1326:
363:
928:
1152:
1011:. It was said that he possessed a vast culture, probably enriched by his trips to England, France, Germany and Italy. He was a military man and obtained the rank of colonel. He was deeply in love with the actress María Ignacia Ibáñez, who died very early, in 1771, due to typhus. The excesses to which he indulged – Cadalso even tried to exhume her – earned him banishment to Salamanca (ordered so that he would be cured of his insanity). He was later assigned to Extremadura, Andalusia, Madrid and finally Gibraltar, where he died during the Great Siege of Gibraltar. His body was laid to rest in Santa Maria la Coronada Parish Church in
25:
1350:, Leandro (Madrid, 1760–Paris, 1828) is the main 18th-century playwright. He owes his neoclassical orientation to his father. A protégé of Jovellanos and Godoy, he traveled through England, France (he witnessed the outbreak of the French Revolution) and Italy. He fell in love with Paquita Muñoz, much younger than him, whom he never married because of his desire to not enter into commitments. He was pro-French and accepted from José Bonaparte the position of chief librarian, for which he was banished to France, where he died after the defeat of the invaders.
380:, based on the predominance of the ecclesiastical, military and aristocratic classes, entered into crisis in Europe. In this century, Europe critically reviewed the established order. As opposed to previous thought, it proposed reason as the universal method of knowledge, systematic criticism, and promoted the experimental method and studies based on reason itself as the basis of the epistemology that sustained it, as opposed to the argument of authority that sustained thought in previous centuries.
983:, a neoclassical reformist drama. A law had been enacted that condemned to death the survivor of duels, considering the offender and the victim equally guilty; Jovellanos based his drama on this, because for him only the offender was guilty. The work follows the line of sentimental comedy, so admired in France, and its tone is already Pre-Romantic. Clarity, concision and sobriety are the characteristic features of the didactic work of Jovellanos.
240:
581:
992:
1169:
and finally in Madrid, where he worked as public prosecutor of the
Supreme Court. Once his mentor, Jovellanos, fell in disgrace before Godoy, he was ordered to be exiled to Medina del Campo, later to Zamora and finally to Salamanca. He was pro-French during the War of Independence and avoided being shot in Oviedo, but had no choice but to go into exile after the defeat of the French army.
1078:. This style prevailed in Spain, imposing criteria of utility and service to humanity, along with the desire for aesthetic pleasure. Artistic ideals imported from France, "good taste" and restraint dominated, and feelings and passions were repressed. Subjection to norms was general, fleeing from spontaneity and imagination, which were replaced by didactic zeal.
451:. The delay with regard to Europe was evident at the beginning of the 18th century. Nevertheless, some intellectuals since the end of the 17th century refused to abandon their research; not without risk, they were always up-to-date on European discoveries in astronomy, medicine, mathematics or botany. These scholars are the so-called
915:(1742–1760). Feijoo saw the need to write in order to bring Spain out of its backwardness; with this intention, he gave his work a didactic character, markedly Catholic, but with the intention that the new European currents would take root, at least in the educated classes. He was very critical of superstitions and false miracles.
1060:), the author composes a book with ninety letters between Gazel, a moor who visits Spain, his Moroccan teacher and friend Ben-Beley, and Nuño Núñez, a Christian friend of Gazel. They comment on the historical past of Spain and its current life and judge the work of the rulers and the customs of the country.
827:, led to a new sentiment, dissatisfaction with the tyranny of reason, which asserts the right of individuals to express their personal emotions (then repressed by the neoclassicals), among which is fundamentally love. This current heralded the decline of neoclassicism and opened the doors to Romanticism.
724:(1808). The reformers, in spite of counting on the support of the Crown, did not obtain the recognition of the privileged groups; many were described as pro-French and accused of attacking Spanish traditions and religious education. After the French Revolution, some were persecuted and even imprisoned.
