38:
371:. FISA warrant requests are rarely denied. If an application is denied by one judge of the court, the federal government is not allowed to make the same application to a different judge of the court but may appeal to the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review. Such appeals are rare: the first appeal from the FISC to the Court of Review was made in 2002 (
223:
In that way, Article 101(1) of the
Constitution is explained as forbidding establishment of both extraordinary court and special courtas, which are substantially the same concept. As the Constitution bans judgments by irregularly-composed judges, courts in the City of
66:, composed of irregularly selected judges or applies irregular procedure for judgment. Since extraordinary court can be abused to infringe fundamental rights of individuals, contemporaly most of countries ban such courts by constitution or statutes. Usually, modern
495:"Jarvis, H. (2016). Trials and Tribulations: The Long Quest for Justice for the Cambodian Genocide. In: Meisenberg, S., Stegmiller, I. (eds) The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. International Criminal Justice Series, vol 6. (pp.21-25)"
474:"Weissbrodt, D., & Hansen, J. (2013). The Right to a Fair Trial in an Extraordinary Court. In F. Aoláin & O. Gross (Eds.), Guantánamo and Beyond: Exceptional Courts and Military Commissions in Comparative Perspective (pp. 305-310)"
537:"Thiedemann, H. (2003). The "Lawful Judge" - a Comparative Survey on the Allocation of Cases to Judges in South Africa and Germany. Verfassung Und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 36(2), 230–232"
201:
itself means just the concept of 'special court', but the use of that term is discouraged, as it can referred to legacy of Nazis, That causes contemporary courts in
Germany with special jurisdiction (such as
306:(including Supreme Court Justices), military judges and Constitutional Court Justices as constitutional grounds for non-qualified senior military officers to participate in military court judgments as
295:
353:
100:
283:
418:
343:
116:
83:
115:, but its judges are not of the ordinary Cambodian judiciary but are selected among international candidates nominated by
37:
347:
245:
17:
207:
156:
299:
287:
372:
303:
622:
279:
164:
556:
294:, in ordinary courts, but Article 111(2) of the Constitution does not rerquire military judges in the
580:
426:
136:
515:
648:
402:
291:
30:"Special court" redirects here. For courts with specialized subject-matter jurisdiction, see
233:
203:
94:
42:
8:
601:
112:
453:
31:
516:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (officially translated into English)"
229:
322:
312:
266:
256:
212:
193:
179:
169:
160:
147:
67:
232:
in
Germany are also constituted by ordinary judges, according to Section 11a of
448:
443:
414:
298:
to have competence as ordinary court judges by 110(3) of the
Constitution. The
275:
120:
71:
604:(in Korean). Ministry of Government Legislation, Korean Law Information Center
494:
330:) in exceptional cases, according to article 22(3) of the Military Court Act.
642:
410:
406:
357:
132:
473:
422:
394:
188:
425:
administrations to assert jurisdiction over terror suspects designated as
398:
386:
361:
251:
108:
557:"German Code of Criminal Procedure (officially translated into English)"
536:
339:
368:
63:
625:. Korea Legislation Research Institute, Korea Law Translation Center
583:. Korea Legislation Research Institute, Korea Law Translation Center
379:
104:
290:
must have qualification as judges, which includes
Justices in the
225:
142:
302:
explains that constitutional difference of qualification among
206:' on cases of social security matters) to be called a kind of '
438:
382:
59:
46:
in
Cambodia is contemporary example of extraordinary court
390:
364:
103:, which is basically a chamber in the national court of
354:
United States
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
155:) is strictly prohibited by article 101(1) of the
107:that is specially designed to judge crimes of the
74:are regarded as examples of extraordinary courts.
602:"Constitutional Court decision, October 31, 1996"
640:
101:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
246:Judiciary of South Korea § Military courts
413:. These were most recently created under the
393:, operating outside the scope of conventional
375:), 24 years after the founding of the court.
145:, the establishment of extraordinary courts (
27:Court with irregular procedure or composition
320:), together with qualified military judges (
575:
573:
62:that is established outside of ordinary
36:
581:"Constitution of the Republic of Korea"
476:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
409:. Military tribunals are distinct from
344:military tribunals in the United States
254:, the establishment of special courts (
117:Secretary-General of the United Nations
14:
641:
360:authorizing surveillance of suspected
274:) is exceptionally allowed only for a
137:German military law § Current law
570:
417:administration and authorized by the
401:proceedings. The judges are military
278:, according to Article 110(1) of the
119:, according to an agreement between
84:List of special tribunals and courts
24:
25:
660:
264:), meaning extraordinary courts (
348:combatant status review tribunal
333:
220:), composed of ordinary judges.
497:. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague
389:members of enemy forces during
615:
594:
559:. Bundesministerium der Justiz
549:
529:
518:. Bundesministerium der Justiz
508:
487:
465:
239:
123:and the Cambodian government.
