344:. Gulabchev came to believe that in order to build a socially just society, populist ideas would have to be spread through a "book" movement in the Balkans; specifically, he focused his attention on the Bulgarian student diaspora, working to establish a network of "readers' friendly societies", which he also called "readers' fellowships" or simply "fellowships". Gulabchev planned to spread such fellowships internationally, covering all countries with a Bulgarian student population, with these fellowships being subordinate to a central fellowship in Kiev. He hoped that these cohesive student groups would produce propaganda when they returned to Bulgaria.
170:
108:
276:
898:
886:
40:
367:. In practice, these fellowships were generally composed of 5 – 10 members who distributed literature, maintained book collections, wrote magazine/newspaper articles, and translated foreign publications into Bulgarian. Their creation was funded by Gulabchev, after which they were maintained by membership fees (a portion of which went to the central fellowship in Kiev) and donations from wealthy patrons.
447:
higher education while the majority didn't have access to secondary education, but also emphasised the importance of solidarity between the intelligentsia and the impoverished. He employed populist techniques to demonstrate this solidarity, such as forbidding his immediate followers from wearing ties, which he felt were a symbol of alienation between the intellectual class and the common people.
417:
in
January 1887, where he found himself in a socialist environment. Here, he organized a secret circle which eventually culminated in an 1888 student revolt; Gulabchev planned that the students would distribute a propaganda pamphlet after it was quelled, but this never materialized. He was afterwards
446:
action among the poor through events organised in clubs and libraries. Like many similar movements throughout the period, Gulabchev decried luxury, fashion, and other aesthetic focuses on the grounds that they were an affront to the poor. For similar reasons, he criticized government spending on
421:
While he taught, Gulabchev continued to develop the political ideas he had been influenced by in Russia. His "readers' fellowships" continued to appear throughout
Bulgarian cities and began attempts to build a more cohesive ideology; Gulabchev grew a movement, the
386:
and was, according to state documents, interrogated as a witness "due to a close acquaintance with a person who is extremely unreliable in political terms". He nevertheless continued his political activities; on 5 February 1886, while disembarking the
Russian ship
220:
of education. He initially taught in both Greek and
Bulgarian but, by his second year, had begun to teach entirely in Bulgarian, providing his students with Bulgarian textbooks and teaching them to read and write.
370:
The fellowships became more structured as time passed. In 1882 Gulabchev designed a constitution for the network and began to carefully select the members of future fellowships, acting as a
294:
Gulabchev and his father nevertheless experienced financial trouble during this period, which threatened
Gulabchev's ability to complete his course. Eventually, Gulabchev wrote a letter to
410:; following intervention by the Bulgarian Exarchate and government it was eventually decided to instead deport Gulabchev to Bulgaria. By mid to late 1886 he had been released.
702:
573:
Borshukova, George (1956). "Данни за някои ранни социалистически групи до основаването на БСДП" [Data on some early socialist groups until the founding of the BSDP].
499:. In response to a 1909 international anarchist congress, Gulabchev was involved in an unsuccessful campaign to organise anarchist groups in Bulgaria on a national level.
309:
movements that had begun to emerge within the
Russian intelligentsia; in particular, he came under the influence of the ideas of "popular enlightenment" proposed by the
418:
transferred to First Boy's Public School in Varna, where he had established the "Kapka" educational society the year before. By 1889 he was teaching in Veliko
Tarnovo.
374:
similar to
Narodnaya Volya. In 1883 he established a student society at Kiev University called the "Friendly Society for the Promotion of Bulgarianness in Macedonia".
145:
beliefs, Gulabchev organized educational associations and activities for the poor in multiple towns as clubs and libraries, through which he actively advocated for
678:
395:, Gulabchev was found by Russian Empire customs to be smuggling 37 publications that were considered "revolutionary" in nature. Officials imprisoned him in
125:
232:
was reaching its climax), Gulabchev was pushed out of Gorno
Nevolyani. In autumn of 1871 he left for Plovdiv to see a relative, Panaret Plovdivski.
403:
for personal use. He was soon after expelled from Kiev
University, but the state prosecutor was hesitant to bring a foreign citizen to trial.
399:. Throughout interrogations he refused to reveal suppliers or transportation chains, maintaining that he had bought the literature cheaply in
257:
406:
The case began to appear in Bulgarian newspapers, with articles stating that the Bulgarian student was under threat of being exiled to
347:
The first of these fellowships, which Gulabchev personally coordinated with students returning to Bulgaria to see family, appeared in
793:]. Sofia: St. Georgi Pobedonosets Military Publishing Complex, St. Kliment Ohridski University Publishing House. pp. 28–40.