1168:
Meléndez Valdés (Ribera del Fresno, Badajoz, 1754–Montpellier, France, 1814) is considered one of the best poets of the 18th century. He was a university professor in
Salamanca, where he maintained friendships with Cadalso and Jovellanos. He worked as a jurist, occupying posts in Zaragoza, Valladolid
948:
Jovellanos (Gijón, 1744–Puerto de Vega, Asturias, 1811) is probably the most important essayist of the 18th century. Belonging to a wealthy family, he studied law and was assigned to
Seville, where he made epistolary contact with the poetic school of Salamanca. In Madrid, as mayor of House and Court,
918:
Feijoo contributed to the consolidation of
Castilian as a cultured language by defending its use against Latin, which still was used in universities. He also accepted the introduction of new words when necessary, no matter where they came from. His production covers very diverse fields like economy,
387:
In this new attitude, the enlightened person is a philanthropist who cares for others, and proposes and undertakes reforms in aspects related to culture and society. They defend religious tolerance, practice skepticism, and even go so far as to attack religions. In opposition to absolute monarchies,
1295:
Theater adopted the new fashions coming from France. In neoclassical theater, reason and harmony were also imposed as the norm. The so-called "rule of three units" was obeyed, which demanded a single action, a single stage and a coherent chronological time in the development of the dramatic action.
880:
In contrast, the essay, or in general, essayistic genres, is the dominant genre. This prose is partly educational and doctrinal, showing a desire to approach the problems of the moment and tending toward the reform of customs; it usually makes use of the epistolary form. On the other hand, it deals
1430:
writer Ramón de la Cruz (Madrid, 1731–1794) was one of the authors most applauded by the public and most criticized by the neoclassicals (although some of them, seeing the popular support of his works, retracted their views). He began writing tragedies of neoclassical style, rejecting the "messy"
899:
The benedictine friar Benito Jerónimo Feijoo y
Montenegro (Orense, 1676–Oviedo, 1764) had an Aristotelian formation. His works reached numerous editions and provoked many controversies, so many that Ferdinand VI, in an act of enlightened despotism, had to defend him by appointing him his honorary
771:
Many of the enlightened people, for the modernization of Spain, defended the introduction of the teaching of other languages (French, English, Italian) in the centers, and the translation of outstanding works into
Castilian. The former was opposed by those who defended the priority of the classic
576:
or critical position towards the church, with the intent of carrying out a series of basic reforms. At the end of century, the quality of life of the
Spanish people had been improved, as demonstrated by the increase in population of almost three million inhabitants, a figure which is nevertheless
1251:
In the Court and bourgeois circles, the reformist ideas of the 18th century took hold quickly. In addition to the
Academies, there were also other private initiatives that had a great influence on literature, such as the Fonda de San Sebastián, founded by Nicolás Fernández de Moratín and his son
637:
The creation of a series of cultural institutions and economic societies of friends of the country aimed at promoting the cultural, social and economic progress of Spain through the reform of traditional practices. The first of these societies was founded in the Basque
Country in 1765, and soon
222:
era and was given the name the
Enlightenment. This movement is based on a critical spirit, on the predominance of reason and experience, philosophy and science being the most valued sources of knowledge. The period is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. In short, human
1189:
However, after the death of Cadalso, and following Jovellanos' advice, he thought that pastoral poetry was inappropriate for a magistrate, so he composed another type of poetry more in keeping with his profession. Like Jovellanos, he was sensitive to social inequalities, defended the need to
1296:
The separation of the comic and the tragic was established. Imaginative restraint was imposed, eliminating everything that was considered exaggerated or in "bad taste". An educational and moralizing purpose was adopted, which served to spread the universal values of culture and progress.
957:, which overthrew Godoy, gave him back his freedom. In 1808 he took part in the Central Junta that confronted the Napoleonic army. He was pursued by the French and tried to move to Cadiz, but the inclement weather forced him to take refuge in the port of Vega de Navia, where he died.
1194:
His style, in its beginnings, was contrived and conventional, but later became very conventional and precise. He himself defined his purpose when he wrote: "I have taken care to explain myself with nobility and to use a language worthy of the great matters I have dealt with".
