Spanish nouns - Knowledge

33: 2450:

have drastically different meanings. Also like inflectional suffixes, affective suffixes do not typically change the grammatical category of the base word; that is, a noun that takes an affective suffix will remain a noun after doing so, much as a noun that takes a plural inflectional suffix will remain a noun after doing so. But unlike inflectional suffixes, affective suffixes tend to add lexical, rather than grammatical, information to the base.

1647:

referent), but there are no formal rules that determine the gender of borrowed nouns of the other class. Generally, a borrowed noun in this class will be feminine if it resembles a more established feminine noun in form or meaning or, less reliably, if it is grammatically feminine in its language of origin. For example,

2449:

Affective suffixes are derivational rather than inflectional, but they share certain properties with inflectional suffixes. Like inflectional suffixes, affective suffixes are so widespread that words created from them tend not to be included in traditional dictionaries except when the resulting words

875:

In Spanish, nouns not belonging to the class described above form another class of noun. The gender of nouns in this other class are arbitrarily assigned. However, some general patterns help to predict the gender of nouns. Notably, the endings of nouns give clues to their genders. For instance, nouns

683:

Though the gender of most Spanish nouns is assigned arbitrarily, the gender of certain nouns referring to humans and animals are determined by biological sex and gender. For this class of nouns, the masculine and feminine often take different forms. By convention, the masculine form is treated as the

1906:

Spanish has two grammatical numbers: singular and plural. The singular form is the lemma, and the plural is the marked form. Whether a noun is singular or plural generally depends on the referent of the noun, with singular nouns typically referring to one being and plural nouns to multiple. In this

1675:

The gender of some nouns in Spanish are subject to variation. It is rare that the same speakers use these nouns in both genders without difference in meaning; that is, speakers do not just pick a form at random, but rather, something about the speaker or the intended meaning leads one gender or the

2508:

Various sociolinguistic factors affect the use of affective suffixes. For instance, they are generally used more often by speakers of Mexican Spanish than by speakers of European Spanish or Rioplatense Spanish and more often by women than by men. Additionally, affective suffixes are more common in

1646:

Like all nouns in Spanish, borrowed nouns must also be masculine or feminine, even when the nouns are borrowed from languages that lack grammatical gender. In these cases, nouns referring to certain humans and animals behave as expected (taking their gender from the biological sex or gender of the

534:

has nouns that express concrete objects, groups and classes of objects, qualities, feelings and other abstractions. All nouns have a conventional grammatical gender. Countable nouns inflect for number (singular and plural). However, the division between uncountable and countable nouns is more

2377:

Suffixes expressing a wide range of affective meanings can be added to Spanish nouns. These affective meanings include size, affection, disapproval, irony, and the like. However, the meanings of nouns derived from these suffixes is not always predictable. For example, a diminutive form of

674:

The manner in which gender is assigned to nouns in Spanish works differently depending on which of two classes the noun belongs to. One class includes certain nouns referring to humans and animals, and the other class consists of nouns not in the first class.

1094:

Though the gender of nouns in this class does not correspond to biological sex, it can mark other kinds of differences. For example, gender marks the difference between a tree (typically masculine) and its fruit (typically feminine). Thus,

2535:

When diminutive suffixes are applied to nouns of other semantic classes, the suffix may convey additional or alternate meanings. Applying a diminutive suffix to nouns that refer to professions, for instance, often signals contempt, as in

2158:

The formation of plurals for foreign words borrowed into Spanish do not always follow the same rules as more established Spanish nouns. As a general rule, borrowed words ending in a vowel (stressed or unstressed) will add an

3147:'armchair'. Because largeness sometimes carries negative overtones, augmentative suffixes sometimes carry negative associations, such as awkwardness, clumsiness, excess, and unpleasantness. For example, an augmented form of 3284:

Though diminutive and augmentative suffixes occasionally add pejorative meanings in addition to other affective meanings, certain suffixes add meaning that is primarily pejorative. These suffixes include the following:

3197:

have uses in addition to their uses as augmentative suffixes. These uses are not traditionally grouped with affective suffixes in grammars of Spanish and include deriving nouns and adjectives from verbs (such as

783:

The remaining nouns in this class do not typically have distinct feminine forms, but the gender of the determiners or adjectives that agree with them still correspond to biological sex or gender. For instance,

1993:

is rare in the singular form, corresponding to both 'vacation' and 'vacations' in English. Many of the always plural nouns fall into specific semantic classes. For example, many are related to foods (e.g.,

858:

Notably, not all nouns that refer to humans and animals belong to this class of noun; thus, not all nouns that refer to humans and animals take different forms for the masculine and feminine. For example,

2512:

Three classes of affective suffixes are traditionally distinguished: diminutives, augmentatives, and pejoratives (though the class of pejorative suffixes occasionally intersects with the other two).

