a letter to
6963:from Palembang and the
6760:Telaga Batu inscription
6748:Telaga Batu inscription
6365:Anjukladang inscription
6234:, as proclaimed in the
5681:Talang Tuwo inscription
5657:Telaga Batu inscription
5398:University of Indonesia
4935:Maritime Southeast Asia
4919:Talang Tuwo inscription
4679:Maritime Southeast Asia
4661:based on the island of
3952:2023 Elmina plane crash
3932:2021-22 Malaysia floods
3912:2020-21 Malaysia floods
3902:2018 Subang Temple riot
3862:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
3842:2014–15 Malaysia floods
3752:Bukit Gantang bus crash
3196:South China Sea dispute
3176:1977 Kelantan Emergency
3166:Federal Territory of KL
3061:Sarawak self-governance
2135:65,000–40,000 BCE
1808:MacDonald House bombing
1798:Race riots in Singapore
15519:Former empires in Asia
13134:Constitutional history
12038:Chaiya National Museum
10918:10.1098/rspb.2012.0012
10071:10.3406/arch.2013.4384
9616:Tutur Visual Kompas.id
8688:Ancient Southeast Asia
8402:No information 835–960
8282:No information 742–775
8140:
8078:
8030:
7979:Maravijayattungavarman
7721:
7637:
7555:Kota Kapur inscription
7391:Srivijayan exploration
7380:). A ship type called
7324:
7303:
7272:12th to 13th centuries
7261:
6956:
6937:
6798:(workers inspectors),
6755:
6734:Government and economy
6608:
6495:
6348:
6172:
5938:Sailendra dynasty rule
5884:
5824:
5759:, the western side of
5717:Kota Kapur inscription
5531:
5389:
5314:
5218:
5203:located in Palembang.
5159:, on the banks of the
4926:
4850:Kota Kapur inscription
4742:which lasted from the
4644:
3562:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
3432:Brunei's Limbang claim
3276:Asian financial crisis
2863:Sandakan Death Marches
2711:Federated Malay States
2597:Crown Colony of Labuan
2059:
1881:Asian financial crisis
1778:Singaporean referendum
1157:Emergence of Indonesia
15427:Medieval great powers
12881:Northeastern Thailand
8535:Chinese embassy 1017
8411:Sri Udayadityavarman
8135:
8068:
8024:
7719:
7633:
7315:
7298:
7256:
7214:7th to 11th centuries
7172:Thalassocratic empire
6992:Riverine system model
6954:
6922:Expansion of Buddhism
6920:
6806:(lower supervisors),
6746:
6606:
6485:
6339:
6166:
6053:Mantyasih inscription
5866:
5829:Sojomerto inscription
5800:
5522:
5447:, the description of
5384:
5297:
5209:
4967:, previously read as
4917:
3802:Hulu Langat landslide
3482:Malaysian haze crisis
3246:Constitutional crisis
3081:Singapore in Malaysia
3071:Formation of Malaysia
2936:Anti-cession movement
2823:Parit Sulong Massacre
2302:Rise of Muslim states
2226:100 BCE–1474 CE
2058:
1891:Embassies attack plot
1826:Republic of Singapore
1644:Double Tenth incident
1212:Republic of Indonesia
1078:European colonization
977:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
330:Early Nusantara coins
163:Common languages
15437:European colonialism
15422:Ancient great powers
13850:United Arab Emirates
13443:United Arab Emirates
12751:Peopling of Thailand
12502:Lesser Sunda Islands
11977:Stuart-Fox, Martin.
11935:. Yogyakarta: LKiS.
11779:Strategic Centrality
11450:"Percandian Bumiayu"
11251:20 July 2011 at the
10728:, PT Balai Pustaka,
10483:. Yogyakarta: LKiS.
9305:opac.perpusnas.go.id
8690:. London: Routledge.
8252:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
8246:Embassies to Caliph
8234:Che-li-t'o-lo-pa-mo
8145:Srivijaya University
7985:in the port town of
7948:Surat Thani province
7672:on their journey to
7574:of the archipelago.
7320:first amongst equals
7309:is also recorded in
7164:) as a gift in 724.
7142:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
6665:Sanfoqi Zhu-nian guo
6661:Sanfoqi Zhu-nian guo
6453:Ch'eng-t'en-wan-shou
6253:in 853 and 871. The
5997:Śailendravamsatilaka
5510:Formation and growth
5493:probably comes from
5479:Surat Thani province
4547:Peopling of Thailand
4483:Rattanakosin Kingdom
3732:Indian Ocean tsunami
3422:Singapore race riots
3407:North Borneo dispute
3186:Pedra Branca dispute
3001:Malayan Independence
2956:Federation of Malaya
2721:Anglo-Siamese Treaty
2701:Mat Salleh Rebellion
2497:Dutch–Portuguese War
2216:100 BCE–642 CE
2168:11,000–200 BCE
1994:Singapore portal
1768:Merger with Malaysia
1531:Kingdom of Singapura
1420:Indonesia portal
1041:Heshun Confederation
957:Yogyakarta Sultanate
887:Kalinyamat Sultanate
857:Sultanate of Jailolo
827:Sultanate of Ternate
540:Tarumanagara Kingdom
216:• Circa 683 AD
147:in the 13th century.
91:, then expanding to
15529:Indianized kingdoms
15432:Modern great powers
13877:limited recognition
13470:limited recognition
13162:Thailand portal
13068:Nakhon Si Thammarat
12727:History of Thailand
11843:on 14 November 2011
11756:southsumatratourism
11162:rmz (5 June 2007).
10785:Études Océan Indien
10722:Nugroho Notosusanto
10637:"Maritime Buddhism"
10405:"Lord of the ocean"
9360:Krom, N.J. (1943).
8930:History of Humanity
8393:Nalanda inscription
8326:, started to build
8301:Nakhon Si Thammarat
8266:Liu-t'eng-wei-kung
8215:(686) inscriptions
7963:Nalanda inscription
7790:within Srivijaya's
7687:in Jambi province;
7683:by the bank of the
7451:Culture and society
6838:(king's servants),
6804:addhyāksi nījavarna
6774:(regional rulers),
6750:adorned with seven
6654:Sanfoqi Zhanbei guo
6236:Nalanda inscription
6159:Return to Palembang
6144:by reconciling the
6001:Śrīviravairimathana
5989:Nalanda inscription
5763:, and possibly the
5406:Muaro Jambi Regency
5320:Peninsular Malaysia
5163:. It mentions that
4955:Indonesian language
4780:several major raids
4600:Thailand portal
4389:Nakhon Si Thammarat
4087:Malaysia portal
3922:LRT train collision
3692:Al-Ma'unah incident
3672:Tropical Storm Greg
3156:New Economic Policy
2993:Independence period
2833:Battle of Singapore
2527:Straits Settlements
2462:Kubang Pasu Kingdom
2181:500 – 200 BCE
1911:Bus drivers' strike
1788:Operation Coldstore
1682:Maria Hertogh riots
1614:Japanese Occupation
1586:Straits Settlements
1185:National Revolution
1175:Japanese occupation
1061:Santiaogou Republic
927:Palembang Sultanate
847:Sultanate of Tidore
717:Peureulak Sultanate
650:Dharmasraya Kingdom
15544:Shailendra dynasty
11817:. 16 November 2011
11265:"Bridgeman Images"
11197:on 22 October 2012
11170:on 22 October 2012
11090:, p. 393–394.
11026:, p. 387–388.
10978:, p. 385–386.
10963:, p. 382–384.
10214:. 22 December 2020
9970:, p. 390-391.
9924:Farrington, Karen.
9737:on 1 November 2013
9537:10.3998/mpub.19412
9519:10.3998/mpub.19412
9488:Asian Perspectives
8990:10.22459/A.09.2006
8788:Philippine Studies
8585:Carita Parahyangan
8476:with revenue from
8453:Cudamani Warmadewa
8307:), Vat Sema Muang
8141:
8079:
8031:
8011:Kulothunga Chola I
7981:, constructed the
7967:Nalanda university
7745:Nalanda University
7722:
7613:was discovered in
7182:Maritime Silk Road
7087:Eastern Indonesian
6957:
6938:
6756:
6609:
6536:Vidhyadara-torana,
6496:
6433:Cudamani Warmadewa
6431:of Srivijaya, Sri
6394:. The news of the
6349:
6264:was expelled from
6173:
6113:... its center at
6101:; a massive stone
6081:After Dharmasetu,
5952:The Sailendras of
5885:
5867:Malay polities in
5825:
5812:in Rataukapastuo,
5711:Regional conquests
5532:
5390:
5315:
5232:thatched materials
5219:
4927:
4865:Carita Parahyangan
3662:Pos Dipang mudflow
3442:Penang Hartal riot
3286:Reformasi Movement
3031:Sarawak Insurgency
2751:Kelantan rebellion
2671:Jementah Civil War
2577:Kingdom of Sarawak
2547:Anglo-Dutch Treaty
2487:Portuguese Malacca
2419:Selangor Sultanate
2068:Prehistoric period
2060:
1871:Operation Spectrum
1730:Hock Lee bus riots
1264:1998–present
1165:National Awakening
995:Christian kingdoms
961:1755–present
951:1745–present
947:Surakarta Sunanate
917:Kingdom of Kaimana
871:1526–present
837:Sultanate of Bacan
757:Pagaruyung Kingdom
698:Islamic sultanates
590:Shailendra Dynasty
268:Cudamani Warmadewa
47:Kadatuan Śrīvijaya
15476:
15475:
15398:
15397:
15363:Polish–Lithuanian
14538:Gurjara-Pratihara
13982:
13981:
13919:other territories
13609:Buddhism in Asia
13575:
13574:
13512:other territories
13202:Hinduism in Asia
13168:
13167:
13096:
13095:
13061:Southern Thailand
12987:Northern Thailand
12980:Regional kingdoms
12975:
12974:
12940:Southern Thailand
12914:Northern Thailand
12693:
12692:
12380:
12379:
12235:
12234:
12028:Candi Muaro Jambi
11984:Triastanti, Ani.
11713:(in Indonesian).
11483:(2 (236)): 1–32.
10848:. Mizan Pustaka.
10758:978-0-7425-6762-7
10707:978-1-136-81964-3
9770:978-602-9346-00-8
9592:. 22 October 2021
9130:Glashoff, Klaus.
9104:Glashoff, Klaus.
9000:978-0-7315-2132-6
8768:978-0-8248-0368-1
8567:
8566:
8510:, India in 1006.
8390:Ousted from Java
8221:(result unknown)
8166:Gending Sriwijaya
8127:Gending Sriwijaya
8027:Gending Sriwijaya
7975:Raja Raja Chola I
7854:Batang Hari River
7751:Buddhist scholar
7685:Batang Hari River
7427:1,200 years ago.
7200:Malay Archipelago
7180:, as part of the
7178:Strait of Malacca
7146:Umayyad Caliphate
6842:(king's slaves).