799:(until approximately 1750): writers fought against the style of the late Baroque, considered excessively rhetorical and convoluted. Recreational literature is not cultivated, but writers were more interested in essays and satire, using the language with simplicity and purity.
664:), in six volumes (1726–1739). The etymology of each word can be found in it, and each meaning is accompanied by a brief quotation from a famous writer (the authorities) that proves its existence and illustrates its use. Other institutions that emerged at the time were the
1255:
Two writers were also members of the Madrilenian group. With the purpose of correcting defects and showing rational values, they wrote fables. They were Tomás de Iriarte (La Orotava, Tenerife, 1750–Madrid, 1791) and Félix María Samaniego: (La Guardia, Álava, 1745–1801).
881:
with the genres of historiography, what we would nowadays call human sciences and, in general, the sciences, since it should not be forgotten that the 18th-century and enlightened concept of literature embraces poetry and artistic literature as well as all science. The
383:
Knowledge moved from courtly gatherings to bourgeois salons, cafés or cultural institutions. The need was felt to travel for study or pleasure, to learn other languages, to practice sports to strengthen the body or to improve the living conditions of the citizens.
1209:
was founded, which promoted literary activity. From 1760, and as a result of the arrival of Pablo de Olavide as intendant of the Government of Andalusia, culture in that city was noticeably boosted. In 1776, Olavide was persecuted and jailed by the Inquisition.
732:
In this century, a struggle was waged in favor of clarity and naturalness of artistic language, in which many writers fought against the remnants of the Baroque style that still survived – that is to say, the use of artifice to which the late Baroque had come.
227:). Expressions of feeling were avoided, norms and academic rules were followed, and balance and harmony were valued. By the end of the century, so much rigidity led to a reaction in the form of a return to the world of feelings; this movement is known as Pre-
1123:, around the Fonda de San Sebastián. In this way, the writers in that trend are grouped into schools or poetic groups: The Salmantine school, which included Cadalso, Meléndez Valdés, Jovellanos and Forner; the Sevillian school, which included writers
1264:
In theater, the main cultivators were those of the Madrilenian group. They submitted to the teachings of classic and modern preceptors, and created a theater which followed the political and moral interests of the time. Three trends existed:
1176:
In the first he is attracted in his youth by the predominant Rococó poetry and by the influence of José Cadalso. He composed anacreontic and pastoral poems with love as the predominant theme. From this first stage it is worth mentioning the
772:
languages (Latin and Greek) over modern languages, and the latter by those who rejected translations because they would introduce unnecessary foreign words into the Spanish language and would endanger its identity. Two positions thus arose:
1317:, and as opposed to Ramón de la Cruz's amiable sainete regarding local customs, Leandro Fernández de Moratín ridiculed the vices and the customs of his time, in a clear attempt to turn the theater into a vehicle for moralizing customs.
964:. But he soon tired of poetry, which he considered to be an adolescent game to which reason did not apply, and which was improper of a respectable man. Curiously, years later he invited in verse to the insurrection of 1808 in the
805:(until the late 18th century): an interest in French and Italian classicism is seen. The writers also imitated ancient Greek and Roman classics and its peak extended from the reign of Ferdinand VI until well into the 19th century.
392:
defended the foundations of modern constitutionalism and the separation of the legislative, executive and judicial powers. The enlightened wanted to enjoy freedom and to choose their own rulers. All this inspired the motto of the
1475:, a satire of the theater written by his neoclassical enemies. With his maxim "I write and the truth dictates to me", he could find in the people an inexhaustible source, the same one that, with greater depth, would inspire
572:. On the other hand, the common people, made up of ranchers, crop farmers, civil servants and the marginalized, lacked rights. The monarchs gradually reduced some privileges of the hereditary aristocracy and adopted a
1233:(1775–1848) stood out. They wrote patriotic poems urging people to fight for freedom after the invasion of the French and the return of Ferdinand VII in the early 19th century. Some of them went into exile.
