Spartacus League - Knowledge

681: 790: 1097:, which at that time was dominated by the Bolsheviks, and from then on followed its political line more closely. After Lenin's death, the KPD leadership increasingly followed Stalin's ideological course and excluded his critics, including former Spartacists such as Paul Levi, August Thalheimer, Heinrich Brandler and others. The "left opposition", the council-communist Communist Workers Party of Germany and the General Workers Union, since they were united in their rejection of Stalinism, united in 1926 to form the "Spartacus League of Left Communist Organizations", also called "Spartacus League No. 2". Its attempt to unite radical left-wing groups as an alternative to the KPD achieved only further fragmentation. 60: 1069: 798: 133: 990: 144: 1002:

the IKD, on the other hand, strongly opposed participation. Their motion to boycott the elections received a majority of 62 votes to 23. The majority of the party congress shared the view formulated by Liebknecht a week earlier: "The National Assembly means nothing other than a formal political democracy. It does not at all mean that democracy which socialism has always demanded. The ballot is certainly not the lever by which the power of the capitalist social order can be unhinged."

1090:. Until the founding of the KPD, it saw itself as part of a class-conscious international social democracy which rests on the shoulders of the working mass of the people, meaning that working class organizations needed to express and enforce its will. The Spartacus League's founders had therefore criticized both the reformism of the majority social democrats and Lenin's one-party system and its tendencies toward a state bureaucracy after Russia's October Revolution. 900:). In the first issue Rosa Luxemburg called for the nationwide abolition of the death penalty as a first step toward fundamental judicial and social reform. From 10 December she advocated a soviet republic and the controlled disarmament of soldiers by workers' councils. This was because on 6 December the first exchange of fire had occurred between Reich soldiers and the supporters of the USPD and the council movement. Behind the event was the secret 10 November 1918 410: 478: 540: 878: 1045:“Order prevails in Warsaw!” “Order prevails in Paris!” “Order prevails in Berlin!” Every half-century that is what the bulletins from the guardians of “order” proclaim from one center of the world-historic struggle to the next. And the jubilant “victors” fail to notice that any “order” that needs to be regularly maintained through bloody slaughter heads inexorably toward its historic destiny; its own demise. 677:. The reforms strengthened the Reichstag and the parliamentary form of government, but the emperor still appointed the chancellor and retained command authority. On 7 October 1918 the Spartacus Group reacted to the reforms and to the SPD's participation in them with an illegally held Reich conference in Berlin. There a revolutionary program against war and capitalism was adopted. Its demands were: 782:

organizational influence on them, since until then such activity had been banned. The German workers' and soldiers' councils arose spontaneously in sections of the imperial military, local governments, and large industrial enterprises. They were not subordinate to a party and, unlike the Russian soviets, did not serve to pave the way for the exclusive control of any one party.

401:, an outspoken anti-militarist, voted in favor because of the SPD's unwritten rule to maintain party solidarity and unity. With its approval of the imperial government's war policy, the SPD parliamentary group abandoned three program points that they had adhered to since the party's founding: proletarian internationalism, class struggle and opposition to militarism. 1117:(East Germany) found the Spartacus League and its politics controversial. In 1938 Stalin classified the November Revolution as a "bourgeois" rather than a socialist revolution, devalued the councils of the time as "compliant tools of the bourgeois parliament" and held them responsible for the failure of the revolution. The leadership of the 985:

left-wing radicals and the International Communists of Germany (IKD) of the prospects and the necessity of unifying. In doing so Radek contradicted the central statement of the Spartacus program that the party would take over the government only through the clear will of a majority of the population.

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class, to overcome national "fragmentation into fatherlands and little fatherlands", and to create a socialist republic. To this end, the workers' and soldiers' councils were to assume all power, the Reichstag and all state parliaments eliminated, along with the provisional Reich government under the

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The idea of a withdrawal from the SPD that was contemplated by some International Group members was quickly discarded since it was expected that the government would soon ban the SPD's activities and that the SPD majority would then abandon the political truce. It was decided to organize the struggle

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The Spartacus League will never take over governmental power except in response to the clear, unambiguous will of the great majority of the proletarian mass of all of Germany, never except by the proletariat’s conscious affirmation of the views, aims, and methods of struggle of the Spartacus League.

