2692:
218:(贡日嘎布曲) river, several kilometers to the northwest of the Upper Chayu/Shangchayu Town (ʐoŋ³¹ȶø⁵⁵ in Songlin; located further downstream on the same river). Some nearby villages include Gonggu 巩固, Xiba 西巴 (ɕi⁵⁵tɑ⁵⁵ in Songlin), and Rongyu 荣玉 to the north, and Zongba 宗巴 and Migu 米古 to the south (Song 2019:6).
182:
in the Upper Chayu Town area reported that the "Songleng Tuyu" 松冷土语 was spoken nearby. After preliminary data was collected in 2014, intensive field work was conducted during the summers of 2015–2017 by a
Chinese research team led by Li Daqin (李大勤) (Song 2019:13). A monograph documenting the Songlin
509:
Consonant clusters include: nb, nd, nȡ, nɟ, ng, ndz, ndʑ, ndʐ, pʐ, pʰʐ, bʐ, nbʐ, kʐ, kʰʐ, gʐ, nbʐ, ngʐ. /n/- is treated as part of consonant clusters, rather than as part of prenasalized initial consonants.
522:
602:
About 50% of all words in
Songlin have the high level tone /55/, while the mid rising /24/ and low falling /31/ tones are each found in approximately 25% of all Songlin words (Song 2019:24).
517:, ȵ is roughly equivalent to or , while ȶ and ȡ can typically be transcribed as and , respectively, although in practice they can actually be equivalent to or instead, or other similar
3104:
3095:
2489:
226:
Song & Lin (2020) shows that
Songlin is not closely related to any of the surrounding Tibeto-Burman languages and cannot be classified as a
540:
3334:
521:. Also, ɕ and ʑ often, but not always, correspond to and in IPA transcriptions used by non-Sinologists. For further information, see
230:
language. A computational phylogenetic study by Jiang (2023) also demonstrates the divergent position of
Songlin. Songlin and the
2482:
170:
Songlin speakers refer to their language as sɑŋ³¹lin⁵⁵pu⁵⁵lo³¹ɟe⁵⁵, and to
Songlin village as sɑŋ³¹lin⁵⁵ (Song 2019:6).
2373:
231:
178:
Jiang Huo (江获) first learned about the existence of
Songlin while doing research on Idu during the 2000s, when local
1289:-tso⁵⁵: 'son' (儿); masculine/diminutive, used to mark an animate noun (person or animal) as male, juvenile, or small
2691:
3216:
2405:
187:(西藏察隅松林语), was written by Song Cheng (宋成) and submitted for publication in 2018. The book was released in 2019.
2475:
195:
The language is spoken in
Songlin Village 松林村, Upper Chayu Town 上察隅镇 by approximately 1,000 people. The local
3274:
3221:
2877:
3344:
3339:
3267:
2922:
2844:
2560:
3167:
2614:
2535:
3248:
2851:
2664:
3242:
3028:
2912:
3288:
3281:
3061:
2995:
2498:
147:
81:
2450:
3231:
3181:
2737:
3043:
2889:
2835:
2406:"On Songlin Language Status from the Chatacterisitics of Tibetic Branch 从藏语支语言的特点看松林语的语言地位"
2365:
539:
Note that ɿ is used by
Sinologists, as well as ʮ (, or ), which is a labialized syllabic
8:
3226:
2816:
2643:
2574:
204:
179:
155:
50:
162:. A linguistic description of Songlin has been published in a monograph by Song (2019).
3067:
2676:
2542:
215:
126:
3175:
3135:
3113:
3078:
3072:
3037:
2975:
2969:
2949:
2743:
2731:
2714:
2622:
2568:
2548:
2425:
2379:
2369:
3196:
3126:
3100:
3050:
3008:
2917:
2894:
2787:
2767:
2724:
2649:
2512:
2417:
227:
208:
139:
2774:
1454:
The following
Songlin sentence examples are from Yan (Song 2020:656). Songlin has
3188:
3142:
3001:
2883:
2822:
2656:
2603:
2594:
2580:
73:
3258:
3236:
3150:
3119:
3055:
3015:
2989:
2963:
2940:
2863:
2809:
2781:
2750:
2628:
2554:
1455:
2383:
3328:
2982:
2904:
2670:
2635:
2587:
2429:
200:
196:
3317:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
2956:
2872:
2828:
2757:
533:
There are 12 vowels: i, y, ɯ, u, e, ø, o, ə, ɛ, ɑ, ɿ, ʮ (Song 2019:21–22).