6830:(ship captains),
6822:(store workers),
6728:Grahi inscription
6228:Sailendra dynasty
6220:Sailendra dynasty
6043:independent from
5995:, and the son of
5983:'s successor was
5912:Ligor inscription
5831:mentions that an
5757:Strait of Malacca
5715:According to the
5646:Batang Hari River
5527:displayed in the
5487:Mahayana Buddhism
5410:Batang Hari River
5367:
5268:Malay Archipelago
5151:According to the
5055:Dutch East Indies
4772:Strait of Malacca
4634:
4633:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4464:Ayutthaya Kingdom
4454:Sukhothai Kingdom
4437:
4436:
4361:Regional kingdoms
4352:
4351:
4195:
4194:
4181:9000 BCE–5500 BCE
4121:
4120:
3980:
3979:
3642:Genting landslide
3592:Ming Court Affair
3380:
3379:
3359:Bornean Amendment
3339:COVID-19 pandemic
3296:H1N1 flu pandemic
3204:
3109:
3108:
3091:ASEAN Declaration
2984:
2983:
2966:Malayan Emergency
2891:
2890:
2759:
2758:
2470:
2469:
2409:Sarawak Sultanate
2386:Pattani Sultanate
2346:Malacca Sultanate
2293:
2292:
2239:100 CE–1025
2185:
2184:
2028:
2027:
1949:
1948:
1941:COVID-19 pandemic
1921:Little India riot
1836:ASEAN Declaration
1816:
1815:
1758:
1757:
1710:
1709:
1652:
1651:
1624:Fall of Singapore
1604:
1603:
1559:
1558:
1541:Malacca Sultanate
1454:
1453:
1268:
1267:
1220:Liberal democracy
1203:
1202:
1148:
1147:
1136:Dutch East Indies
1069:
1068:
1022:
1021:
1004:Larantuka Kingdom
985:
984:
897:Mataram Sultanate
797:Cirebon Sultanate
777:Malacca Sultanate
737:Ternate Sultanate
688:
687:
670:Singhasari Empire
664:1000s–1300s
630:Kahuripan Kingdom
511:
510:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
369:
368:
262:• Circa 988
250:• Circa 835
238:• Circa 792
228:• Circa 775
16:(Redirected from
15571:
15534:Island countries
15279:
15278:
14944:Austro-Hungarian
14644:Chagatai Khanate
14009:
14002:
13995:
13986:
13985:
13972:
13962:
13961:
13931:Christmas Island
13617:Sovereign states
13602:
13595:
13588:
13579:
13578:
13565:
13555:
13554:
13524:Christmas Island
13210:Sovereign states
13195:
13188:
13181:
13172:
13171:
13160:
13159:
13158:
13144:Economic history
13139:Military history
13101:Regional history
13053:
13036:
13019:
13007:
12984:
12983:
12901:
12868:
12856:
12831:Central Thailand
12812:
12811:
12720:
12713:
12706:
12697:
12696:
12643:
12626:
12609:
12530:Solor Watan Lema
12414:Lanfang Republic
12246:
12245:
12086:
12085:
12068:
12061:
12054:
12045:
12044:
11970:D. R. SarDesai.
11967:
11946:
11925:
11923:
11921:
11915:
11886:
11885:
11877:
11871:
11870:
11869:(in Indonesian).
11859:
11853:
11852:
11850:
11848:
11839:. Archived from
11833:
11827:
11826:
11824:
11822:
11807:
11801:
11800:
11798:
11796:
11773:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11762:
11747:
11741:
11740:
11734:
11726:
11702:
11693:
11692:
11690:
11688:
11677:
11668:
11664:16 June 2007 at
11656:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11645:
11630:
11624:
11623:
11621:
11619:
11603:
11597:
11594:
11588:
11582:
11573:
11570:
11559:
11556:
11550:
11544:
11535:
11534:
11526:
11520:
11519:
11499:
11493:
11492:
11472:
11466:
11465:
11463:
11461:
11445:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11434:
11419:
11413:
11412:
11410:
11408:
11393:
11387:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11370:
11364:
11363:
11351:
11345:
11338:
11332:
11331:
11315:
11309:
11302:
11293:
11292:
11282:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11271:
11261:
11255:
11243:
11237:
11234:
11228:
11227:
11225:
11223:
11213:
11207:
11206:
11204:
11202:
11186:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11175:
11159:
11153:
11150:
11144:
11143:
11135:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11124:
11110:
11104:
11097:
11091:
11085:
11079:
11072:
11066:
11059:
11053:
11046:
11040:
11033:
11027:
11021:
11012:
11011:
11001:
10992:
10985:
10979:
10973:
10964:
10958:
10952:
10946:
10940:
10939:
10929:
10912:(1739): 2761–8.
10897:
10888:
10885:
10874:
10871:
10860:
10859:
10838:
10832:
10831:
10829:
10827:
10813:
10807:
10806:
10796:
10776:
10763:
10762:
10742:
10736:
10718:
10712:
10711:
10691:
10685:
10684:
10682:
10680:
10660:
10632:
10626:
10625:
10597:
10591:
10590:
10554:
10531:
10530:
10528:
10526:
10514:
10508:
10501:
10495:
10494:
10476:
10465:
10464:
10456:
10450:
10449:
10441:
10435:
10434:
10426:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10415:
10400:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10389:
10366:
10357:
10354:
10348:
10345:
10339:
10336:
10330:
10323:
10317:
10314:
10308:
10307:
10287:
10281:
10278:
10272:
10269:
10258:
10257:
10255:
10253:
10230:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10219:
10204:
10198:
10197:
10177:
10168:
10167:
10157:
10148:
10147:
10129:
10123:
10122:
10114:
10108:
10107:
10089:
10083:
10082:
10056:
10047:
10041:
10040:
10022:
10016:
10015:
10007:
10001:
10000:
9992:
9986:
9985:
9977:
9971:
9965:
9959:
9958:
9950:
9944:
9943:
9935:
9929:
9922:
9916:
9915:
9909:
9900:
9894:
9893:
9883:
9859:
9853:
9852:
9842:
9833:
9827:
9826:
9818:
9812:
9811:
9803:
9797:
9796:
9794:
9792:
9781:
9775:
9774:
9756:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9736:
9728:nsc.iseas.edu.sg
9725:
9716:
9707:
9706:
9698:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9687:
9672:
9666:
9665:
9658:
9652:
9651:
9639:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9608:
9602:
9601:
9599:
9597:
9582:
9576:
9575:
9573:
9571:
9556:
9550:
9547:
9541:
9540:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9483:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9469:
9457:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9446:
9432:
9426:
9423:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9412:
9401:
9395:
9394:
9372:
9366:
9365:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9327:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9297:
9291:
9290:
9282:
9276:
9275:
9259:
9249:
9240:
9239:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9206:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9195:
9179:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9168:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9136:learnsanskrit.cc
9127:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9116:
9110:learnsanskrit.cc
9101:
9095:
9094:
9086:
9075:
9074:
9053:
9044:
9043:
9011:
9005:
9004:
8992:
8970:
8964:
8963:
8955:
8949:
8948:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8925:
8916:
8915:
8897:
8891:
8890:
8850:
8835:
8834:
8810:
8804:
8803:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8741:
8692:
8691:
8683:
8654:
8638:
8632:
8613:
8607:
8597:
8591:
8582:
8504:Chudamani Vihara
8502:Constructed the
8478:Rajaraja Chola I
8272:Shih-li-fo-shih
8240:Shih-li-fo-shih
8176:
8002:Rajendra Chola I
7991:Rajendra Chola I
7983:Chudamani Vihara
7800:Tantric Buddhism
7736:A stronghold of
7651:
7517:
7497:
7477:
7288:referred to the
6790:(lesser kings),
6758:The 7th century
6685:Kalingatupparani
6672:Kulottunga Chola
6635:Under the Cholas
6572:Rajendra Chola I
6549:Rajendra Chola I
6523:(modern Kedah).
6332:War against Java
6314:Karanganyar site
6312:(especially the
6283:and the rise of
6130:Pramodhawardhani
6085:became the next
5930:in the northern
5849:Sailendra family
5827:The 7th-century
5783:western Javanese
5765:Gulf of Thailand
5605:, also known as
5548:Karanganyar site
5368:
5365:
5361:
5352:
5234:, such as wood,
4921:, discovered in
4782:launched by the
4689:-based economy.
4647:), also spelled
4626:
4619:
4612:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4474:Thonburi Kingdom
4450:
4449:
4365:
4364:
4210:
4209:
4191:2,100 BCE–200 CE
4173:
4172:
4162:
4161:
4151:
4141:
4123:
4122:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4085:
4084:
4083:
3852:Sabah earthquake
3393:
3392:
3376:
3349:Political crisis
3323:
3306:Sedition Dragnet
3236:Operation Lalang
3210:
3198:
3122:
3121:
2997:
2996:
2904:
2903:
2900:Formative period
2883:Jesselton revolt
2803:Bornean Campaign
2793:Malayan campaign
2772:
2771:
2741:Battle of Penang
2607:Pahang Civil War
2483:
2482:
2426:
2403:
2366:Pahang Sultanate
2340:
2333:Brunei Sultanate
2317:
2306:
2305:
2238:
2198:
2197:
2175:
2164:
2153:
2129:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2073:
2072:
2048:
2030:
2029:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1832:
1831:
1774:
1773:
1726:
1725:
1668:
1667:
1620:
1619:
1572:
1571:
1498:
1497:
1484:
1474:
1456:
1455:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1230:Guided Democracy
1216:
1215:
1161:
1160:
1082:
1081:
1051:Lanfang Republic
1037:
1036:
1000:
999:
921:1600s–1926
911:1528s–1877
877:Banjar Sultanate
867:Banten Sultanate
851:1500s–1967
767:Brunei Sultanate
703:
702:
680:Majapahit Empire
580:Srivijaya Empire
560:Kalingga Kingdom
526:
525:
493:Toba catastrophe
476:94,000–12,000 BP
447:
446:
427:
417:
399:
398:
385:
384:
373:
372:
360:
359:
353:
352:
337:
336:
304:
301:
81:
69:
59:
56:
39:
38:
21:
15579:
15578:
15574:
15573:
15572:
15570:
15569:
15568:
15479:
15478:
15477:
15472:
15461:American Empire
15446:
15442:African empires
15394:
15277:
14969:Central African
14915:
14733:Romano-Germanic
14319:
14053:Middle Assyrian
14026:
14018:
14013:
13983:
13978:
13950:
13918:
13909:
13890:Northern Cyprus
13876:
13869:
13611:
13606:
13576:
13571:
13543:
13511:
13502:
13483:Northern Cyprus
13469:
13462:
13204:
13199:
13169:
13164:
13156:
13154:
13148:
13127:Topical history
13122:
13092:
13056:
13047:
13030:
13013:
13001:
12971:
12935:
12909:
12895:
12876:
12862:
12850:
12826:
12801:
12755:
12729:
12724:
12694:
12689:
12666:
12637:
12620:
12603:
12577:
12534:
12496:
12448:
12376:
12295:
12231:
12217:Sumedang Larang
12175:
12075:
12072:
12042:
12018:Wayback Machine
11996:
11991:
11964:
11943:
11919:
11917:
11913:
11899:D. G. E. Hall,
11895:
11893:Further reading
11890:
11889:
11878:
11874:
11861:
11860:
11856:
11846:
11844:
11835:
11834:
11830:
11820:
11818:
11809:
11808:
11804:
11794:
11792:
11790:
11774:
11770:
11760:
11758:
11748:
11744:
11728:
11727:
11703:
11696:
11686:
11684:
11679:
11678:
11671:
11657:
11653:
11643:
11641:
11632:
11631:
11627:
11617:
11615:
11614:(in Indonesian)
11604:
11600:
11595:
11591:
11583:
11576:
11571:
11562:
11557:
11553:
11545:
11538:
11527:
11523:
11516:
11500:
11496:
11473:
11469:
11459:
11457:
11456:(in Indonesian)
11446:
11442:
11432:
11430:
11421:
11420:
11416:
11406:
11404:
11394:
11390:
11380:
11378:
11371:
11367:
11352:
11348:
11340:Jerry Bentley,
11339:
11335:
11316:
11312:
11304:Jerry Bentley,
11303:
11296:
11283:
11279:
11269:
11267:
11263:
11262:
11258:
11253:Wayback Machine
11244:
11240:
11235:
11231:
11221:
11219:
11215:
11214:
11210:
11200:
11198:
11187:
11183:
11173:
11171:
11160:
11156:
11151:
11147:
11136:
11132:
11122:
11120:
11112:
11111:
11107:
11098:
11094:
11086:
11082:
11076:Zhufanzhi zhubu
11074:Chen and Qian,
11073:
11069:
11060:
11056:
11050:Zhufanzhi zhubu
11048:Chen and Qian,
11047:
11043:
11034:
11030:
11022:
11015:
11002:
10995:
10989:Zhufanzhi zhubu
10986:
10982:
10974:
10967:
10959:
10955:
10947:
10943:
10898:
10891:
10886:
10877:
10872:
10863:
10856:
10842:Azra, Azyumardi
10839:
10835:
10825:
10823:
10815:
10814:
10810:
10777:
10766:
10759:
10743:
10739:
10719:
10715:
10708:
10692:
10688:
10678:
10676:
10669:
10633:
10629:
10614:10.2307/1522654
10598:
10594:
10555:
10534:
10524:
10522:
10515:
10511:
10502:
10498:
10491:
10477:
10468:
10457:
10453:
10442:
10438:
10427:
10423:
10413:
10411:
10401:
10397:
10387:
10385:
10383:
10367:
10360:
10355:
10351:
10346:
10342:
10337:
10333:
10324:
10320:
10315:
10311:
10304:
10288:
10284:
10279:
10275:
10270:
10261:
10251:
10249:
10247:
10231:
10227:
10217:
10215:
10206:
10205:
10201:
10194:
10178:
10171:
10158:
10151:
10144:
10130:
10126:
10115:
10111:
10104:
10090:
10086:
10054:
10048:
10044:
10037:
10023:
10019:
10008:
10004:
9993:
9989:
9978:
9974:
9966:
9962:
9951:
9947:
9936:
9932:
9923:
9919:
9907:
9901:
9897:
9860:
9856:
9840:
9834:
9830:
9819:
9815:
9804:
9800:
9790:
9788:
9782:
9778:
9771:
9757:
9750:
9740:
9738:
9734:
9723:
9717:
9710:
9699:
9695:
9685:
9683:
9682:on 30 June 2013
9674:
9673:
9669:
9660:
9659:
9655:
9640:
9631:
9621:
9619:
9610:
9609:
9605:
9595:
9593:
9584:
9583:
9579:
9569:
9567:
9566:(in Indonesian)
9558:
9557:
9553:
9548:
9544:
9529:
9503:
9499:
9484:
9477:
9467:
9465:
9458:
9454:
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9442:
9434:
9433:
9429:
9424:
9420:
9410:
9408:
9403:
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9398:
9391:
9373:
9369:
9358:
9354:
9343:
9339:
9328:
9319:
9309:
9307:
9299:
9298:
9294:
9283:
9279:
9272:
9250:
9243:
9232:
9228:
9218:
9216:
9208:
9207:
9203:
9193:
9191:
9190:(in Indonesian)
9188:Museum Nasional
9180:
9176:
9166:
9164:
9155:
9154:
9150:
9140:
9138:
9128:
9124:
9114:
9112:
9102:
9098:
9087:
9078:
9071:
9057:Miksic, John M.