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The Spartacus Group remained organizationally and politically independent of the Bolsheviks until it was absorbed into the KPD. It came closer to them politically only in the course of the November Revolution in Germany, when it decided in December 1918 to found a separate party with other left-wing

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and seized state power, but she criticized the Bolsheviks' party organization, Lenin's cadre concept, and the intra-party dictatorship for the way they impeded and stifled the democratic participation of workers in the revolution. The other Spartacists deferred public criticism of the Bolsheviks out

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The International Group came about through Rosa Luxemburg's initiative. Immediately after the vote on war loans, she invited the SPD opponents of the war who were her friends to her Berlin apartment. The evening meeting on 4 August 1914 was attended by six guests who, together with Luxemburg, formed

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conference, additional antiwar measures were decided on, including that the working classes should "exert every effort to prevent the outbreak of war by the means they considered most effective". The SPD had explicitly and repeatedly opposed an imperialist war in Europe, approved measures against it

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as a learning ground for building a new radical democratic international. The West German extra-parliamentary opposition took its cue from historical attempts at council democracy and, like the Spartacists and other Marxists, regarded it as a form of direct democracy superior to parliamentarianism.

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the strongest influence of the Spartacus League was on the student movement of the 1960s. After its expulsion from the SPD in 1961, the majority of the Socialist German Student League (SDS) held a Marxist-Leninist view of history in which the Soviet Union, East Germany and the East German Communist

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for refusing to use his forces against the People's Navy Division during the confrontation at the Berlin Palace. The KPD joined the call to action. It attempted to involve the soldiers' councils of the Berlin regiments in the overthrow of Friedrich Ebert's government in what came to be known as the

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Because of Ebert's actions and the behavior of the USPD, which was criticized as fickle and inconsistent, the Spartacus League decided on 22 December 1918 to hold a Reich congress in Berlin on 30 December to discuss the founding of a party, the relationship to the USPD, and parliamentary elections.

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was intended to express a higher level of organization and at the same time to distinguish it from the USPD. In the November Revolution the Spartacus League fought for taking power from the military, the socialization of key industries and the creation of a soviet republic as a future German state.

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The International Group saw the SPD's approval of the war loans as a betrayal of the goals of pan-European social democracy and especially of the international solidarity of the workers' movement against the war. It maintained its pre-war goals and rejected the war as an imperialist genocide by the

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In addition to the party name, its relationship to parliamentarianism was highly controversial. The leading Spartacus members Rosa Luxemburg, Paul Levi, Leo Jogiches, Käte Duncker, and hesitantly also Karl Liebknecht, were in favor of the KPD participating in the upcoming elections. Otto Rühle and

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of the Supreme Army Command to take swift action against leftist uprisings in exchange for an assurance of the armed forces' loyalty to the new government. The 6 December fighting took place because Groener, in order to prevent power from being taken away from the Reich military, wanted to prevent

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The minority of declared opponents of the war within the SPD parliamentary group had grown to 20 by December 1915. Karl Liebknecht was expelled from the party in January 1916, Otto Rühle resigned in solidarity with Liebknecht, and the 18 other dissenters were expelled in March 1916. Meanwhile, the

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followed the prescriptions from the time of its founding and thus did not interpret the Spartacus League as a revolutionary party, but rather emphasized its weaknesses and organizational shortcomings. In this way it justified the necessity of a centralized cadre party for a successful revolution.

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In 1919 the SPD and its press organs portrayed the Spartacus League as an offshoot of the Bolsheviks and the originator of uprisings and attempted coups. They invoked the danger of Bolshevism as something that had to be fought, even militarily, in order to save democracy. Although the Spartacus

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In anticipation of the end of the war, Karl Liebknecht was released from prison under an amnesty on 23 October 1918. He joined the executive council of the Berlin Revolutionary Stewards on 26 October and planned mass demonstrations with them to launch a national revolution. Because the Stewards

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who were independent of parties but often close to the USPD had emerged and now carried the revolution into big cities throughout the Reich. The newly formed workers' councils took up some of the demands of the Spartacus Group without it having called on them to do so or being able to exert any

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On 31 December 1918, 127 delegates, including 94 Spartacists and 29 IKD representatives, decided to unite to form the "Communist Party of Germany (Spartacus League)". Negotiations with the Revolutionary Stewards for their admission failed in part because Liebknecht did not want to drop the

576:(MSPD). The Spartacus Group joined the USPD even though it had previously opposed splitting the SPD. But it retained its group status as a "closed propaganda association" in order to influence the USPD. In the USPD, too, the internationalist Marxists were a minority. Revisionists like 1064:

Franz Mehring died at the end of January 1919 and in March 1919 Leo Jogiches was murdered in prison after being arrested while investigating the deaths of Luxemburg and Liebknecht. With the deaths of four of the founders of the Spartacus League, its history came to an

536:) that Rosa Luxemburg had written while in prison. On 27 January the first of the illegal "Spartacus Letters" appeared. They detailed the group's goals and gave it the popular name "Spartacus" that its members adopted, calling themselves the "Spartacus Group". 608:

and remained uninfluenced by them. Rosa Luxemburg saw educating German workers about the revolution as the Spartacus Group's most important task at the time. From the summer of 1917 she and Leo Jogiches criticized the Bolsheviks' putschist policies against

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There was no joy over what had been achieved that day in the Spartacus Group. The following night the leaders agreed that only a "first, quick victory" had been won. The goals set were to completely eliminate feudalism and the aristocratic Prussian

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were initially the only ones to declare their support for the appeal. On 30 October 1914, the International Group publicly distanced itself from the SPD leadership, which had previously criticized the Second International in the Swiss newspaper

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The Spartacus Group issued a Reich-wide leaflet with these demands. It stressed that they were a touchstone for the democratic intentions of the MSPD, whose entry into the wartime government it regarded as a betrayal of the workers' interests.

