777:, recovered from the Khin Ba mound, suggests the script could be dated to the fifth century AD, much earlier then the seventh century AD date to which it had been originally attributed. This study was important in reconsidering the date for the Khin Ba mound; however, its proposed dating has not been accepted by all scholars. An argument against dating Pyu material at Sri Ksetra earlier then the seventh century AD is also based on stylistic comparison, with scholars suggesting that while an artefact may have similar attributes to those of fifth century AD artefacts in India, fifth-century culture may have been active into the seventh century AD, which would mean that the similarities could point to this later date. Continued research needs to be undertaken at Sri Ksetra to clarify the issues surrounding dating Pyu art.
323:
challenged by the scholars who have argued that it was occupied earlier than these dates. Radiocarbon dating tested on charcoal found at Sri Ksetra produce dates to between 50 – 200 AD, a timeframe that is significantly earlier than previously considered. This early date in the first centuries of the first millennium AD would place the Pyu as one of the earliest urbanised people in
Southeast Asia. During two excavation seasons, January to February 2015 and December 2015 to February 2016, led by Janice Stargardt in Yahanda mound at Sri Ksetra, early sherds stamped with Buddhist motifs were found, later dated c. 340 +/- 30 CE and Pyu culture cremation burials around 270 +/- 30 CE.
678:
407:
435:
463:
300:, with Sri Ksetra recorded as the largest, the city wall enclosing an area of 1,477 hectares, although a recent survey found it enclosed 1,857 hectares within its monumental brick walls, with an extramural area of a similar size, being the largest Southeast Asian city before Angkor times. Issues surrounding the dating of this site has meant the majority of material is dated between the seventh and ninth centuries AD, however recent scholarship suggests Pyu culture at Sri Ksetra was active centuries before this.
624:
762:
716:
229:
2260:
2284:
641:
2272:
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art has meant that most artistic remains are broadly dated within this period. An art historical study of a stele discovered at Sri Ksetra suggests a first century AD date, which would make it the earliest Pyu artwork, however, this is contested among scholars. Further scholarship has also demonstrated that the art of the Pyu draws from a range of influences, from both Indian and
Southeast Asian cultures.
335:. The city walls at Sri Ksetra are the largest of any Pyu settlements. Numerous ruined stupas and temples have been discovered both inside and outside the city walls at Sri Ksetra. The three principal stupas that are a feature of the Pyu landscape at Hmawza, Bawbaw gyi, Payama and Paya gyi, are also located outside the walls.
786:
features also found in Sri Lanka, including broad shoulders, shortened necks, individual hair curls, and transparent robes. While cultural influences on the Pyu are evident from Indian similarities, scholarship has also demonstrated similarities with the Mon of Burma and
Dvaravati of Thailand. Buddha and stupa triads, use of
598:(Burmans) were the third.) The Pyu initially emerged victorious over the Kanyan. But the victors soon broke into three rival groups, and a second round of war ensued. Taking advantage of the confusion, a fourth group, the Mon of Lower Burma drove all indigenous groups out of Sri Ksetra. One of the refugee groups led by
785:
Pyu art at Sri Ksetra reveals a number of influences. The art possesses similar qualities to those of the art of
Southern India (including the Gupta and post-Gupta periods), Andhra Pradesh, and Sri Lanka. Silver Buddha sculptures recovered from the relic chamber of the Khin Ba mound display stylistic
772:
Dating Pyu art at Sri Ksetra is difficult. Studies conducted at Sri Ksetra have used a variety of methods including radio carbon dating, stylistic analysis and palaeographic studies to determine dates; however, much of the dating is still contested among scholars. A palaeographic study of a gold leaf
723:
The Khin Ba mound is located inside the ramparts, on the south side of the city, not far from the
Tharawaddy gate and Mathe Gyagone stūpa. Located at 18°47'37"N 95°18'0"E, Khin Ba is the site of an ancient stūpa and one of the most important early archaeological sites in Sri Ksetra and Myanmar. First
338:
In conjunction to archaeological evidence, there are a number of written records that mention the Pyu, largely found in
Chinese historical accounts. The earliest mention is the fourth century AD account by Ch'ang Ch'u, with later accounts by Chinese pilgrims Xuanzang and Yijing in the seventh century
322:
