2884:
20:
2872:
2896:
334:) in a series of compartments. The structure of the facility is made up of monolithic reinforced concrete walls and top and bottom slabs, with the actual storage compartments formed by reinforced concrete partitions. The fuel is to be cooled by natural convection of air. The design capacity of the facility is 37,785 tonnes of uranium. It is now under construction and in the process of commissioning.
70:
vertically on a concrete pad at a dry cask storage site and use both metal and concrete outer cylinders for radiation shielding. Until 2024/25, there was no long term permanent storage facility anywhere in the world, and most countries still don't have a facility; dry cask storage is designed as an interim safer solution than spent fuel pool storage.
69:
There are various dry storage cask system designs. With some designs, the steel cylinders containing the fuel are placed vertically in a concrete vault; other designs orient the cylinders horizontally. The concrete vaults provide the radiation shielding. Other cask designs orient the steel cylinder
167:
According to the NRC's website in 2023, spent fuel placed in dry cask storage from the Diablo Canyon power plant in
California shows no sign of corrosion after more than a decade of storage and appears to be capable of lasting for 1800 years before succumbing to corrosion. Company videos, covering
104:
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the need for alternative storage in the United States began to grow when cooling pools at many nuclear reactors began to fill with stored spent fuel. As there was not a national nuclear storage facility in operation at the time, utilities began looking at options
144:
The 2008, NRC guidelines call for fuels to have spent at least five years in a storage pool before being moved to dry casks. The industry norm is about 10 years. The NRC describes the dry casks used in the US as "designed to resist floods, tornadoes, projectiles, temperature extremes, and other
163:
is being loaded into sealed metal casks filled with inert gas. Many of these casks will be stored in coastal or lakeside regions where a salt air environment exists, and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology is studying how such dry casks perform in salt environments. Cracking related to
77:, NAC International and Areva-Transnuclear NUHOMS – are marketing Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installations (ISFSI) based upon an unshielded multi-purpose canister which is transported and stored in on-site vertical or horizontal shielded storage modules constructed of steel and concrete.
215:
105:
for storing spent fuel. Dry cask storage was determined to be a practical option for storage of spent fuel and preferable to leaving large concentrations of spent fuel in cooling tanks. The first dry storage installation in the US was licensed by the
85:
During the 2000s, dry cask storage was used in the United States, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Belgium, the United
Kingdom, Japan, Armenia, Argentina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, South Korea, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine and Lithuania.
151:
In the 1990s, the NRC had to “take repeated actions to address defective welds on dry casks that led to cracks and quality assurance problems; helium had leaked into some casks, increasing temperatures and causing accelerated fuel corrosion”.
350:
reactors) since 2001, making it the longest-serving such facility in the former Soviet Union. The system was designed by the now-defunct Duke
Engineering of the United States, with the storage casks being manufactured locally.
1059:
880:
129:
will be out of room in their spent fuel pools by 2015, most likely requiring the use of temporary storage of some kind. Yucca
Mountain, in Nevada, was expected to open in 2017. However, on March 5, 2009,
370:) of France, later suspended and terminated due to technical difficulties. Holtec was originally hired as a subcontractor to dehydrate the spent fuel, eventually taking over the entire project.
238:. The transport from Gundremmingen to the Ahaus site met with considerable public protest and the power plant operators and the government later agreed to locate such casks at the powerplants.
1647:
946:
2233:
891:
439:
Dry cask storage allows spent fuel that has already been cooled in the spent fuel pool for at least one year to be surrounded by inert gas inside a container called a cask,
282:
is a cask used for transport and long-term storage of spent fuel and high-level waste also manufactured by GNS. Its inner and outer layers are steel, enclosing a layer of
2427:
636:
471:
Fuel is typically cooled at least 5 years in the pool before transfer to cask. NRC has authorized transfer as early as 3 years; the industry norm is about 10 years.
168:
the processes and remote handling, from the initial fuel loading to the removal and eventual dry-cask storage, are viewable on various video hosting domains.
1835:
887:
389:
89:
A similar system is also being implemented in Russia. However, it is based on 'storage compartments' in a single structure, rather than individual casks.