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supplementary "Spartacus League" from the party name. Rosa Luxemburg had argued for "Socialist Party" in order to preserve the independence of German communists from the Bolsheviks and to facilitate their cooperation with other socialists.

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League had neither created, organized nor led the soviet movement and had no real options for attaining power, conservative and radical right-wing parties also shared the SPD's view, with the result that it became the prevalent one in the

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At the Reich Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils, only ten of 489 delegates represented the Spartacus League. Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were not even allowed to attend as guests. The majority of delegates voted to hold

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The link to the council movement that emerged in 1918 and Rosa Luxemburg's theory of the spontaneity of the working class as the motor of revolution thus became the determining factors for the Spartacus League's theory of revolution.

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Ottokar Luban, The Role of the Spartacist Group after 9 November 1918 and the Formation of the KPD, in: Ralf Hoffrogge and Norman LaPorte (eds.), Weimar Communism as Mass Movement 1918–1933, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2017, pp.

592:, an international antiwar convention held in September 1915, they had refused to defend their rejection in the face of the party discipline of the SPD in the Reichstag. The Spartacus Group had severely criticized them at the time. 972:

blamed Ebert and, unaware of his secret agreement with Groener, saw his actions as an attempt to block the revolutionary goals they had jointly agreed on. They therefore resigned from the interim government on 29 December 1918.

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On 5 January 1919, the Berlin armaments factories' Revolutionary Stewards, who had organized the January strike the previous year, instigated an armed uprising in protest against the dismissal of Berlin Police President

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Die Studentenbewegungen in den Vereinigten Staaten und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland der sechziger Jahre: eine Untersuchung hinsichtlich ihrer Beeinflussung durch Befreiungsbewegungen und -theorien aus der Dritten

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On 11 November 1918, on Liebknecht's initiative, the Spartacus Group was re-founded at the Excelsior Hotel in Berlin. It became an autonomous, party-independent, national organization. The new name Spartacus League

946:. A disappointed Rosa Luxemburg described the congress as a "willing tool of the counterrevolution". The congress's results accelerated the Spartacists' drive to break away from the USPD and form their own party. 977:

In the interim it had delegates elected from throughout Germany. Many arrived in Berlin as early as 29 December, and on the same day a majority of them decided to found a new party. Above all, the Polish guest

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the socialization of the means of production, the expropriation of all bank capital, mines and smelters – in other words, the heavy industry that was decisive for the war, above all the armaments industry,

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of 1918 that broke out across Germany at the end of the war, the Spartacus Group re-established itself as a nationwide, non-party organization called the "Spartacus League" with the goal of instituting a

929:... The victory of the Spartacus League comes not at the beginning, but at the end of the Revolution: it is identical with the victory of the great million-strong masses of the socialist proletariat. 2260:

The Student Movements in the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany in the Sixties: an Investigation Concerning Influence on them by Liberation Movements and Theories from the Third World

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because they thought that such a peace would endanger both international proletarian opposition to war and the prospect for a successful German revolution. Luxemburg distanced herself from the

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After its peak years in the sixties, the West German student movement continued to make use of the Spartacus name although it often had little relationship to the original Spartacus League.

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held the MSPD primarily responsible for the failure of the November Revolution and the Weimar Republic. The Spartacus League and the KPD had committed "tactical", not strategic, mistakes.

629:(3 March 1918) that ended the war between Germany and Russia, as well as from the supplementary agreement to it of 27 August 1918. She found the terrorist measures of the Bolsheviks under 680: 2609: 2496: 2224:

Wahl, Peter (1999). "Perspektiven der Solidaritätsbewegung" [Perspectives of the Solidarity Movement]. In Klein, Ansgar; Legrand, Hans-Josef; Leif, Thomas (eds.).

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against the war within the SPD, to persuade the SPD majority to reject further war loans, and to restore international solidarity with other European workers' parties.