Burmese legends greatly differ from the reconstruction of Pyu history by scholars. A widely held belief, based on the interpretation of the extensive interdisciplinary evidence suggests that Sri Ksetra was founded between the fifth and seventh centuries by the Pyu people. This interpretation has been
303:
Sri Ksetra is the site for much of the Pyu artistic legacy. The arrival of
Buddhism into the Pyu cities saw the increased artistic production, with very little surviving from the earlier period of occupation. The vast arraying of surviving material indicates a rich visual culture that was endorsed by
744:
Since the early twentieth century, excavations at this Pyu site have uncovered a significant amount of Pyu art, in contrast to the minimal finds at
Beikthano and Halin. The objects recovered from Sri Ksetra can be dated between the fourth and the ninth centuries AD; however, difficulty in dating Pyu
648:
The Payama stūpa is located north of the ramparts of Sri Ksetra near the village of
Koneyoe (at 18°50'3"N 95°18'7"E). It is reported in the Myanmar chronicles to have been built by king Duttabaung to house relics of the Buddha. The structure is built of brick and lime mortar on four terraces. Having
631:
Sri Ksetra is a large city site with ruins of many structures, palaces and stūpas. The most prominent feature of the city is the circular plan, marked by a semi-circle of ramparts on the north, south and western sides. Outside the ramparts there was a moat, marked by a succession of tanks in the dry
342:
Sri Ksetra was an important entrepôt between China and India. It was located on the
Irrawaddy, close to the sea, before the Irrawaddy delta had been formed. Ships from the Indian Ocean travelled to Prome to trade with the Pyu and Chinese. Trade with India brought important cultural influences to Sri
752:
was practised alongside Buddhism. Remains at Sri Ksetra suggest a thriving Buddhist culture that existed in this Pyu settlement. The variety of Buddhist material includes votive tablets, stone sculptures, bronze and other precious metal sculptures, architectural fragments, and reliquary objects, as
690:
The Payahtuang complex, numbered HMA.31 according to the Department of Archaeology, is located in the centre of Sri Ksetra near the site museum (at 18°48'25"N 95°17'33"E). The complex comprises several structures: (a) the Payahtaung temple proper, a square building of brick similar in style to some
351:
Several inscriptions discovered at Sri Ksetra possess possible royal names and dynastic titles. Below is a table of translated Pyu funerary inscriptions found on four stone burial urns, excavated outside the city walls of Sri Ksetra from what is believed to be a royal burial site. First translated
502:
to have launched the Pyu calendar with the epochal date of 22 March 638, which later became the Burmese calendar, in 640 AD. Given the evidence for the dating of Sri Ksetra to earlier than the seventh century, it is likely that Pyu kings existed prior to names mentioned on the burial urns. Burmese
326:
Sri Ksetra is the largest Pyu site discovered thus far (Beikthano and Sri Ksetra are the only Pyu sites that have been extensively excavated. Other important Pyu cities as Maingmaw and Binnaka could yield more artefacts with more extensive excavations). It occupied an area larger than that of the
339:
AD . In the eighth century AD Tang histories mentioned the arrival at the court of an embassy from the Pyu capital in 801. While these written records assist with the dating of Sri Ksetra and demonstrate cross-cultural interactions, they are fragmented and cannot all be backed by other evidence.
62:
657:
The Baw Baw Gyi Paya is an important Buddhist stūpa, located to the south of the ramparts of Sri Ksetra (at 18°47'10"N 95°17'7"E). It is a circular brick-built structure, raised on terrace to a height of approximately 46m. The shape of the stūpa is often compared to the
753:
well as other artefacts including handmade beads crafted from stone, glass, terracotta and bone; rings; and silver bowls and plates. A chronology of Pyu art, demonstrating developments and characteristics of a ‘Pyu’ style, has not yet been established.
790:, and shared imagery have been cited as demonstrating the influences of these neighbouring Southeast Asian cultures. The wide-ranging comparisons made in analysing Pyu art demonstrate the complexity of studying the art of this culture.
1457:
307:
The Pyu at Sri Ksetra declined in prominence around the ninth century AD. The final mention of the Pyu is found at Pagan, with a twelfth century stone featuring inscriptions in Pyu, Mon, Burmese and Pali.
557:, however, had raised them in secret until 482 BC when the father discovered their existence, and ordered them killed once again. Their mother put the blind princes on a raft by their mother down the
343:
Ksetra, including the arrival of Buddhism, which was imposed on existing belief systems. There is strong evidence of a rich Buddhist culture at Sri Ksetra, along with the existence of Hindu religion.