933:
763:
736:
552:
141:
movement that sought to create a society which protected the poorest among them. An avid opponent of inequality, and holding
862:
798:
430:) ought to be protected and shown love and mercy – contemporary Bulgarian histiography described the movement as a
928:
647:
Sharova, Krumka (1962). "Идейният път на Спиро Гулапчев" [The ideological path of Spiro Gulabchev].
298:
in which he asked for financial assistance for his father, so that he may afford to complete his education.
252:
to study law. Before completing the course, however, he once again transferred in 1881, this time to study
876:
383:
245:
190:
619:Науковий вісник Миколаївського національного університету імені В. О. Сухомлинського. Історичні науки
435:
216:
In 1870 Gulabchev found work as a teacher in the village of Gorno Nevolyani, where he introduced the
138:
224:
Gulabchev was a favourite of both students and parents, but as news began to spread of his father's
265:
726:
317:
249:
728:
Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 1899-1923
269:
225:
120:
851:
Guide to the memoirs for the Bulgarian Communist Party, stored in the Central State Archives
610:
923:
918:
782:
755:
Entangled Paths Towards Modernity: Contextualizing Socialism and Nationalism in the Balkans
329:
295:
157:, with Gulabchev advocating for the former. In 1892, he formed an anarchist study group in
8:
849:
414:
341:
194:
174:
541:
Damianova, Zhivka (1990). "Bulgaria". In Linden, Marcel van der; Rojahn, Jürgen (eds.).
613:[Public activity of Spiro Gulabchev in Ukraine at the end of the 19th century]
302:
130:
858:
857:. Sofia: Main Department of Archives at the Council of Ministers. 2003. p. 398.
794:
759:
732:
656:
626:
548:
217:
709:
Letter from Spiro Gulabchev to the Bulgarian Exarch Joseph I Moscow, October 7, 1880
890:
229:
142:
815:Державний архів Одеської області (ДАОО). – Ф.5. – Оп.1. – Од. зб.1707. – Арк. 1-19
902:
833:
753:
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496:
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321:
261:
210:
107:
488:
465:
392:
371:
356:
348:
241:
198:
186:
158:
64:
912:
704:Писмо от Спиро Гулабчев до българския екзарх Йосиф I Москва, 7 октомври 1880г
660:
630:
460:
Gulabchev's image of an ideal future, which he referred to as 'primitively-
275:
544:
The Formation of Labour Movements, 1870-1914: An International Perspective
413:
Undeterred, he continued to be active in politics. He began teaching at
189:, to Catherine Gulabchev and Konstantin, a priest who was active in the
169:
443:
377:
333:
325:
314:
146:
611:"Громадська діяльність Спиро Гулабчева в Україні в кінці XIX століття"
473:
461:
310:
253:
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94:
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after 1891, which had become popular among socialist organisations.
431:
352:
306:
260:. His study was funded through scholarships and grants provided by
134:
82:
39:
481:
407:
364:
337:
206:
454:
396:
202:
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in Lerin. He was educated at a primary and secondary level in
400:
182:
78:
60:
464:', struggled to gain significant attention outside of the
235:
442:
condemned social inequalities and actively advocated for
874:
301:
While studying in Kiev, Gulabchev was exposed to the
378:
Return to Bulgaria and the siromakhomilstvo movement
758:. Central European University Press. p. 290.
248:and studied for two years before transferring to
910:
649:Izvestiâ Na Instituta Za Istoričeski Izsledvaniâ
487:In 1892 he founded the first anarchist group in
484:movements, with Gulabchev supporting anarchism.
515:His name is variably also given as Gulapchev.
290:, where Gulabchev spent 1870 – 1871 teaching.
181:Spiro Gulabchev was born on 12 June 1856 in
256:at the Faculty of History and Philology at
731:. Princeton University Press. p. 19.
711:]. Central State Archives of Bulgaria.
575:Известия на Института за българска история
572:
382:By 1884 Gulabchev had become known to the
38:
781:
663:. Available in major Bulgarian libraries.
540:
274:
168:
831:
646:
236:University and political radicalisation
911:
819:State Archives of Odessa Region (SAOF)
426:, around the belief that the poorest (
209:, throughout which his peers included
777:
775:
751:
608:
604:
491:, where members studied the works of
213:, whom Gulabchev would later oppose.
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532:
193:movement and headed a church of the
119:(12 June 1856 – January 1918) was a
547:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 403.
16:Bulgarian revolutionary (1856–1918)
13:
772:
240:In 1877 Gulabchev traveled to the
14:
945:
715:
667:
637:
581:
561:
529:
896:
884:
106:
842:
825:
807:
324:. He was also impressed by the
279:The village of Gorno Nevolyani
934:People from the Ottoman Empire
745:
695:
509:
1:
280:
164:
522:
502:
453:groups communicated through
153:split between anarchism and
117:Spiro Konstantinov Gulabchev
54:Spiro Konstantinov Gulabchev
7:
838:(in Bulgarian). p. 27.