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without the initiative or leadership of any of the left-wing parties. An essential prerequisite for this revolutionary coming together of workers and soldiers was the

770: 397:, a policy of political truce under which the parties would support war loans and not criticize the government or the war, and the trade unions would not strike. Even 2480: 507:

On 2 December 1914 Karl Liebknecht was the first and initially the only SPD deputy in the Reichstag to vote against the extension of the war loans. In January 1915,

2472: 753:, i.e. workers' control of the means of production and operation. Unlike the Bolsheviks, however, the Spartacus Group was not constituted as an elite cadre party. 1518:

Eine Einführung in die Geschichte des ökonomischen Denkens 1: Die österreichische Schule im 20. Jahrhundert und die Strömungen im Sozialismus des 20. Jahrhunderts

1348: 1058: 338:(73–71 BCE). For the Spartacists, his name symbolized the ongoing resistance of the oppressed against their exploiters and thus expressed the Marxist view of 1057:

On 15 January the two most important Spartacists and KPD leaders, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were captured and murdered by members of the Freikorps

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wanted to postpone such actions until 11 November, their schedule was overtaken by the Kiel sailors' uprising and the November Revolution it triggered.

1034:(MSPD), the member of the Council of the People's Deputies who was responsible for military affairs. The restoration of peace and order was declared. 1139:

Party sought to realize the goals of the Spartacus League. They saw and attempted to use pending educational and social reforms and opposition to the

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The group's first step was to send 300 telegrams to SPD members urging them to publicly reject the SPD Reichstag faction's 4 August resolution. Only

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Die Revolution von 1918/19 in der deutschen Geschichtsschreibung. Metamorphosen ihrer Deutung von der Weimarer Republik bis ins 21. Jahrhundert

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and a number of others spoke out against the war and the party majority's affirmation of the war within the SPD parliamentary group.

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The Revolution of 1918/19 in German Historiography. Metamorphoses of its Interpretation from the Weimar Republic to the 21st Century

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An Introduction to the History of Economic Thought 1: The Austrian School in the 20th Century and Currents in 20th Century Socialism

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The demands for the democratization of the army were particularly detailed, as this was seen as the key to a successful revolution:

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Zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur Band I: Die Periode der Konsolidierung und der Revision des Bismarckschen Reichsaufbaus 1919–1930

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Over the next few weeks the Spartacus League tried to influence political developments in this direction with its daily newspaper

367:, it was decided that the European workers' parties would oppose the threat of war between the major European powers. At the 1912 2599: 806: 1741:

Between Democracy and Dictatorship Volume I: The Period of Consolidation and Revision of Bismarck's Imperial Structure 1919–1930

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The Spartacus League had advocated the solidarity of all revolutionary forces and a permanent commitment to the goals of the

162: 1304: 504:. From that point on the group's members were under police surveillance, and soon after some were arrested and imprisoned. 789: 2604: 969: 377: 2154:

Weber, Hermann (2000). "Das schwankende Thälmann-Bild" [The Volatile Thälmann Image]. In Montheat, Peter (ed.).

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Zwischen Vertrauen und Verrat. Deutschsprachige kommunistische Intellektuelle und ihre sozialen Beziehungen (1918–1960)

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Von Utopie, Widerstand und Kaltem Krieg. Das unzeitgemäße Leben des Berliner Rätekommunisten Alfred Weiland (1906–1978)

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William A. Pelz, The Spartakusbund and the German Working Class Movement, 1914–1919, Lewiston : E. Mellen Press, 1988.

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Theories of Councils in the November Revolution: Councils as Organizational Forms of Struggle and Self-Determination

299:(SPD) who were dissatisfied with the party's official policies in support of the war. In 1916 it renamed itself the 2380: 1620:

Aporien der Gerechtigkeit. Politische Rede der extremen Linken in Deutschland und Russland zwischen 1914 und 1919

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in the morning. Liebknecht then proclaimed "the free socialist republic of Germany" about two hours later in the

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as a victory for its own cause that was important for Europe and the whole world. It did not however mention the

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On Utopia, Resistance and Cold War. The Untimely Life of the Berlin Council Communist Alfred Weiland (1906–1978)

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voted on loans to fund the war. The SPD's Reichstag membership voted unanimously in favor of both the loans and

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Between Trust and Betrayal. German-speaking Communist Intellectuals and Their Social Relationships (1918-1960)

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In 1916 the group expanded its organization throughout the Reich. On 1 January it adopted as its program the "

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Poster urging people to join the KPD (Spartacus League). The figure addressing the crowd is Karl Liebknecht.

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takeover of all municipal councils and state parliaments by freely elected workers' and soldiers' councils,

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Rätetheorien in der Novemberrevolution: Räte als Organisationsformen des Kampfes und der Selbstbestimmung

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to "slaughter the bourgeoisie" after an attempted assassination of Lenin "an idiocy of the first order".