1962:. In cases in which an adjective precedes the coordinated nouns, however, that adjective is usually in the singular form. For example, the adjective and both nouns are singular in the noun phrase 1659:'app (in computing)' is a borrowing from English, which lacks a robust system of grammatical gender. It is generally treated as feminine in Spanish because it is similar in form and meaning to 644:'the (female) writer', only the feminine form seems to have an inflectional gender morpheme. Some grammars assume a null gender morpheme for the masculine forms of such terms (e.g., 1728:'art' is masculine in the singular and feminine in the plural, though it can be feminine in the singular when it means 'art-form' and masculine in the plural in the expression 2453:

Certain kinds of nouns tend to disallow affective suffixes. Nouns that denote characteristics, qualities, and physical or mental states belong to this category. For example,

712:

lack a distinct feminine form. In these cases, the gender of the noun is marked only by the determiners or adjectives that agree with it. For instance, the feminine form of

1667:'aftershave' cannot inherit a gender from its language of origin (English) and is not sufficiently similar to a more established Spanish noun, so it defaults to masculine. 1907:

way, nouns differ from other Spanish words that show number contrast (i.e., adjectives, determiners, and verbs), which vary in number to agree with nouns. In the clause

659:'the girls' refers only to girls, not children of both biological sexes or genders. However, some proponents of nonsexist language reform promote alternative forms with 2520:

Diminutive suffixes generally convey small size. They most often indicate size when applied to nouns referring to material entities. Applying the diminutive suffix

2394:'shopping cart'. Some Spanish nouns can take a large number of affective suffixes, creating words with subtle differences in meaning or connotation. For instance, 2584:

used in the diminutive depends on both the gender and the pronunciation of the noun, and different varieties of Spanish occasionally follow different patterns.

1890:

is a fixed part of the name, however it's still possible to deal with the name as masculine, though feminine would be more common. New Mexico is translated as

827:'cow'. For these nouns, the masculine plural form is typically used for groups containing both male and female members. A group containing both actors ( 2310:

In certain registers, nouns with plural referents can occur in the singular form when the plural is implied elsewhere, such as through the determiners

517: 380: 1663:'application', which is also feminine. Borrowed nouns of this class that do not meet these criteria are typically treated as masculine. For example, 688:(that is, the form listed in dictionaries) and the feminine form as the marked form. For nouns of this class with the masculine form ending in 2485:'passion', respectively) are attested. Similarly, noncount nouns are less likely than count nouns to take affective suffixes. In the clause 1680:'sea' is typically masculine but may be feminine for those who work on or near the sea, especially in the context of that work. Similarly, 1989:'eyeglasses' are always plural. Some of these nouns do not share their always plural status with their English counterparts. For example, 2509:

registers directed toward children but less common in highly formal registers, such as in academic, legal, and administrative writing.

3023:

The choice of diminutive is often a mark of regional varieties and influence of coexistent Romance languages. The diminutive suffixes

1651:'boutique' is a borrowing from French, in which it is also feminine. Further, its meaning is similar to more established Spanish noun 2795:. For instance, el césped 'lawn' does not have a diminutive form *el céspedito. Polysyllabic nouns ending in consonants other than 839:'actors'. Exceptionally, an animal species may be represented by the feminine lemma rather than the masculine (much as the English 472: 1688:

causes speakers to hesitate between making it masculine like other loanwords from English, or making it feminine to agree with

510: 2540:'a mediocre teacher'. For nouns that denote actions and events, diminutive suffixes generally indicate short duration, as in 2263:'ravioli'). These words then follow the typical morphological rules of Spanish, essentially double marking the plural (e.g., 616:, and similar morphemes are inflectional gender morphemes is a matter of disagreement in grammars of Spanish. For terms like 557:, in this case, refers to a grammatical system and is not necessarily connected with biological sex or gender. For example, 1111:

refer to 'almond' and 'cherry', respectively. In many cases, these patterns with specific nouns can be traced to a common

863:'person' does not belong to this class and is always feminine, regardless of the sex or gender of the person. Similarly, 325: 75: 1619:

The gender of nouns in this class may also mark distinctions related to size and shape, such as the distinction between

103: 2251:). Some loanwords enter Spanish in their plural forms but are reanalyzed as singular nouns (e.g., the Italian plurals 2627:

variant when the noun consists of two syllables and the stressed syllable contains the diphthong ⟨ie⟩ or ⟨ue⟩, as in

503: 2227:. Due to the influence of English, some plurals of Latin words in Spanish occasionally occur with the plural marker 2497:'little' instead of taking a diminutive suffix because the clause uses a noncount sense of the noun. In the clause 991:

be feminine. Thus, grammars that pose such a requirement also typically include a long list of exceptions, such as

2658:, the variant used depends on the number of syllables in the base. When the base has three or more syllables, the 655:, grammatically masculine, may mean 'the children' or 'the boys'. The feminine gender is exclusive in the plural: 84: 448: 186: 561:'table' is feminine despite there being nothing inherently feminine about tables. Adjectives and determiners 544: 131: 2725:. Exceptionally, some dialects of Spanish do allow diminutive forms of these nouns for certain words, as in 1684:'radio' is feminine for many speakers in Spain but masculine for speakers in many parts of Latin America. 648:) while others argue that such assumptions rely only on theoretical arguments and lack empirical grounds. 2643:'game'). This exception tends not to be observed in the Spanishes of America, where diminutive forms in - 2018:'exteriors'). Other Spanish nouns are always singular. Such nouns are often noncountable nouns, such as 1935: 843:

can refer either to the species as a whole or specifically females of the species when contrasted with

651:

The masculine gender is inclusive and is used for plural forms of groups of both genders. For example,

585:. The two adjectives, whether next to the noun or after the verb, have to agree with the noun as well. 792:

refers to an artist who is female. These nouns are called common gender nouns. Other examples include

569:'large tables are nicer', for instance, all adjectives and determiners associated with the head noun ( 4807:

Butt, John, et al. A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish. 6th ed., Routledge, 2019. Section 43.2.