642:, founded for the benefit of the language, under the motto "it purifies, fixes and shines". The society aimed to establish norms for the correct use of language, and its first effort was devoted to the
638:
spread throughout the nation. They were made up of enlightened people from the aristocracy, the bourgeoisie and the clergy. In this century organizations of great importance were created, such as the
960:
Jovellanos began to write lyric poetry with the pastoral name (very common in his time) of Jovino, and with Enlightenment ideals. Like Cadalso, he satirized the uneducated aristocracy in his satire
919:
politics, astronomy, mathematics, physics, history, religion, etc. His style was characterized by its simplicity, naturalness and clarity. For many critics, Spanish prose became modern with Feijoo.
1024:(1771). His love towards the actress María Ignacia Ibáñez brought him closer to the dramatic world. Although he wrote three tragedies, only one of them was performed, and with little success:
1431:
theater that people preferred. Nevertheless, his economic needs made him approach less-enlightened genres more acclaimed by the public and the actors. In this way, he began to write
1005:
José Cadalso y Vázquez de Andrade (1741–1782) is another of the great prose writers of the 18th century. He wrote important literary works, his most important creation being
740:
as a literary language, but for that it was necessary to develop forms of expression in accordance with the European experimental sciences, a task which was carried out by
512:
1386:(1806), he defends the woman's right to accept her spouse or not against the imposition of her family, since it was common to marry young girls to wealthy old men. In
475:
1085:
variant, more luxurious and ornate, was dominated by pastoral themes that exalted pleasure and gallant love. Typical forms were odes, epistles, elegies and romances.
953:
Minister of Grace and Justice, and later, Secretary of State. When he lost the confidence of the minister, he was imprisoned in Mallorca in Bellver Castle until the
1042:
is entirely eighteenth-century, in which he lashes out against false intellectuals, seven lessons that satirize those who pretend to know a lot by studying little.
778:, which defended a pure language, without mixing vocabulary or strange turns of phrase, with words documented in the Authorities (the Royal Spanish Academy); and
501:
275:, Philip V (1700–1746) was recognized as King of Spain, although he later lost his dominions in Menorca and Gibraltar. In 1724, he abdicated in favor of his son
1213:
Under the influence of José Cadalso and Meléndez, poems were written that were more ornate and colorful than those of the Salmantine school, also influenced by
490:
1313:, creator of what has come to be called Moratinian comedy. As opposed to the tragic genre, the most common at the time, which was practiced by his father
736:
Latin was used in the universities as an academic language, but it was gradually replaced in that role. Spaniards wanted to return to the splendor of the
859:
Another modality of great influence in this time was the newspaper. Literary and scientific publications and publications of curiosities, including the
464:
310:
291:
318:
1051:(1789), published posthumously, are the most important of Cadalso's literary work. According to a model widely cultivated in France (for example,
1190:
undertake reforms to improve the life of the people, criticized courtly customs, and his poetry became philosophical, sentimental and reflective.
882:
699:
54:
1334:
691:
302:
1325:
1036:
he narrates in dialogue the frustrated longing of the main character Tediato, to rescue the body of his beloved from the tomb. The book
314:
294:, improved the country's communications and road network, encouraged naval constructions and favored the development of the sciences.
784:, which was entirely opposed to the penetration of neologisms, mainly foreign ones, accusing its opponents of defiling the language.
404:
The Enlightenment theories had their origin in England, although they reached their peak in France, where they were collected in the
457:('innovators', called so contemptuously). They spread the theories of Galileo Galilei, Kepler, Linnaeus and Isaac Newton. Among the
741:
601:
877:
contributed to the spread in Spain of the theories and the ideas of the time, establishing the principles of the Enlightenment.
306:
398:
1140:
894:
716:
The high point of the Enlightenment in Spain occurred during the reign of Charles III and its decline, around the time of the
625:), in spite of the censorship of the time to avoid their introduction in the Peninsula and the vigilance of the Inquisition.
