131:
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55:. They are typically 40 or more feet (12 m) deep, with the bottom 14 feet (4.3 m) equipped with storage racks designed to hold fuel assemblies removed from reactors. A reactor's local pool is specially designed for the reactor in which the fuel was used and is situated at the reactor site. Such pools are used for short-term cooling of the fuel rods. This allows short-lived isotopes to decay and thus reduces the
107:
automated handling systems, although some manual systems are still in use. The fuel bundles fresh from the core are normally segregated for several months for initial cooling before being sorted into other parts of the pool to wait for final disposal. Metal racks keep the fuel in controlled positions for physical protection and for ease of tracking and rearrangement. High-density racks also incorporate
250:
According to Dr. Kevin
Crowley of the Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, "successful terrorist attacks on spent fuel pools, though difficult, are possible. If an attack leads to a propagating zirconium cladding fire, it could result in the release of large amounts of radioactive material." After
222:
The neutron absorbing materials in spent fuel pools have been observed to degrade severely over time, reducing the safety margins of maintaining subcriticality; in addition, it has been shown that the in-site measurement technique used to evaluate these neutron absorbers (Boron Areal
Density Gauge
106:
About a quarter to a third of the total fuel load of a reactor is removed from the core every 12 to 24 months and replaced with fresh fuel. Spent fuel rods generate intense heat and dangerous radiation that must be contained. Fuel is moved from the reactor and manipulated in the pool generally by
234:
in March 2011, three of the spent fuel pools were in buildings which had been damaged and were seen to be emitting water vapour. The US NRC wrongly stated that the pool at reactor 4 had boiled dry—this was denied at the time by the
Government of Japan and found to be incorrect in subsequent
138:
The maximum temperature of the spent fuel bundles decreases significantly between two and four years, and less from four to six years. The fuel pool water is continuously cooled to remove the heat produced by the spent fuel assemblies. Pumps circulate water from the spent fuel pool to
238:
According to nuclear plant safety specialists, the chances of criticality in a spent fuel pool are very small, usually avoided by the dispersal of the fuel assemblies, inclusion of a neutron absorber in the storage racks and overall by the fact that the spent fuel has too low an
99:
259:
required
American nuclear plants "to protect with high assurance" against specific threats involving certain numbers and capabilities of assailants. Plants were also required to "enhance the number of security officers" and to improve "access controls to the facilities".
89:
While only about 20 feet (about 6 m) of water is needed to keep radiation levels below acceptable levels, the extra depth provides a safety margin and allows fuel assemblies to be manipulated without special shielding to protect the operators.
267:(KKL) was exposed to radiation in excess of statutory annual dose limits after handling an unidentified object, which was later identified as protective tubing from a radiation monitor in the reactor core, made highly radioactive by
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If there is a prolonged interruption of cooling due to emergency situations, the water in the spent fuel pools may boil off, possibly resulting in radioactive elements being released into the atmosphere.
375:
337:
127:, which could indicate a leaking fuel rod. Current regulations in the United States permit re-arranging of the spent rods so that maximum efficiency of storage can be achieved.
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gas may accumulate increasing the risk of explosions. For this reason the air in the room of the pools, as well as the water, must be continually monitored and treated.
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to self-sustain a fission reaction. They also state that if the water covering the spent fuel evaporates, there is no element to enable a chain reaction by
294:
74:
Pools also exist on sites remote from reactors, for longer-term storage such as the
Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation (ISFSI), located at the
123:. Water quality is tightly controlled to prevent the fuel or its cladding from degrading. This can include monitoring the water for contamination by
275:
which is twice the statutory limit of 500 mSv. According to KKL authorities the diver has not suffered any longtime consequences from the accident.
841:
535:
587:
334:
720:
431:
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143:, then back to the spent fuel pool. The water temperature in normal operating conditions is held below 50 °C (120 °F).
194:
Other research envisions a similar low-power reactor using spent fuel where instead of limiting the production of hydrogen by
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is building a 200 MWt nuclear reactor to run on used fuel from nuclear power stations to generate process heat for
20:
989:
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Resolution of
Generic Safety Issues: Issue 196: Boral Degradation (NUREG-0933, Main Report with Supplements 1–34)
361:
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by radiation, is of particular concern in wet storage, as water may be split by residual radiation and
134:
Worker examines a pond for storing spent fuel rods at the
Leningrad nuclear power plant in Sosnovy Bor.
