766:, recovered from the Khin Ba mound, suggests the script could be dated to the fifth century AD, much earlier then the seventh century AD date to which it had been originally attributed. This study was important in reconsidering the date for the Khin Ba mound; however, its proposed dating has not been accepted by all scholars. An argument against dating Pyu material at Sri Ksetra earlier then the seventh century AD is also based on stylistic comparison, with scholars suggesting that while an artefact may have similar attributes to those of fifth century AD artefacts in India, fifth-century culture may have been active into the seventh century AD, which would mean that the similarities could point to this later date. Continued research needs to be undertaken at Sri Ksetra to clarify the issues surrounding dating Pyu art.
312:
challenged by the scholars who have argued that it was occupied earlier than these dates. Radiocarbon dating tested on charcoal found at Sri Ksetra produce dates to between 50 – 200 AD, a timeframe that is significantly earlier than previously considered. This early date in the first centuries of the first millennium AD would place the Pyu as one of the earliest urbanised people in
Southeast Asia. During two excavation seasons, January to February 2015 and December 2015 to February 2016, led by Janice Stargardt in Yahanda mound at Sri Ksetra, early sherds stamped with Buddhist motifs were found, later dated c. 340 +/- 30 CE and Pyu culture cremation burials around 270 +/- 30 CE.
667:
396:
424:
452:
289:, with Sri Ksetra recorded as the largest, the city wall enclosing an area of 1,477 hectares, although a recent survey found it enclosed 1,857 hectares within its monumental brick walls, with an extramural area of a similar size, being the largest Southeast Asian city before Angkor times. Issues surrounding the dating of this site has meant the majority of material is dated between the seventh and ninth centuries AD, however recent scholarship suggests Pyu culture at Sri Ksetra was active centuries before this.
613:
751:
705:
218:
2249:
2273:
630:
2261:
734:
art has meant that most artistic remains are broadly dated within this period. An art historical study of a stele discovered at Sri Ksetra suggests a first century AD date, which would make it the earliest Pyu artwork, however, this is contested among scholars. Further scholarship has also demonstrated that the art of the Pyu draws from a range of influences, from both Indian and
Southeast Asian cultures.
324:. The city walls at Sri Ksetra are the largest of any Pyu settlements. Numerous ruined stupas and temples have been discovered both inside and outside the city walls at Sri Ksetra. The three principal stupas that are a feature of the Pyu landscape at Hmawza, Bawbaw gyi, Payama and Paya gyi, are also located outside the walls.
775:
features also found in Sri Lanka, including broad shoulders, shortened necks, individual hair curls, and transparent robes. While cultural influences on the Pyu are evident from Indian similarities, scholarship has also demonstrated similarities with the Mon of Burma and
Dvaravati of Thailand. Buddha and stupa triads, use of
587:(Burmans) were the third.) The Pyu initially emerged victorious over the Kanyan. But the victors soon broke into three rival groups, and a second round of war ensued. Taking advantage of the confusion, a fourth group, the Mon of Lower Burma drove all indigenous groups out of Sri Ksetra. One of the refugee groups led by
774:
Pyu art at Sri Ksetra reveals a number of influences. The art possesses similar qualities to those of the art of
Southern India (including the Gupta and post-Gupta periods), Andhra Pradesh, and Sri Lanka. Silver Buddha sculptures recovered from the relic chamber of the Khin Ba mound display stylistic
761:
Dating Pyu art at Sri Ksetra is difficult. Studies conducted at Sri Ksetra have used a variety of methods including radio carbon dating, stylistic analysis and palaeographic studies to determine dates; however, much of the dating is still contested among scholars. A palaeographic study of a gold leaf
712:
The Khin Ba mound is located inside the ramparts, on the south side of the city, not far from the
Tharawaddy gate and Mathe Gyagone stūpa. Located at 18°47'37"N 95°18'0"E, Khin Ba is the site of an ancient stūpa and one of the most important early archaeological sites in Sri Ksetra and Myanmar. First
327:
In conjunction to archaeological evidence, there are a number of written records that mention the Pyu, largely found in
Chinese historical accounts. The earliest mention is the fourth century AD account by Ch'ang Ch'u, with later accounts by Chinese pilgrims Xuanzang and Yijing in the seventh century
311:
Burmese legends greatly differ from the reconstruction of Pyu history by scholars. A widely held belief, based on the interpretation of the extensive interdisciplinary evidence suggests that Sri Ksetra was founded between the fifth and seventh centuries by the Pyu people. This interpretation has been