503:
chronicle sources, on the other hand, suggest the Sri Ksetra dynasty was established in 444 BC by King Duttabaung (ဒွတ္တပေါင်), however no archaeological evidence has been from this early date.
649:
the conical shape characteristic of stūpas in early relief sculpture from Sri Ksetra, it is one of the first stūpas of the middle Pyu period and dates between the 4th and 7th centuries.
1454:
Hudson, Bob (2012). "A thousand years before Bagan: radiocarbon dates and Myanmar’s ancient Pyu cities". Paper presented at Early Myanmar and its Global Connections Conference, Bagan.
871:
Stargardt, Janice, et al. (2015). "Early urban archaeology in Southeast Asia: the first evidence for a Pyu habitation site at Sri Ksetra, Myanmar", Antiquity Dec 2015, Project Gallery.
494:
Current inscriptional evidence indicate two distinct dynastic names, Wikyama (Vikrama) and Warman (Varman). The first dynasty, called the Wikyama (Vikrama) Dynasty, is believed by
748:
The artistic remains uncovered at Sri Ksetra are primarily Buddhist. However, the existence of sculpture and fragments depicting Hindu deities, most often Vishnu, suggests that
304:
the Pyu at Sri Ksetra. The Chinese pilgrims Hsuan-tsang in 648 and I-tsing in 675 mentioned the name of Sri Ksetra as “Shh-li-cha‟- t‟o-lo” and that it was a Buddhist country.
2345:
1455:
920:
736:, was accompanied by a series of golden leaves carrying a Buddhist text of the sixth century. It is generally regarded as the oldest surviving example of the Pāli language.
2350:
209:
1516:
Stargardt, Janice (1995). "The Four Oldest Surviving Pali Texts: the Results of the Cambridge Symposium on the Golden Pali Text of Sri Ksetra (Burma), April 1995".
1294:
Stargardt, Janice (1995). "The Four Oldest Surviving Pali Texts: the Results of the Cambridge Symposium on the Golden Pali Text of Sri Ksetra (Burma), April 1995".
1545:"The Great Silver Reliquary of Sri Ksetra: Where Early Epigraphy and Buddhist Art Meet," The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 35:06, posted by MET Media, 29 May 2014.
594:
continues that the end of the kingdom came in 94 AD due to a civil war between the Pyu and the Kanyan, two of the three main ethnic groups of the kingdom. (The
584:. Having to lost their chief to the war, the Pyu nominated the newly arrived Maha Thanbawa as chief. The "Kingdom" of Sri Ksetra was founded in 484 CE. (
550:
414:
1325:"The Great Silver Reliquary of Sri Ksetra: Where Early Epigraphy and Buddhist Art Meet," The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 35:06, posted by MET Media.
581:
554:
526:
522:
470:
442:
728:. In addition to early terracotta plaques and stone reliefs, the 'great silver reliquary' was found at Khin Ba. The reliquary, inscribed in
2315:
1427:
Gutman, Pamela and Hudson, Bob (2012–13). "A First Century Stele from Sriksetra." Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extreme-Orient 99: 17–46.
154:
2355:
699:(d) the foundations of a small ruined structure and (e) an octagonal brick building that contained a massive stone urn inscribed in the
538:
2360:
2340:
1719:
1570:
588:
does not indicate the extent of the kingdom.) In all, a total of 27 kings of this dynasty are said to have reigned for 578 years.
1739:
1257:
632:
season. At several points in the ramparts, there are prominent gates, and around these gates are shrines and important remains.
2199:
1926:
561:
before the executioners of the king arrived. Adrift in the river, the brothers miraculously gained sight with the help of an
1945:
1754:
1505:
1864:
1749:
1729:
725:
704:
703:
language giving what appears to be a memorial record of the Pyu kings. The urn, discovered in March, 1993, is now in the
246:
242:
2325:
1967:
1818:
1369:
985:
1388:
2076:
602:, nephew of the last king of Sri Ksetra, wandered on for a dozen years. In 107 AD, Thamoddarit founded the city of
2071:
1833:
1714:
1744:
2010:
1955:
1798:
352:
by O. Blagden in 1917, these inscriptions give insights into Pyu kingship and possible dating of Sri Ksetra.