835:Профили от кафене "Ландолт"
244:, where he enrolled at the
149:action. In late 1880s, the
10:
950:
680:Моят Биография 1862 - 1920
384:Special Corps of Gendarmes
246:Moscow Theological Academy
832:Genchev, Dimitar (1990).
609:Gamza, Volodymyr (2018).
105:
100:
89:
71:
49:
37:
30:
23:
685:My Biography 1862 - 1920
472:movement split off into
468:; by the late 1880s the
266:Principality of Bulgaria
31:
752:Dimou, Augusta (2009).
318:revolutionary socialist
250:Moscow State University
44:Spiro Gulabchev in 1880
725:Bell, John D. (2019).
291:
270:Bulgaria's unification
178:
173:Gulabchev's father, a
129:movement, a Bulgarian
123:known for leading the
783:Bozveliev, Konstantin
278:
228:leanings (and as the
172:
929:Bulgarian anarchists
296:Joseph I of Bulgaria
342:Mykhailo Drahomanov
195:Bulgarian Exarchate
175:Bulgarian Exarchate
121:Bulgarian anarchist
303:agrarian socialist
292:
179:
765:978-963-9776-38-8
738:978-0-691-19842-2
554:978-90-04-09276-1
330:the Enlightenment
264:(and then by the
218:monitorial system
191:Bulgarian Revival
114:
113:
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677:Georgiev, Naum.
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664:
651:(in Bulgarian).
644:
635:
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621:(in Ukrainian).
616:
606:
579:
578:
570:
559:
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538:
516:
513:
470:siromakhomilstvo
451:Siromakhomilstvo
440:siromakhomilstvo
436:Russian nihilist
424:siromakhomilstvo
289:
285:
282:
230:Bulgarian Schism
151:siromakhomilstvo
139:Russian nihilist
110:
42:
21:
20:
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497:Peter Kropotkin
493:Mikhail Bakunin
478:state socialist
380:
336:beliefs of the
322:Narodnaya Volya
287:
283:
262:Eastern Rumelia
258:Kiev University
238:
211:Dimitar Blagoev
167:
126:siromahomilstvo
93:Siromahilstvo,
85:
76:
67:
58:
56:
55:
45:
33:
26:
25:Spiro Gulabchev
17:
12:
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466:intelligentsia
438:movement. The
415:Gabrovo School
393:Constantinople
379:
376:
372:secret society
357:Veliko Tarnovo
315:conspiratorial
242:Russian Empire
237:
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199:Constantinople
187:Ottoman Empire
166:
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112:
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65:Ottoman Empire
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32:Спиро Гулабчев
28:
27:
24:
15:
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787:Моите спомени
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625:(45): 25–31.
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147:revolutionary
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143:communitarian
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75:January 1918
57:12 June 1856
18:
924:1918 deaths
919:1852 births
791:My Memories
320:methods of
288: 1920
284: 1900
913:Categories
334:federalist
328:values of
286: – c.
268:following
226:schismatic
165:Early life
891:Anarchism
661:2367-5187
631:2519-2809
523:Citations
503:Footnotes
474:anarchist
462:communist
340:academic
338:Ukrainian
311:Narodniks
272:in 1885).
254:philology
155:socialism
131:left-wing
101:Signature
95:anarchism
903:Bulgaria
785:(1993).
432:populist
428:siromasi
353:Silistra
332:and the
313:and the
307:populist
135:populist
90:Movement
83:Bulgaria
877:Portals
655:: 106.
482:Marxist
455:ciphers
408:Siberia
365:Anhialo
326:liberal
207:Plovdiv
177:priest.
861:
821:].
797:
762:
735:
687:]
659:
629:
577:: 243.
551:
480:, and
397:Odessa
363:, and
205:, and
203:Edirne
185:, the
137:, and
855:(PDF)
817:[
789:[
707:[
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683:[
615:(PDF)
401:Sofia
361:Varna
183:Lerin
79:Sofia
61:Lerin
859:ISBN
795:ISBN
760:ISBN
733:ISBN
657:ISSN
627:ISSN
549:ISBN
495:and
489:Ruse
434:and
389:Azov
349:Ruse
305:and
159:Ruse
72:Died
50:Born
391:in
915::
774:^
717:^
669:^
653:11
639:^
617:.
583:^
563:^
531:^
476:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
281:c.
201:,
161:.
133:,
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879::
867:.
803:.
768:.
741:.
691:.
633:.
623:1
557:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