33:
1167:
130:
1054:
148:
531:
64:
717:"Nondestructive assay of nuclear low-enriched uranium spent fuels for burnup credit application"
120:
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and ion scavengers to the cooling water. This hydrogen would then be removed to use as fuel.
184:
583:
399:
Monitoring
Degradation of Phenolic Resin-Based Neutron Absorbers in Spent Nuclear Fuel Pools
19:"Storage pool" redirects here. For the medical condition known as storage pool disease, see
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755:"Are Nuclear Spent Fuel Pools Secure?" Council on Foreign Relations, June 7, 2003
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Criticality Safety in the Waste
Management of Spent Fuel from NPPs, Robert Kilger
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Rather than manage the pool's inventory to minimize the possibility of continued
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for
Evaluating Racks, or BADGER) has an unknown degree of uncertainty.
195:
144:
60:
48:
482:
Chaplin J, Christl M, Straub M, Bochud F, Froidevaux P (2 June 2022).
459:
Initial Assessment of Uncertainties Associated with BADGER Methodology
1279:
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1195:
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758:"Are Nuclear Spent Fuel Pools Secure? - Council on Foreign Relations"
78:, or as a production buffer for 10 to 20 years before being sent for
68:
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3M™ Neutron Absorber Composite (formerly known as Boral® Composite)
199:
156:
152:
124:
28:
408:", Matthew A. Hiser, April L. Pulvirenti and Mohamad Al-Sheikhly,
365:, "Nuclear Engineering Handbook", edited by Kenneth D. Kok, p. 302
1304:
484:"Passive Sampling Tool for Actinides in Spent Nuclear Fuel Pools"
272:
783:"Exposure of a worker in excess of statutory annual dose limits"
584:"Radiolytic Water Splitting: Demonstration at the Pm3-a Reactor"
561:
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888:
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emanating from the rods. The water cools the fuel and provides
115:(Metamic, Boraflex, Boral, Tetrabor and Carborundum) or other
1182:
191:, which will reduce the engineering requirements for safety.
98:
1345:
919:
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47:) are storage pools (or "ponds" in the United Kingdom) for
481:
808:"Unplanned Exposure During Diving in the Spent Fuel Pool"
673:"U.S.: spent fuel pool never went dry in Japan quake"
263:
In 2010 a diver servicing the spent fuel pool at the
36:. This pool is not holding large amounts of material.
655:"No water in spent fuel pool at Japanese plant: U.S"
295:
Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
829:
Radiological Terrorism: Sabotage of Spent Fuel Pool
1358:
412:Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, June 2013
271:. The diver received a hand dose of about 1,000
162:
32:Example of a spent fuel pool from the shut-down
848:"Geek Answers: Does nuclear waste really glow?"
742:Radioactive Waste Management/Spent Nuclear Fuel
362:Spent Fuel Storage; Neutron Absorbing Materials
230:In the magnitude 9 earthquake that struck the
883:
869:
532:"Members - USA - Utilities Services Alliance"
876:
862:
850:BY GRAHAM TEMPLETON 07.17.2014 at Geek.com
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837:U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
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183:. Essentially an SFP operated as a deep
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27:
842:An example diagram of a Spent Fuel Pool
751:
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393:
391:
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468:", J. A. Chapman and J. M. Scaglione,
198:, it is encouraged by the addition of
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214:Pool inspected by IAEA following the
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679:from the original on 29 October 2013
590:from the original on 4 February 2012
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16:Storage pools for spent nuclear fuel
13:
805:
675:. Associated Press. 15 June 2011.
614:U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
434:from the original on 12 March 2016
415:
410:U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
347:
14:
1388:
822:
538:from the original on 4 March 2016
235:inspection and data examination.