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in which the chairman of the interim government, Friedrich Ebert, had agreed with Quartermaster General

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Weimar – die überforderte Republik 1918–1933. In: Gebhardt – Handbuch der Deutschen Geschichte, Band 18

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socialization (transfer to the people's ownership) of all banks, mines, smelters and large enterprises,

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Aporias of Justice. Political Speech of the Extreme Left in Germany and Russia between 1914 and 1919

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abolition of disciplinary punishment by superiors; discipline to be maintained by soldier delegates,

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between it and units of the Reich military caused 67 deaths. The three USPD representatives on the

943: 323:(KPD) when it was formed on 1 January 1919 and at that point ceased to exist as a separate entity. 857:

Rosa Luxemburg wrote its platform, which called for immediate measures to protect the revolution:

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radicals. This was in response to the USPD's rejection of a party congress proposed by Luxemburg.

2400: 1094: 745: 626: 384:, it reaffirmed its rejection of war in nationwide large-scale demonstrations by its supporters. 210: 2131:

Weimar - the Overextended Republic 1918–1933. in: Gebhardt – Handbook of German History, vol. 18

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Radek said that a proletarian revolution always begins with a minority seizing political power.

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ruling bourgeoisie directed against the interests of the peoples of Europe and the proletariat.

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responded immediately and unreservedly in favor. Among the SPD's local groups, those in Berlin-

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Jacob Walcher (1887–1970): Trade Unionist and Revolutionary between Berlin, Paris and New York

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Jacob Walcher (1887–1970): Gewerkschafter und Revolutionär zwischen Berlin, Paris und New York

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Eric D. Weitz, "'Rosa Luxemburg Belongs to Us!'" German Communism and the Luxemburg Legacy,

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Friedrich Westmeyer: von der Socialdemokratie zum Spartakusbund – eine politische Biographie

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Philipp Scheidemann proclaiming the German Republic from a window of the Reichstag building.

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Der Mord an Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht. Dokumentation eines politischen Verbrechens

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Anti-Spartacus poster. It reads: "Spartacus at work… Association for Combating Bolshevism".

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Friedrich Westmeyer: from Social Democracy to the Spartacus League – a political biography

1374:] (in German). Berlin: Vereinigung Internationaler Verlagsanstalten. pp. 10, 147. 1068: 1026:. It failed when the Reich army that had assembled around Berlin, along with newly formed 8: 2558: 1087: 1023: 1011: 955: 810: 601: 557: 393: 232: 723:

granting soldiers the right of association and assembly in on-duty and off-duty matters,

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were in agreement with the Spartacists only when it came to rejecting war loans. At the

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contacting all like-minded foreign parties in order to internationalize the revolution.

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abolition of the death penalty and penal sentences for political and military offenses.

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The Murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. Documentation of a Political Crime

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did not publish Luxemburg's essay until 1922, three years after the author's death.

30:"Spartacist League" redirects here. For other organizations with the same name, see 830: 769:

to prepare for a decisive battle with the British fleet. They appointed or elected

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the direct democratic disempowerment and disarmament of the imperial officer corps,

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In April 1917 the opponents of the war within the SPD founded their own party, the

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Cultural Bolshevism! On the Discourse Semantics of the "Total Crisis" 1929–1933

1393:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Marxistische Blätter. p. 451. 1183: 1123: 989: 892: 614: 490: 343: 335: 284: 75: 2355:

Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State

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Spartacus Group gained new members. Among the better known were Willi Budich,

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Spartacus in the War: the Illegal Leaflets of the Spartacus League in the War

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Spartakus im Kriege: die illegalen Flugblätter des Spartakusbundes im Kriege

964:), which had been assigned to protect the interim government. The resulting 648:

of 1917, in which the Bolsheviks under Lenin and Leon Trotsky dissolved the

508: 1831:] (in German) (3rd ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. p. 22. 1217: 1168: 1158: 1135: 1031: 633:

repugnant. In September 1918 she called the threats made by Lenin's friend

618: 585: 486: 455: 292: 80: 1333:[Recollections of Rosa Luxemburg at the outbreak of war in 1914]. 520:, which appeared only once and was immediately confiscated by the police. 1743:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 70. 1140: 954:

On 24 December 1918 Friedrich Ebert attempted to disband and dismiss the

762: 373: 280: 166: 409: 978: 818: 634: 605: 581: 494: 477: 2291:] (in German). Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. p. 148. 1679:

Kulturbolschewismus! Zur Diskurssemantik der "totalen Krise" 1929–1933

1412:] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 56. 539: 2083:

Spartakus – Aufstieg und Niedergang, Erinnerung eines Parteiarbeiters

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convinced most of the representatives of the Spartacus League, the

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removal of superiors by majority vote of those subordinate to them,

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Guiding Principles on the Tasks of International Social Democracy

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On 14 December Rosa Luxemburg published an article of policy in

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Leitsätze über die Aufgaben der internationalen Sozialdemokratie

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On 4 August 1914, just days after the start of World War I, the

2262:] (in German). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 247. 2089:] (in German). Frankfurt: Verlag Neue Kritik. p. 134. 1802:] (in German). Darmstadt: wbg Theiss. pp. 210, 212 f. 1550: 1037:

Immediately after this, on 14 January, Rosa Luxemburg wrote in

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Und über Barmen hinaus. Studien zur Kirchlichen Zeitgeschichte

442:. In the following week, a number of others joined the group: 283:. It was founded in August 1914 as the International Group by 1487:

Bergmann, Theodor; Haible, Wolfgang; Iwanowa, Galina (1998).