301:
succeeded him on the throne. The prototype of an enlightened monarch, he relied on the support of important ministers, like
1347:
1314:
1093:
645:
683:
264:
1669:
1639:
1451:, mocked husbands, bricklayers, chestnut sellers, ruined noblemen, etc.) and the action usually takes place in Madrid:
362:
1714:
1699:
1684:
1624:
1609:
1594:
1579:
1564:
1549:
1341:
1310:
1299:
Although less rationalist than other genres, tragedy cultivated historical themes, as is the case of the best known,
76:
1493:, madness, gloomy and nocturnal atmospheres and a great amorous passion are introduced. Other important authors are
447:, Spain practically abandoned scientific studies, which were seen with suspicion and continuously persecuted by the
279:, but when the latter died months later, he returned to assume the Spanish throne. During his reign, he developed a
47:
1739:
765:
628:
The translation of French books of all genres and the hiring of foreign professors or scholars in certain subjects.
223:
happiness was pursued by means of culture and progress. Art and literature began to move towards a new classicism (
1494:
667:
1435:
with Spanish themes and, at the same time, sainetes. Of the latter he wrote more than four hundred, generally in
1374:
As a playwright, he wrote only five comedies that earned him a great reputation among the enlightened people. In
1744:
927:
761:
564:
and laws of Aragón and Catalonia. The Church maintained its dominance, although some religious orders like the
268:
109:
1306:
1222:
816:
325:, he modernized the country, repopulated the Sierra Morena, and favored education, commerce and public works.
1734:
1246:
1101:
543:
248:
1097:
885:
defined the great current, largely composed of enlightened and expelled Jesuits, in regard to these genres.
943:
753:
675:
157:
517:
1729:
480:
101:
1365:. Current critics consider Moratín to be the most outstanding lyricist of the 18th century. In the poem
1151:
843:
768:
to carry out a general reform of education ordered the exclusive use of the Spanish in the university.
757:
411:
149:
141:
125:
1487:
Some works of the Salmantine school foreshadow the beginning of Romanticism. Thus, in José Cadalso's
1163:
1139:, who soon evolved into an early Romanticism (Pre-Romanticism); and the Madrilenian group, formed by
1089:
558:
fortified the monarchic power and promoted a process of centralization in the nation, abolishing the
37:
1218:
1124:
853:
506:
1646:
Los conceptos de Rococó, Neoclasicismo y Prerromanticismo en la literatura española del siglo XVIII
41:
33:
523:
495:
1498:
1371:, in his old age, he bids farewell to poetry and theater, which had been his reason for living.
427:
418:. In this work, they gathered all the existing knowledge of their time, in alphabetical order.
341:
58:
903:
His knowledge was manifested in a multitude of essays that he grouped in the eight volumes of
820:
639:
839:
Vida, ascendencia, nacimiento, crianza y aventuras del Doctor Don Diego de Torres Villarroel
522:
stand out. In the 18th century, the legacy they left was continued by other scientists like
1526:
1502:
836:
Narrative is almost non-existent in Spain during this period. It is practically reduced to
569:
357:
298:
260:
208:
183:
167:
368:
8:
1520:
1514:
1269:
The traditional trend. During the first half of the 18th century, theater was in decline.
1226:
1214:
1132:
634:
The appearance of newspapers or publications where enlightenment ideas were disseminated.
469:
448:
329:
117:
1421:
1288:
1242:
1069:
1012:
745:
1469:; the ending is sometimes intended to be exemplary. The most famous of his sainetes is
954:
737:
251:(1701–1714). The European powers, worried about the hegemonic power of the French King
92:
631:
Scholars and intellectuals' academic trips and knowledge of European life and customs.