2469:'joy' generally do not take affective suffixes. Some exceptions exist. For instance, the diminutives 143: 4770: 1792:

People's names agree with the sex of the person, even when the name ending might seem the opposite:

1780:

can be used as neuters in some contexts. However, all this doesn't affect nouns, which never have a

867:'spider' does not belong to this class and is always feminine, regardless of the sex of the spider. 5014: 230: 1627:'large pitcher'. Further, some polysemic nouns can be distinguished by their gender. For example, 999:'sandwich', el caza 'fighter plane', and many others. More reliable markers of feminine nouns are 2240: 811:), the masculine and feminine forms are distinct lemmas. Much as English has the distinct lemmas 562: 453: 175: 148: 2171:'interviews'. English loanwords often keep their English plural forms in Spanish. For instance, 1112: 2134:

following an unstressed vowel do not add an overt plural morpheme while other nouns ending in

724:) distinguishing them in this case. For nouns of this class with the masculine form ending in 3731: 486: 265: 1709: 332: 160: 98: 2163:

to the singular to form the plural. For example, the plural form of the English borrowing

8: 5019: 2748:

form is generally used. But even in Latin American Spanish, monosyllabic nouns ending in

708:'grandmother'. Exceptionally, some nouns of this class with the masculine form ending in 491: 337: 290: 245: 170: 121: 70: 1923:). The plural number is also reflected in the form of the verb (the third-person plural 685: 550: 362: 347: 320: 310: 305: 300: 295: 270: 260: 195: 155: 3166:

in that it is also often pejorative in addition to augmentative. An augmented form of

1911:'those good attempts were in vain', for example, the head of the noun phrase subject ( 3083:

and southern Spain more generally. In the Spanishes spoken in the Americas, however,

357: 255: 240: 225: 205: 63: 58: 40: 2791:'love'. Diminutive suffixes are not typically added to polysyllabic nouns ending in 4900: 4847: 4821: 4753: 4546: 4402: 4364: 4183: 4162: 4097: 3769: 3748: 1915:) gives its plural number to the other elements in the noun phrase (the determiner 531: 352: 315: 275: 220: 215: 210: 138: 24: 4520:

Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.6p.

4511:

Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.2b.

1942:'and' are typically treated as plural for agreement purposes. In the noun phrase 342: 285: 280: 235: 112: 1808:

The gender of geographical names has no fixed rules, there are just tendencies:

1970: 428: 200: 5008: 4904: 4851: 4825: 4757: 4550: 4406: 4368: 4187: 4166: 4101: 3773: 3752: 409: 250: 165: 2353:

ending, especially in demonyms and the names of ethnic groups. For example,

3206:'voyeur') and forming nouns that denote a blow or sudden movement (such as 3178:

can also imply admiration or greatness. For instance, an augmented form of

3051:

specifically and northwestern Spain more generally. They are also found in

2674:

has fewer than three syllables, the diminutive is usually formed with the -

2183:'corner kicks'. Many Latin nouns do not change in the plural at all (e.g., 371: 851:

can refer to the species 'cattle' or the female of the species 'cow', but

678: 2176: 93: 32: 3091:, for example, can be glossed as 'insignificant little man'. The suffix 2291:

is added to the more traditional forms of certain plurals. For example,

433: 3245:

takes variant forms in certain environments. For example, the variant -

1740:

Spanish has vestiges of a neuter gender; this is seen in pronouns like

1127:'tree' is masculine. The following table lists some of these patterns. 987:

are feminine, but there is no requirement that Spanish nouns ending in

463: 3104: 3080: 3068: 3052: 2501:'he asked for a little help', on the other hand, the diminutive form 940:

or a stressed vowel are also typically masculine. The exceptions are

481: 458: 438: 589:'large' is invariable for gender, so it just takes a plural marker ( 400: 395: 385: 3100: 3048: 443: 2736:

Monosyllabic nouns ending in consonants use different variants of

2615:. Exceptionally, in European Spanish, nouns ending in unstressed - 3056: 2211:

allow either an invariant plural form or a plural form ending in

418: 3096: 2505:

is possible because the clause uses a count sense of the noun.

2349:

to form the plural, more formal registers typically prefer the

2038:

to form the plural. A noun that ends in a consonant (including

423: 3872: 3870: 2326:'so many soldiers' while a more formal register would require 1103:

refer to 'almond tree' and 'cherry tree', respectively, while

1816:

are typically feminine, otherwise they tend to be masculine:

720:'the (female) soldier', with only the gender of the article ( 549:

Spanish nouns belong to either the masculine or the feminine

390: 2138:

behave as expected for a noun ending in a consonant, adding

1800:. The same rule applies to those animals which have a name. 1676:

other to be preferred in a particular context. For example,

968:

are also often masculine, but there are exceptions, such as

3920: 3918: 3867: 3011:'a small house' is generally encountered more often than 2999:

is added to a noun more often than a noun is modified by

2740:

depending on the dialect. In Latin American Spanish, the

3915: 3131:

Augmentative suffixes, such as the most frequently used

2895:

Noun of fewer than three syllables ending in unstressed

2070:'lights'. A noun that ends in a stressed vowel will add 1712:, in which the singular definite article was invariably 577:

is feminine, so the article must be feminine too; thus,

565:

in gender with their associated nouns. In a clause like

3087:

often also carries a pejorative connotations. The noun

2744:

form is typically used while, in European Spanish, the

1927:) and the predicative complement (the plural adjective 679:

Gender of certain nouns referring to humans and animals

3139:, generally convey large size. Compare, for instance, 2882:

Noun of three or more syllables ending in unstressed -

2283:

In some varieties of Antillean Spanish, an additional

2239:'data', but such plural forms are disprefered by some 2207:'referenda/referendums'). Other Latin nouns ending in 983:

Many grammars of Spanish suggest that nouns ending in

636:

that determines the noun's gender. But for terms like

2662:

variant is used to form the diminutive. For example,

2489:'he was of little help to me', for example, the noun 1981:, for instance, are always plural, the Spanish nouns 1946:'the red pencil and pen', for example, the adjective 1837:

Sometimes the gender agrees with the underlying noun

624:'daughter', the terms seem to consist of a root like 4242:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Sections 3.2e, 3.2i. 3992:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Sections 3.1g, 3.2a. 980:

and are derived from Greek are typically masculine.