1362:
558:"Radiological and thermal characteristics of CASTOR RBMK-1500 and CONSTOR RBMK-1500 casks for spent nuclear fuel storage at ignalina Nuclear Power Plant"
1657:
1005:
2538:
96:
introduced the NUHOMS Matrix advanced used nuclear fuel storage overpack, a high-density system for storing multiple spent fuel rods in canisters.
2683:
975:
1342:
1664:
1095:
117:. Spent fuel is currently stored in dry cask systems at a growing number of power plant sites, and at an interim facility located at the
1430:
792:
586:
557:
1933:
954:
2172:
196:
915:
62:. Ideally, the steel cylinder provides leak-tight containment of the spent fuel. Each cylinder is surrounded by additional steel,
2932:
2383:
2223:
2162:
156:
2303:
1030:
2128:
838:
Safety and
Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage: Public Report (2006) Board on Radioactive Waste Management (BRWM)
689:
1357:
858:
531:
181:
164:
corrosion could occur in 30 years or less, and the NRC is studying whether the casks can be used for 100 years as some hope.
2179:
185:
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235:
131:
761:
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343:
227:
189:
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2067:
1945:
1602:
1463:
323:
193:
2621:
2470:
1928:
1068:
705:
148:
As of the end of 2009, 13,856 metric tons of commercial spent fuel – or about 22% – were stored in dry casks.
2395:
2228:
1652:
1580:
664:
460:
428:
359:
106:
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2475:
2184:
1938:
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in
Siberia, is not a 'cask' facility per se, as it is designed to accommodate the spent nuclear fuel (both
311:
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379:
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1950:
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118:
110:
983:
2806:
2648:
2548:
2460:
1669:
1555:
1515:
1327:
1062:
Evaluation of the
Technical Basis for Extended Dry Storage and Transportation of Used Nuclear Fuel
842:
302:
announced their intention to use 34 CONSTOR casks at the
Kozloduy NPP site before the end of 2010.
177:
608:
2711:
2678:
2653:
2267:
2044:
1850:
1773:
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1713:
1674:
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The
Russian dry storage facility for spent nuclear fuel, the HOT-2 at Mining Chemical Combine in
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2543:
1830:
1374:
836:
723:
2837:
2573:
2528:
1990:
1918:
1845:
1840:
1805:
1592:
1560:
1347:
1274:
521:
565:
73:
Some of the cask designs can be used for both storage and transportation. Three companies –
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2523:
2508:
1825:
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1619:
1525:
1453:
684:
404:
355:
74:
8:
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1905:
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1332:
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1127:
456:
66:, or other material to provide radiation shielding to workers and members of the public.
2827:
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2400:
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2138:
1788:
1758:
1742:
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1369:
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265:
122:
35:
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527:
31:
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1763:
1520:
1510:
1398:
1386:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1197:
846:
457:"Spent Fuel Storage in Pools and Dry Casks: Key Points and Questions & Answers"
342:
In Ukraine, a dry storage facility has been accepting spent fuel from the six-unit
724:"Spent Fuel Storage in Pools and Dry Casks Key Points and Questions & Answers"
2641:
2601:
2055:
1869:
1793:
1768:
1614:
1407:
1309:
1299:
1264:
1142:
1132:
640:
39:
2133:
290:
of the V/TC model was conducted in 2004; the results conformed to expectations.
200:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2336:
2243:
2212:
2194:
1718:
1624:
1570:
1535:
1468:
1415:
1269:
1162:
1147:
1137:
138:
2616:
748:
736:
2916:
2781:
2072:
1478:
1319:
399:
358:(of the USA) to build a dry spent fuel storage facility at the 1986 accident
269:
180:
is in the process of constructing a Dry Storage Cask storage facility on its
160:
126:
634:
Nuclear waste won't be going to Nevada's Yucca Mountain, Obama official says
2347:
1483:
1425:
1352:
1304:
1174:
55:
495:
2758:
2405:
1995:
1502:
1473:
768:
947:"На ГХК успешно завершен второй этап пусконаладки оборудования на ХОТ-2"
2111:
366:
reactors). The project was initially started with Framatome (currently
264:
adioactive material) is a trademarked brand of dry casks used to store
184:
site, which will be similar in many respects to existing facilities at
134:
921:. Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant Official Bulletin. 2008. Archived from
19:
2753:
2116:
2106:
1234:
1187:
1152:
1073:
363:
347:
287:
59:
2611:
2842:
2485:
2480:
2420:
2089:
2017:
2000:
1985:
1960:
1703:
1192:
850:
283:
141:
site was no longer considered an option for storing reactor waste.