292:
Sri Ksetra is the site for much of the Pyu artistic legacy. The arrival of
Buddhism into the Pyu cities saw the increased artistic production, with very little surviving from the earlier period of occupation. The vast arraying of surviving material indicates a rich visual culture that was endorsed by
733:
Since the early twentieth century, excavations at this Pyu site have uncovered a significant amount of Pyu art, in contrast to the minimal finds at
Beikthano and Halin. The objects recovered from Sri Ksetra can be dated between the fourth and the ninth centuries AD; however, difficulty in dating Pyu
637:
The Payama stūpa is located north of the ramparts of Sri Ksetra near the village of
Koneyoe (at 18°50'3"N 95°18'7"E). It is reported in the Myanmar chronicles to have been built by king Duttabaung to house relics of the Buddha. The structure is built of brick and lime mortar on four terraces. Having
620:
Sri Ksetra is a large city site with ruins of many structures, palaces and stūpas. The most prominent feature of the city is the circular plan, marked by a semi-circle of ramparts on the north, south and western sides. Outside the ramparts there was a moat, marked by a succession of tanks in the dry
331:
Sri Ksetra was an important entrepôt between China and India. It was located on the
Irrawaddy, close to the sea, before the Irrawaddy delta had been formed. Ships from the Indian Ocean travelled to Prome to trade with the Pyu and Chinese. Trade with India brought important cultural influences to Sri
741:
was practised alongside Buddhism. Remains at Sri Ksetra suggest a thriving Buddhist culture that existed in this Pyu settlement. The variety of Buddhist material includes votive tablets, stone sculptures, bronze and other precious metal sculptures, architectural fragments, and reliquary objects, as
679:
The Payahtuang complex, numbered HMA.31 according to the Department of Archaeology, is located in the centre of Sri Ksetra near the site museum (at 18°48'25"N 95°17'33"E). The complex comprises several structures: (a) the Payahtaung temple proper, a square building of brick similar in style to some
340:
Several inscriptions discovered at Sri Ksetra possess possible royal names and dynastic titles. Below is a table of translated Pyu funerary inscriptions found on four stone burial urns, excavated outside the city walls of Sri Ksetra from what is believed to be a royal burial site. First translated
491:
to have launched the Pyu calendar with the epochal date of 22 March 638, which later became the Burmese calendar, in 640 AD. Given the evidence for the dating of Sri Ksetra to earlier than the seventh century, it is likely that Pyu kings existed prior to names mentioned on the burial urns. Burmese
315:
Sri Ksetra is the largest Pyu site discovered thus far (Beikthano and Sri Ksetra are the only Pyu sites that have been extensively excavated. Other important Pyu cities as Maingmaw and Binnaka could yield more artefacts with more extensive excavations). It occupied an area larger than that of the
328:
AD . In the eighth century AD Tang histories mentioned the arrival at the court of an embassy from the Pyu capital in 801. While these written records assist with the dating of Sri Ksetra and demonstrate cross-cultural interactions, they are fragmented and cannot all be backed by other evidence.
51:
646:
The Baw Baw Gyi Paya is an important Buddhist stūpa, located to the south of the ramparts of Sri Ksetra (at 18°47'10"N 95°17'7"E). It is a circular brick-built structure, raised on terrace to a height of approximately 46m. The shape of the stūpa is often compared to the
742:
well as other artefacts including handmade beads crafted from stone, glass, terracotta and bone; rings; and silver bowls and plates. A chronology of Pyu art, demonstrating developments and characteristics of a ‘Pyu’ style, has not yet been established.
779:, and shared imagery have been cited as demonstrating the influences of these neighbouring Southeast Asian cultures. The wide-ranging comparisons made in analysing Pyu art demonstrate the complexity of studying the art of this culture.
1446:
296:
The Pyu at Sri Ksetra declined in prominence around the ninth century AD. The final mention of the Pyu is found at Pagan, with a twelfth century stone featuring inscriptions in Pyu, Mon, Burmese and Pali.
546:, however, had raised them in secret until 482 BC when the father discovered their existence, and ordered them killed once again. Their mother put the blind princes on a raft by their mother down the
332:
Ksetra, including the arrival of Buddhism, which was imposed on existing belief systems. There is strong evidence of a rich Buddhist culture at Sri Ksetra, along with the existence of Hindu religion.