597:'nice' can be marked for both gender and number, so 2822:The table below summarizes these typical patterns. 2547: 4144:Kattán-Ibarra, Juan, and Christopher J. Pountain. 4017:Kattán-Ibarra, Juan, and Christopher J. Pountain. 3924:Kattán-Ibarra, Juan, and Christopher J. Pountain. 3713:Kattán-Ibarra, Juan, and Christopher J. Pountain. 3520:Kattán-Ibarra, Juan, and Christopher J. Pountain. 2977:Polysyllabic noun ending in consonant other than - 2717:do not typically allow diminutives. For instance, 2936:Monosyllabic noun ending in consonant other than 2591:variant is used with nouns ending in unstressed - 2369:is typically preferred in more formal registers. 1787: 38: 5006: 4715:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Sections 9.5r–t. 2689:Nouns ending in stressed vowels (specifically, - 807:For some nouns in this class called heteronyms ( 3018: 2078:to form the plural. Generally, nouns ending in 855:refers only to the male of the species 'bull'. 3912:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.10i. 3819:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.10a. 819:, for example, Spanish has the distinct forms 4994:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.7p. 4982:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.7q. 4955:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.7n. 4943:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.7l. 4931:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.7j. 4919:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.7a. 4895:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 4886:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.7d. 4842:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 4816:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 4798:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.1l. 4748:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 4739:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.5u. 4727:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.5v. 4703:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.5q. 4691:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.5o. 4679:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.5ñ. 4667:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.5k. 4655:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.5h. 4643:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.5g. 4631:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.5a. 4619:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.1j. 4589:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.6d. 4577:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.6c. 4565:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.6b. 4541:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 4532:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.1b. 4502:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.6e. 4490:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.2g. 4478:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.3a. 4466:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.1e. 4451:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.1c. 4439:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 9.1a. 4397:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 4383:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.2f. 4359:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 4350:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.2b. 4338:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.4v. 4326:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.3j. 4314:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.3h. 4302:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.3f. 4290:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.3c. 4278:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.4d. 4266:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.4a. 4254:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.2ñ. 4230:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.2c. 4202:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.2k. 4178:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 4157:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 4092:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 4083:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.8a. 4071:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.8k. 4033:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.8f. 3980:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 3.1a. 3965:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.4h. 3953:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.8b. 3900:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.1d. 3879:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.1e. 3836:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.1c. 3804:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.3g. 3764:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 3743:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 3726:Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José. 3643:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.1g. 3631:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.4a. 3619:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.2a. 3607:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.1b. 3552:. Real Academia Española, 2009. Section 2.3b. 3481:(a derogatory term for a person from France). 3107:. Other regional diminutive suffixes include 2446:, each with a subtle distinction in meaning. 2386:'baby carriage' while the diminutive form of 2034:A noun that ends in an unstressed vowel adds 756:'the (female) doctor'. A few nouns ending in 511: 4216:Webster’s New World Spanish Grammar Handbook 4057:Webster’s New World Spanish Grammar Handbook 3939:Webster’s New World Spanish Grammar Handbook 3862:Webster’s New World Spanish Grammar Handbook 3787:Webster’s New World Spanish Grammar Handbook 3538:Webster’s New World Spanish Grammar Handbook 2568:(as well as their respective feminine forms 2318:'so many'. For example, a speaker might say 3257:, such as when a polysyllabic noun ends in 3237:elsewhere. Like with the diminutive suffix 2243:that favor either invariant plurals (e.g., 2142:to form the plural. For instance, the noun 692:, the feminine form typically replaces the 4148:. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2003. Section 3.1.1. 4021:. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2003. Section 3.2.1. 2191:'confessions') Some Latin nouns ending in 2094:to form the plural, while nouns ending in 2066:'light', for example, has the plural form 2046:to form the plural. For nouns that end in 1950:is plural because the two singular nouns ( 880:are usually masculine. The exceptions are 518: 504: 4874:. 6th ed., Routledge, 2019. Section 43.3. 4872:A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish 4607:. 6th ed., Routledge, 2019. Section 43.2. 4605:A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish 4427:. 6th ed., Routledge, 2019. Section 43.1. 4425:A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish 4118:A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish 4044:A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish 4003:A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish 3732:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511845604. 