114:
63:
2811:
2763:
2626:
2606:
2005:
1980:
1420:
1251:
1239:
1217:
1182:
1006:"Holtec International Launches the Chernobyl Dry Storage Project"
384:
314:
was placed in CASTOR and CONSTOR storage casks during the 2000s.
125:. The NRC estimated that many of the nuclear power plants in the
51:
2415:
2410:
2390:
2370:
2355:
2238:
1975:
1955:
1923:
916:"The English Language Bulletin of Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant"
797:
Ontario Power Generation; Darlington Waste Management Facility.
561:
2832:
2789:
2452:
2308:
2101:
1965:
367:
223:
222:
A centralized storage facility using dry casks is located at
93:
47:
881:"Drop Test Results of the Full Scale CONSTOR V/TC Prototype"
451:
449:
447:
2313:
2202:
2012:
1970:
484:
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Dry Cask Storage, Figure 43.
331:
327:
43:
519:
218:
Multipurpose Constor Storage, Transport, and Disposal Cask
214:
2286:
2150:
1069:
Locations of Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installations
444:
1031:"Energoatom tests Holtec used fuel casks at Rovno plant"
661:"Fact Sheet on Dry Cask Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel"
523:
Management of recyclable fissile and fertile materials
42:
for at least one year and often as much as ten years.
587:"Areva's space-saving solution for used fuel storage"
1060:
United States Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board,
390:
Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
176:In Canada, above-ground dry storage has been used.
1836:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
2914:
888:Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung
226:. As of 2011, it housed 311 casks: 305 from the
749:Spent Fuel Storage at Diablo Canyon Power Plant
692:: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy
564:, cited through CAT.INIST. 2006. Archived from
155:With the zeroing of the federal budget for the
58:closed. The fuel rods inside are surrounded by
276:(GNS), a German provider of nuclear services.
2539:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
1089:
1023:
494:Agency, IAEA – International Atomic Energy.
579:
1096:
1082:
206:also both operate dry storage facilities.
513:
2451:
647:. March 6, 2009, 4. Accessed 2009-03-06.
213:
197:Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station
137:reiterated in a Senate hearing that the
18:
655:
653:
589:. World Nuclear News. 29 September 2017
520:OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (May 2007).
496:"Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities (NFCIS)"
157:Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
2915:
2466:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
1103:
831:
829:
827:
791:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
690:Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power
2708:
2471:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
1880:
1867:
1077:
2895:
1868:
1033:. World Nuclear News. 12 August 2019
953:(in Russian). Russia. Archived from
703:
650:
552:
550:
186:Pickering Nuclear Generating Station
2476:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
908:
824:
204:Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station
13:
2285:
1436:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
706:"Researching Safer Nuclear Energy"
609:"NRC Graph of Spent Fuel Capacity"
493:
232:Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant
38:that has already been cooled in a
30:is a method of storing high-level
14:
2944:
1459:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
1358:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
1048:
547:
354:Another project is underway with
236:Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plant
2894:
2883:
2882:
2870:
2559:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
704:Wald, Matthew (August 9, 2011).
344:Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant
274:Gesellschaft für Nuklear-Service
228:Thorium High Temperature Reactor
190:Bruce Nuclear Generating Station
99:
16:Radioactive waste storage method
1648:Historical stockpiles and tests
998:
968:
939:
873:
800:
754:
742:
730:
716:
697:
678:
526:. OECD Publishing. p. 34.
324:Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
310:Spent fuel from the now-closed
272:). CASTORs are manufactured by
2933:Nuclear power plant components
2549:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
1431:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
737:Dry Fuel Storage (Yankee Rowe)
626:
601:
487:
476:
417:
1:
2877:Nuclear technology portal
461:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
429:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
411:
360:Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
107:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2739:Field-reversed configuration
2349:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
312:Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant
305:
300:Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant
7:
2696:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
1881:
1643:States with nuclear weapons
694:, World Scientific, p. 144.