492:
chronicle sources, on the other hand, suggest the Sri Ksetra dynasty was established in 444 BC by King Duttabaung (ဒွတ္တပေါင်), however no archaeological evidence has been from this early date.
638:
the conical shape characteristic of stūpas in early relief sculpture from Sri Ksetra, it is one of the first stūpas of the middle Pyu period and dates between the 4th and 7th centuries.
1443:
Hudson, Bob (2012). "A thousand years before Bagan: radiocarbon dates and Myanmar’s ancient Pyu cities". Paper presented at Early Myanmar and its Global Connections Conference, Bagan.
860:
Stargardt, Janice, et al. (2015). "Early urban archaeology in Southeast Asia: the first evidence for a Pyu habitation site at Sri Ksetra, Myanmar", Antiquity Dec 2015, Project Gallery.
483:
Current inscriptional evidence indicate two distinct dynastic names, Wikyama (Vikrama) and Warman (Varman). The first dynasty, called the Wikyama (Vikrama) Dynasty, is believed by
737:
The artistic remains uncovered at Sri Ksetra are primarily Buddhist. However, the existence of sculpture and fragments depicting Hindu deities, most often Vishnu, suggests that
293:
the Pyu at Sri Ksetra. The Chinese pilgrims Hsuan-tsang in 648 and I-tsing in 675 mentioned the name of Sri Ksetra as “Shh-li-cha‟- t‟o-lo” and that it was a Buddhist country.
2334:
1444:
909:
725:, was accompanied by a series of golden leaves carrying a Buddhist text of the sixth century. It is generally regarded as the oldest surviving example of the Pāli language.
2339:
198:
1505:
Stargardt, Janice (1995). "The Four Oldest Surviving Pali Texts: the Results of the Cambridge Symposium on the Golden Pali Text of Sri Ksetra (Burma), April 1995".
1283:
Stargardt, Janice (1995). "The Four Oldest Surviving Pali Texts: the Results of the Cambridge Symposium on the Golden Pali Text of Sri Ksetra (Burma), April 1995".
1534:"The Great Silver Reliquary of Sri Ksetra: Where Early Epigraphy and Buddhist Art Meet," The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 35:06, posted by MET Media, 29 May 2014.
583:
continues that the end of the kingdom came in 94 AD due to a civil war between the Pyu and the Kanyan, two of the three main ethnic groups of the kingdom. (The
573:. Having to lost their chief to the war, the Pyu nominated the newly arrived Maha Thanbawa as chief. The "Kingdom" of Sri Ksetra was founded in 484 CE. (
539:
403:
1314:"The Great Silver Reliquary of Sri Ksetra: Where Early Epigraphy and Buddhist Art Meet," The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 35:06, posted by MET Media.
570:
543:
515:
511:
459:
431:
717:. In addition to early terracotta plaques and stone reliefs, the 'great silver reliquary' was found at Khin Ba. The reliquary, inscribed in
2304:
1416:
Gutman, Pamela and Hudson, Bob (2012–13). "A First Century Stele from Sriksetra." Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extreme-Orient 99: 17–46.
143:
2344:
688:(d) the foundations of a small ruined structure and (e) an octagonal brick building that contained a massive stone urn inscribed in the
527:
2349:
2329:
1708:
1559:
577:
does not indicate the extent of the kingdom.) In all, a total of 27 kings of this dynasty are said to have reigned for 578 years.
1728:
1246:
621:
season. At several points in the ramparts, there are prominent gates, and around these gates are shrines and important remains.
2188:
1915:
550:
before the executioners of the king arrived. Adrift in the river, the brothers miraculously gained sight with the help of an
1934:
1743:
1494:
1853:
1738:
1718:
714:
693:
692:
language giving what appears to be a memorial record of the Pyu kings. The urn, discovered in March, 1993, is now in the
235:
231:
2314:
1956:
1807:
1358:
974:
1377:
2065:
591:, nephew of the last king of Sri Ksetra, wandered on for a dozen years. In 107 AD, Thamoddarit founded the city of
2060:
1822:
1703:
1733:
1999:
1944:
1787:
341:
by O. Blagden in 1917, these inscriptions give insights into Pyu kingship and possible dating of Sri Ksetra.