3699:A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish 3572:A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish 3504:A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish 2733:'chili' in Caribbean and Andean Spanish. 2721:'taboo' does not have a diminutive form * 1909:aquellos intentos buenos resultaron vanos 1735: 972:'image'. Finally, nouns that both end in 4120:. 6th ed., Routledge, 2019. Section 2.1. 4046:. 6th ed., Routledge, 2019. Section 2.2. 4005:. 6th ed., Routledge, 2019. Section 2.3. 3928:. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2003. Section 2.4. 3717:. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2003. Section 2.3. 3701:. 6th ed., Routledge, 2019. Section 1.3. 3574:. 6th ed., Routledge, 2019. Section 1.2. 3524:. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2003. Section 2.1. 3506:. 6th ed., Routledge, 2019. Section 1.1. 3225:. For example, the augmentative form of 3126: 3079:is especially common as a diminutive in 3047:, for example, are especially common in 2857:Two-syllable noun ending in unstressed - 870: 1803: 5007: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4459: 4457: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4210: 4208: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4112: 4110: 4013: 4011: 3973: 3971: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3279: 3249:is used in the same contexts in which 2865:and containing diphthong ⟨ie⟩ or ⟨ue⟩ 2515: 2002:'spaghetti'), amounts of money (e.g., 1764:. Bello also notes that words such as 788:refers to an artist who is male while 4992:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4980:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4953:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4941:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4929:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4917:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4884:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4796:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4737:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4725:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4713:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4701:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4689:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4677:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4665:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4653:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4641:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4629:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4617:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4587:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4575:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4563:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4530:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4500:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4488:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4476:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4464:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4449:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4437:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4381:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4348:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4336:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4324:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4312:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4300:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4288:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4276:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4264:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4252:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4240:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4228:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4200:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4081:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4069:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 4031:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3990:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3978:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3963:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3951:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3910:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3898:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3877:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3834:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3829: 3827: 3825: 3817:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3812: 3810: 3802:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3797: 3795: 3709: 3707: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3641:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3629:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3617:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3605:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3600: 3550:Nueva gramática de la lengua española 3498: 3496: 3494: 2697:) typically form the diminutive with 2556:The most common diminutive suffix is 2390:'car' formed from the same suffix is 2372: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3532: 3530: 3516: 3514: 3512: 2493:'help' is modified by the adjective 2130:. Polysyllabic nouns that end in an 1639:(masculine) means 'priest' while la 4958: 4857: 4831: 4784: 4592: 4454: 4412: 4386: 4205: 4123: 4107: 4008: 3968: 3882: 2357:'Bengali' can take the plural form 2110:) to form the plural. For example, 2062:plural morpheme is added. The noun 2029: 1123:are masculine because the hypernym 924:in Latin America). Words ending in 835:), for instance, is referred to as 13: 3839: 3822: 3807: 3792: 3704: 3646: 3491: 3233:in Mexico and Central America but 14: 5031: 5000: 3577: 3555: 3527: 3509: 3151:'bachelorette' is the derogatory 2995:Generally, the diminutive suffix 2532:, which refers to a small house. 2219:'quorum' allows the plural forms 1631:(masculine) means 'margin' while 567:las mesas grandes son más bonitas 2771:generally form diminutives with 1894:and considered masculine, since 1655:'shop', which is also feminine. 573:) must agree with it in gender. 31: 4985: 4946: 4934: 4922: 4910: 4889: 4877: 4810: 4801: 4763: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4535: 4523: 4514: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4442: 4430: 4374: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4281: 4269: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4193: 4172: 4151: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4049: 4036: 4024: 3995: 3983: 3956: 3944: 3931: 3903: 3779: 3758: 3737: 3720: 3217:In Mexico and Central America, 2654:For nouns ending in unstressed 2528:'house', for example, produces 2247:) or Hispanicized forms (e.g., 2146:'Thursday' has the plural form 2010:'finances'), and places (e.g., 1966:'enormous care and precision'. 