1710:
1695:
1680:
1665:
1650:
1635:
1620:
1605:
1590:
1575:
1560:
1545:
1476:
1156:
717:
555:
554:
barely had seven and a half million inhabitants. With a French political conception,
551:
444:
394:
333:
272:
256:
1203:
Like Salamanca, the city of Seville also had a great poetic tradition. In 1751 the
1116:
565:
531:
276:
1128:
377:
322:
214:
During the 18th century a new mentality emerged (in essence a continuation of the
1440:
1056:
764:, among others. In 1813, after the War of Independence, the Board created by the
749:
707:
597:
1427:
1276:
1000:
406:
1280:
949:
his political activity increased steadily. After an exile, he was appointed by
811:(late 18th and early 19th centuries): the influence of the English philosopher
721:
345:
1236:
432:
1723:
1230:
1136:
824:
547:
486:
415:
224:
1115:, with the influence of its assistant (a position similar to that of mayor)
1436:
1081:
Neoclassical poetry dealt with historical, genre and satirical themes. The
950:
936:
337:
1654:
1309:. But undoubtedly the most representative theater of the time was that of
1052:
622:
527:
389:
287:
228:
215:
1284:
1172:
Two stages can be distinguished in the lyric poetry of Meléndez Valdés:
580:
812:
280:
200:
1143:, Ramón de la Cruz, Iriarte, Samaniego and the Fernández de Moratíns.
792:
Three stages in 18th-century Spanish literature can be distinguished:
1108:
849:
Historia del famoso predicador fray Gerundio de Campazas, alias Zotes
596:
The diffusion of the ideas of some Enlightenment scholars, including
290:(1746–1759) succeeded him, who, with ministers like Carvajal and the
252:
1279:
enjoyed popular support. They were written in verse, related to the
239:
1432:
618:
614:
573:
1412:(1792) is a mockery of authors who ignore the Aristotelian rules.
1287:
of previous centuries. The most important author of sainetes was
1178:
1112:
900:
advisor and prohibiting attacks against his work and his person.
550:
considered Spain a nation submerged in misery and ignorance. The
219:
704:(Royal Academy of the Good Writings of Barcelona, 1752) and the
1120:
1082:
336:
broke out in 1789. Because of his weakness and the ambition of
1146:
1107:
Neoclassical literature was developed mainly in three cities:
991:
1392:, he criticizes hypocrisy and false piety. Another comedy is
1356:
Sátira contra los vicios introducidos en la poesía castellana
1018:
As poet, and under the name of Dalmiro, he composed the work
559:
204:
592:
Enlightenment ideas entered Spain through various channels:
1446:
1330:
1237:
The Madrilenian school: the fabulists Iriarte and Samaniego
932:
537:
696:(Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, 1751), the
1443:. The characters of this theater subgenre are popular (
1030:(1771). His prose work is, however, more extensive. In
1616:
La comedia sentimental, género español del siglo XVIII
1072:
collected the aesthetic ideas of Neoclassicism in his
1679:, F. Pedraza y M. Rodríguez, Tafalla, Cenlit, 1983.
1541:
Historia de la literatura española. III. Siglo XVIII
787:
586:
Foundation and statutes of the Royal Spanish Academy
1523:: Historical context of the Enlightenment in Spain.
1634:, G. Carnero, Fundación Juan March-Cátedra, 1983.
297:After the reign of Ferdinand VI, his half-brother
1649:, J. Caso González, Universidad de Oviedo, 1970.
1721:
1571:Antología de la Literatura Española. Siglo XVIII
1092:, the leading Spanish representative of Rococó,
88:
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1709:, F. Sánchez Blanco, Crítica, Barcelona, 1997.
1320:
1252:Leandro, together with Cadalso and Jovellanos.
922:
888:
883:Spanish Universalist School of the 18th century
613:The propagation of French encyclopedist ideas (
577:smaller than that of other European countries.
190:• Literature subsequent to the Civil War
1559:, J. Álvarez Barrientos, Júcar, Madrid, 1991.
727:
688:(Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid, 1755), the
351:
1704:
1689:
1674:
1659:
1644:
1629:
1619:, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, 1994.
1614:
1601:Historia social de la literatura española, II
1599:
1584:
1569:
1554:
1539:
1488:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1335:Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando
1300:
1204:
1181:
1073:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1006:
978:
965:
910:
904:
872:
866:
860:
847:
837:
779:
773:
705:
697:
692:Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando
689:
681:
673:
665:
655:
643:
605:
458:
452:
434:
421:
376:In the last decades of the 17th century, the
1676:Manual de literatura española V. Siglo XVIII
1664:, Mª R. Pérez Estévez, Actas, Madrid, 2002.
722:Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula
700:Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona
283:policy and reorganized the Public Treasury.
1353:As poet, he wrote satirical poems like the
1147:The Salmantine school: Juan Meléndez Valdés
967:Canto para los astures contra los franceses
1694:, F. Sánchez Blanco, Júcar, Madrid, 1992.
340:, he had to abdicate in favour of his son
1706:El ensayo español. El siglo XVIII. Vol. 2
1505:(1777–1853) and José Somoza (1781–1852).
1359:, a theme that he returns to in prose in
1111:, by people connected to its University;
972:Song for the Asturians against the French
263:had named heir to the throne, formed the
218:) which swept away the old values of the
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1329:Leandro Fernández de Moratín (1799), by
1324:
1150:
990:
926:
579:
361:
238:
1198:
1722:
1217:. In the Sevillian school, poets like
1088:Important names in Spanish poetry are
680:(Royal Academy of History, 1736), the
538:Adoption of the Enlightenment in Spain
1574:, A. Amorós, Castalia, Madrid, 1999.
1544:, J.L. Alborg, Gredos, Madrid, 1972.
234:
1027:Don Sancho García, conde de Castilla
18:
1589:, J. Arce, Alhambra, Madrid, 1980.
1415:
895:Benito Jerónimo Feijoo y Montenegro
321:. Without leaving the model of the
13:
1517:: Evolution of Spanish literature.
1482:
652:Dictionary of the Spanish Language
271:to accede to the crown. After the
14:
1756:
1604:, VVAA., Castalia, Madrid, 1978.
1529:: General vision of the movement.
862:Diario de los Literatos de España
788:Stages of 18th-century literature
646:Diccionario de la lengua española
1631:La cara oscura de la Ilustración
247:The 18th century began with the
197:Spanish Enlightenment literature
23:
1533:
1155:Juan Meléndez Valdés (1797) by
1063:
986:
909:(1727–1739) and in the five of
684:Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid
672:(National Library, 1712), the
584:Cover of the first edition of
433:Antecedents of reformism: the
1:
1586:La poesía del siglo ilustrado
1495:Nicasio Álvarez de Cienfuegos
1206:Academia de las Buenas Letras
668:Biblioteca Nacional de España
399:Freedom, Equality, Fraternity
286:After the death of Philip V,
255:, together with his grandson
249:War of the Spanish Succession
1348:Nicolás Fernández de Moratín
1342:Leandro Fernández de Moratín
1321:Leandro Fernandez de Moratín
1311:Leandro Fernández de Moratín
1094:Nicolás Fernández de Moratín
944:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
923:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
889:Friar Benito Jerónimo Feijoo
676:Real Academia de la Historia
267:and endorsed the attempt of
7:
1661:La España de la Ilustración
1508:
1307:Vicente García de la Huerta
1141:Vicente García de la Huerta
817:Étienne Bonnot de Condillac
728:Spanish in the 18th century
352:The Enlightenment in Europe
311:Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea
269:Archduke Charles of Austria
10:
1761:
1419:
1362:La derrota de los pedantes
1339:
1259:
1240:
1161:
998:
941:
912:Cartas eruditas y curiosas
892:
844:Diego de Torres Villarroel
657:Diccionario de Autoridades
425:
422:The Enlightenment in Spain
355:
1556:La novela del siglo XVIII
1205:
1039:Los eruditos a la violeta
662:Dictionary of Authorities
1691:La prosa del siglo XVIII
1454:La pradera de San Isidro
1247:Félix María de Samaniego
1102:Félix María de Samaniego
931:Jovellanos portrayed by
906:Teatro crítico universal
831:
815:, as well as the French
712:(Museum of Prado, 1785).
476:Antonio Hugo de Omerique
32:This article includes a
1740:18th-century literature
1466:El Rastro por la mañana
1275:The popular trend. The
1272:The neoclassical trend.
412:Jean Le Rond d'Alembert
410:(1751–1772), edited by
61:more precise citations.