373:
293:
10:
2949:
2928:Waste treatment technology
2709:
2534:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
1658:Tests in the United States
976:"News release August 2001"
407:, proposed storage in Utah
380:Deep geological repository
337:
298:In 2008, officials at the
209:
50:cylinders that are either
2864:
2820:
2772:
2729:
2719:
2671:
2659:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
2572:
2554:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
2519:
2502:
2442:
2369:
2361:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
2335:
2326:
2278:
2258:
2211:
2193:
2149:
2054:
2036:
1904:
1891:
1876:
1863:
1818:
1751:
1696:
1687:
1635:
1543:
1534:
1501:
1444:
1406:
1397:
1318:
1250:
1173:
1115:
1111:
808:"How Is It Stored Today?"
632:Hebert, H. Josef. 2009. “
317:
171:
119:Idaho National Laboratory
111:Surry Nuclear Power Plant
2564:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
2180:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
1516:Electron-beam processing
843:National Academies Press
178:Ontario Power Generation
80:
2679:Organic nuclear reactor
1851:Nuclear power phase-out
1774:Nuclear decommissioning
1714:Reactor-grade plutonium
1464:Targeted alpha-particle
1343:Accidents and incidents
395:Nuclear decommissioning
219:
24:
1841:Anti-nuclear movement
1055:NRC: Dry Cask Storage
217:
109:(NRC) in 1986 at the
23:Dry cask storage area
22:
2749:Reversed field pinch
2544:Traveling-wave (TWR)
2028:Supercritical (SCWR)
1526:Gemstone irradiation
685:Benjamin K. Sovacool
405:Private Fuel Storage
356:Holtec International
145:unusual scenarios."
75:Holtec International
1914:Aqueous homogeneous
1709:Reprocessed uranium
1382:Safety and security
2828:Dense plasma focus
1743:Actinide chemistry
1208:Isotope separation
1105:Nuclear technology
639:2011-03-24 at the
425:"Dry Cask Storage"
266:spent nuclear fuel
220:
123:Idaho Falls, Idaho
92:In 2017, France's
36:spent nuclear fuel
25:
2923:Radioactive waste
2910:
2909:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2807:Magnetized-target
2704:
2703:
2667:
2666:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2438:
2437:
2322:
2321:
2254:
2253:
1859:
1858:
1814:
1813:
1683:
1682:
1670:Weapon-free zones
1497:
1496:
1489:Radiopharmacology
860:978-0-309-09647-8
533:978-92-64-03255-2
234:, and 3 from the
32:radioactive waste
2940:
2898:
2897:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2785:
2744:Levitated dipole
2714:
2706:
2705:
2654:Helium gas (GFR)
2517:
2516:
2512:
2449:
2448:
2333:
2332:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1870:Nuclear reactors
1865:
1864:
1764:High-level (HLW)
1694:
1693:
1541:
1540:
1521:Food irradiation
1511:Atomic gardening
1404:
1403:
1387:Nuclear meltdown
1213:Nuclear material
1203:Fissile material
1198:Fertile material
1113:
1112:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1027:
1021:
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1018:
1016:
1010:businesswire.com
1002:
996:
995:
993:
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982:. Archived from
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963:
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943:
937:
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920:
912:
906:
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903:
902:
896:
890:. Archived from
885:
877:
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868:
867:
833:
822:
821:
819:
818:
804:
798:
796:
790:
782:
780:
779:
773:
767:. Archived from
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758:
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734:
728:
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720:
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695:
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676:
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159:in Nevada, more
132:Energy Secretary
28:Dry cask storage
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2947:
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2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2871:
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2264:
2263:
2250:
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2207:
2189:
2154:
2145:
2059:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2032:
1946:Natural fission
1900:
1899:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1855:
1831:Nuclear weapons
1810:
1769:Low-level (LLW)
1747:
1679:
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1530:
1493:
1440:
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834:
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806:
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801:
784:
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777:
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762:"Archived copy"
760:
759:
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743:
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721:
717:
702:
698:
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679:
670:
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659:
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645:Chicago Tribune
641:Wayback Machine
631:
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584:
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569:
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500:infcis.iaea.org
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40:spent fuel pool
17:
12:
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2908:
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2862:
2861:
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2838:Muon-catalyzed
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2529:Integral (IFR)
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2136:
2131:
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2099:
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2064:
2062:
2057:
2049:
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2025:
2024:
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2015:
2010:
2009:
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1993:
1988:
1983:
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1973:
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1941:
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1719:Minor actinide
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1416:Autoradiograph
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1166:
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1160:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1138:Atomic nucleus
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1072:
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1066:
1057:
1050:
1049:External links
1047:
1045:
1044:
1022:
997:
986:on 13 May 2013
967:
938:
907:
872:
859:
851:10.17226/11263
823:
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710:New York Times
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139:Yucca Mountain
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46:are typically
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3:
2:
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2574:Generation IV
2571:
2565:
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2557:
2555:
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2550:
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2545:
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2537:
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2525:
2524:Breeder (FBR)
2522:
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1826:Nuclear power
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1806:Transmutation
1804:
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1603:high-altitude
1601:
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1593:Proliferation
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1479:Brachytherapy
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1275:Cross section
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1007:
1001:
985:
981:
977:
971:
957:on 2014-03-02
956:
952:
948:
942:
928:on 2013-05-24
924:
917:
911:
897:on 2012-03-26
893:
889:
882:
876:
862:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:
832:
830:
828:
813:
809:
803:
794:
788:
774:on 2007-10-13
770:
763:
757:
750:
745:
738:
733:
725:
719:
711:
707:
700:
693:
691:
686:
681:
667:. May 7, 2009
666:
662:
656:
654:
646:
642:
638:
635:
629:
614:
610:
604:
588:
582:
568:on 2012-08-17
567:
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406:
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400:Nuclear flask
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285:
281:
277:
275:
271:
270:nuclear waste
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
237:
233:
230:, 3 from the
229:
225:
216:
207:
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202:
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187:
183:
179:
169:
165:
162:
161:nuclear waste
158:
153:
149:
146:
142:
140:
136:
133:
128:
127:United States
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
100:United States
97:
95:
90:
87:
78:
76:
71:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2899:
2887:
2868:
2848:Pyroelectric
2802:Laser-driven
2582:Sodium (SFR)
2509:fast-neutron
2348:
1894:
1798:
1784:Reprocessing
1665:WMD treaties
1484:Radiosurgery
1454:Fast-neutron
1426:Scintigraphy
1061:
1035:. Retrieved
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
984:the original
979:
970:
959:. Retrieved
955:the original
950:
941:
930:. Retrieved
923:the original
910:
899:. Retrieved
892:the original
875:
864:. Retrieved
837:
815:. Retrieved
811:
802:
776:. Retrieved
769:the original
756:
744:
732:
718:
709:
699:
688:
680:
669:. Retrieved
644:
628:
616:. Retrieved
612:
603:
593:29 September
591:. Retrieved
581:
570:. Retrieved
566:the original
537:. Retrieved
522:
515:
503:. Retrieved
499:
489:
478:
470:
464:. Retrieved
438:
432:. Retrieved
419:
353:
341:
321:
309:
297:
286:. A 9-meter
279:
278:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:
221:
175:
166:
154:
150:
147:
143:
103:
91:
88:
84:
72:
68:
27:
26:
2759:Stellarator
2723:confinement
2617:Superphénix
2444:Molten-salt
2396:VHTR (HTGR)
2173:HW BLWR 250
2139:R4 Marviken
2068:Pressurized
2038:Heavy water
2022:many others
1951:Pressurized
1906:Light water
1608:underground
1566:Disarmament
1474:Tomotherapy
1469:Proton-beam
1333:Power plant
1295:Temperature
1128:Engineering
980:Duke Energy
268:(a type of
252:torage and
2917:Categories
2784:(acoustic)
2401:PBR (PBMR)
1789:Spent fuel
1779:Repository
1759:Fuel cycle
1726:Activation
1503:Processing
1370:Propulsion
1328:by country
1260:Activation
961:2013-03-30
932:2010-10-09
901:2010-01-10
866:2011-03-21
817:2020-05-12
778:2008-04-12
671:2011-03-21
572:2010-01-01
466:2013-11-27
434:2011-03-17
412:References
194:NB Power's
182:Darlington
135:Steven Chu
34:, such as
2754:Spheromak
2453:Fluorides
2117:IPHWR-700
2112:IPHWR-540
2107:IPHWR-220
1896:Moderator
1576:Explosion
1551:Arms race
1338:Economics
1290:Reflector
1285:Radiation
1280:Generator
1235:Plutonium
1188:Deuterium
1153:Radiation
1123:Chemistry
1037:13 August
951:sibghk.ru
364:RBMK-1000
348:VVER-1000
306:Lithuania
288:drop test
256:ransport
60:inert gas
2889:Category
2843:Polywell
2774:Inertial
2731:Magnetic
2486:TMSR-LF1
2481:TMSR-500
2461:Fuji MSR
2421:THTR-300
2261:Graphite
2124:PHWR KWU
2090:ACR-1000
2018:IPWR-900
2001:ACPR1000
1996:HPR-1000
1986:CPR-1000
1961:APR-1400
1752:Disposal
1704:Actinide
1697:Products
1556:Delivery
1399:Medicine
1228:depleted
1223:enriched
1193:Helium-3
1158:ionizing
1015:18 April
990:18 April
845:. 2006.