1635:means 'river bank'. Similarly, 1067:'fish', and the exceptions for 4897:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 4844:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 4818:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 4750:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 4543:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 4399:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 4361:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 4180:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 4159:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 4094:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 3766:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 3745:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 3728:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 3634: 3622: 3610: 3543: 2909:Noun ending in stressed vowel 2811:to form the diminutive, as in 2278: 1788:Gender of proper nouns (names) 1708:(perhaps as a carry-over from 1696:'sugar' can be masculine with 16:Grammatical feature of Spanish 1: 3485: 2960:Polysyllabic noun ending in - 2763:Polysyllabic nouns ending in 2603:'house' forms the diminutive 2122:'taboo' has the plural forms 1944:el lápiz y el bolígrafo rojos 545:Grammatical gender in Spanish 3221:is generally preferred over 3019:Regional diminutive suffixes 2919:Monosyllabic noun ending in 2709:. Nouns ending in stressed - 2611:'book' forms the diminutive 2398:'boy' has the derived forms 2153: 1973:. Much as the English nouns 1756:, some instances of pronoun 1716:before nouns beginning with 1670: 752:'the (male) doctor' becomes 744:, the feminine form adds an 7: 2839:Noun ending in unstressed - 2705:'tea' forms the diminutive 2682:'air' forms the diminutive 2666:'oil' forms the diminutive 2114:'café' has the plural form 1971:always grammatically plural 535:ambiguous than in English. 10: 5036: 3143:'chair' and the augmented 2670:. When the noun ending in 2199:to form the plural (e.g., 1964:enorme cuidado y precisión 542: 4771:"Cafetín de Buenos Aires" 3174:'clumsy hands'. However, 3170:'hands', for example, is 2303:can be found in place of 2295:can be found in place of 2102:can admit both variants ( 1901: 1886:(New York), the feminine 538: 4905:10.1017/CBO9780511845604 4852:10.1017/CBO9780511845604 4826:10.1017/CBO9780511845604 4758:10.1017/CBO9780511845604 4551:10.1017/CBO9780511845604 4407:10.1017/CBO9780511845604 4369:10.1017/CBO9780511845604 4188:10.1017/CBO9780511845604 4167:10.1017/CBO9780511845604 4102:10.1017/CBO9780511845604 3774:10.1017/CBO9780511845604 3753:10.1017/CBO9780511845604 3158:The augmentative suffix 1722:and regardless of stress 764:in the feminine such as 716:'the (male) soldier' is 640:'the (male) writer' and 608:The question of whether 3755:. Sections 9.2.6–9.2.7. 2678:variant. For instance, 1720:, regardless of gender 39: 4899:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 4846:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 4820:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 4752:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 4545:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 4401:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 4363:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 4182:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 4161:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 4146:Modern Spanish Grammar 4096:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 4019:Modern Spanish Grammar 3926:Modern Spanish Grammar 3768:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 3747:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 3730:. Cambridge UP, 2012, 3715:Modern Spanish Grammar 3522:Modern Spanish Grammar 3276:is also augmentative. 2538:un maestrillo mediocre 2337:While nouns ending in 2179:' has the plural form 1958:) are coordinated via 1736:Vestiges of the neuter 956:'patch of hair' (also 704:'grandfather' becomes 464:Palenquero or Palenque 459:Chavacano or Chabacano 4218:. Wiley, 2015. P. 36. 4059:. Wiley, 2015. P. 37. 3941:. Wiley, 2015. P. 34. 3864:. Wiley, 2015. P. 31. 3789:. Wiley, 2015. P. 32. 3540:. Wiley, 2015. P. 30. 3388:'immature child' and 3127:Augmentative suffixes 3115:(used in Aragon) and 2299:'houses'. Similarly, 1898:is a masculine noun. 1055:. The exceptions for 871:Gender of other nouns 669:las niñas y los niños 665:los niños y las niñas 3229:'hand' is typically 2623:generally takes the 2499:le pidió una ayudita 2487:me fue de poca ayuda 1938:via the coordinator 1876:(village/small town) 1804:Names of settlements 1692:, 'net'. Meanwhile, 1172:cardinal directions 646:escritor-Ø/escritora 37:A manuscript of the 4870:Butt, John, et al. 4603:Butt, John, et al. 4423:Butt, John, et al. 4116:Butt, John, et al. 4042:Butt, John, et al. 4001:Butt, John, et al. 3697:Butt, John, et al. 3570:Butt, John, et al. 3502:Butt, John, et al. 3280:Pejorative suffixes 2651:, are more common. 2516:Diminutive suffixes 2465:'equilibrium', and 2341:often allow either 1704:, or feminine with 1087:'parenthesis', and 960:). Nouns ending in 888:in Latin America), 581:is used instead of 492:Instituto Cervantes 4828:. Section 75.1.10. 4760:. Section 75.1.13. 2373:Affective suffixes 1985:'mathematics' and 1934:Two or more nouns 1919:and the adjective 1831:Londres de Dickens 1823:Barcelona de Gaudí 1760:, and the article 1730:los artes de pesca 916:'motorcycle', and 551:grammatical gender 4907:. Section 75.2.3. 4854:. Section 75.2.1. 4553:. Section 75.1.3. 4409:. Section 75.1.1. 4190:. Section 10.1.4. 4169:. Section 10.1.3. 4104:. Section 10.1.2. 3210:'arrow shot' and 3186:'great success'. 3095:is often used in 3067:is often used in 3015:'a small house'. 2993: 2992: 2756:tend to use the - 2587:In general, the - 2560:and its variants 2322:'many photos' or 2259:'spaghetti', and 2203:'referendum' and 2187:'confession' and 1615: 1614: 1184:el punto cardinal 831:) and actresses ( 528: 527: 41:Cantar de mio Cid 5027: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4868: 4855: 4840: 4829: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4767: 4761: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4601: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4410: 4395: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4371:. Section 10.11. 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4212: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4176: 4170: 4155: 4149: 4142: 4121: 4114: 4105: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4053: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4015: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3880: 3874: 3865: 3858: 3837: 3831: 3820: 3814: 3805: 3799: 3790: 3783: 3777: 3776:. Section 9.3.2. 3762: 3756: 3741: 3735: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3702: 3695: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3575: 3568: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3525: 3518: 3507: 3500: 3007:'little'. Thus, 2825: 2824: 2599:. For instance, 2552:and its variants 2334:, respectively. 2030:Plural formation 1812:Names ending in 1732:'fishing gear'. 