2086:
2030:
1938:
1899:
1884:
1838:
1813:
1709:
1684:
1563:
1205:
Tracing Thought Through Things: The Oldest Pali Texts and the Early Buddhist Archaeology of India and Burma
932:
Hudson (2012). "A thousand years before Bagan: radiocarbon dates and Myanmar’s ancient Pyu cities", 5 - 7.
2219:
2144:
2044:
2005:
1803:
1778:
677:
984:"Sri Ksetra Survey Map, 2005 - 2007" (2008). Field School of Archaeology Pyay and University of Sydney.
2224:
2111:
17:
2330:
1962:
1823:
1808:
1783:
945:
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excavated in 1926–27, it has yielded a host of finds now on display in the Sri Ksetra Museum and the
666:
in India, with which it is likely coeval. With the fall of Sri Ksetra in the mid-ninth century, king
2335:
2320:
2276:
1921:
1793:
2234:
2106:
2061:
2000:
1889:
1869:
1556:
406:
1995:
1894:
513:
719:
Sri Ksetra, Bago, Myanmar. Stone bas-relief of stūpa in sandstone, found in the Khin Ba mound.
2159:
2139:
1874:
1704:
1617:
549:. The brothers had been born blind, and ordered to be executed at birth by their own father
2229:
2091:
2066:
2025:
1950:
1911:
1879:
1766:
1677:
1493:
82:
8:
2239:
2096:
1852:
1828:
1662:
1420:
Galloway, Charlotte (2010). “Ways of Seeing a Pyu Mon and Dvaravati Artistic Continuum”.
1334:
Galloway, Charlotte (2010). “Ways of Seeing a Pyu Mon and Dvaravati Artistic Continuum”.
809:
118:
2294:
2204:
2121:
2020:
1983:
1933:
1788:
1734:
1667:
1609:
1583:
923:. Paper presented at Early Myanmar and its Global Connections Conference, Bagan, 5 - 7.
1512:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
1414:
Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885
946:"Sri Ksetra, Ancient Pyu City - Director Janice Stargardt — Department of Archaeology"
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1384:
1365:
434:
2264:
2214:
2209:
2184:
2169:
2149:
2101:
2056:
1906:
1689:
986:
https://www.academia.edu/2411552/Hudson-2008-archaeological_survey_map_of_SRIKSETRA
921:"A thousand years before Bagan: radiocarbon dates and Myanmar’s ancient Pyu cities"
518:
380:
280:
268:
250:
236:
141:
1229:
Gutman, Pamela and Hudson, Bob (2012-13). "A First Century Stele from Sriksetra."
462:
2194:
2174:
1672:
1647:
1622:
1461:
804:
799:
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opened the stūpa and removed the relic which was re-installed at this capital in
558:
530:
317:
293:
289:
884:, in Asia Pacific Journal of Religions and Cultures Volume 3 No. 2, 2019, p. 51.
623:
288:: श्री क्षेत्र, lit. 'Field of Fortune' or 'Field of Glory'), located along the
2288:
2154:
2129:
1699:
1652:
1627:
1125:(in Burmese) 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar, 164–165.
761:
2309:
2179:
1724:
1657:
1642:
1632:
814:
607:
328:
297:
202:
715:
2134:
2015:
659:
372:
1179:
262:
1694:
1360:
Aung-Thwin, Michael (1996). "Kingdom of Bagan". In Gillian Cribbs (ed.).
749:
599:
100:
1474:. Vol. 2. Locust Valley, NY: Artibus Asiae and New York University.
1180:"Memorial structure and stone urn in the Payahtaung complex, Sri Ksetra"
577:
569:
72:
1467:
1443:
1431:
667:
495:
1504:
568:
With their newfound vision, the brothers arrived at the environs of
1916:
1548:
1534:
1093:
1064:
845:
Aung-Thwin, Michael (1996). "Kingdom of Bagan". In Gillian Cribbs.
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695:
tenth century, (b) a modern temple to the east, (c) a ruined brick
674:. In its place, he left behind a number of signed votive tablets.
627:
Sri Ksetra, Bago, Myanmar. Yahanda gate seen from outside the city.
534:
499:
332:
285:
92:
1207:(Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2000).
910:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 24 - 26.