9054:
9047:
9012:
9008:
9001:
8971:
8967:
8956:
8952:
8941:
8937:
8926:
8919:
8912:
8898:
8894:
8851:
8838:
8811:
8807:
8780:
8776:
8769:
8742:
8695:
8684:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8639:
8635:
8614:
8610:
8598:
8594:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8492:Se-li-ma-la-pi
8231:Sri Indravarman
8174:
8019:
7925:tributary state
7910:Sanjaya dynasty
7808:
7653:
7639:
7631:
7607:Bukit Seguntang
7599:Avalokiteshvara
7597:, Boddhisattva
7545:Amaravati style
7529:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7518:
7510:
7509:
7498:
7490:
7489:
7486:Bukit Seguntang
7482:Amaravati style
7478:
7469:
7468:
7462:
7460:Art and culture
7453:
7443:, hinting that
7421:Malagasy people
7409:Malay Peninsula
7403:straits and in
7393:
7374:(modern Malay:
7364:
7274:
7216:
7174:
7135:Sri Indravarman
7127:
7101:; also Chinese
7045:, rhino horns,
7007:
6994:
6928:to the rest of
6915:
6910:
6741:
6736:
6710:that ruled the
6703:
6693:
6637:
6480:
6474:
6469:
6356:Mataram kingdom
6342:Javanese vessel
6334:
6191:was the son of
6161:
6064:Mataram kingdom
6037:Mahendraparvata
5962:Mataram Kingdom
5950:
5948:Mataram Kingdom
5942:Main articles:
5940:
5932:Malay Peninsula
5893:Malay Peninsula
5881:Malay Peninsula
5873:Malay Peninsula
5861:
5795:
5713:
5582:ruled by local
5517:
5512:
5507:
5475:Chaiya district
5471:
5458:
5408:, Jambi on the
5379:
5307:Bukit Seguntang
5228:floating houses
5224:Bukit Seguntang
5211:Floating houses
5149:
5144:
4923:Bukit Seguntang
4912:
4804:
4665:(in modern-day
4630:
4594:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4447:
4439:
4438:
4362:
4354:
4353:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4170:
4159:
4139:
4132:
4117:
4081:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4035:
4027:
4026:
4025:
3990:
3982:
3981:
3652:MH2133 incident
3582:Sabah Emergency
3572:Memali Incident
3452:13 May Incident
3390:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3321:
3226:Memali incident
3208:
3126:13 May incident
3119:
3111:
3110:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2786:
2783:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2691:Pahang Uprising
2480:
2479:Colonial period
2472:
2471:
2424:
2401:
2396:Johor Sultanate
2338:
2315:
2310:Kedah Sultanate
2303:
2295:
2294:
2279:700s–1025
2195:
2187:
2186:
2177:Neolithic Klang
2173:
2165:Perak man/woman
2162:
2154:Bewah man/woman
2151:
2127:
2103:
2091:Lenggong Valley
2087:
2070:
2046:
2039:
2024:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1771:
1760:
1759:
1723:
1712:
1711:
1665:
1662:Post-war period
1654:
1653:
1617:
1606:
1605:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1551:Johor Sultanate
1519:
1495:
1472:
1465:
1450:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1254:1967–1998
1244:1966–1967
1234:1959–1966
1224:1950–1959
1213:
1205:
1204:
1199:1949–1950
1189:1945–1949
1179:1942–1945
1169:1908–1942
1158:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1143:1945–1949
1142:
1141:1800–1942
1130:1806–1816
1120:1685–1824
1110:1602–1799
1100:1521–1677
1090:1512–1850
1079:
1071:
1070:
1065:1777–1853
1055:1777–1884
1045:1776–1854
1034:
1024:
1023:
997:
987:
986:
981:1824–1911
971:1814–1946
941:1725–1946
931:1659–1823
907:Johor Sultanate
901:1586–1755
891:1527–1599
881:1526–1863
861:1496–1903
841:1515–1946
831:1486–1914
821:1496–1903
811:1475–1554
807:Demak Sultanate
801:1445–1677
791:1405–1851
781:1400–1511
771:1368–1888
761:1347–1833
751:1267–1521
741:1257–1914
731:1225–1613
707:Spread of Islam
700:
690:
689:
684:1293–1527
674:1222–1292
654:1183–1347
644:1045–1221
634:1019–1045
600:Mataram Kingdom
523:
513:
512:
444:
415:
408:
382:
357:
314:
302:
296:
263:
251:
239:
229:
217:
183:
148:
109:Malay Peninsula
101:Bangka Belitung
72:
57:
49:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15577:
15567:
15566:
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14762:
14757:
14752:
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14600:
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14390:
14380:
14379:
14378:
14373:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14329:
14327:
14325:Post-classical
14321:
14320:
14318:
14317:
14316:
14315:
14305:
14300:
14299:
14298:
14293:
14283:
14282:
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14173:
14168:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14132:
14131:
14126:
14124:Middle Kingdom
14121:
14111:
14106:
14105:
14104:
14099:
14094:
14084:
14083:
14082:
14080:Neo-Babylonian
14077:
14072:
14070:Old Babylonian
14062:
14061:
14060:
14055:
14045:
14040:
14034:
14032:
14020:
14019:
14012:
14011:
14004:
13997:
13989:
13980:
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13857:
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13842:
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13802:
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13792:
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13782:
13777:
13772:
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13762:
13757:
13752:
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13737:
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13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13707:
13702:
13697:
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13682:
13677:
13672:
13667:
13662:
13657:
13652:
13647:
13642:
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13627:
13621:
13619:
13613:
13612:
13605:
13604:
13597:
13590:
13582:
13573:
13572:
13570:
13569:
13559:
13548:
13545:
13544:
13542:
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13536:
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13526:
13521:
13515:
13513:
13504:
13503:
13501:
13500:
13495:
13490:
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13480:
13474:
13472:
13464:
13463:
13461:
13460:
13455:
13450:
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13410:
13405:
13400:
13395:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13315:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13275:
13270:
13265:
13260:
13255:
13250:
13245:
13240:
13235:
13230:
13225:
13220:
13214:
13212:
13206:
13205:
13198:
13197:
13190:
13183:
13175:
13166:
13165:
13153:
13150:
13149:
13147:
13146:
13141:
13136:
13130:
13128:
13124:
13123:
13121:
13120:
13115:
13110:
13104:
13102:
13098:
13097:
13094:
13093:
13091:
13090:
13085:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13064:
13062:
13058:
13057:
13055:
13054:
13042:
13037:
13025:
13020:
13008:
12996:
12990:
12988:
12981:
12977:
12976:
12973:
12972:
12970:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12943:
12941:
12937:
12936:
12934:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12917:
12915:
12911:
12910:
12908:
12907:
12902:
12890:
12884:
12882:
12878:
12877:
12875:
12874:
12869:
12857:
12845:
12840:
12834:
12832:
12828:
12827:
12825:
12824:
12818:
12816:
12809:
12807:Initial states
12803:
12802:
12800:
12799:
12794:
12789:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12763:
12761:
12757:
12756:
12754:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12737:
12735:
12731:
12730:
12723:
12722:
12715:
12708:
12700:
12691:
12690:
12688:
12687:
12682:
12676:
12674:
12668:
12667:
12665:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12632:
12627:
12615:
12610:
12598:
12593:
12587:
12585:
12579:
12578:
12576:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12544:
12542:
12536:
12535:
12533:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12506:
12504:
12498:
12497:
12495:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12458:
12456:
12450:
12449:
12447:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12390:
12388:
12382:
12381:
12378:
12377:
12375:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12362:Samudera Pasai
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12303:
12301:
12297:
12296:
12294:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12252:
12250:
12249:Hindu/Buddhist
12243:
12237:
12236:
12233:
12232:
12230:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12183:
12181:
12177:
12176:
12174:
12173:
12168:
12163:
12158:
12153:
12148:
12143:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12113:
12108:
12103:
12098:
12092:
12090:
12089:Hindu/Buddhist
12083:
12077:
12076:
12071:
12070:
12063:
12056:
12048:
12041:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12008:
12003:
11997:
11995:
11994:External links
11992:
11990:
11989:
11982:
11975:
11968:
11962:
11947:
11941:
11926:
11904:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11888:
11887:
11884:. p. 175.
11882:Early Kingdoms
11872:
11867:Film Indonesia
11854:
11828:
11802:
11788:
11768:
11742:
11694:
11669:
11651:
11625:
11598:
11589:
11585:R. C. Majumdar
11574:
11560:
11551:
11536:
11521:
11514:
11494:
11467:
11440:
11414:
11402:whc.unesco.org
11388:
11365:
11356:UNESCO Courier
11346:
11333:
11310:
11294:
11277:
11256:
11238:
11229:
11208:
11181:
11154:
11145:
11130:
11105:
11092:
11080:
11067:
11065:, 1206, 5: 88.