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Der Preußische Landtag 1899–1947. Eine politische Geschichte

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Rosa Luxemburg. Ihr Wirken in der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung

1305:"Manifesto of the International Socialist Congress at Basel" 886:, "Central organ of the Spartacus League", 23 November 1918. 749:

of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and pledged itself to the

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In March 1915 the group published a magazine under the name

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Neue soziale Bewegungen: Impulse, Bilanzen und Perspektiven

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Der Russland-Komplex: Die Deutschen und der Osten 1900–1945

1627:] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 101. 1571:

Der Russland-Komplex: Die Deutschen und der Osten 1900–1945

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Rosa Luxemburg. Her Activities in the German Labor Movement

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disarming the police and all members of the ruling classes,

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from the fall of 1918, Luxemburg welcomed in principle the

2203:] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 87. 2087:

Spartacus – Rise and Fall, Recollections of a Party Worker

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The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions

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New Social Movements: Impulses, Balances and Perspectives

2057:"Rosa Luxemburg: Order Prevails in Berlin (January 1919)" 669:

In October 1918 the German government passed a series of

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that would include all of Germany. It became part of the

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Organizational Questions of the Russian Social Democracy

1937:

The Russia Complex: The Germans and the East 1900 – 1945

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595: 279:revolutionary movement organized in Germany during 2357:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997 1939:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 198. 699:the achievement of democratic rights and freedoms, 1685:] (in German). Bern: Peter Lang. p. 61. 911:Reich Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils 27:World War I German Marxist revolutionary movement 2591: 2041:[What does the Spartacus League Want?]. 1556: 1384: 761:The November Revolution started as a result the 481:Clara Zetkin (left) with Rosa Luxemburg in 1910. 1656:] (in German). Berlin: Dietz. p. 305. 1466:] (in German). Berlin: Trafo. p. 204. 864:arming the proletariat and forming a Red Guard, 743:The Spartacus Group made reference to the 1848 572:(USPD); the rest of the SPD then took the name 1796:Kaisersturz. Vom Scheitern im Herzen der Macht 1129: 1030:units, put down the uprising on the orders of 305:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany 2408: 2133:] (in German). Klett-Cotta. p. 312. 1385:Laschitza, Annelies; Radczun, Günter (1971). 1108: 1093:In March 1919 the KPD became a member of the 1457: 959: 848: 563: 515: 499: 48: 2333: 2114:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 91. 1705: 418:the nucleus of the later Spartacus League: 376:of 1914 that followed the assassination of 2415: 2401: 2036: 1403: 1259: 404: 342:, according to which history is driven by 1851: 1712:Works Councils in the November Revolution 1597: 1244: 702:comprehensive judicial reform to abolish 2620:Political parties in the Weimar Republic 1899: 1763: 1616: 1328: 1067: 988: 876: 796: 788: 679: 664: 538: 476: 408: 372:and announced them publicly. During the 2350:, Vol. 27, No. 1 (1994), pp. 27–64 2252: 2162:] (in German). Rodopi. p. 11. 2124: 2080: 2007: 1949: 1793: 1647: 1432: 14: 2592: 2282: 2182: 2109: 1978: 1956:The Fighting Time of the KPD 1921–1923 1930: 1911: 1870: 1854:"What Does the Spartacus League Want?" 1734: 1708:Betriebsräte in der Novemberrevolution 1568: 1005: 949: 671:constitutional and legislative reforms 2615:Political parties established in 1914 2396: 2194: 2153: 2037:Liebknecht, Karl (23 December 1918). 1676: 1602:[On the Russian Revolution]. 1544: 1515: 1365: 1260:Mühldorfer, Friedbert (4 June 2007). 621:pursuit of a separate peace with the 584:and the SPD's former platform writer 2441:The Industrial Development of Poland 2387:What Does the Spartacus League Want? 2223: 1852:Luxemburg, Rosa (14 December 1918). 