640:
1579:
663:
96:
1383:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
562:
546:
542:
521:, the Kingdom of Sri Ksetra was founded by two brothers named
671:
603:
595:
533:
located in Upper Burma, and ultimately descended from kings
61:
774:
733:
573:
681:
Sri Ksetra, Bago, Myanmar. Baw Baw Gyi from the northwest.
834:
Burmese History before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles.
729:
700:
1448:
Burmese History before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles
1404:
Brown, Robert (2001). “Pyu art: Looking East and West”,
1312:
Brown, Robert (2001). “Pyu art: Looking East and West”,
1024:
Burmese History before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles
644:
Sri Ksetra, Bago, Myanmar. Payama stūpa from the south.
960:
The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma,
2346:
States and territories established in the 7th century
1381:
The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma
908:
The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma
613:
1347:
Brown (2001). “Pyu art: Looking, East and West”, 39.
768:, sandstone, Pyu period, found near Hmaw Zar station
1422:
Bulletin of the Indo Pacific Prehistory Association
1336:
Bulletin of the Indo Pacific Prehistory Association
1258:"A Warrior-Ruler Stele from Śrī Ksetra, Pyu, Burma"
2351:States and territories disestablished in the 1050s
1595:
1438:. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
1167:Imperial Pagan: Art and Architecture of Old Burma
2307:
1528:The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma
1110:The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma
1397:Blagden, CO (1917). "The 'Pyu' inscriptions", J
1051:Blagden, CO (1917). "The 'Pyu' inscriptions", J
1541:(in Burmese). Vol. 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon.
1231:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extreme-Orient
1564:
1169:(Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 1989), p. 9.
1121:Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832).
39:
1150:
1128:
1115:
826:
691:of the buildings in Bagan and dating to the
292:at present-day Hmawza, was once a prominent
1283:The Pyu Landscape: Collected Articles, 175.
882:The Buddhist Cultural Remains of Sri Ksetra
529:in 484 BC. The brothers were scions of the
1571:
1557:
1378:
1359:
1087:
998:Phases of Pre-Pagan: language and history,
862:. Myanmar: Department of Archaeology, 175,
849:. Guernsey: Co & Bear Productions, 77.
60:
1480:Phases of Pre-Pagan: language and history
1442:
1430:
1293:
895:Phases of Pre-Pagan: language and history
1533:
1034:
1032:
900:
897:. New York: Oxford University Press, 47.
760:
714:
676:
639:
622:
296:. The Pyu occupied several sites across
27:Ancient Pyu city-state in Southern Burma
1526:Tin, Pe Maung; Luce, Gordon H. (1923).
1411:
1364:. Guernsey: Co & Bear Productions.
1184:SIDDHAM: the Asia Inscriptions Database
1108:Tin, Pe Maung; Luce, Gordon H. (1923).
1078:
1009:Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883).
940:
938:
247:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
2308:
1492:
1218:The Pyu Landscape: Collected Articles,
1137:
1112:. London: Oxford University Press, 14.
1040:The Pyu Landscape: Collected Articles,
1552:
1500:(1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
1489:. Myanmar: Department of Archaeology.
1487:The Pyu Landscape: Collected Articles
1058:
1029:
860:The Pyu Landscape: Collected Articles
685:
279:
2271:
1578:
1506:Royal Historical Commission of Burma
1482:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1466:
1416:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
1399:ournal of the Burma Research Society
1053:ournal of the Burma Research Society
1013:(1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta, 17.
935:
2316:Former countries in Burmese history
1730:State Peace and Development Council
1255:
726:National Museum of Myanmar (Yangon)
705:National Museum of Myanmar (Yangon)
652:
553:for their blindness. Their mother,
361:Date of death found in inscription
24:
2356:7th-century establishments in Asia
1530:. London: Oxford University Press.
836:Oxford: The Asoka Society, 8 - 10.
614:Monuments and archaeological sites
25:
2372:
756:
580:inhabitants had been at war with
449:24th day of 2nd month of year 57
2282:
2270:
2259:
2258:
1518:Journal of the Pali Text Society
1296:Journal of the Pali Text Society
710:
477:4th day of 2nd month of year 80
461:
433:
405:
227:
207:
2361:1050s disestablishments in Asia
2341:World Heritage Sites in Myanmar
1353:
1341:
1328:
1319:
1306:
1287:
1275:
1249:
1236:
1223:
1210:
1197:
1172:
1159:
1156:Hmannan Vol. 1 (2003), 185–188.