1705:
1690:
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1376:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1337:
1301:
1219:Manuel María de Arjona
1182:
1159:
1125:Manuel María de Arjona
1074:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1007:
996:
980:El delincuente honrado
979:
966:
939:
911:
905:
873:
867:
861:
854:José Francisco de Isla
848:
838:
780:
774:
706:
698:
690:
682:
674:
666:
656:
644:
606:
602:Benito Jerónimo Feijoo
589:
513:Juan Bautista Corachán
459:
453:
435:
428:Enlightenment in Spain
373:
346:invasion by the French
244:
1745:18th century in Spain
1460:El Prado por la tarde
1328:
1154:
994:
930:
821:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
654:), known then as the
640:Royal Spanish Academy
583:
365:
242:
1735:Age of Enlightenment
1527:Age of Enlightenment
1503:Juan Nicasio Gallego
1499:Manuel José Quintana
1199:The Sevillian school
1164:Juan Meléndez Valdés
1090:Juan Meléndez Valdés
1021:Ocios de mi juventud
610:of the 18th century.
568:fell by the time of
358:Age of Enlightenment
328:During the reign of
319:Leopoldo de Gregorio
292:Marquess of Ensenada
209:Age of Enlightenment
1521:Enlightenment Spain
1515:Literature of Spain
1490:Las noches lúgubres
1439:verse, and some in
1227:Joseph Blanco White
1215:Fernando de Herrera
502:Tomás Vicente Tosca
439:of the 18th century
207:written during the
118:Miguel de Cervantes
102:Medieval literature
93:Literature of Spain
1730:Spanish literature
1383:El sí de las niñas
1377:El viejo y la niña
1368:Elegía a las musas
1338:
1160:
1096:and the fabulists
1045:Nevertheless, the
997:
955:Tumult of Aranjuez
940:
590:
374:
245:
235:Historical context
34:list of references
1477:Francisco de Goya
1133:José María Blanco
977:He also composed
718:French Revolution
552:Iberian Peninsula
544:War of Succession
395:French Revolution
334:French Revolution
315:Jerónimo Grimaldi
273:Treaty of Utrecht
257:Philip V of Spain
194:
193:
184:Generation of '27
168:Generation of '98
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86:
79:
16:Literary movement
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1422:Ramón de la Cruz
1416:Ramón de la Cruz
1411:
1403:
1401:La comedia nueva
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1385:
1379:
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1304:
1289:Ramón de la Cruz
1243:Tomás de Iriarte
1229:(1775–1841) and
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1207:
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1117:Pablo de Olavide
1098:Tomás de Iriarte
1077:
1070:Ignacio de Luzán
1050:
1048:Cartas marruecas
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623:Montesquieu
570:Charles III
528:Cosme Bueno
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449:Inquisition
443:During the
390:Montesquieu
303:José Moñino
299:Charles III
229:Romanticism
216:Renaissance
142:Romanticism
110:Renaissance
67:August 2021
59:introducing
1724:Categories
1285:entremeses
813:John Locke
775:casticismo
754:Jovellanos
738:Golden Age
542:After the
524:Jorge Juan
330:Charles IV
281:centralist
261:Charles II
201:literature
159:Modernismo
1655:606185939
1433:zarzuelas
1109:Salamanca
1068:In 1737,
962:A Arnesto
868:El Censor
746:Sarmiento
607:novatores
460:novatores
454:novatores
436:novatores
366:Cover of
348:in 1808.
253:Louis XIV
1509:See also
1395:El barón
1277:sainetes
935:, 1798.
871:and the
619:Voltaire
615:Rousseau
574:regalist
556:Philip V
548:Bourbons
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1409:El café
1346:Son of
1315:Nicolás
1260:Theater
1179:eclogue
1113:Seville
1075:Poética
781:purismo
766:Regency
762:Capmany
566:Jesuits
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259:, whom
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760:, and
758:Forner
750:Mayans
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588:(1715)
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332:, the
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205:Spain
40:, or
1711:ISBN
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