1779:[Liebknecht to the People]. 1458:Stock, Ernst; Walcher, Karl (1998). 1152: 1147: 922:What Does the Spartacus League Want? 757:Beginning of the November Revolution 2381:Manifesto of the German Spartacists 2285:Antiparlamentarismus in Deutschland 913:planned for 16 December in Berlin. 842:Re-founding as the Spartacus League 570:Independent Social Democratic Party 24: 2422: 2289:Anti-parliamentarianism in Germany 1714:] (in German). Berlin: Dietz. 966:confrontation at the Berlin Palace 777:in the German armaments industry. 613:'s government. They also rejected 602:February 1917 revolution in Russia 523: 297:Social Democratic Party of Germany 32:Spartacist League (disambiguation) 25: 2636: 2368: 2362:Red Flag: A History of Communism 2156:Ernst Thälmann. Mensch Und Mythos 1495:] (in German). Hamburg: VSA. 1654:Rosa Luxemburg: Thought and Deed 1247:Red Flag: A History of Communism 970:Council of the People's Deputies 765:, when ships' crews resisted an 596:Relationship with the Bolsheviks 574:Majority Social Democratic Party 142: 131: 58: 2305: 2276: 2246: 2217: 2188: 2147: 2118: 2103: 2074: 2049: 2030: 2001: 1972: 1952:Die Kampfzeit der KPD 1921–1923 1943: 1924: 1905: 1864: 1845: 1816: 1787: 1769: 1728: 1699: 1670: 1650:Rosa Luxemburg: Gedanke und Tat 1641: 1610: 1591: 1562: 1509: 1480: 1451: 1426: 1355:(in German). 20 September 1916. 771:workers' and soldiers' councils 751:dictatorship of the proletariat 686:United States Department of War 600:The Spartacus Group hailed the 2600:1914 establishments in Germany 2465:The Socialist Crisis in France 1783:(in German). 10 November 1918. 1397: 1378: 1359: 1341: 1322: 1297: 1272: 1253: 1238: 359:At the 1907 congresses of the 326:The League's name referred to 13: 1: 2364:, New York: Grove Press, 2009 2039:"Was will der Spartakusbund?" 1329:Eberlein, Hugo (April 2005). 1231: 1081: 807:republic was proclaimed twice 693:the immediate end of the war, 454:, Otto Gäbel, Otto Geithner, 354: 47: 2457:Social Reform or Revolution? 2160:Ernst Thälmann. Man And Myth 1617:Liphardt, Elizaveta (2005). 1557:Laschitza & Radczun 1971 1404:Mehlhausen, Joachim (1997). 1353:Sozialistische Klassiker 2.0 1349:"Rosa Luxemburg: Der Rhodus" 1266:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns 1076: 1059:Guard Cavalry Rifle Division 940:elections on 19 January 1919 729:abolition of courts-martial, 7: 2505:The Accumulation of Capital 2008:Heimann, Siegfried (2011). 1950:Angress, Werner T. (1973). 1706:von Oertzen, Peter (1976). 1600:"Zur russischen Revolution" 1130:Federal Republic of Germany 1119:East German Communist Party 295:, and other members of the 10: 2641: 2605:Communist Party of Germany 2375:On the Spartacus Programme 2112:Die Revolution von 1918/19 2043:Marxists' Internet Archive 1858:Marxists' Internet Archive 1604:Marxists' Internet Archive 1433:Schmidt, Giselher (1971). 1366:Meyer, Ernst, ed. (1927). 1262:"Spartakusbund, 1915–1919" 1115:German Democratic Republic 1113:The historiography of the 1109:German Democratic Republic 1009: 349: 321:Communist Party of Germany 254:Communist Party of Germany 29: 2579:Rosa Luxemburg Foundation 2541: 2449:In Defence of Nationality 2430: 2311:Kranzfelder, Ivo (2005). 2283:Durner, Wolfgang (1997). 1245:Priestand, David (2009). 834:majority Social Democrat 564:Affiliation with the USPD 246: 238: 228: 216: 196: 154: 126: 116: 105:15 January 1919 101: 86: 66: 57: 46: 41: 2348:Central European History 2334:English language sources 2195:Niess, Wolfgang (2012). 2125:Büttner, Ursula (2010). 1912:Kubina, Michael (2001). 1794:Machtan, Lothar (2018). 1777:"Liebknecht an das Volk" 1735:Schulz, Gerhard (1987). 1598:Luxemburg, Rosa (1918). 1249:. New York: Grove Press. 1053:I was, I am, I shall be! 378:Archduke Franz Ferdinand 330:, the leader of a major 2110:Ulrich, Volker (2009). 1871:Arnold, Volker (1985). 1781:Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung 1516:Holub, Hans W. (2001). 1095:Communist International 627:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 405:The International Group 303:and in 1917 joined the 218:Political position 211:Revolutionary socialism 121:Social Democratic Party 90:4 August 1914 2531:The Russian Revolution 2253:Juchler, Ingo (1996). 2081:Retzlaw, Karl (1971). 1979:Danzer, Doris (2012). 1648:Frölich, Paul (1990). 1073: 1055: 994: 960: 956:People's Navy Division 931: 887: 849: 821:, then later from the 805:On 9 November 1918, a 802: 794: 779:Revolutionary stewards 689: 642:The Russian Revolution 544: 516: 500: 482: 414: 340:historical materialism 272: 49: 2497:Theory & Practice 2489:The National Question 1931:Koenen, Gerd (2005). 