1134:Hmannan Vol. 1 (2003), 168–170.
1102:
1098:Studies in Burmese History, 40.
1045:
1016:
1003:
990:
978:
965:
952:
635:
541:, both of whom belonged to the
1494:Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P.
926:
913:
887:
874:
865:
852:
839:
430:July 688 (4 July to 1 August)
346:
13:
1:
820:
780:
517:, the royal chronicle of the
171:
52:
1939:State Administration Council
1685:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1450:. Oxford: The Asoka Society.
1412:Charney, Michael W. (2006).
1379:Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005).
906:Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005).
766:Statue of Vishnu and Lakshmi
390:Relative of Thuriya Wikyama
354:
7:
1740:2011–2015 political reforms
1362:Myanmar Land of the Spirits
1265:Journal of the Siam Society
847:Myanmar Land of the Spirits
793:
618:
263:
130:• Founding of Kingdom
10:
2377:
1539:Studies in Burmese History
1069:Studies in Burmese History
315:
311:
2326:Former monarchies of Asia
2254:
2120:
2052:
2043:
1991:
1982:
1860:
1851:
1774:
1765:
1608:
1596:Myanmar is also known as
1594:
1590:
1485:Moore, Elizabeth (2012).
1075:. Yangon: Maha Dagon, 42.
858:Moore, Elizabeth (2012).
832:Htin Aung, Maung (1970).
506:
376:
368:
363:
360:
357:
281:[θəjèkʰɪʔtəjàpjì]
272:
182:
178:
165:
151:
138:
128:
124:
114:
106:
88:
78:
68:
59:
51:c. 3rd to 9th century CE–
50:
40:
34:
1865:Administrative divisions
1478:Luce, Gordon H. (1985).
1460:9 September 2016 at the
893:Luce, Gordon H. (1985).
134:c. 3rd to 9th century CE
2235:Twelve Auspicious Rites
2016:Myanmar kyat (currency)
421:Fifth month of year 50
167:• Fall of Kingdom
1472:Old Burma: Early Pagan
773:manuscript containing
769:
739:
720:
682:
645:
628:
331:or nineteenth century
277:Burmese pronunciation:
235:This article contains
919:Hudson, Bob (2012).
880:Kyaing, Win, (2019).
764:
718:
680:
643:
626:
79:Common languages
36:Kingdom of Sri Ksetra
2072:Environmental issues
2031:Units of measurement
1678:First Toungoo Empire
1244:Phases of Pre-Pagan,
366:using Early Pyu Era
1710:Japanese occupation
1663:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
958:Aung-Thwin (2005).
810:Early Pagan Kingdom
119:Classical Antiquity
2295:Outline of Myanmar
2011:Telecommunications
1927:commander-in-chief
1720:Socialist Republic
1668:Kingdom of Mrauk U
1436:A History of Burma
1256:Guy, John (1997).
1203:Janice Stargardt,
1022:Htin Aung (1970).
770:
721:
686:Payahtaung complex
683:
646:
629:
572:(near present-day
157:ascends to throne
2303:
2302:
2250:
2249:
2087:Human trafficking
2039:
2038:
1978:
1977:
1946:Political parties
1885:Foreign relations
1847:
1846:
1638:Myinsaing Kingdom
1604:
1603:
1145:History of Burma,
973:The Pyu Landscape
492:
491:
418:(Suriya Vikrama)
327:eleventh century
243:rendering support
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
140:• Launch of
16:(Redirected from
2368:
2331:Burmese monarchy
2286:
2274:
2273:
2262:
2261:
2220:National symbols
2050:
2049:
2006:Opium production
1989:
1988:
1858:
1857:
1772:
1771:
1690:Konbaung dynasty
1592:
1591:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1513:
1501:
1498:History of Burma
1475:
1451:
1444:Htin Aung, Maung
1439:
1432:Htin Aung, Maung
1417:
1394:
1375:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1285:
1279:
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1227:
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1208:
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1195:
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1190:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1011:History of Burma
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
982:
976:
969:
963:
956:
950:
949:
948:. 28 April 2019.