2075:
2019:
1927:
1888:
1873:
1827:
1802:
1698:
1673:
1552:
1194:
Tracing Thought Through Things: The Oldest Pali Texts and the Early Buddhist Archaeology of India and Burma
921:
Hudson (2012). "A thousand years before Bagan: radiocarbon dates and Myanmar’s ancient Pyu cities", 5 - 7.
2208:
2133:
2033:
1994:
1792:
1767:
666:
973:"Sri Ksetra Survey Map, 2005 - 2007" (2008). Field School of Archaeology Pyay and University of Sydney.
2213:
2100:
2319:
1951:
1812:
1797:
1772:
934:
713:
excavated in 1926–27, it has yielded a host of finds now on display in the Sri Ksetra Museum and the
655:
in India, with which it is likely coeval. With the fall of Sri Ksetra in the mid-ninth century, king
2324:
2309:
2265:
1910:
1782:
2223:
2095:
2050:
1989:
1878:
1858:
1545:
395:
1984:
1883:
502:
708:
Sri Ksetra, Bago, Myanmar. Stone bas-relief of stūpa in sandstone, found in the Khin Ba mound.
2148:
2128:
1863:
1693:
1606:
538:. The brothers had been born blind, and ordered to be executed at birth by their own father
2218:
2080:
2055:
2014:
1939:
1900:
1868:
1755:
1666:
1482:
71:
8:
2228:
2085:
1841:
1817:
1651:
1409:
Galloway, Charlotte (2010). “Ways of Seeing a Pyu Mon and Dvaravati Artistic Continuum”.
1323:
Galloway, Charlotte (2010). “Ways of Seeing a Pyu Mon and Dvaravati Artistic Continuum”.
798:
107:
2283:
2193:
2110:
2009:
1972:
1922:
1777:
1723:
1656:
1598:
1572:
912:. Paper presented at Early Myanmar and its Global Connections Conference, Bagan, 5 - 7.
1501:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
1403:
Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885
935:"Sri Ksetra, Ancient Pyu City - Director Janice Stargardt — Department of Archaeology"
2272:
2178:
2153:
2070:
1626:
1373:
1354:
423:
2253:
2203:
2198:
2173:
2158:
2138:
2090:
2045:
1895:
1678:
975:
https://www.academia.edu/2411552/Hudson-2008-archaeological_survey_map_of_SRIKSETRA
910:"A thousand years before Bagan: radiocarbon dates and Myanmar’s ancient Pyu cities"
507:
369:
269:
257:
239:
225:
130:
1218:
Gutman, Pamela and Hudson, Bob (2012-13). "A First Century Stele from Sriksetra."
451:
2183:
2163:
1661:
1636:
1611:
1450:
793:
788:
659:
opened the stūpa and removed the relic which was re-installed at this capital in
547:
519:
306:
282:
278:
873:, in Asia Pacific Journal of Religions and Cultures Volume 3 No. 2, 2019, p. 51.
612:
277:: श्री क्षेत्र, lit. 'Field of Fortune' or 'Field of Glory'), located along the
2277:
2143:
2118:
1688:
1641:
1616:
1114:(in Burmese) 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar, 164–165.
750:
2298:
2168:
1713:
1646:
1631:
1621:
803:
596:
317:
286:
191:
704:
2123:
2004:
648:
361:
1168:
251:
1683:
1349:
Aung-Thwin, Michael (1996). "Kingdom of Bagan". In Gillian Cribbs (ed.).
738:
588:
89:
1463:. Vol. 2. Locust Valley, NY: Artibus Asiae and New York University.
1169:"Memorial structure and stone urn in the Payahtaung complex, Sri Ksetra"
566:
558:
61:
1456:
1432:
1420:
656:
484:
1493:
557:
With their newfound vision, the brothers arrived at the environs of
1905:
1537:
1523:
1082:
1053:
834:
Aung-Thwin, Michael (1996). "Kingdom of Bagan". In Gillian Cribbs.
776:
684:
tenth century, (b) a modern temple to the east, (c) a ruined brick
663:. In its place, he left behind a number of signed votive tablets.
616:
Sri Ksetra, Bago, Myanmar. Yahanda gate seen from outside the city.
523:
488:
321:
274:
81:
1196:(Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2000).
899:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 24 - 26.
629:
1568:
652:
85:
1372:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
551:
535:
531:
510:, the Kingdom of Sri Ksetra was founded by two brothers named
660:
592:
584:
522:
located in Upper Burma, and ultimately descended from kings
50:
763:
722:
562:
670:
Sri Ksetra, Bago, Myanmar. Baw Baw Gyi from the northwest.