3302:
2517:
235:
151:
46:
2467:
1220:
523:
obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the
International Phonetic Alphabet
3295:
2936:
2701:
2508:
2421:
518:
119:
107:
1293:
Reduplication is commonly used to form new nouns (Song 2019:45–46).
251:
The consonant inventory of Songlin is as follows (Song 2019:18–19).
514:
2797:
1278:
kə³¹-: used before some verbs, some body parts, and various nouns
2710:
2525:
2451:"Linguistic diversity and classification in Tibet 西藏的语言多样性及其分类"
611:
1204:
Tones are transcribed using the numerals 1, 2, and 3 (see the
2706:
2521:
159:
54:
35:
1286:-pɑ⁵⁵: used with human-related terms, body parts, and others
211:, both of which are also spoken in Upper Chayu Town 上察隅镇.
1598:
The following are Songlin words cited from Song (2020).
214:
Songlin village is located on the western banks of the
238:, but Songlin is not closely related to any of them.
1268:
Some common prefixes in Songlin are (Song 2019:43):
1259:'once upon a time'/'a very long time ago' (很久很久以前)
3326:
3166:
2613:
536:Songlin has 5 diphthongs: ui, ɯi, ou, ie, iɛ.
2483:
3027:
1386:Songlin interrogatives are (Song 2019:140):
2442:
1574:
173:
2490:
2476:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
1551:
1496:
1301:The Songlin pronouns are (Song 2019:134):
2497:
1339:
1323:
2403:
2390:
2338:
1470:
3327:
2471:
2448:
2453:. Chinese Tibetology Center 中国藏学研究中心
2404:Song, Cheng 宋成; Lin, Xin 林鑫 (2020).
2359:
1567:pin55wu55 kʰu31mu55 ju55 koŋ55 nəŋ31
1466:
1449:
617:
3335:Unclassified Sino-Tibetan languages
1512:ŋɑ55 tɕi31tɕi55 tɕʰɑŋ55 koŋ55 nəŋ31
199:of the area is the Zayu dialect of
13:
551:There are three tones in Songlin.
203:. Some Songlin speakers can speak
14:
3356:
1381:
221:
2690:
1561:
1506:
2362:Xizang Chayu Songlin yu 西藏察隅松林语
1252:Example phrase (Song 2019:33):
190:
146:) is a divergent, unclassified
1:
2331:
1593:
1263:
610:Song (2019:30–32) proposes a
246:
2449:Jiang, Huo 江荻 (2023-02-28).
241:
7:
1296:
614:-based script for Songlin.
10:
3361:
1584:'The sky is falling rain.'
1256:ga1sii1 ga1sii1 dyv1 neng3
541:denti-alveolar approximant
3312:
3257:
3209:
3094:
2935:
2903:
2861:
2796:
2699:
2688:
2506:
1515:1.SG water drink PROG PRT
1365:
1351:
1327:
1319:
1306:
605:
528:
143:
117:
105:
100:
70:
60:
41:
31:
26:
21:
2410:Linguistic Sciences 语言科学
546:
174:History of documentation
165:
2360:Song, Cheng 宋成 (2019).
185:Xizang Chayu Songlin yu
1570:sky rain fall PROG PRT
3217:Central Tibeto-Burman
1275:mɑ³¹-: nominal prefix
543:used by Sinologists.
16:Sino-Tibetan language
2366:The Commercial Press
1518:I am drinking water.