942:
933:
930:
924:
917:
911:
904:
898:
891:
885:
878:
872:
869:
863:
856:
850:
843:
837:
830:
653:Baw Baw Gyi Paya
606:(Bagan) and the
576:(Prome)), whose
519:Konbaung Dynasty
465:
437:
409:
381:Standard Pyu Era
377:Equivalent date
369:Equivalent date
364:Equivalent date
355:
283:
278:
274:
266:
249: instead of
231:
230:
211:
210:
199:
198:
184:
183:
173:
142:Burmese calendar
64:
54:
45:
44:
43:
32:
31:
21:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2336:Pyu city-states
2321:Former kingdoms
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2246:
2225:Public holidays
2116:
2112:Sex trafficking
2035:
1974:
1912:Law enforcement
1843:
1819:Protected areas
1761:
1673:Toungoo dynasty
1648:Sagaing Kingdom
1623:Pyu city-states
1600:
1586:
1577:
1510:Hmannan Yazawin
1462:Wayback Machine
1391:
1372:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1165:Paul Strachan,
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1143:Phayre (1883).
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1123:Hmannan Yazawin
1120:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
983:
979:
970:
966:
957:
953:
944:
943:
936:
931:
927:
918:
914:
905:
901:
892:
888:
879:
875:
870:
866:
857:
853:
844:
840:
831:
827:
823:
805:Tagaung Kingdom
800:Pyu city-states
796:
783:
759:
742:
713:
688:
655:
638:
621:
616:
559:Irrawaddy river
551:Thado Maha Yaza
531:Tagaung Kingdom
514:Hmannan Yazawin
509:
474:(Siha Vikrama)
473:
446:(Hari Vikrama)
445:
417:
415:Thuriya Wikyama
378:
370:
365:
349:
320:
318:Pyu city-states
314:
290:Irrawaddy River
276:
273:သရေခေတ္တရာ ပြည်
256:
255:
254:
241:Without proper
232:
228:
208:
168:
158:
144:
131:
46:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2374:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2026:Transportation
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1963:Prime Minister
1960:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1900:Women's rights
1897:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1715:Union of Burma
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:Karenni States
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Kingdom of Ava
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1628:Thaton Kingdom
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1531:
1524:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1376:
1371:978-0952766506
1370:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1340:
1327:
1318:
1305:
1286:
1281:Moore (2012).
1274:
1248:
1235:
1222:
1216:Moore (2012).
1209:
1196:
1171:
1158:
1149:
1136:
1127:
1114:
1101:
1086:
1084:Luce 1970: 330
1077:
1057:
1044:
1038:Moore (2012).
1028:
1015:
1002:
989:
977:
971:Moore (2012).
964:
951:
934:
925:
912:
899:
886:
873:
864:
851:
838:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
795:
792:
782:
779:
758:
757:Dating Pyu art
755:
741:
738:
712:
709:
687:
684:
654:
651:
637:
634:
620:
617:
615:
612:
508:
505:
490:
489:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
467:
466:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
439:
438:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
411:
410:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
375:
367:
362:
359:
348:
345:
313:
310:
294:Pyu settlement
251:Burmese script
245:, you may see
237:Burmese script
233:
226:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
205:
196:
193:
192:
187:
180:
179:
176:
175:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
152:
149:
148:
145:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
116:
115:Historical era
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2373:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:Ethnic groups
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:military rule
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Deforestation
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:2007 protests
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:8888 Uprising
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Prome Kingdom
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Pinya Kingdom
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:Pagan Kingdom
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:9780824828868
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1242:Luce (1985).
1239:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1081:
1074:
1071:(in Burmese)
1070:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
999:
996:Luce (1985).
993:
987:
981:
974:
968:
961:
955:
947:
941:
939:
929:
922:
916:
909:
903:
896:
890:
883:
877:
868:
861:
855:
848:
842:
835:
829:
825:
816:
815:Prome Kingdom
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
791:
789:
778:
776:
767:
763:
754:
751:
746:
737:
735:
731:
727:
717:
711:Khin Ba mound
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
650:
642:
633:
625:
611:
609:
608:Pagan Dynasty
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
587:
583:
582:Kanyan people
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
555:Keinnayi Dewi
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:Sula Thanbawa
524:
523:Maha Thanbawa
520:
516:
515:
511:According to
504:
501:
497:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
471:Thiha Wikyama
469:
468:
464:
460:
458:13 April 695
457:
454:
451:
448:
444:
441:
440:
436:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
416:
413:
412:
408:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
388:
384:
382:
374:
356:
353:
344:
340:
336:
334:
330:
324:
319:
309:
305:
301:
299:
298:Upper Myanmar
295:
291:
287:
282:
270:
265:
260:
252:
248:
244:
240:
238:
206:
204:
203:Pagan Kingdom
201:
200:
197:
195:
194:
191:
188:
186:
185:
181:
177:
170:
164:
160:
156:
150:
146:
143:
137:
133:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
58:
49:
33:
30:
19:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2107:Prostitution
2062:Demographics
2001:Central bank
1890:Human rights
1870:Constitution
1705:British rule
1597:
1538:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1509:
1497:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1447:
1435:
1424:30: 70 – 78.