11054:
11041:
11028:
11013:
10993:
10980:
10965:
10953:
10951:, p. 381.
10941:
10889:
10875:
10861:
10854:
10833:
10808:
10764:
10757:
10737:
10713:
10706:
10686:
10667:
10627:
10592:
10565:(2): 295–308.
10532:
10509:
10496:
10489:
10466:
10451:
10436:
10429:Siam Society.
10421:
10395:
10381:
10358:
10349:
10340:
10331:
10327:John N. Miksic
10318:
10309:
10302:
10282:
10273:
10259:
10245:
10225:
10199:
10192:
10169:
10149:
10142:
10124:
10121:. p. 143.
10119:Early Kingdoms
10109:
10102:
10084:
10042:
10035:
10017:
10014:. p. 130.
10012:Early Kingdoms
10002:
9999:. p. 125.
9997:Early Kingdoms
9987:
9984:. p. 132.
9982:Early Kingdoms
9972:
9960:
9957:. p. 113.
9955:Early Kingdoms
9945:
9942:. p. 124.
9940:Early Kingdoms
9930:
9917:
9895:
9854:
9828:
9813:
9798:
9776:
9769:
9748:
9708:
9693:
9667:
9653:
9629:
9603:
9577:
9551:
9542:
9527:
9497:
9475:
9452:
9427:
9418:
9396:
9389:
9367:
9352:
9349:. p. 102.
9347:Early Kingdoms
9337:
9334:. p. 114.
9332:Early Kingdoms
9317:
9292:
9277:
9270:
9241:
9226:
9201:
9174:
9148:
9122:
9096:
9093:. p. 117.
9091:Early Kingdoms
9076:
9069:
9045:
9026:(3): 380–399.
9006:
8999:
8965:
8950:
8947:. p. 122.
8945:Early Kingdoms
8935:
8917:
8910:
8892:
8836:
8825:(2): 239–313.
8805:
8774:
8767:
8745:Coedès, George
8693:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8655:
8633:
8608:
8592:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8565:
8564:
8559:Rajendra Chola
8557:, captured by
8552:
8546:
8541:
8537:
8536:
8533:
8527:
8519:
8515:
8514:
8500:
8494:
8486:
8482:
8481:
8468:Javanese King
8464:
8458:
8449:
8445:
8444:
8441:
8435:
8429:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8415:
8409:
8405:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8388:
8382:
8377:
8373:
8372:
8366:
8363:
8358:
8354:
8353:
8347:
8344:
8339:
8335:
8334:
8321:
8318:
8313:
8309:
8308:
8298:
8295:
8289:
8285:
8284:
8278:
8277:
8274:
8268:
8260:
8256:
8255:
8242:
8236:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8202:
8199:
8194:
8190:
8189:
8186:
8183:
8180:
8173:
8170:
8157:Sriwijaya F.C.
8151:(an airline),
8095:Bumiayu temple
8018:
8015:
7849:Melayu Kingdom
7807:
7804:
7779:Bumiayu temple
7691:stupas in the
7632:
7630:
7627:
7566:Malay language
7519:
7512:
7511:
7499:
7492:
7491:
7479:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7467:Srivijayan art
7466:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7452:
7449:
7392:
7389:
7363:
7360:
7350:in the 1230s.
7273:
7270:
7215:
7212:
7173:
7170:
7126:
7123:
7006:
7003:
6993:
6990:
6986:Medieval India
6965:Malacca Strait
6926:northern India
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6712:Melayu Kingdom
6697:Melayu Kingdom
6692:
6689:
6636:
6633:
6500:Rajendra Chola
6492:Melayu Kingdom
6473:
6472:Chola invasion
6470:
6468:
6465:
6333:
6330:
6318:Seguntang Hill
6255:Melayu Kingdom
6160:
6157:
6151:with Shivaist
6078:of Srivijaya.
5939:
5936:
5860:
5857:
5807:Avalokiteśvara
5794:
5791:
5719:discovered on
5712:
5709:
5701:Seguntang Hill
5689:Seguntang Hill
5599:Melayu Kingdom
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5470:
5467:
5457:
5454:
5378:
5375:
5326:, and western
5289:Southeast Asia
5284:Southeast Asia
5272:Komering River
5193:Komering River
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5029:, such as the
5027:Pallava script
4961:references to
4911:
4910:Historiography
4908:
4863:manuscript of
4844:was the first
4803:
4800:
4724:Southeast Asia
4687:prestige goods
4671:Southeast Asia
4656:thalassocratic
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4552:Constitutional
4549:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4338:671 CE–1025 CE
4336:
4330:
4329:
4328:638 CE–1292 CE
4326:
4320:
4319:
4318:629 CE–1292 CE
4316:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4298:500 CE–1200 CE
4296:
4290:
4289:
4288:468 CE–1388 CE
4286:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4268:100 CE–1500 CE
4266:
4260:
4259:
4258:100 CE–1277 CE
4256:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4238:200 BCE–700 CE
4236:
4230:
4229:
4228:691 BCE–638 CE
4226:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4208:
4205:Initial states
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4144:
4143:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4001:Constitutional
3998:
3996:Communications
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:MH370 incident
3818:
3817:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:MH653 incident
3538:
3537:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:Battle of Muar
2809:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2657:British Malaya
2653:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:Pangkor Treaty
2633:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:Pahang Kingdom
2513:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:Aceh Sultanate
2372:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2356:Sulu Sultanate
2352:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2259:170–1135
2257:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2196:
2194:Early kingdoms
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:Mansuli Valley
2100:
2099:
2098:2,000,0000 BCE
2093:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1830:
1828:(1965–present)
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1525:c.14th century
1523:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1006:
998:
993:
992:
989:
988:
983:
982:
979:
973:
972:
969:
967:Deli Sultanate
963:
962:
959:
953:
952:
949:
943:
942:
939:
937:Siak Sultanate
933:
932:
929:
923:
922:
919:
913:
912:
909:
903:
902:
899:
893:
892:
889:
883:
882:
879:
873:
872:
869:
863:
862:
859:
853:
852:
849:
843:
842:
839:
833:
832:
829:
823:
822:
819:
817:Aceh Sultanate
813:
812:
809:
803:
802:
799:
793:
792:
789:
787:Sulu Sultanate
783:
782:
779:
773:
772:
769:
763:
762:
759:
753:
752:
749:
743:
742:
739:
733:
732:
729:
723:
722:
721:840–1292
719:
713:
712:
711:800–1600
709:
701:
696:
695:
692:
691:
686:
685:
682:
676:
675:
672:
666:
665:
662:
660:Pannai Kingdom
656:
655:
652:
646:
645:
642:
640:Kediri Kingdom
636:
635:
632:
626:
625:
624:932–1579
622:
616:
615:
614:914–1908
612:
606:
605:
604:716–1016
602:
596:
595:
592:
586:
585:
582:
576:
575:
572:
570:Melayu Kingdom
566:
565:
562:
556:
555:
552:
546:
545:
542:
536:
535:
532:
524:
519:
518:
515:
514:
509:
508:
505:
499:
498:
495:
489:
488:
486:
478:
477:
474:
468:
467:
464:
458:
457:
455:
445:
440:
439:
436:
435:
429:
428:
420:
419:
410:
409:
402:
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
379:
377:Melayu Kingdom
370:
367:
366:
361:
349:
348:
343:
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
309:
306:
305:
297:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
275:
274:
271:
270:
264:
261:
258:
257:
252:
249:
246:
245:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
192:
188:
187:
178:
174:
173:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
82:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
51:
50:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15576:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15510:
15507:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15490:
15487:
15486:
15484:
15467:
15466:Soviet empire
15464:
15462:
15459:
15458:
15456:
15455:
15453:
15451:Miscellaneous
15449:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15416:
15413:
15412:
15411:
15408:
15407:
15405:
15401:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15369:
15366:
15365:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
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12746:Early history
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10700:. Routledge.
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9802:
9787:
9780:
9772:
9766:
9762:
9755:
9753:
9733:
9729:
9722:
9715:
9713:
9704:
9697:
9681:
9677:
9671:
9663:
9657:
9649:
9645:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9617:
9613:
9607:
9591:
9587:
9581:
9565:
9561:
9555:
9546:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9528:9780472901722
9524:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9501:
9494:(2): 220–239.
9493:
9489:
9482:
9480:
9463:
9456:
9441:
9437:
9431:
9422:
9406:
9400:
9392:
9390:9789794132906
9386:
9382:
9381:
9378:
9371:
9363:
9356:
9348:
9341:
9333:
9326:
9324:
9322:
9306:
9302:
9296:
9288:
9281:
9273:
9271:0-300-10518-5
9267:
9263:
9258:
9257:
9248:
9246:
9238:. p. 29.
9237:
9230:
9215:
9211:
9205:
9189:
9185:
9178:
9163:. 7 June 2007
9162:
9158:
9152:
9137:
9133:
9126:
9111:
9107:
9100:
9092:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9072:
9070:9789971695583
9066:
9063:. NUS Press.
9062:
9058:
9052:
9050:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9010:
9002:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8982:
8981:
8976:
8975:Darrell Tryon
8969:
8961:
8958:Zain, Sabri.
8954:
8946:
8939:
8931:
8924:
8922:
8913:
8911:981-4155-67-5
8907:
8903:
8896:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8809:
8801:
8797:
8794:(1): 63–107.
8793:
8789:
8785:
8778:
8770:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8751:
8746:
8740:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8722:
8720:
8718:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8689:
8682:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8665:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8637:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8615:According to
8612:
8605:
8601:
8596:
8590:
8586:
8581:
8577:
8570:
8563:
8560:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8534:
8532:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8520:
8517:
8516:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8499:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8465:
8463:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8442:
8440:
8436:
8434:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8414:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8403:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8389:
8387:
8383:
8381:
8380:Balaputradewa
8378:
8375:
8374:
8370:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8342:Samaragrawira
8340:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8299:
8296:
8293:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8273:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8263:Rudra Vikrama
8261:
8258:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8249:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8205:Kedukan Bukit
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8177:
8172:List of kings
8169:
8167:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8149:Sriwijaya Air
8146:
8139:
8134:
8130:
8128:
8124:
8123:South Sumatra
8120:
8116:
8112:
8107:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8076:
8073:in Palembang
8072:
8067:
8063:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8035:
8028:
8023:
8014:
8012:
8007:
8006:Chola dynasty
8003:
7999:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7971:Chola dynasty
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7951:
7949:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7929:Jayavarman II
7926:
7922:
7917:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7871:
7867:According to
7865:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7843:
7839:
7834:
7830:
7829:Sunda Straits
7826:
7820:
7818:
7814:
7813:confederation
7803:
7801:
7795:
7793:
7789:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7765:
7760:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7734:
7731:
7727:
7718:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7643:
7636:
7626:
7622:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7591:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7571:lingua franca
7567:
7563:
7558:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7523:
7516:
7507:
7503:
7496:
7487:
7483:
7476:
7457:
7448:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7359:
7356:
7351:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7321:
7314:
7312:
7308:
7302:
7297:
7295:
7294:Lingwai daida
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7269:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7224:
7220:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7194:
7189:
7187:
7186:Thalassocracy
7183:
7179:
7169:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7002:
7000:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6966:
6962:
6953:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6905:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6892:
6891:mandala model
6888:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6852:Bangka Island
6849:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6818:(officials),
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6796:tuhā an vatak
6793:
6789:
6788:hāji pratyaya
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6770:(ministers),
6769:
6765:
6761:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6708:Mauli dynasty
6702:
6698:
6688:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6673:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6615:
6605:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6573:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6524:
6522:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6493:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6464:
6462:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6425:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6386:In 990, King
6384:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6357:
6354:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6295:and the rich
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6262:Balaputradewa
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6170:
6165:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6134:Rakai Pikatan
6131:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6017:Jayavarman II
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5993:Balaputradewa
5990:
5986:
5985:Samaragrawira
5982:
5978:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5945:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5721:Bangka Island
5718:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5651:
5648:, centred in
5647:
5643:
5639:
5638:tribal chiefs
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5587:
5586:(chieftain).