1272:ɑ³¹-: nominal prefix
3275:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
1849:government official
1282:Some suffixes are:
1246:/31/ (low falling)
1213:
1103:
992:
847:
846:Consonant clusters
624:
156:Nyingchi Prefecture
150:language spoken in
51:Nyingchi Prefecture
3345:Languages of Tibet
3340:Languages of China
3268:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
3210:Proposed groupings
1573:Rain is falling. (
1238:/24/ (mid rising)
1230:/55/ (high level)
1211:
1101:
990:
845:
622:
234:all are spoken in
3322:
3321:
3205:
3204:
3090:
3089:
2931:
2930:
2686:
2685:
2329:
2328:
2157:temple (Buddhist)
1450:Sentence examples
1447:
1446:
1379:
1378:
1250:
1249:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1099:
1098:
986:
985:
843:
842:
600:
599:
596:low falling (低降)
507:
506:
133:
132:
66:1,000 (2019)
45:Shangchayu Town,
3352:
3164:
3163:
3025:
3024:
2859:
2858:
2694:
2611:
2610:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2422:10.7509/j.linsci
2401:
2388:
2387:
2357:
1772:horn (of cattle)
1601:
1600:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1563:
1553:
1508:
1498:
1472:
1468:
1389:
1388:
1341:
1325:
1304:
1303:
1214:
1210:
1208:section above):
1104:
1100:
993:
989:
848:
844:
625:
621:
618:
585:mid rising (中升)
574:high level (高平)
554:
553:
254:
253:
232:Mishmi languages
145:
129:
110:
76:
19:
18:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3308:
3259:Proto-languages
3253:
3201:
3168:Greater Siangic
3162:
3099:
3086:
3023:
2927:
2899:
2857:
2801:
2792:
2704:
2695:
2682:
2615:Greater Magaric
2609:
2536:West Himalayish
2516:
2502:
2496:
2466:
2465:
2456:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2402:
2391:
2376:
2358:
2339:
2334:
2036:old (of things)
1596:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1520:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1452:
1411:cʰe⁵⁵/hɑ³¹mi⁵⁵
1384:
1299:
1266:
1202:
608:
549:
531:
249:
244:
224:
193:
176:
168:
125:
106:
96:
77:
74:Language family
72:
63:
62:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3249:Tibeto-Kanauri
3246:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3222:Kuki-Chin–Naga
3219:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3110:
3108:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2943:
2941:Southeast Asia
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2878:Angami–Pochuri
2875:
2869:
2867:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2803:
2802:Burmese border
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2720:
2718:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2529:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2441:
2416:(6): 649–659.
2389:
2374:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:light (weight)
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:leaf (of tree)
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1595:
1592:
1556:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1501:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1461:
1460:
1456:SOV word order
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1383:
1382:Interrogatives
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:Songlin script
1199:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:Songlin script
1097:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:Songlin script
987:
984:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
960:
959:
956:
952:
951:
948:
944:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
928:
927:
924:
920:
919:
916:
912:
911:
908:
904:
903:
900:
896:
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
880:
879:
876:
872:
871:
868:
864:
863:
860:
856:
855:
852:
851:Songlin script
841:
840:
837:
833:
832:
829:
825:
824:
821:
817:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
801:
800:
797:
793:
792:
789:
785:
784:
781:
777:
776:
773:
769:
768:
765:
761:
760:
757:
753:
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:
737:
736:
733:
729:
728:
725:
721:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
705:
704:
701:
697:
696:
693:
689:
688:
685:
681:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
665:
664:
661:
657:
656:
653:
649:
648:
645:
641:
640:
637:
633:
632:
629:
628:Songlin script
616:
607:
604:
598:
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
580:
576:
575:
572:
569:
565:
564:
561:
558:
548:
545:
530:
527:
505:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
491:
488:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
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468:
466:
463:
461:
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457:
453:
452:
450:
448:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
433:
431:
429:
427:
424:
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418:
415:
414:
412:
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405:
402:
399:
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389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
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373:
371:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
337:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
317:
316:
314:
311:
308:
305:
303:
300:
296:
295:
293:
290:
287:
284:
282:
279:
275:
274:
272:
269:
266:
263:
261:
258:
248:
245:
243:
240:
223:
222:Classification
220:
216:Kangrigarbo Qu
192:
189:
175:
172:
167:
164:
131:
130:
123:
115:
114:
111:
103:
102:
101:Language codes
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
92:
86:(unclassified)
80:
78:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
43:
39:
38:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3357:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3289:Proto-Karenic
3286:
3284:
3283:
3282:Proto-Loloish
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3243:Tibeto-Burman
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3029:Burmo-Qiangic
3026:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2923:Jingpho–Luish
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:Baram–Thangmi
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2452:
2445:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2375:9787100175234
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:ɕɑŋ⁵⁵ngʐɑŋ⁵⁵
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:ghost, spirit
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:ndʑoŋ⁵⁵mɑŋ⁵⁵
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1650:
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1646:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:English gloss
1606:
1604:Chinese gloss
1603:
1602:
1599:
1590:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:what?; which?