1700:, feminine with 1132: 1131: 904:'magneto' (also 847:). For example, 802:el/la estudiante 794:el/la periodista 532:Spanish language 520: 513: 506: 231:Central American 44: 35: 25:Spanish language 21: 20: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5015:Spanish grammar 5005: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4869: 4858: 4841: 4832: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4540: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4396: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4177: 4173: 4156: 4152: 4143: 4124: 4115: 4108: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4054: 4050: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4016: 4009: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3883: 3875: 3868: 3859: 3840: 3832: 3823: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3793: 3784: 3780: 3763: 3759: 3742: 3738: 3725: 3721: 3712: 3705: 3696: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3578: 3569: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3488: 3282: 3129: 3021: 2701:. For example, 2580:). The form of 2554: 2518: 2375: 2332:tantos soldados 2281: 2241:prescriptivists 2215:. For example, 2205:los referéndums 2195:may simply add 2167:'interview' is 2156: 2118:while the noun 2032: 1983:las matemáticas 1969:Some words are 1904: 1871:Fraga es pequeñ 1852:gran Nueva York 1806: 1798:Amparo es guapa 1790: 1738: 1673: 1115:. For example, 884:'dynamo' (also 873: 800:'witness', and 748:. For example, 700:. For example, 681: 547: 541: 524: 454:Roquetas Pidgin 176:irregular verbs 46: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5033: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5002: 5001:External links 4999: 4997: 4996: 4984: 4957: 4945: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4888: 4876: 4856: 4830: 4809: 4800: 4783: 4762: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4555: 4534: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4411: 4385: 4373: 4352: 4340: 4328: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4204: 4192: 4171: 4150: 4122: 4106: 4085: 4073: 4061: 4048: 4035: 4023: 4007: 3994: 3982: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3930: 3914: 3902: 3881: 3866: 3838: 3821: 3806: 3791: 3778: 3757: 3736: 3734:Section 9.2.2. 3719: 3703: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3576: 3554: 3542: 3526: 3508: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3472: 3446: 3419: 3410:'wedding' and 3393: 3375: 3349: 3323: 3305: 3281: 3278: 3189:The suffixes - 3162:is similar to 3128: 3125: 3020: 3017: 3013:una casa chica 2991: 2990: 2985: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2957: 2956: 2944: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2853: 2847: 2836: 2835: 2829: 2807:typically use 2553: 2546: 2544:'short walk'. 2517: 2514: 2374: 2371: 2301:los güisquises 2280: 2277: 2269:los espaguetis 2235:'corpora' and 2155: 2152: 2031: 2028: 2006:'emoluments', 1991:las vacaciones 1903: 1900: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1868: 1855: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1825: 1805: 1802: 1794:Chema es guapo 1789: 1786: 1737: 1734: 1672: 1669: 1643:means 'cure'. 1623:'pitcher' and 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1444:la motocicleta 1441: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1299:la Nacional IV 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1083:'apocalypse', 1081:el apocalipsis 920:'radio' (also 872: 869: 796:'journalist', 680: 677: 661:desdoblamiento 540: 537: 526: 525: 523: 522: 515: 508: 500: 497: 496: 495: 494: 489: 484: 476: 475: 469: 468: 467: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 429:Judaeo-Spanish 426: 421: 413: 412: 410:Interlanguages 406: 405: 404: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 375: 374: 368: 367: 366: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 329: 328: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 190: 189: 183: 182: 181: 180: 179: 178: 173: 163: 158: 153: 152: 151: 146: 136: 135: 134: 124: 116: 115: 109: 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 88: 87: 81: 80: 79: 78: 73: 68: 67: 66: 53: 52: 48: 47: 45:, 13th century 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5032: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4954: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4772: 4766: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4571: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4501: 4496: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4382: 4377: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4349: 4344: 4337: 4332: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4214:Stein, Gail. 4211: 4209: 4201: 4196: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4119: 4113: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4055:Stein, Gail. 4052: 4045: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4014: 4012: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3937:Stein, Gail. 3934: 3927: 3921: 3919: 3911: 3906: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3860:Stein, Gail. 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3788: 3785:Stein, Gail. 3782: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3536:Stein, Gail. 3533: 3531: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3490: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3463:'animal' and 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340:'ribbon' and 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3253:would become 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3214:'axe blow'). 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3182:'success' is 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3071:. The suffix 3070: 3066: 3062: 3059:. The suffix 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2828:Type of noun 2827: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2635:'grass') and 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324:tanto soldado 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201:el referéndum 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189:los confíteor 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169:los interviús 2166: 2162: 2151: 2150:'Thursdays'. 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2014:'foothills', 2013: 2012:estribaciones 2009: 2005: 2001: 1998:'groceries', 1997: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1668: 1666: 1665:el aftershave 1662: 1661:la aplicación 1658: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1556:sports teams 1555: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1539:el Cantábrico 1537: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1085:el paréntesis 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 952:'labor', and 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 868: 866: 862: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 803: 799: 798:el/la testigo 795: 791: 787: 781: 780:'president'. 