787:cite web
687:(2011).
637:Archived
618:18 April
539:22 March
505:18 April
374:See also
294:Bulgaria
284:concrete
115:Virginia
64:concrete
2901:Commons
2812:Z-pinch
2782:Bubble
2764:Tokamak
2627:FBR-600
2607:CFR-600
2602:BN-1200
2268:coolant
2195:Organic
2080:CANDU 9
2077:CANDU 6
2045:coolant
2006:ACP1000
1981:CAP1400
1919:Boiling
1884:Fission
1731:Fission
1675:Weapons
1615:Warfare
1598:Testing
1588:History
1581:effects
1536:Weapons
1446:Therapy
1421:RadBall
1408:Imaging
1300:Thermal
1265:Capture
1252:Neutron
1240:Thorium
1218:Uranium
1183:Tritium
1163:braking
1143:Fission
1133:Physics
1116:Science
812:nwmo.ca
613:nrc.gov
385:Ducrete
338:Ukraine
280:CONSTOR
248:sk for
210:Germany
2712:Fusion
2672:Others
2612:Phénix
2597:BN-800
2592:BN-600
2587:BN-350
2416:HTR-PM
2411:HTR-10
2391:UHTREX
2356:Magnox
2351:(UNGG)
2244:Lucens
2239:KS 150
1976:ATMEA1
1956:AP1000
1939:Kerena
1819:Debate
1571:Ethics
1561:Design
1544:Topics
1375:rocket
1353:Fusion
1348:Policy
1310:Fusion
1270:Poison
1148:Fusion
857:
562:Hanser
530:
318:Russia
242:CASTOR
172:Canada
56:bolted
52:welded
2833:Migma
2821:Other
2790:Fusor
2689:Piqua
2684:Arbus
2642:PRISM
2384:MHR-T
2379:GTMHR
2309:EGP-6
2304:AMB-X
2279:Water
2224:HWGCR
2163:HWLWR
2102:IPHWR
2073:CANDU
1934:ESBWR
1689:Waste
1653:Tests
1636:Lists
1620:Yield
1363:MMRTG
1320:Power
926:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
895:(PDF)
884:(PDF)
772:(PDF)
765:(PDF)
368:AREVA
224:Ahaus
121:near
94:Areva
81:Usage
48:steel
44:Casks
2649:Lead
2632:CEFR
2622:PFBR
2504:None
2314:RBMK
2299:AM-1
2229:EL-4
2203:WR-1
2185:AHWR
2129:MZFR
2097:CVTR
2086:AFCR
2013:VVER
1971:APWR
1966:APR+
1929:ABWR
1799:cask
1794:pool
1736:LLFP
1625:TNTe
1305:Fast
1175:Fuel
1064:2010
1039:2019
1017:2018
992:2018
855:ISBN
793:link
620:2018
595:2017
541:2011
528:ISBN
507:2018
332:RBMK
330:and
328:VVER
199:and
188:and
2721:by
2637:PFR
2428:PMR
2406:AVR
2328:Gas
2266:by
2234:KKN
2168:ATR
2083:EC6
2043:by
1991:EPR
1924:BWR
847:doi
665:NRC
643:.”
113:in
54:or
2919::
2371:He
2337:CO
2213:CO
2134:R3
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