5585:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5464:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5387:
5383:
5374:
5370:
5362:
5356:
5348:
5344:
5343:South Sumatra
5340:
5336:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5074:Che-li-fo-che
5071:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5031:Kedukan Bukit
5028:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5004:Bangka Island
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4907:
4905:
4904:thalassocracy
4901:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4776:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4627:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4357:
4348:790 CE–974 CE
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4308:600 CE–800 CE
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4278:300 CE–700 CE
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:Raktamaritika
4232:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3832:MH17 incident
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
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3425:
3423:
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3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:Brunei revolt
3395:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3357:
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3327:
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3319:
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3314:
3313:
3309:
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3299:
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3279:
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3259:
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3254:
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3249:
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3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3219:
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3214:
3213:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
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3163:
3159:
3157:
3154:
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3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3118:Modern period
3115:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3079:
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3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2946:Malayan Union
2944:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:BMA of Malaya
2906:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2861:
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2856:
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2826:
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2816:
2814:
2811:
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2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
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2790:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2754:
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2738:
2734:
2732:
2729:
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2724:
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2714:
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2699:
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2674:
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2584:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2557:Burney Treaty
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:Dutch Malacca
2505:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2452:Reman Kingdom
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:Setul Kingdom
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2432:Besut Kingdom
2430:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2394:
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2379:
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2369:
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2364:
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2334:
2331:
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2326:
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2321:
2320:
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2308:
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2299:
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2286:
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2282:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:424–775
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2232:Gangga Negara
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:Ancient Kedah
2200:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:Niah cultures
2126:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1901:H1N1 pandemic
1899:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1861:Laju incident
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
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1769:
1764:
1763:
1753:
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1733:
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1728:
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1721:
1716:
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1700:
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1690:
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1685:
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1680:
1679:
1675:
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1670:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
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1583:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1492:Early history
1488:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
990:
980:
978:
975:
974:
970:
968:
965:
964:
960:
958:
955:
954:
950:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:
935:
934:
930:
928:
925:
924:
920:
918:
915:
914:
910:
908:
905:
904:
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
888:
885:
884:
880:
878:
875:
874:
870:
868:
865:
864:
860:
858:
855:
854:
850:
848:
845:
844:
840:
838:
835:
834:
830:
828:
825:
824:
820:
818:
815:
814:
810:
808:
805:
804:
800:
798:
795:
794:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
778:
775:
774:
770:
768:
765:
764:
760:
758:
755:
754:
750:
748:
745:
744:
740:
738:
735:
734:
730:
728:
725:
724:
720:
718:
715:
714:
710:
708:
705:
704:
699:
694:
693:
683:
681:
678:
677:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
651:
648:
647:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
621:
620:Sunda Kingdom
618:
617:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
578:
577:
573:
571:
568:
567:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
551:
548:
547:
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
531:
530:Kutai Kingdom
528:
527:
522:
517:
516:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
494:
491:
490:
487:
485:
484:
480:
479:
475:
473:
470:
469:
465:
463:
460:
459:
456:
454:
453:
449:
448:
443:
438:
437:
434:
431:
430:
426:
422:
421:
418:
412:
411:
406:
401:
400:
380:
378:
375:
374:
371:
365:
362:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
334:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
307:
298:
294:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
265:
259:
256:
253:
247:
244:
241:
235:
231:
225:
222:
219:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
80:
75:
68:
63:
52:
48:
40:
37:
33:
32:Sriwijaya Air
19:
15217:Contemporary
15067:Indo-Persian
15055:Nazi Germany
14999:Contemporary
14901:Vijayanagara
14800:Great Seljuk
14764:
14711:Thessalonica
14639:Golden Horde
14279:Carthaginian
14058:Neo-Assyrian
14043:Neo-Sumerian
13915:Dependencies
13845:Turkmenistan
13810:Saudi Arabia
13508:Dependencies
13438:Turkmenistan
13403:Saudi Arabia
12961:
12921:Singhanavati
12822:Suvarnabhumi
12792:1973 to 2001
12787:1932 to 1973
12782:Rattanakosin
12630:South Maluku
12290:
12171:Tarumanagara
12160:
11985:
11978:
11971:
11952:
11931:
11918:. Retrieved
11909:
11900:
11881:
11875:
11866:
11857:
11845:. Retrieved
11841:the original
11831:
11819:. Retrieved
11814:
11805:
11793:. Retrieved
11778:
11771:
11759:. Retrieved
11755:
11745:
11731:cite journal
11714:
11710:
11685:. Retrieved
11654:
11642:. Retrieved
11637:
11628:
11616:. Retrieved
11611:
11601:
11592:
11554:
11549:, pp 219–220
11530:
11524:
11504:
11497:
11480:
11476:
11470:
11458:. Retrieved
11453:
11443:
11431:. Retrieved
11426:
11417:
11405:. Retrieved
11401:
11391:
11379:. Retrieved
11368:
11359:
11355:
11349:
11341:
11336:
11319:
11313:
11305:
11287:
11280:
11268:. Retrieved
11259:
11241:
11232:
11220:. Retrieved
11211:
11199:. Retrieved
11195:the original
11184:
11172:. Retrieved
11168:the original
11157:
11148:
11139:
11133:
11121:. Retrieved
11117:
11108:
11100:
11095:
11083:
11075:
11070:
11062:
11057:
11049:
11044:
11036:
11031:
11006:
10988:
10983:
10956:
10944:
10909:
10905:
10845:
10836:
10824:. Retrieved
10820:
10811:
10784:
10747:
10740:
10725:
10716:
10696:
10689:
10677:. Retrieved
10640:
10630:
10605:
10601:
10595:
10562:
10558:
10523:. Retrieved
10512:
10504:
10499:
10480:
10460:
10454:
10445:
10439:
10430:
10424:
10412:. Retrieved
10408:
10398:
10386:. Retrieved
10371:
10352:
10343:
10334:
10321:
10312:
10292:
10285:
10276:
10250:. Retrieved
10235:
10228:
10216:. Retrieved
10211:
10202:
10182:
10162:
10133:
10127:
10118:
10112:
10093:
10087:
10062:
10058:
10045:
10026:
10020:
10011:
10005:
9996:
9990:
9981:
9975:
9963:
9954:
9948:
9939:
9933:
9925:
9920:
9911:
9898:
9871:
9867:
9857:
9848:
9844:
9831:
9822:
9816:
9807:
9801:
9789:. Retrieved
9779:
9760:
9739:. Retrieved
9732:the original
9727:
9696:
9684:. Retrieved
9680:the original
9670:
9656:
9648:academia.edu
9647:
9620:. Retrieved
9615:
9606:
9594:. Retrieved
9590:the Guardian
9589:
9580:
9568:. Retrieved
9563:
9554:
9545:
9510:
9500:
9491:
9487:
9466:. Retrieved
9455:
9443:. Retrieved
9439:
9430:
9421:
9409:. Retrieved
9399:
9380:
9377:
9370:
9361:
9355:
9346:
9340:
9331:
9308:. Retrieved
9304:
9295:
9286:
9280:
9255:
9235:
9229:
9217:. Retrieved
9213:
9204:
9192:. Retrieved
9187:
9177:
9165:. Retrieved
9160:
9151:
9141:18 September
9139:. Retrieved
9135:
9125:
9115:18 September
9113:. Retrieved
9109:
9099:
9090:
9060:
9023:
9019:
9009:
8979:
8968:
8953:
8944:
8938:
8932:. Routledge.
8929:
8901:
8895:
8862:
8858:
8822:
8818:
8815:"Śrī Vijaya"
8808:
8791:
8787:
8777:
8749:
8687:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8636:
8628:
8620:
8611:
8603:
8595:
8588:
8580:
8568:
8561:
8550:San-fo-ts'i
8549:
8531:San-fo-ts'i
8530:
8524:
8522:Sumatrabhumi
8511:
8508:Nagapattinam
8498:San-fo-ts'i
8497:
8491:
8474:Nagapattinam
8470:Dharmawangsa
8467:
8462:San-fo-ts'i
8461:
8455:
8439:San-fo-ts'i
8438:
8432:
8419:San-fo-ts'i
8418:
8412:
8401:
8391:
8386:San-fo-ts'i
8385:
8361:Samaratungga
8331:
8281:
8271:
8265:
8245:
8239:
8233:
8218:
8216:
8165:
8142:
8108:
8102:
8080:
8074:
8059:caste system
8039:Tarumanagara
8036:
8032:
7998:Khmer Empire
7995:
7987:Nagapattinam
7952:
7945:
7932:
7921:Khmer Empire
7918:
7904:and, later,
7900:kingdoms of
7895:
7886:
7878:
7875:Song dynasty
7868:
7866:
7858:Suvarnadvipa
7846:
7842:near Cirebon
7821:
7809:
7796:
7773:
7769:
7761:
7735:
7723:
7708:
7693:Kampar River
7678:
7654:
7645:
7638:
7634:
7623:
7592:
7576:
7569:
7559:
7537:Gupta Empire
7533:Buddhist art
7530:
7454:
7413:Western Java
7394:
7381:
7375:
7371:
7365:
7354:
7352:
7348:Tambralingga
7343:
7335:
7329:
7325:
7316:
7310:
7306:
7304:
7299:
7293:
7285:
7281:
7278:Chola attack
7275:
7266:
7262:
7257:
7254:(ca. 1225):
7251:
7247:
7245:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7229:Chola Empire
7225:
7221:
7217:
7209:
7190:
7175:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7149:
7128:
7119:
7115:
7008:
6998:
6995:
6961:Sunda Strait
6958:
6946:Song dynasty
6942:Tang dynasty
6939:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6884:
6856:Tarumanagara
6844:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6826:(artisans),
6823:
6819:
6815:
6814:(soldiers),
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6778:(generals),
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6757:
6730:dated 1183.