1677:Laser, Björn (2010). 1569:Koenen, Gerd (2005). 1071: 1043: 992: 926: 880: 800: 792: 683: 675:Allies of World War I 665:Revolutionary program 590:Zimmerwald Conference 542: 480: 412: 2574:Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz 2315:. Cologne: Benedikt 361:Second International 2559:Spartacist uprising 2523:The Junius Pamphlet 1088:Communist Manifesto 1024:Spartacist uprising 1012:Spartacist uprising 1006:Spartacist uprising 961:Volksmarinedivision 950:Founding of the KPD 909:the meeting of the 811:Philipp Scheidemann 775:January 1918 strike 746:Communist Manifesto 580:and centrists like 558:Friedrich Westmeyer 458:, Karl Liebknecht, 446:, Fritz Ausländer, 394:Burgfriedenspolitik 312:November Revolution 233:Spartacist uprising 186:Establishment of a 1189:Julian Marchlewski 1074: 995: 942:for a constituent 902:Ebert-Groener pact 888: 815:Reichstag building 803: 795: 706:and class justice, 690: 646:October Revolution 611:Alexander Kerensky 545: 483: 428:Julian Marchlewski 415: 188:socialist republic 163:German involvement 2587: 2586: 2389:by Rosa Luxemburg 2383:by Rosa Luxemburg 2377:by Rosa Luxemburg 2360:David Priestand, 2239:978-3-531-13337-9 2210:978-3-11-028647-2 2140:978-3-608-60018-6 2023:978-3-86153-648-2 1994:978-3-89971-939-0 1809:978-3-8062-3760-3 1692:978-3-631-59416-2 1228: 1227: 1213:August Thalheimer 1148:Prominent members 944:National Assembly 631:Felix Dzerzhinsky 464:Bertha Thalheimer 460:August Thalheimer 448:Heinrich Brandler 261: 260: 250:Succeeded by 16:(Redirected from 2632: 2554:Spartacus League 2417: 2410: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2327: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2061:www.marxists.org 2053: 2047: 2046: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1242: 1153: 963: 852: 578:Eduard Bernstein 519: 503: 265:Spartacus League 147: 146: 136: 135: 112: 110: 97: 95: 62: 53: 52: 42:Spartacus League 39: 38: 21: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2625:Weimar Republic 2590: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2549:Karl Liebknecht 2537: 2426: 2421: 2371: 2353:Eric D. Weitz, 2336: 2331: 2330: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2193: 2189: 2185:, p. 80 f. 2181: 2177: 2170: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2123: 2119: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1948: 1944: 1929: 1925: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1869: 1865: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1792: 1788: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1751: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1704: 1700: 1693: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1615: 1611: 1596: 1592: 1585: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1485: 1481: 1474: 1456: 1452: 1445: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1402: 1398: 1383: 1379: 1364: 1360: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1288: 1286: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1258: 1254: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1179:Karl Liebknecht 1150: 1132: 1111: 1103:Weimar Republic 1084: 1079: 1014: 1008: 952: 906:Wilhelm Groener 844: 836:Friedrich Ebert 801:Friedrich Ebert 759: 667: 598: 566: 543:Karl Liebknecht 526: 524:Spartacus Group 501:Berner Tagwacht 444:Martha Arendsee 420:Hermann Duncker 407: 399:Karl Liebknecht 382:Austria-Hungary 357: 352: 344:class struggles 317:soviet republic 301:Spartacus Group 289:Karl Liebknecht 257: 256: 252: 229:Notable attacks 209: 205: 192: 172:Anti-monarchism 149:Weimar Republic 141: 140: 130: 108: 106: 93: 91: 79: 74: 71:Karl Liebknecht 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2638: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2567:Rosa Luxemburg 2563: 2562: 2561: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2527: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2501: 2493: 2485: 2477: 2469: 2461: 2453: 2445: 2436: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2424:Rosa Luxemburg 2420: 2419: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2370: 2369:External links 2367: 2366: 2365: 2358: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2304: 2297: 2275: 2268: 2245: 2238: 2216: 2209: 2187: 2175: 2168: 2146: 2139: 2117: 2102: 2095: 2073: 2048: 2029: 2022: 2000: 1993: 1971: 1964: 1942: 1923: 1904: 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