99:An extraordinary court is the
13:
1:
459:
300:Constitutional Court of Korea
228:with special jurisdiction on
77:
373:In re Sealed Case No. 02-001
187:that was established during
7:
432:
356:has the authority to issue
280:Constitution of South Korea
88:
10:
665:
337:
243:
130:
126:
92:
81:
29:
427:unlawful enemy combatants
419:Military Commissions Acts
326:
316:
270:
260:
405:and fulfill the role of
296:Military Court of Korea
177:), which was a kind of
157:Constitution of Germany
292:Supreme Court of Korea
216:
197:
183:
173:
151:
47:
338:Further information:
304:ordinary court judges
282:. It is notable that
244:Further information:
131:Further information:
93:Further information:
40:
623:"Military Court Act"
288:Constitutional Court
234:German Criminal Code
204:Federal Social Court
95:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
43:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
421:under the Bush and
159:, in reflection of
52:extraordinary court
113:Cambodian genocide
48:
471:For example, see
454:Specialized court
208:specialized court
32:specialized court
16:(Redirected from
656:
634:
633:
631:
630:
619:
613:
612:
610:
609:
598:
592:
591:
589:
588:
577:
568:
567:
565:
564:
553:
547:
546:
544:
543:
533:
527:
526:
524:
523:
512:
506:
505:
503:
502:
491:
485:
484:
482:
481:
469:
328:
318:
272:
262:
250:In contemporary
230:military justice
174:Volksgerichtshof
152:Ausnahmegerichte
21:
664:
663:
659:
658:
657:
655:
654:
653:
639:
638:
637:
628:
626:
621:
620:
616:
607:
605:
600:
599:
595:
586:
584:
579:
578:
571:
562:
560:
555:
554:
550:
541:
539:
535:
534:
530:
521:
519:
514:
513:
509:
500:
498:
493:
492:
488:
479:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
435:
378:There are also
350:
336:
248:
242:
161:judicial murder
139:
129:
97:
91:
86:
80:
68:military courts
58:, is a type of
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
662:
652:
651:
649:Courts by type
636:
635:
614:
593:
569:
548:
528:
507:
486:
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
451:
449:Ordinary court
446:
444:Military court
441:
434:
431:
415:George W. Bush
411:courts-martial
387:judicially try
335:
332:
276:military court
241:
238:
165:People's Court
128:
125:
121:United Nations
90:
87:
79:
76:
72:courts-martial
26:
18:Special Courts
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
661:
650:
647:
646:
644:
624:
618:
603:
597:
582:
576:
574:
558:
552:
538:
532:
517:
511:
496:
490:
475:
468:
464:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
363:
359:
355:
349:
345:
341:
334:United States
331:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
247:
237:
235:
231:
227:
221:
219:
218:
214:
209:
205:
200:
199:
198:Sondergericht
195:
190:
186:
185:
184:Sondergericht
181:
176:
175:
171:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:
149:
144:
138:
134:
133:Sondergericht
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
96:
85:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:special court
53:
45:
44:
39:
33:
19:
627:. Retrieved
617:
606:. Retrieved
596:
585:. Retrieved
561:. Retrieved
551:
540:. Retrieved
531:
520:. Retrieved
510:
499:. Retrieved
489:
478:. Retrieved
467:
385:designed to
377:
351:
321:
311:
308:adjudicators
307:
265:
255:
249:
222:
217:Fachgerichte
211:
192:
189:Nazi Germany
178:
168:
146:
140:
111:such as the
98:
55:
51:
49:
41:
252:South Korea
240:South Korea
191:. The term
109:Khmer Rouge
629:2022-05-21
608:2022-05-22
587:2022-05-22
563:2022-05-21
542:2022-05-21
522:2022-05-21
501:2022-05-21
480:2022-05-21
460:References
369:terrorists
340:FISA court
141:In modern
82:See also:
78:By country
70:judged by
64:judiciary
643:Category
433:See also
403:officers
395:criminal
380:military
358:warrants
284:Justices
105:Cambodia
89:Cambodia
391:wartime
362:foreign
286:at the
226:Kempten
143:Germany
127:Germany
407:jurors
383:courts
346:, and
323:Korean
313:Korean
267:Korean
257:Korean
213:German
194:German
180:German
170:German
148:German
439:Court
423:Obama
399:civil
365:spies
60:court
54:, or
397:and
352:The
271:예외법원
261:특별법원
135:and
367:or
327:군판사
317:심판관
210:' (
163:by
50:An
645::
572:^
429:.
342:,
325::
315::
269::
259::
236:.
215::
196::
182::
172::
150::
632:.
611:.
590:.
566:.
545:.
525:.
504:.
483:.
310:(
202:'
167:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