6704:
6684:
6681:
6669:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6653:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6618:
6614:geostrategic
6610:
6581:Malay Annals
6579:
6575:
6569:
6544:Malay Annals
6542:
6540:
6535:
6525:
6497:
6461:Eastern Java
6457:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6426:
6388:Dharmawangsa
6385:
6380:
6350:
6344:depicted in
6281:Tang dynasty
6278:
6274:Tang dynasty
6240:
6208:Central Java
6205:
6201:Samaratungga
6193:Samaratungga
6181:Central Java
6174:
6167:A guardian (
6138:Central Java
6119:Samaratungga
6109:reigning in
6091:Samaratungga
6083:Samaratungga
6080:
6068:
6060:Samaratungga
6057:
6025:Mekong Delta
6000:
5996:
5974:
5966:Central Java
5951:
5909:
5886:
5853:Central Java
5837:Central Java
5826:
5805:-Srivijayan
5769:
5753:Central Java
5741:Tarumanagara
5714:
5704:
5696:
5684:
5678:
5668:
5664:
5663:, is also a
5654:
5615:
5594:
5588:
5573:
5561:
5551:
5533:
5494:
5490:
5472:
5469:Other places
5459:
5456:Central Java
5437:
5413:
5391:
5371:
5358:
5332:
5316:
5280:
5260:
5249:
5243:
5220:
5181:Kampar River
5150:
5127:
5123:
5119:Suvarnadvipa
5117:
5113:Suvarnabhumi
5111:
5110:called them
5106:. While the
5103:
5095:
5089:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5020:
4995:
4981:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4947:George Cœdès
4928:
4889:
4858:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4806:
4805:
4792:George Cœdès
4784:Chola Empire
4777:
4768:
4748:Song dynasty
4694:Tang dynasty
4691:
4648:
4636:
4635:
4519:2001–present
4486:1782–present
4446:Main history
4333:
4248:52 CE–600 CE
4224:Singhanavati
4214:Suvarnabhumi
4046:Kuala Lumpur
3486:1972–present
3416:1962–present
3316:1MDB scandal
2976:Baling Talks
2873:Si Rat Malai
2779: /
2768:World War II
2681:North Borneo
2274:
2140:
2116:
2076:
1596:Crown colony
1501:
1402:
1361:Christianity
610:Bali Kingdom
579:
503:Buni culture
481:
466:1,000,000 BP
450:
346:Succeeded by
345:
340:
243:Samaratungga
97:Riau Islands
46:
36:
14805:Khwarezmian
14738:Carolingian
14543:Rashtrakuta
14247:Shaishunaga
14146:Hellenistic
14129:New Kingdom
14119:Old Kingdom
13974:Asia portal
13875:States with
13795:Philippines
13735:South Korea
13730:North Korea
13625:Afghanistan
13567:Asia portal
13468:States with
13388:Philippines
13328:South Korea
13323:North Korea
13218:Afghanistan
13113:Phitsanulok
13048: [
13031: [
13014: [
13002: [
12967:Tambralinga
12931:Haripuñjaya
12896: [
12863: [
12851: [
12638: [
12621: [
12618:Negeri Soya
12604: [
12444:Tanjungpura
12424:Negara Daha
12419:Negara Dipa
12357:Riau-Lingga
12256:Dharmasraya
11815:New Mandala
11761:21 December
11711:Siddhayatra
11644:10 November
11618:6 September
11322:: 358–364.
10608:: 225–239.
10525:11 December
10414:29 December
10218:29 December
9622:11 November
9596:11 November
9570:11 November
9214:Google Docs
9194:1 September
8759:1885/115188
8621:siddhayatra
8602:10th line:
8485:1006, 1008
8433:Hsia-ch'ih
8316:Dharanindra
8250:and Caliph
8211:(684), and
8209:Talang Tuwo
8097:complex in
7955:Pala Empire
7891:Muaro Jambi
7883:Chau Ju-kua
7877:chronicle,
7833:spice route
7764:Dharmakirti
7697:Biaro Bahal
7689:Muara Takus
7681:Muaro Jambi
7588:Biaro Bahal
7584:Muara Takus
7580:Muaro Jambi
7541:Pala Empire
7198:within the
7107:lacquerware
7061:, camphor,
7029:from Java;
6834:(traders),
6802:(workers),
6792:dandanayaka
6768:kumārāmātya
6724:Dharmasraya
6701:Dharmasraya
6616:manoeuvre.
6598:Raja Chulan
6576:Raja Chulan
6555:kingdom of
6512:South India
6381:jayastambha
6322:Muara Jambi
6291:kingdom of
6238:dated 860.
5981:Dharanindra
5905:Kra Isthmus
5901:Tambralinga
5814:Muarabulian
5810:Bodhisattva
5801:The golden
5685:siddhayatra
5665:siddhayatra
5595:siddhayatra
5562:siddhayatra
5515:Siddhayatra
5394:Muaro Jambi
5386:Muaro Jambi
5324:Philippines
5245:Zhu Fan Zhi
5238:and straw.
5189:Muara Takus
5039:Telaga Batu
5035:Talang Tuwo
4996:siddhayatra
4846:epigraphist
4764:Middle East
4710:found near
4577:Phitsanulok
4314:Haripuñjaya
4254:Tambralinga
4177:Spirit Cave
4138:History of
4056:George Town
4011:Immigration
3051:Konfrontasi
2206:<100 BCE
2111:235,000 BCE
2078:Paleolithic
2045:History of
1770:(1963–1965)
1722:(1955–1963)
1664:(1945–1962)
1616:(1942–1945)
1516:Long Ya Men
1471:History of
1326:Archaeology
1321:Agriculture
727:Aru Kingdom
452:Paleolithic
414:History of
341:Preceded by
141:Dharmasraya
15483:Categories
15375:Portuguese
15256:Revival Le
15246:Vietnamese
14889:Later Tran
14859:Vietnamese
14755:Singhasari
14743:Holy Roman
14367:Bulgarian
14303:Satavahana
14274:Phoenician
14210:Achaemenid
14171:Indo-Greek
14151:Macedonian
14065:Babylonian
13855:Uzbekistan
13830:Tajikistan
13745:Kyrgyzstan
13725:Kazakhstan
13645:Bangladesh
13635:Azerbaijan
13448:Uzbekistan
13423:Tajikistan
13338:Kyrgyzstan
13318:Kazakhstan
13238:Bangladesh
13228:Azerbaijan
12994:Chiang Mai
12957:Langkasuka
12893:Khottrabun
12888:Canasapura
12797:Since 2001
12741:Prehistory
12635:Tanah Hitu
12540:West Timor
12386:Kalimantan
12352:Pagaruyung
12227:Yogyakarta
12202:Kalinyamat
12156:Singhasari
12151:Shailendra
12096:Blambangan
11920:3 November
11687:21 October
11460:26 January
11433:26 January
11142:: 805–852.
10724:, (1992),
10246:0618386114
9851:: 174–211.
9741:30 October
9219:6 December
8660:References
8625:Zoetmulder
8587:Canto XI:
8548:Srivijaya
8529:Srivijaya
8496:Srivijaya
8460:Srivijaya
8437:Srivijaya
8417:Srivijaya
8384:Srivijaya
8294:or Vishnu
8292:Dharmasetu
8270:Srivijaya
8248:Mu'awiya I
8238:Srivijaya
8219:Bhumi Jawa
8213:Kota Kapur
8201:Srivijaya
8111:Indonesian
8081:Today, in
8075:Aesan Gede
7902:Singhasari
7506:Sailendran
7502:Musi Rawas
7445:Madagascar
7417:Madagascar
7362:Ship types
7276:After the
7259:released".
7075:sandalwood
6902:pasumpahan
6840:hulun hāji
6836:marsī hāji
6816:adhikarana
6808:vāsīkarana
6794:(judges),
6786:(nobles),
6695:See also:
6508:Tamil Nadu
6506:king from
6476:See also:
6424:invaders.
6377:Mpu Sindok
6305:Ibn Rustah
6259:Sailendran
6218:branch of
6049:Dharmasetu
6029:Sailendran
6009:Kedu Plain
5916:Dharmasetu
5889:Langkasuka
5793:Golden age
5691:, western
5683:is also a
5626:Musi River
5622:Musi River
5575:orang laut
5445:Zhao Rukuo
5311:Musi River
5276:Ogan River
5274:, and the
5240:Zhao Rukuo
5230:made from
5215:Musi River
5201:confluence
5187:where the
5183:system in
5161:Musi River
5102:called it
5088:called it
5078:Shilifoshi
5051:Indonesian
5043:Kota Kapur
4790:historian
4649:Sri Vijaya
4641:Indonesian
4344:Canasapura
4264:Langkasuka
4187:Ban Chiang
4168:Prehistory
3702:Sauk Siege
3369:Green Wave
2843:Sook Ching
2617:Larut Wars
2567:Naning War
2390:1516– 1902
2265:Old Pahang
2222:Langkasuka
2157:16,000 BCE
2118:Mesolithic
1634:Sook Ching
1494:(pre-1819)
1383:Mass media
1260:Reform era
1240:Transition
1086:Portuguese
472:Flores Man
442:Prehistory
303: 671
232:Dharmasetu
194:Monarchy,
191:Government
125:Kalimantan
58: 671
18:Srivijayan
15549:Srivijaya
15368:Couronian
15006:Ethiopian
14994:Manchukuo
14949:Brazilian
14795:Ghaznavid
14765:Srivijaya
14716:Trebizond
14701:Byzantine
14683:North Sea
14678:Norwegian
14666:Almoravid
14649:Ilkhanate
14619:Majapahit
14592:Muromachi
14501:Solomonic
14486:Ethiopian
14400:Caliphate
14333:Aragonese
14161:Ptolemaic
13941:Hong Kong
13895:Palestine
13820:Sri Lanka
13815:Singapore
13695:Indonesia
13534:Hong Kong
13488:Palestine
13413:Sri Lanka
13408:Singapore
13288:Indonesia
12962:Srivijaya
12926:Ngoenyang
12848:Phip Phli
12838:Dvaravati
12815:Legendary
12772:Ayutthaya
12767:Sukhothai
12734:Antiquity
12520:Larantuka
12429:Pontianak
12347:Palembang
12291:Srivijaya
12281:Samaskuta
12222:Surakarta
12161:Srivijaya
12131:Majapahit
12116:Kahuripan
11932:Sriwijaya
11847:25 August
11821:25 August
11795:25 August
11612:Kompas.Id
11270:25 August
11222:25 August
11088:Heng 2013
11024:Heng 2013
10976:Heng 2013
10961:Heng 2013
10949:Heng 2013
10803:0246-0092
10587:159891823
10481:Sriwijaya
10134:Sriwijaya
10079:0044-8613
10065:: 43–81.
9968:Heng 2013
9890:2503-0868
9874:(1): 61.
9564:KOMPAS.tv
9513:: 39–52.
9236:Indonesia
9167:4 October
9040:161550066
8879:0336-1519
8865:: 45–96.
8328:Borobudur
8119:Palembang
8115:Majapahit
8091:Palembang
8043:Old Malay
7906:Majapahit
7783:red brick
7738:Vajrayana
7670:Palembang
7595:Vairocana
7562:Old Malay
7520:A bronze
7425:Indonesia
7368:Old Malay
7311:Zhufanzhi
7252:Zhufanzhi
7158:ts'engchi
7085:from the
6934:Silk Road
6887:Kadatuans
6812:cātabhata
6764:rājaputra
6676:Sailendra
6590:Malaysian
6578:) in the
6565:East Java
6561:Airlangga
6557:Kahuripan
6445:San-fo-qi
6404:Guangzhou
6392:Palembang
6373:East Java
6361:East Java
6346:Borobudur
6310:Palembang
6297:Guangdong
6224:Palembang
6197:Balaputra
6189:Balaputra
6185:Balaputra
6177:Balaputra
6169:dvarapala
6115:Palembang
6107:Sailendra
6099:Borobudur
6033:Tonle Sap
6021:Indrapura
6013:Borobudur
5944:Sailendra
5924:Vajrapani
5920:Padmapani
5841:Sailendra
5833:Old Malay
5822:Indonesia
5745:West Java
5705:Śrīksetra
5697:Śrīksetra
5693:Palembang
5661:Palembang
5618:Palembang
5591:Old Malay
5589:From the
5570:Palembang
5536:Palembang
5495:Srivijaya
5422:Vajrayana
5339:Palembang
5328:Indonesia
5303:Palembang
5251:Sanfo-tsi
5177:Palembang
5169:Palembang
5157:Palembang
5147:Palembang
5138:instead.