1063:
310:Spent nuclear fuel shipping cask
21:Platelet storage pool deficiency
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775:
735:
723:from the original on 3 May 2011
709:
691:
665:
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636:from the original on 2011-04-20
618:
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1367:Nuclear power plant components
626:"Nuclear Crisis in Japan FAQs"
550:
524:
475:
368:
327:
1:
834:Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
630:Union of Concerned Scientists
470:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
320:
265:Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant
257:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
163:Other possible configurations
93:
7:
278:
10:
1393:
1377:Waste treatment technology
844:Indian Point Energy Center
285:Deep geological repository
253:September 11, 2001 attacks
216:Fukushima nuclear disaster
117:neutron-absorbing material
34:Caorso Nuclear Power Plant
18:
1247:
1219:
1181:
1143:
1072:
1061:
895:
335:Neutron Absorber Material
1055:Waste stabilization pond
500:10.1021/acsomega.2c01884
232:Fukushima nuclear plants
205:
558:"UIC - Newsletter 5/02"
428:"NRC: Spent Fuel Pools"
344:", Holtec International
65:radiological protection
219:
135:
103:
37:
1010:Salt evaporation pond
213:
187:; it will operate at
185:swimming pool reactor
133:
101:
31:
1265:Big fish–little pond
1234:Freshwater ecosystem
1168:Puddles on a surface
189:atmospheric pressure
1275:Constructed wetland
509:20.500.11850/554631
494:(23): 20053−20058.
315:Cherenkov radiation
1158:Coffee ring effect
965:Infiltration basin
945:Facultative lagoon
703:2011-05-11 at the
564:on 13 October 2007
464:2019-06-22 at the
404:2017-05-07 at the
381:2018-02-14 at the
340:2019-03-21 at the
300:Nuclear fuel cycle
220:
136:
104:
57:ionizing radiation
38:
1372:Radioactive waste
1354:
1353:
1295:Pond of Abundance
1229:Aquatic ecosystem
806:Ritter, Andreas.
787:www-news.iaea.org
472:, September, 2012
305:Radioactive waste
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940:Evaporation pond
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812:isoe-network.net
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241:enrichment level
177:district heating
84:dry cask storage
76:Morris Operation
53:nuclear reactors
41:Spent fuel pools
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1339:Water Lilies
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1333:Water garden
1313:(M C Escher)
1310:
1260:Bakki shower
1114:
1095:Natural pool
995:Raceway pond
925:Cooling pond
915:Ballast pond
836:
811:
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790:. Retrieved
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766:. Retrieved
762:the original
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725:. Retrieved
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592:. Retrieved
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566:. Retrieved
562:the original
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540:. Retrieved
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491:
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436:. Retrieved
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269:neutron flux
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181:desalination
166:
149:dissociation
137:
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80:reprocessing
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25:
1285:Hydric soil
1173:Seep puddle
1135:Vernal pool
1120:Stream pool
1105:Plunge pool
970:Kettle pond
950:Garden pond
111:, often as
1361:Categories
1300:Pond liner
1290:Phytotelma
1221:Ecosystems
1191:Beaver dam
1100:Ocean pool
1085:Brine pool
1050:Waste pond
1025:Solar pond
792:2021-06-09
768:2011-04-05
683:24 October
640:2011-04-19
321:References
247:neutrons.
245:moderating
196:radiolysis
171:activity,
145:Radiolysis
119:to ensure
61:decay heat
49:spent fuel
1280:Full pond
1201:Fish pond
1196:Duck pond
1153:Bird bath
1130:Tide pool
1035:Stew pond
985:Mill pond
980:Melt pond
488:ACS Omega
200:catalysts
153:molecules
125:actinides
94:Operation
69:radiation
67:from its
1211:Koi pond
1040:Tailings
1030:Stepwell
1005:Sag pond
975:Log pond
955:Ice pond
935:Dew pond
905:Ash pond
727:18 March
721:Archived
701:Archived
677:Archived
659:CTV News
634:Archived
594:18 March
588:Archived
568:18 March
542:18 March
536:Archived
518:35722008
462:Archived
438:18 March
432:Archived
402:Archived
379:Archived
338:Archived
279:See also
157:hydrogen
109:boron-10
1341:(Monet)
1305:Ponding
1248:Related
1145:Puddles
889:puddles
169:fission
1318:Spring
1311:Puddle
1163:Puddle
516:
147:, the
1183:Biome
1073:Pools
897:Ponds
885:Ponds
206:Risks
173:China
51:from
1346:Well
1045:Tarn
920:Beel
729:2016
685:2013
596:2016
570:2016
544:2016
514:PMID
440:2016
255:the
251:the
179:and
59:and
612:",
504:hdl
496:doi
273:mSv
151:of
82:or
45:SFP
1363::
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417:^
390:^
349:^
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877:e
870:t
863:v
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