823:
Burmese History before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles.
718:
689:
1437:
Burmese History before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles
1393:
Brown, Robert (2001). “Pyu art: Looking East and West”,
1301:
Brown, Robert (2001). “Pyu art: Looking East and West”,
1013:
Burmese History before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles
633:
Sri Ksetra, Bago, Myanmar. Payama stūpa from the south.
949:
The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma,
2335:
States and territories established in the 7th century
1370:
The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma
897:
The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma
602:
1336:
Brown (2001). “Pyu art: Looking, East and West”, 39.
757:, sandstone, Pyu period, found near Hmaw Zar station
1411:
Bulletin of the Indo Pacific Prehistory Association
1325:
Bulletin of the Indo Pacific Prehistory Association
1247:"A Warrior-Ruler Stele from Śrī Ksetra, Pyu, Burma"
2340:States and territories disestablished in the 1050s
1584:
1427:. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
1156:Imperial Pagan: Art and Architecture of Old Burma
2296:
1517:The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma
1099:The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma
1386:Blagden, CO (1917). "The 'Pyu' inscriptions", J
1040:Blagden, CO (1917). "The 'Pyu' inscriptions", J
1530:(in Burmese). Vol. 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon.
1220:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extreme-Orient
1553:
1158:(Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 1989), p. 9.
1110:Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832).
28:
1139:
1117:
1104:
815:
680:of the buildings in Bagan and dating to the
281:at present-day Hmawza, was once a prominent
1272:The Pyu Landscape: Collected Articles, 175.
871:The Buddhist Cultural Remains of Sri Ksetra
518:in 484 BC. The brothers were scions of the
1560:
1546:
1367:
1348:
1076:
987:Phases of Pre-Pagan: language and history,
851:. Myanmar: Department of Archaeology, 175,
838:. Guernsey: Co & Bear Productions, 77.
49:
1469:Phases of Pre-Pagan: language and history
1431:
1419:
1282:
884:Phases of Pre-Pagan: language and history
1522:
1023:
1021:
889:
886:. New York: Oxford University Press, 47.
749:
703:
665:
628:
611:
285:. The Pyu occupied several sites across
16:Ancient Pyu city-state in Southern Burma
1515:Tin, Pe Maung; Luce, Gordon H. (1923).
1400:
1353:. Guernsey: Co & Bear Productions.
1173:SIDDHAM: the Asia Inscriptions Database
1097:Tin, Pe Maung; Luce, Gordon H. (1923).
1067:
998:Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883).
929:
927:
236:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2297:
1481:
1207:The Pyu Landscape: Collected Articles,
1126:
1101:. London: Oxford University Press, 14.
1029:The Pyu Landscape: Collected Articles,
1541:
1489:(1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
1478:. Myanmar: Department of Archaeology.
1476:The Pyu Landscape: Collected Articles
1047:
1018:
849:The Pyu Landscape: Collected Articles
674:
268:
2260:
1567:
1495:Royal Historical Commission of Burma
1471:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1455:
1405:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
1388:ournal of the Burma Research Society
1042:ournal of the Burma Research Society
1002:(1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta, 17.
924:
2305:Former countries in Burmese history
1719:State Peace and Development Council
1244:
715:National Museum of Myanmar (Yangon)
694:National Museum of Myanmar (Yangon)
641:
542:for their blindness. Their mother,
350:Date of death found in inscription
13:
2345:7th-century establishments in Asia
1519:. London: Oxford University Press.
825:Oxford: The Asoka Society, 8 - 10.
603:Monuments and archaeological sites
14:
2361:
745:
569:inhabitants had been at war with
438:24th day of 2nd month of year 57
2271:
2259:
2248:
2247:
1507:Journal of the Pali Text Society
1285:Journal of the Pali Text Society
699:
466:4th day of 2nd month of year 80
450:
422:
394:
216:
196:
2350:1050s disestablishments in Asia
2330:World Heritage Sites in Myanmar
1342:
1330:
1317:
1308:
1295:
1276:
1264:
1238:
1225:
1212:
1199:
1186:
1161:
1148:
1145:Hmannan Vol. 1 (2003), 185–188.
1123:Hmannan Vol. 1 (2003), 168–170.
1091:
1087:Studies in Burmese History, 40.