5047:Majapahit
5023:Old Malay
5000:Palembang
4977:Old Malay
4945:scholar,
4939:Palembang
4931:Indonesia
4869:West Java
4861:Sundanese
4831:Srivijaya
4815:Śrīvijaya
4807:Srivijaya
4802:Etymology
4794:, of the
4760:Caliphate
4712:Palembang
4667:Indonesia
4645:Sriwijaya
4637:Srivijaya
4510:1973–2001
4501:1932–1973
4492:1782–1932
4478:1767–1782
4468:1351–1767
4458:1238–1438
4433:1810–1902
4423:1808–1916
4413:1457–1902
4403:1605–1680
4393:1278–1782
4383:1094–1338
4373:1292–1775
4334:Srivijaya
4324:Ngoenyang
4294:Dvaravati
4218:Legendary
4034:By region
3936:2021–2022
3846:2014–2015
3746:2006–2007
3686:1998–1999
3552:Dawn Raid
3466:1969–2002
3436:1967–2009
3401:1962–1966
3389:Incidents
3363:2021–2023
3353:2020–2022
3343:2020–2022
3300:2009–2010
3290:1998–2022
3280:1997–1998
3250:1987–1988
3190:1979–2008
3160:1971–1990
3140:1969–1971
3105:1968–1989
3085:1963–1965
3055:1963–1966
3035:1962–1990
3025:1960–2012
2970:1948–1960
2960:1948–1963
2950:1946–1948
2940:1946–1963
2930:1946–1963
2916:1945–1946
2887:1943–1944
2877:1943–1945
2867:1942–1945
2807:1941–1942
2797:1941–1942
2787:1941–1945
2735:1909–1946
2715:1895–1946
2705:1894–1905
2695:1891–1895
2685:1882–1946
2665:1874–1946
2651:1875–1876
2647:Perak War
2631:1867–1874
2627:Klang War
2621:1861–1874
2611:1857–1863
2601:1848–1946
2581:1841–1946
2571:1831–1832
2541:1821–1826
2531:1786–1946
2521:1770–1881
2511:1641–1824
2501:1601–1661
2491:1511–1641
2466:1839–1864
2456:1810–1902
2446:1808–1916
2436:1780–1899
2413:1599–1641
2380:1496–1903
2370:1470–1623
2360:1450–1899
2350:1402–1511
2327:1267–1521
2285:Majapahit
2275:Srivijaya
2255:Old Kedah
2142:Neolithic
1945:2020–2022
1905:2009–2010
1696:1951–1955
1676:1948–1951
1600:1867–1942
1590:1826–1867
1580:1819–1826
1555:1528–1819
1545:1400–1511
1535:1299–1398
1502:Srivijaya
1473:Singapore
1341:Education
1250:New Order
1018:1670–1950
1008:1515–1904
594:600s–900s
584:600s–1025
574:600s–1347
564:500s–600s
554:400s-500s
544:400s–500s
497:75,000 BP
483:Neolithic
416:Indonesia
255:Balaputra
177:Religion
167:Old Malay
157:Palembang
105:Singapore
85:Palembang
43:Srivijaya
15348:Japanese
15311:Scottish
15291:American
15283:Colonial
15212:Imperial
15180:Moroccan
15116:Japanese
15094:Afsharid
14953:Burmese
14939:Austrian
14894:Later Le
14869:Early Le
14854:Venetian
14780:Tiwanaku
14693:Hellenic
14656:Moroccan
14587:Kamakura
14577:Japanese
14560:Saffarid
14513:Georgian
14427:Chalukya
14405:Rashidun
14395:Calakmul
14363:Bruneian
14242:Haryanka
14220:Sasanian
14215:Parthian
14166:Bactrian
14156:Seleucid
14136:Goguryeo
14114:Egyptian
14048:Assyrian
14038:Akkadian
14029:Colonies
13964:Category
13885:Abkhazia
13835:Thailand
13790:Pakistan
13770:Mongolia
13765:Maldives
13760:Malaysia
13660:Cambodia
13557:Category
13478:Abkhazia
13428:Thailand
13383:Pakistan
13363:Mongolia
13358:Maldives
13353:Malaysia
13253:Cambodia
12777:Thonburi
12685:Salawati
12558:Amanuban
12553:Amanatun
12454:Sulawesi
12404:Bulungan
12286:Sanfotsi
12121:Kalingga
12111:Janggala
12014:Archived
11662:Archived
11489:41492851
11427:kumparan
11407:24 March
11362:(5): 24.
11328:25207848
11249:Archived
11123:24 March
11078:, p. 78.
11052:, p. 46.
10936:22438500
10844:(2006).
10826:24 March
10673:Archived
10579:20072047
10409:The Week
10252:23 April
10059:Archipel
9810:. Brill.
9310:5 August
9234:Taylor.
9059:(2013).
8887:26435122
8831:43733093
8800:42720174
8651:Archipel
8569:Source:
8185:Capital
8047:Sanskrit
7937:devaraja
7898:Javanese
7870:Song shi
7817:polities
7788:Kedatuan
7781:ruin, a
7775:Hinduism
7741:Buddhism
7658:Buddhism
7629:Religion
7603:Maitreya
7522:Maitreya
7437:Javanese
7433:Sanskrit
7429:Malagasy
7340:Quanzhou
7204:entrepôt
7103:ceramics
7099:cinnamon
7011:entrepôt
6978:cardamom
6860:Kalingga
6832:vaniyāga
6824:sthāpaka
6820:kāyastha
6784:pratyaya
6776:senāpati
6588:as many
6586:Malaysia
6553:Javanese
6437:Javanese
6429:Maharaja
6422:Javanese
6396:Javanese
6353:Javanese
6340:Ancient
6216:Sumatran
6149:Buddhist
6146:Mahayana
6126:Buddhist
6123:Mahayana
6087:Maharaja
6076:Maharaja
5958:Sumatran
5845:Buddhist
5787:Kalingga
5775:Sumatran
5761:Java Sea
5749:Kalingga
5747:and the
5707:garden.
5642:maharaja
5553:kadatuan
5483:Thailand
5425:Buddhist
5418:Mahayana
5256:Kedatuan
5173:Soekmono
5108:Javanese
5098:and the
5063:Sanfotsi
4988:Buddhist
4973:Sribogha
4969:Sribhoja
4823:Hinduism
4811:Sanskrit
4675:Buddhism
4653:Buddhist
4651:, was a
4562:Economic
4557:Military
4158:Timeline
4140:Thailand
4129:a series
4127:Part of
4021:Military
4006:Economic
3989:By topic
3021:ISA 1960
2269:449–1454
2047:Malaysia
2036:a series
2034:Part of
1975:Military
1965:Timeline
1958:By topic
1576:Founding
1506:650–1377
1462:a series
1460:Part of
1388:Military
1366:Hinduism
1356:Buddhism
1351:Religion
1331:Currency
1314:By topic
534:350–1605
462:Java Man
433:Timeline
405:a series
403:Part of
326:Currency
203:Maharaja
185:Hinduism
181:Buddhism
171:Sanskrit
119:, South
117:Cambodia
113:Thailand
15415:largest
15410:Empires
15390:Swedish
15385:Spanish
15380:Russian
15343:Italian
15318:Chinese
15306:English
15301:British
15296:Belgian
15271:Vietnam
15261:Tay son
15207:Tsarist
15202:Russian
15197:Ottoman
15163:Dzungar
15158:Khoshut
15131:Mexican
15126:Maratha
15109:Pahlavi
15089:Safavid
15084:Iranian
15011:Haitian
14974:Chinese
14934:Ashanti
14906:Wagadou
14832:Eastern
14827:Western
14810:Timurid
14770:Tibetan
14760:Songhai
14750:Serbian
14671:Almohad
14661:Idrisid
14565:Samanid
14555:Tahirid
14550:Iranian
14528:Kannauj
14508:Genoese
14444:Chinese
14437:Eastern
14432:Western
14420:Fatimid
14415:Abbasid
14410:Umayyad
14383:Burmese
14343:Ayyubid
14338:Angevin
14308:Xianbei
14296:Eastern
14291:Western
14237:Magadha
14200:Iranian
14193:Xiongnu
14178:Hittite
14087:Chinese
14075:Kassite
14024:Ancient
14016:Empires
13860:Vietnam
13775:Myanmar
13755:Lebanon
13685:Georgia
13640:Bahrain
13630:Armenia
13453:Vietnam
13368:Myanmar
13348:Lebanon
13278:Georgia
13233:Bahrain
13223:Armenia
13118:Bangkok
13078:Pattani
13073:Singora
13011:Lamphun
12999:Lampang
12947:Pan Pan
12905:Wen Dan
12872:Tun Sun
12760:History
12680:Kaimana
12657:Jailolo
12647:Ternate
12601:Huamual
12596:Honimoa
12563:Amarasi
12487:Banggai
12439:Sarawak
12367:Serdang
12342:Malacca
12337:Langkat
12300:Islamic
12261:Kantoli
12241:Sumatra
12207:Mataram
12192:Cirebon
12180:Islamic
12146:Sanjaya
12136:Mataram
11880:Munoz.
11381:19 June
11201:1 April
11174:1 April
10927:3367776
10622:1522654
10388:25 July
10117:Munoz.
10010:Munoz.
9995:Munoz.
9980:Munoz.
9953:Munoz.
9938:Munoz.
9791:6 March
9345:Munoz.
9330:Munoz.
9089:Munoz.
8943:Munoz.
8330:in 770
8207:(683),
8109:Modern
8087:songket
8071:songket
8069:Gilded
8051:brahmin
8004:of the
7933:mandala
7887:Sanfoqi
7879:Sanfoqi
7825:Malacca
7792:mandala
7749:Bengali
7701:Barumun
7640:— from
7484:, from
7405:Sumatra
7397:Malacca
7383:lancang
7344:Sanfoqi
7336:Sanfoqi
7307:Sanfoqi
7286:Sanfoqi
7282:Sanfoqi
7248:Sanfoqi
7240:Tongkao
7237:Wenxian
7233:Songshi
7144:of the
7111:brocade
7057:, rare
7039:camphor
6974:nutmegs
6944:to the
6908:Economy
6828:puhāvam
6772:bhūpati
6718:by the
6645:mandala
6640:Sanfoqi
6521:Kadaram
6490:of the
6467:Decline
6320:area),
6303:writer
6212:Sumatra
6175:Prince
6103:mandala
6023:in the
6007:in the
5897:Pan Pan
5891:on the
5877:Sumatra
5869:Sumatra
5771:Chinese
5733:Lampung
5725:Sumatra
5630:Chinese
5540:Sumatra
5505:History
5414:menapos
5360:Jù gǎng
5347:Chinese
5142:Capital
5136:Sumatra
5096:Sribuza
5082:Kantoli
5069:Sanfoqi
4984:Chinese
4964:Sanfoqi
4959:Chinese
4900:kingdom
4892:Chinese
4873:Sanjaya
4842:H. Kern
4838:Sumatra
4762:in the
4746:to the
4728:Mataram
4720:hegemon
4716:Sumatra
4697:Chinese
4663:Sumatra
4582:Bangkok
4409:Pattani
4399:Singora
4304:Wen Dan
4274:Pan Pan
4244:Tun Sun
4068:Sarawak
3375:present
3322:present
3209:present
3201:Spratly
2926:Sarawak
2425:present
2402:present
2339:present
2316:present
2245:Pan Pan
1512:Temasek
1376:Judaism
1336:Economy
1301:Bandung
1286:Jakarta
1278:Regions
1116:British
1096:Spanish
550:Kantoli
507:400 BCE
364:Kantoli
310:•
278:History
196:mandala
153:Capital
129:Sarawak
121:Vietnam
89:Sumatra
15353:Mongol
15338:German
15333:French
15323:Danish
15266:Dainam
15241:Tongan
15229:Somali
15224:Sokoto
15190:'Alawi
15168:Kalmyk
15148:Mongol
15141:Second
15121:Korean
15072:Mughal
15062:Indian
15045:German
15038:Second
15028:French
15021:Second
14957:Second
14929:Afghan
14921:Modern
14847:Kyrgyz
14842:Uighur
14837:Second
14817:Turkic
14785:Toltec
14721:Epirus
14706:Nicaea
14629:Mongol
14582:Yamato
14518:Huetar
14376:Second
14313:Rouran
14262:Shunga
14257:Maurya
14232:Kushan
14205:Median
14183:Hunnic
14141:Harsha
13905:Taiwan
13840:Turkey
13805:Russia
13740:Kuwait
13720:Jordan
13710:Israel
13670:Cyprus
13655:Brunei
13650:Bhutan
13498:Taiwan
13433:Turkey
13398:Russia
13333:Kuwait
13313:Jordan
13303:Israel
13263:Cyprus
13248:Brunei
13243:Bhutan
13040:Phayao
13023:Lan Na
12652:Tidore
12613:Loloda
12583:Maluku
12573:Wehali
12568:Sonbai
12525:Mengwi
12434:Sambas
12399:Brunei
12394:Banjar
12317:Asahan
12276:Pannai
12266:Malayu
12212:Pajang
12187:Banten
12141:Rajasa
12126:Kediri
12106:Ishana
11960:
11939:
11786:
11547:Sastri
11512:
11487:
11326:
10934:
10924:
10852:
10801:
10755:
10732:
10704:
10679:30 May
10665:
10645:Oxford
10620:
10585:
10577:
10487:
10379:
10300:
10243:
10190:
10140:
10100:
10077:
10033:
9888:
9767:
9686:3 July
9535:
9525:
9468:5 June
9445:23 May
9411:3 June
9387:
9268:
9067:
9038:
8997:
8908:
8885:
8877:
8829:
8798:
8765:
8617:Coedès
8395:(860)
8155:, and
8029:dance.