1421:
1413:
1406:Orientations
1405:
1398:
1380:
1361:
1354:Bibliography
1343:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1314:Orientations
1313:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1268:
1264:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1005:
997:
992:
980:
972:
967:
959:
954:
928:
915:
907:
902:
894:
889:
881:
876:
867:
859:
854:
846:
841:
833:
828:
784:
771:
765:
747:
743:
722:
696:
692:
689:
660:Dhamek Stupa
656:
647:
636:Payama stūpa
630:
591:
590:
585:
567:
512:
510:
493:
486:8 April 718
443:Hayi Wikyama
350:
341:
337:
325:
321:
306:
302:
258:
257:
234:
190:Succeeded by
189:
161:25 March 739
147:21 March 640
29:
1996:Agriculture
1834:Earthquakes
1695:Shan States
1408:32: 35– 41.
1401:7: 37 - 44.
1055:7: 37 - 44.
750:Vaishnavism
600:Thamoddarit
347:Royal Names
101:Vaishnavism
2310:Categories
2205:Literature
2160:Censorship
2140:State Seal
1934:Parliament
1875:Corruption
1799:Ecoregions
1618:Prehistory
1523:: 199–213.
1468:Luce, G.H.
821:References
781:Influences
570:Sri Ksetra
543:Sakya clan
316:See also:
264:Śrī Kṣetra
259:Sri Ksetra
155:Duttabaung
107:Government
73:Sri Ksetra
42:သရေခေတ္တရာ
18:Sri Ksetra
2230:Tattooing
2190:Festivals
2185:Etymology
2092:Languages
2067:Education
1951:President
1880:Elections
1839:Volcanoes
1814:Mountains
1767:Geography
1755:Civil war
1745:2021 coup
1026:, 8 - 10.
788:megaliths
668:Anawrahta
496:G.H. Luce
373:Gupta Era
89:Religion
2265:Category
2240:Weddings
2200:Folklore
2170:Clothing
2150:Calendar
2145:Capitals
2097:Religion
1917:Military
1907:Conflict
1853:Politics
1829:Wildlife
1750:Protests
1584:articles
1537:(1964).
1535:Than Tun
1508:(1832).
1496:(1883).
1470:(1970).
1458:Archived
1446:(1970).
1434:(1967).
1096:(1964).
1094:Than Tun
1067:(1964).
1065:Than Tun
962:24 - 26.
794:See also
619:Ramparts
539:Dazayaza
535:Abhiyaza
500:Than Tun
333:Mandalay
286:Sanskrit
110:Monarchy
93:Buddhism
2277:Commons
2175:Cuisine
2122:Culture
2045:Society
2021:Tourism
1984:Economy
1804:Islands
1789:Climate
1779:Borders
1610:History
1580:Myanmar
1338:30: 70.
1316:32: 35.
1233:99: 17.
664:Sarnath
592:Hmannan
586:Hmannan
545:of the
402:673 CE
399:354 CE
396:113 CE
385:Images
312:History
269:Burmese
153:•
97:Animism
69:Capital
2289:Portal
2165:Cinema
2155:Zodiac
2135:Anthem
2082:Health
1824:Rivers
1784:Cities
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596:Mranma
563:ogress
547:Buddha
507:Legend
379:using
371:using
2215:Music
2210:Media
2180:Dance
2102:Women
2057:Crime
1809:Lakes
1598:Burma
1261:(PDF)
693:circa
672:Bagan
604:Pagan
358:Name
329:Pagan
174:1050s
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2195:Flag
1968:list
1956:list
1895:LGBT
1385:ISBN
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732:and
574:Pyay
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