1034:
1005:
992:
979:
967:
954:
941:
624:
530:, both of whom belonged to the
1483:Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P.
915:
902:
876:
863:
854:
841:
828:
419:July 688 (4 July to 1 August)
335:
1:
809:
769:
506:, the royal chronicle of the
160:
41:
1928:State Administration Council
1674:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1439:. Oxford: The Asoka Society.
1401:Charney, Michael W. (2006).
1368:Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005).
895:Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005).
755:Statue of Vishnu and Lakshmi
379:Relative of Thuriya Wikyama
343:
7:
1729:2011–2015 political reforms
1351:Myanmar Land of the Spirits
1254:Journal of the Siam Society
836:Myanmar Land of the Spirits
782:
607:
252:
119:• Founding of Kingdom
10:
2366:
1528:Studies in Burmese History
1058:Studies in Burmese History
304:
300:
2315:Former monarchies of Asia
2243:
2109:
2041:
2032:
1980:
1971:
1849:
1840:
1763:
1754:
1597:
1585:Myanmar is also known as
1583:
1579:
1474:Moore, Elizabeth (2012).
1064:. Yangon: Maha Dagon, 42.
847:Moore, Elizabeth (2012).
821:Htin Aung, Maung (1970).
495:
365:
357:
352:
349:
346:
270:[θəjèkʰɪʔtəjàpjì]
261:
171:
167:
154:
140:
127:
117:
113:
103:
95:
77:
67:
57:
48:
40:c. 3rd to 9th century CE–
39:
29:
23:
1854:Administrative divisions
1467:Luce, Gordon H. (1985).
1449:9 September 2016 at the
882:Luce, Gordon H. (1985).
123:c. 3rd to 9th century CE
2224:Twelve Auspicious Rites
2005:Myanmar kyat (currency)
410:Fifth month of year 50
156:• Fall of Kingdom
1461:Old Burma: Early Pagan
762:manuscript containing
758:
728:
709:
671:
634:
617:
320:or nineteenth century
266:Burmese pronunciation:
224:This article contains
908:Hudson, Bob (2012).
869:Kyaing, Win, (2019).
753:
707:
669:
632:
615:
68:Common languages
25:Kingdom of Sri Ksetra
2061:Environmental issues
2020:Units of measurement
1667:First Toungoo Empire
1233:Phases of Pre-Pagan,
355:using Early Pyu Era
1699:Japanese occupation
1652:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
947:Aung-Thwin (2005).
799:Early Pagan Kingdom
108:Classical Antiquity
2284:Outline of Myanmar
2000:Telecommunications
1916:commander-in-chief
1709:Socialist Republic
1657:Kingdom of Mrauk U
1425:A History of Burma
1245:Guy, John (1997).
1192:Janice Stargardt,
1011:Htin Aung (1970).
759:
710:
675:Payahtaung complex
672:
635:
618:
561:(near present-day
146:ascends to throne
2292:
2291:
2239:
2238:
2076:Human trafficking
2028:
2027:
1967:
1966:
1935:Political parties
1874:Foreign relations
1836:
1835:
1627:Myinsaing Kingdom
1593:
1592:
1134:History of Burma,
962:The Pyu Landscape
481:
480:
407:(Suriya Vikrama)
316:eleventh century
232:rendering support
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
129:• Launch of
2357:
2320:Burmese monarchy
2275:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2250:
2209:National symbols
2039:
2038:
1995:Opium production
1978:
1977:
1847:
1846:
1761:
1760:
1679:Konbaung dynasty
1581:
1580:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1502:
1490:
1487:History of Burma
1464:
1440:
1433:Htin Aung, Maung
1428:
1421:Htin Aung, Maung
1406:
1383:
1364:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1312:
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1299:
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1184:
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1165:
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1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1124:
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1115:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1025:
1016:
1009:
1003:
1000:History of Burma
996:
990:
983:
977:
971:
965:
958:
952:
945:
939:
938:
937:. 28 April 2019.