779: 778:la presidenta 775: 774:el presidente 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 676: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 628:and a suffix 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 601:is used with 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 546: 536: 533: 521: 516: 514: 509: 507: 502: 501: 499: 498: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 479: 478: 477: 474: 471: 470: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 415: 414: 411: 408: 407: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 378: 377: 376: 373: 370: 369: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 327: 324: 323: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 266:Equatoguinean 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 192: 191: 188: 185: 184: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 140: 137: 133: 130: 129: 128: 125: 123: 120: 119: 118: 117: 114: 111: 110: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 90: 89: 86: 83: 82: 77: 74: 72: 69: 65: 62: 61: 60: 59:Pronunciation 57: 56: 55: 54: 50: 49: 43: 42: 34: 30: 29: 26: 23: 22: 19: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4896: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4843: 4817: 4812: 4803: 4795: 4776:February 15, 4774:. Retrieved 4765: 4749: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4542: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4398: 4380: 4376: 4360: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4199: 4195: 4179: 4174: 4158: 4153: 4145: 4117: 4093: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4056: 4051: 4043: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4002: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3933: 3925: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3876: 3861: 3833: 3816: 3801: 3786: 3781: 3765: 3760: 3744: 3739: 3727: 3722: 3714: 3698: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3571: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3521: 3503: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202:'bully' and 3199: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3155:'spinster'. 3153:la solterona 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3022: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2902: 2896: 2888: 2883: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481:'doubt' and 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461:'kindness', 2458: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2384:el cochecito 2383: 2379: 2376: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2328:muchas fotos 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2307:'whiskies'. 2305:los güisquis 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2273:los raviolis 2272: 2268: 2265:los confetis 2264: 2260: 2257:el espagueti 2256: 2255:'confetti', 2252: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185:el confíteor 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2023: 2022:'chaos' and 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1956:el bolígrafo 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1895: 1892:Nuevo México 1891: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1849: 1848: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1827: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1607: 1602: 1587: 1582: 1567: 1562: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1523: 1518: 1503: 1498: 1483: 1478: 1463: 1458: 1443: 1438: 1432:motorcycles 1423: 1418: 1403: 1398: 1383: 1378: 1363: 1358: 1343: 1339:las Canarias 1338: 1323: 1318: 1304:la carretera 1303: 1298: 1283: 1278: 1263: 1258: 1243: 1238: 1223: 1218: 1203: 1198: 1183: 1178: 1164:el automóvil 1163: 1158: 1152:automobiles 1124: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1091:'emphasis'. 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:'analysis', 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063:'chess' and 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 982: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 874: 864: 860: 857: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 833:las actrices 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 806: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 782: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 682: 673: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 650: 645: 642:la escritora 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 607: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 558: 554: 548: 529: 372:Dialectology 333:Puerto Rican 161:Prepositions 126: 18: 3272:The suffix 3172:las manazas 3089:hombrecillo 3003:'small' or 2783:'push' and 2777:empujoncito 2548:The suffix 2475:pasioncilla 2233:los córpora 2225:los quórums 2181:los córners 2177:corner kick 2165:el interviú 2054:changes to 2026:'disgust'. 2004:emolumentos 1996:comestibles 1975:mathematics 1936:coordinated 1710:Old Spanish 1649:la boutique 1519:el Amazonas 1499:el Pacífico 1359:el Titicaca 1239:la Mercedes 1159:un Mercedes 1117:el almendro 1105:la almendra 1097:el almendro 1079:'ecstasy', 1073:el análisis 958:el pelambre 954:la pelambre 837:los actores 829:los actores 823:'bull' and 809:heterónimos 804:'student'. 772:'boss' and 638:el escritor 338:Rioplatense 291:New Mexican 246:Costa Rican 171:conjugation 122:Determiners 71:Orthography 5020:Declension 5009:Categories 3486:References 3471:'bedroom'. 3457:animalucho 3437:'bee' and 3366:'bed' and 3269:'truck'). 3263:camionzote 3184:el exitazo 3149:la soltera 3009:una casita 2949:(America) 2876:(America) 2713:, -ó, and 2647:, such as 2637:jueguecito 2629:hierbecita 2463:equilibrio 2457:'height', 2444:chiquituco 2432:chiquitico 2392:el carrito 2320:mucha foto 2314:'many' or 2293:las cásase 2261:el ravioli 2253:el confeti 2245:los corpus 2221:los quórum 2148:los jueves 2128:los tabúes 2016:exteriores 2000:espaguetis 1979:eyeglasses 1925:resultaron 1884:Nueva York 1625:la cántara 1621:el cántaro 1599:masculine 1579:masculine 1563:el Peñarol 1559:masculine 1535:masculine 1515:masculine 1495:masculine 1475:masculine 1455:masculine 1452:mountains 1415:masculine 1375:masculine 1372:languages 1355:masculine 1319:las cuatro 1255:masculine 1244:la empresa 1232:companies 1215:masculine 1195:masculine 1192:centuries 1175:masculine 1155:masculine 1147:Reference 1089:el énfasis 1077:el éxtasis 1061:el ajedrez 948:'hunger', 944:'flower', 906:el magneto 902:la magneto 900:'libido', 876:ending in 861:la persona 790:la artista 786:el artista 760:also take 754:la doctora 718:la soldado 714:el soldado 663:, such as 620:'son' and 543:See also: 363:Venezuelan 348:Salvadoran 321:Philippine 311:Peninsular 306:Panamanian 296:Nicaraguan 271:Guatemalan 261:Ecuadorian 196:Andalusian 156:Adjectives 104:Influences 3479:franchute 3465:cuartucho 3412:villorrio 3392:'newbie'. 3368:poetastro 3348:'shadow'. 3298:pajarraco 3168:las manos 3145:el sillón 3105:Catalonia 3081:Andalusia 3069:Cantabria 3053:Argentina 2954:(Europe) 2871:(Europe) 2440:chiquitín 2428:chiquillo 2424:chiquilín 2400:chicarrón 2382:'car' is 2367:bengalíes 2359:bengalíes 2297:las casas 2279:Variation 2249:los datos 2217:el quórum 2173:el córner 2154:Loanwords 2144:el jueves 2124:los tabús 2116:los cafés 2068:las luces 2058:when the 1987:las gafas 1843:la ciudad 1839:el pueblo 1671:Variation 1653:la tienda 1633:la margen 1629:el margen 1583:el cerezo 1568:el equipo 1504:el océano 1484:el número 1479:el cuatro 1459:los Alpes 1439:una Vespa 1435:feminine 1419:el agosto 1395:feminine 1384:el idioma 1335:feminine 1324:las horas 1315:feminine 1295:feminine 1292:highways 1279:la cereza 1275:feminine 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