8017:Legacy
7961:. The
7959:Bengal
7941:Angkor
7862:Borneo
7753:Atisha
7730:Yijing
7726:Faxian
7710:sangha
7705:Pannai
7666:Malaya
7642:Yijing
7619:Chaiya
7407:, the
7377:Sampan
7372:samvau
7355:Malayu
7196:spices
7193:Maluku
7139:Caliph
7131:Arabia
7091:pepper
7083:nutmeg
7071:sappan
7059:timber
7055:rattan
7027:silver
7023:indigo
7019:cotton
6982:cubebs
6970:cloves
6880:Champa
6876:Pannai
6872:Lamuri
6868:Chaiya
6848:Malayu
6780:nāyaka
6650:Malayu
6629:Malayu
6621:Kediri
6528:piracy
6502:, the
6417:Champa
6369:Malayu
6363:, the
6301:Muslim
6289:Fujian
6243:Canton
6153:Hindus
6027:under
5970:Lambri
5928:Buddha
5926:, and
5803:Malayu
5729:Bangka
5669:sumpah
5620:, the
5611:Melayu
5603:Melayu
5542:. The
5491:Chaiya
5463:Lambri
5441:Yijing
5357::
5355:pinyin
5349::
5322:, the
5236:bamboo
5128:Malayu
5124:Melayu
5104:Melayu
5025:using
5012:Arabic
4992:Yijing
4943:French
4896:polity
4885:Keling
4881:Malayu
4827:Vijaya
4788:French
4756:Bengal
4736:Champa
4704:Yijing
4659:empire
4541:Topics
4379:Phayao
4369:Lan Na
4131:on the
4051:Penang
2912:Borneo
2853:Syburi
2781:Borneo
2661:Borneo
2212:Chi Tu
2174:
2163:
2152:
2128:
2104:
2088:
2038:on the
1521:Ban Zu
1464:on the
407:on the
281:
206:
133:Brunei
15403:Lists
15358:Omani
15328:Dutch
15234:Isaaq
15185:Saadi
15153:Oirat
15136:First
15104:Qajar
15033:First
15016:First
14989:China
14962:Third
14822:First
14775:Tikal
14726:Morea
14696:Roman
14614:Latin
14609:Khmer
14604:Kanem
14570:Buyid
14496:Zagwe
14491:Aksum
14481:Chola
14388:First
14371:First
14358:Bornu
14353:Benin
14348:Aztec
14286:Roman
14267:Gupta
14252:Nanda
14188:White
13946:Macau
13865:Yemen
13825:Syria
13800:Qatar
13780:Nepal
13715:Japan
13690:India
13680:Egypt
13665:China
13539:Macau
13458:Yemen
13418:Syria
13393:Qatar
13373:Nepal
13308:Japan
13283:India
13273:Egypt
13258:China
13088:Reman
13083:Satun
13052:]
13045:Phrae
13035:]
13018:]
13006:]
12900:]
12867:]
12855:]
12672:Papua
12662:Bacan
12642:]
12625:]
12608:]
12548:Amabi
12472:Buton
12409:Kutai
12332:Johor
12327:Jambi
12271:Mauli
12197:Demak
12166:Sunda
12101:Galuh
11914:(PDF)
11717:(2).
11485:JSTOR
11324:JSTOR
10618:JSTOR
10583:S2CID
10575:JSTOR
10329:p.147
10055:(PDF)
9908:(PDF)
9841:(PDF)
9735:(PDF)
9724:(PDF)
9533:JSTOR
9036:S2CID
8883:JSTOR
8827:JSTOR
8796:JSTOR
8643:chvea
8573:Notes
8540:1025
8518:1017
8431:Haji
8350:Ligor
8324:Ligor
8305:Ligor
8182:Name
8179:Date
8103:lepus
7943:era.
7757:Tibet
7674:India
7615:Perak
7611:Bidor
7441:Malay
7401:Sunda
7332:Kedah
7162:Zanji
7150:Zanji
7095:cubeb
7079:clove
7043:ivory
7035:resin
7031:aloes
6999:datus
6864:Kedah
6800:vuruh
6716:Jambi
6625:Jambi
6594:Perak
6504:Chola
6408:China
6326:Kedah
6316:near
6270:China
6251:China
6247:Jambi
6230:from
6041:Khmer
5818:Jambi
5650:Jambi
5634:datus
5607:Jambi
5584:Datus
5566:Jambi
5433:monks
5377:Jambi
5126:, or
5100:Khmer
5091:Zabag
5086:Arabs
5016:Zabag
4990:monk
4951:Dutch
4809:is a
4740:China
4429:Reman
4419:Satun
4063:Sabah
4041:Kedah
4016:Legal
3373:2022–
3320:2015–
3207:1980–
2423:1766–
2400:1528–
2337:1368–
2314:1136–
2289:1300s
1970:Riots
1840:ASEAN
1398:Women
1393:Sport
1371:Islam
1296:Bogor
198:state
145:Jambi
137:Sabah
60:–1025
15173:Bogd
15099:Zand
15077:Sikh
14984:Qing
14979:Ming
14911:Wari
14879:Tran
14864:Dinh
14634:Yuan
14624:Mali
14533:Pala
14523:Inca
14474:Yuan
14464:Song
14459:Liao
14454:Tang
14227:Kush
14109:Dʿmt
13785:Oman
13750:Laos
13705:Iraq
13700:Iran
13378:Oman
13343:Laos
13298:Iraq
13293:Iran
13108:Isan
12843:Lavo
12515:Bima
12510:Bali
12492:Suai
12482:Wajo
12477:Luwu
12467:Bone
12462:Gowa
12372:Siak
12322:Deli
12307:Aceh
12081:Java
11958:ISBN
11937:ISBN
11922:2021
11849:2015
11823:2015
11797:2015
11784:ISBN
11763:2021
11737:link
11689:2022
11646:2019
11620:2018
11510:ISBN
11462:2021
11435:2021
11409:2018
11383:2021
11272:2015
11224:2015
11203:2012
11176:2012
11125:2018
10932:PMID
10850:ISBN
10828:2018
10799:ISSN
10753:ISBN
10730:ISBN
10702:ISBN
10681:2021
10663:ISBN
10527:2011
10485:ISBN
10416:2020
10390:2014
10377:ISBN
10298:ISBN
10254:2012
10241:ISBN
10220:2020
10188:ISBN
10138:ISBN
10098:ISBN
10075:ISSN
10063:85/1
10031:ISBN
9886:ISSN
9793:2013
9765:ISBN
9743:2013
9688:2013
9624:2021
9598:2021
9572:2021
9523:ISBN
9470:2024
9447:2019
9413:2024
9385:ISBN
9312:2022
9266:ISBN
9221:2021
9196:2019
9169:2018
9143:2021
9117:2021
9065:ISBN
8995:ISBN
8906:ISBN
8875:ISSN
8763:ISBN
8451:Sri
8448:988
8428:980
8408:960
8376:835
8357:792
8338:782
8312:775
8288:775
8259:728
8227:702
8193:683
8055:kavi
8053:and
7919:The
7914:Java
7873:, a
7847:The
7827:and
7703:and
7664:and
7662:Java
7601:and
7586:and
7560:The
7539:and
7508:art.
7411:and
7399:and
7235:and
7154:Zanj
7097:and
7081:and
7067:iron
7063:gems
7051:gold
7049:and
7025:and
7015:Rice
6980:and
6930:Asia
6874:and
6866:and
6858:and
6752:nāga
6706:the
6699:and
6441:Song
6412:Java
6400:Song
6324:and
6285:Song
6266:Java
6232:Java
6142:Java
6111:Java
6095:Java
6072:Java
6045:Java
6005:Java
5977:Java
5954:Java
5946:and
5910:The
5899:and
5879:and
5871:and
5779:Java
5737:Java
5679:The
5673:nāga
5655:The
5568:and
5523:The
5499:Thai
5443:and
5366:lit.
5309:and
5264:Arab
5185:Riau
5132:Java
5041:and
5002:and
4953:and
4933:and
4883:and
4877:Java
4859:The
4752:Pala
4744:Tang
4734:and
4732:Khom
4700:monk
4572:Isan
4567:LGBT
4284:Lavo
3976:2024
3966:2024
3956:2023
3946:2022
3926:2021
3916:2021
3906:2018
3896:2017
3886:2017
3876:2016
3866:2015
3856:2015
3836:2014
3826:2014
3816:2013
3806:2011
3796:2010
3786:2010
3776:2009
3766:2008
3756:2007
3736:2004
3726:2002
3716:2001
3706:2000
3696:2000
3676:1996
3666:1996
3656:1995
3646:1995
3636:1993
3626:1991
3616:1989
3606:1988
3596:1987
3586:1986
3576:1985
3566:1985
3556:1981
3546:1977
3536:1977
3526:1976
3516:1976
3506:1975
3496:1975
3476:1971
3456:1969
3446:1967
3426:1964
3333:2018
3310:2014
3270:1993
3260:1989
3240:1987
3230:1985
3220:1984
3180:1977
3170:1974
3150:1970
3130:1969
3095:1967
3075:1963
3065:1963
3045:1963
3015:1959
3005:1957
2980:1955
2857:1942
2847:1942
2837:1942
2827:1942
2817:1942
2755:1915
2745:1914
2725:1909
2675:1879
2641:1874
2591:1843
2561:1826
2551:1824
1935:2018
1925:2013
1915:2012
1895:2001
1885:1997
1875:1987
1865:1974
1855:1969
1845:1967
1812:1965
1802:1964
1792:1963
1782:1962
1754:1963
1744:1960
1734:1955
1706:1954
1686:1950
1648:1943
1638:1942
1628:1942
1291:Bali
317:1025
266:Sri
169:and
93:Java
15251:Mac
14688:Oyo
14597:Edo
14469:Jīn
14449:Sui
14102:Jin
14097:Han
14092:Qin
13917:and
13510:and
13028:Nan
12591:Iha
12312:Aru
11719:doi
10922:PMC
10914:doi
10910:279
10789:doi
10653:doi
10610:doi
10567:doi
10067:doi
9876:doi
9515:doi
9262:8–9
9028:doi
8985:doi
8867:doi
8863:102
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8627:'s
8506:in
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