931:
922:
919:
913:
906:
900:
893:
887:
880:
874:
867:
861:
858:
852:
845:
839:
832:
826:
819:
642:Baw Baw Gyi Paya
595:(Bagan) and the
565:(Prome)), whose
508:Konbaung Dynasty
454:
426:
398:
370:Standard Pyu Era
366:Equivalent date
358:Equivalent date
353:Equivalent date
344:
272:
267:
263:
255:
238: instead of
220:
219:
200:
199:
188:
187:
173:
172:
162:
131:Burmese calendar
53:
43:
34:
33:
32:
21:
20:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2325:Pyu city-states
2310:Former kingdoms
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2235:
2214:Public holidays
2105:
2101:Sex trafficking
2024:
1963:
1901:Law enforcement
1832:
1808:Protected areas
1750:
1662:Toungoo dynasty
1637:Sagaing Kingdom
1612:Pyu city-states
1589:
1575:
1566:
1499:Hmannan Yazawin
1451:Wayback Machine
1380:
1361:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1154:Paul Strachan,
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1132:Phayre (1883).
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1112:Hmannan Yazawin
1109:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1019:
1010:
1006:
997:
993:
984:
980:
972:
968:
959:
955:
946:
942:
933:
932:
925:
920:
916:
907:
903:
894:
890:
881:
877:
868:
864:
859:
855:
846:
842:
833:
829:
820:
816:
812:
794:Tagaung Kingdom
789:Pyu city-states
785:
772:
748:
731:
702:
677:
644:
627:
610:
605:
548:Irrawaddy river
540:Thado Maha Yaza
520:Tagaung Kingdom
503:Hmannan Yazawin
498:
463:(Siha Vikrama)
462:
435:(Hari Vikrama)
434:
406:
404:Thuriya Wikyama
367:
359:
354:
338:
309:
307:Pyu city-states
303:
279:Irrawaddy River
265:
262:သရေခေတ္တရာ ပြည်
245:
244:
243:
230:Without proper
221:
217:
197:
157:
147:
133:
120:
35:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2015:Transportation
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1952:Prime Minister
1949:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1889:Women's rights
1886:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Union of Burma
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:Karenni States
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:Kingdom of Ava
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1617:Thaton Kingdom
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1520:
1513:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1365:
1360:978-0952766506
1359:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1316:
1307:
1294:
1275:
1270:Moore (2012).
1263:
1237:
1224:
1211:
1205:Moore (2012).
1198:
1185:
1160:
1147:
1138:
1125:
1116:
1103:
1090:
1075:
1073:Luce 1970: 330
1066:
1046:
1033:
1027:Moore (2012).
1017:
1004:
991:
978:
966:
960:Moore (2012).
953:
940:
923:
914:
901:
888:
875:
862:
853:
840:
827:
813:
811:
808:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
784:
781:
771:
768:
747:
746:Dating Pyu art
744:
730:
727:
701:
698:
676:
673:
643:
640:
626:
623:
609:
606:
604:
601:
497:
494:
479:
478:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
456:
455:
448:
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442:
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436:
428:
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411:
408:
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399:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
376:
375:
372:
364:
356:
351:
348:
337:
334:
302:
299:
283:Pyu settlement
240:Burmese script
234:, you may see
226:Burmese script
222:
215:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
194:
185:
182:
181:
176:
169:
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158:
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148:
141:
138:
137:
134:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
105:
104:Historical era
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2362:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Ethnic groups
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:military rule
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Deforestation
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:2007 protests
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:8888 Uprising
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Prome Kingdom
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:Pinya Kingdom
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Pagan Kingdom
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:9780824828868
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1231:Luce (1985).
1228:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1063:
1060:(in Burmese)
1059:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1008:
1001:
995:
988:
985:Luce (1985).
982:
976:
970:
963:
957:
950:
944:
936:
930:
928:
918:
911:
905:
898:
892:
885:
879:
872:
866:
857:
850:
844:
837:
831:
824:
818:
814:
805:
804:Prome Kingdom
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
780:
778:
767:
765:
756:
752:
743:
740:
735:
726:
724:
720:
716:
706:
700:Khin Ba mound
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
668:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
639:
631:
622:
614:
600:
598:
597:Pagan Dynasty
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
576:
572:
571:Kanyan people
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
544:Keinnayi Dewi
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:Sula Thanbawa
513:
512:Maha Thanbawa
509:
505:
504:
500:According to
493:
490:
486:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
461:
460:Thiha Wikyama
458:
457:
453:
449:
447:13 April 695
446:
443:
440:
437:
433:
430:
429:
425:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
405:
402:
401:
397:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
373:
371:
363:
345:
342:
333:
329:
325:
323:
319:
313:
308:
298:
294:
290:
288:
287:Upper Myanmar
284:
280:
276:
271:
259:
254:
249:
241:
237:
233:
229:
227:
195:
193:
192:Pagan Kingdom
190:
189:
186:
184:
183:
180:
177:
175:
174:
170:
166:
159:
153:
149:
145:
139:
135:
132:
126:
122:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
47:
38:
22:
19:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2096:Prostitution
2051:Demographics
1990:Central bank
1879:Human rights
1859:Constitution
1694:British rule
1586:
1527:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1498:
1486:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1436:
1424:
1413:30: 70 – 78.
1410:
1402:
1395:Orientations
1394:
1387:
1369:
1350:
1343:Bibliography
1332:
1324:
1319:
1310:
1303:Orientations
1302:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1012:
1007:
999:
994:
986:
981:
969:
961:
956:
948:
943:
917:
904:
896:
891:
883:
878:
870:
865:
856:
848:
843:
835:
830:
822:
817:
773:
760:
754:
736:
732:
711:
685:
681:
678:
649:Dhamek Stupa
645:
636:
625:Payama stūpa
619:
580:
579:
574:
556:
501:
499:
482:
475:8 April 718
432:Hayi Wikyama
339:
330:
326:
314:
310:
295:
291:
247:
246:
223:
179:Succeeded by
178:
150:25 March 739
136:21 March 640
18:
1985:Agriculture
1823:Earthquakes
1684:Shan States
1397:32: 35– 41.
1390:7: 37 - 44.
1044:7: 37 - 44.
739:Vaishnavism
589:Thamoddarit
336:Royal Names
90:Vaishnavism
2299:Categories
2194:Literature
2149:Censorship
2129:State Seal
1923:Parliament
1864:Corruption
1788:Ecoregions
1607:Prehistory
1512:: 199–213.
1457:Luce, G.H.
810:References
770:Influences
559:Sri Ksetra
532:Sakya clan
305:See also:
253:Śrī Kṣetra
248:Sri Ksetra
144:Duttabaung
96:Government
62:Sri Ksetra
31:သရေခေတ္တရာ
2219:Tattooing
2179:Festivals
2174:Etymology
2081:Languages
2056:Education
1940:President
1869:Elections
1828:Volcanoes
1803:Mountains
1756:Geography
1744:Civil war
1734:2021 coup
1015:, 8 - 10.
777:megaliths
657:Anawrahta
485:G.H. Luce
362:Gupta Era
78:Religion
2254:Category
2229:Weddings
2189:Folklore
2159:Clothing
2139:Calendar
2134:Capitals
2086:Religion
1906:Military
1896:Conflict
1842:Politics
1818:Wildlife
1739:Protests
1573:articles
1526:(1964).
1524:Than Tun
1497:(1832).
1485:(1883).
1459:(1970).
1447:Archived
1435:(1970).
1423:(1967).
1085:(1964).
1083:Than Tun
1056:(1964).
1054:Than Tun
951:24 - 26.
783:See also
608:Ramparts
528:Dazayaza
524:Abhiyaza
489:Than Tun
322:Mandalay
275:Sanskrit
99:Monarchy
82:Buddhism
2266:Commons
2164:Cuisine
2111:Culture
2034:Society
2010:Tourism
1973:Economy
1793:Islands
1778:Climate
1768:Borders
1599:History
1569:Myanmar
1327:30: 70.
1305:32: 35.
1222:99: 17.
653:Sarnath
581:Hmannan
575:Hmannan
534:of the
391:673 CE
388:354 CE
385:113 CE
374:Images
301:History
258:Burmese
142:•
86:Animism
58:Capital
2278:Portal
2154:Cinema
2144:Zodiac
2124:Anthem
2071:Health
1813:Rivers
1773:Cities
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1178:30 May
964:, 195.
686:stūpa,
585:Mranma
552:ogress
536:Buddha
496:Legend
368:using
360:using
2204:Music
2199:Media
2169:Dance
2091:Women
2046:Crime
1798:Lakes
1587:Burma
1250:(PDF)
682:circa
661:Bagan
593:Pagan
347:Name
318:Pagan
163:1050s
44:1050s
2184:Flag
1957:list
1945:list
1884:LGBT
1374:ISBN
1355:ISBN
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1180:2020
1031:210.
764:Pali
723:Pali
721:and
563:Pyay
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1136:17.
989:47.
729:Art
719:Pyu
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567:Pyu
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72:Pyu
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