1407:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1374:
1372:pə³¹kʰə⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1358:nə³¹kʰə⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:ŋɑ³¹kʰə⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵
1343:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:ɑ²⁴kʰə⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵
1330:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
988:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
969:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
953:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
937:
933:
930:
929:
925:
922:
921:
917:
914:
913:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
897:
893:
890:
889:
885:
882:
881:
877:
874:
873:
869:
866:
865:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
849:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
826:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
810:
806:
803:
802:
798:
795:
794:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
778:
774:
771:
770:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
754:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
738:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
722:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
706:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
674:
670:
667:
666:
662:
659:
658:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
626:
620:
619:
615:
613:
603:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
567:
566:
562:
559:
556:
555:
552:
544:
542:
537:
534:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
460:
458:
455:
454:
451:
449:
447:
444:
441:
438:
436:
435:
432:
430:
428:
425:
422:
419:
417:
416:
413:
411:
409:
406:
403:
400:
398:
397:
394:
392:
390:
387:
384:
381:
379:
378:
374:
372:
370:
367:
364:
361:
359:
358:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
339:
338:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
304:
301:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
283:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
239:
237:
233:
229:
219:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
201:Khams Tibetan
198:
197:lingua franca
188:
186:
181:
171:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
141:
137:
128:
124:
122:
121:
116:
112:
109:
104:
99:
91:
88:
87:
85:
84:
83:
79:
75:
69:
65:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3314:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3241:
3187:
3180:
3156:
3155:
3141:
3134:
3125:
3118:
3077:
3062:Lolo-Burmese
3060:
3036:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2882:
2850:
2843:
2834:
2827:
2815:
2808:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2730:
2723:
2675:
2669:
2655:
2648:
2634:
2627:
2602:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2567:
2553:
2541:
2534:
2499:Sino-Tibetan
2455:. Retrieved
2444:
2433:. Retrieved
2413:
2409:
2361:
1896:tʂɿ³¹dzin⁵⁵
1852:ngə⁵⁵tʂʰɿ⁵⁵
1775:goŋ²⁴kʰʐɿ⁵⁵
1739:right (side)
1597:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1465:
1462:
1453:
1385:
1300:
1292:
1281:
1267:
1251:
1205:
1203:
1195:
609:
601:
563:Description
550:
538:
535:
532:
512:
508:
250:
225:
213:
194:
191:Demographics
184:
177:
169:
148:Sino-Tibetan
135:
134:
118:
89:
82:Sino-Tibetan
3303:Proto-Hakka
3232:Mahakiranti
2738:East Bodish
2518:Uttarakhand
2364:. Beijing:
2314:mi³¹tʂʰe⁵⁵
2281:jɑŋ²⁴jɑŋ⁵⁵
2171:ɕin⁵⁵koŋ⁵⁵
2160:nɟø⁵⁵nba⁵⁵
2113:hair (body)
2069:earth, soil
1948:roast, bake
1863:noŋ³¹tɕy⁵⁵
1841:tɕʰi³¹li⁵⁵
1830:tsʰɑ¹³pɑ²⁴
1808:ci²⁴tsʰɿ⁵⁵
1742:tʂoŋ⁵⁵lɑ⁵⁵
1698:pu³¹ndʑe²⁴
1419:ȵɛn²⁴kʰɑ³¹
1366:3rd person
1352:2nd person
1320:1st person
1221:Pitch value
623:Consonants
560:Pitch value
557:Tone number
236:Zayu County
152:Zayu County
47:Zayu County
3329:Categories
3197:Idu–Taraon
3151:Miju–Meyor
3044:Gyalrongic
2890:Tangkhulic
2665:Raji–Raute
2457:2023-03-16
2435:2023-03-16
2384:1152175771
2332:References
2292:ɕi³¹tso²⁴
2223:high, tall
2215:hɑ⁵⁵ndu⁵⁵
2193:nbɑ³¹je²⁴
2179:saw (tool)
2105:nɑ⁵⁵sɛn⁵⁵
2028:kɑ³¹tsɛ⁵⁵
1885:nba³¹ju⁵⁵
1819:kʰɑ³¹pɑ²⁴
1797:kɑ⁵⁵loŋ⁵⁵
1753:pɑ³¹tɕy²⁴
1665:po³¹ŋoŋ²⁴
1632:kʰɑ³¹ȵi⁵⁵
1621:tɕi³¹tɑ⁵⁵
1594:Vocabulary
1443:hɑ³¹nbo⁵⁵
1427:hɑ³¹ndɑ⁵⁵
1403:ʃɑŋ³¹ŋɑ⁵⁵
1264:Morphology
519:affricates
247:Consonants
183:language,
180:Idu people
27:sɑŋ³¹lin⁵⁵
3296:Proto-Min
3227:Macro-Bai
3105:Arunachal
3098:(possible
2913:Boro–Garo
2817:Kuki-Chin
2800:and Indo-
2715:Arunachal
2702:Himalayas
2677:Tandrange
2644:Chepangic
2575:Dhimalish
2509:Himalayas
2430:1671-9484
2270:sɛ⁵⁵sɛ⁵⁵
2259:ȵɛ²⁴ȵɛ²⁴
2234:you (sg.)
2182:su⁵⁵li⁵⁵
2127:kɑ⁵⁵wɑ⁵⁵
2061:kɑ⁵⁵mɑ⁵⁵
2017:ȵe²⁴ȵe⁵⁵
1874:ku³¹ȵu⁵⁵
1764:kɑ³¹ji⁵⁵
1435:hɑ³¹ȶi⁵⁵
1432:how many?
1375:pə³¹se⁵⁵
1361:nə³¹se⁵⁵
1347:ŋɑ³¹se⁵⁵
513:Note: In
242:Phonology
120:Glottolog
108:ISO 639-3
3101:isolates
3068:Mondzish
2996:Cai–Long
2744:Tshangla
2700:Eastern
2543:Tamangic
2513:Himachal
2507:Western
2501:branches
2325:tɕʰɑŋ²⁴
2311:firewood
2080:mountain
1970:tie (v.)
1926:fly (v.)
1860:grandson
1610:Songlin
1395:Songlin
1334:ɑ²⁴se⁵⁵
1309:singular
1297:Pronouns
515:Sinology
127:song1316
3315:Italics
3176:Siangic
3157:Songlin
3136:Kho-Bwa
3114:Hrusish
3096:Dubious
3079:Loloish
3073:Burmish
3038:Qiangic
3009:Longjia
2976:Karenic
2970:Nungish
2950:Sinitic
2836:Hkongso
2798:Myanmar
2768:Gongduk
2732:Tibetic
2650:Chepang
2623:Magaric
2569:Kiranti
2549:Newaric
2204:ndʑo⁵⁵
2116:n̥oŋ²⁴
1962:pʰʐo²⁴
1940:ndzo⁵⁵
1907:tɕʰo²⁴
1750:outside
1728:rainbow
1687:ȵ̥in²⁴
1676:tʂʰɯ²⁴
1578:
1315:plural
991:Vowels
228:Tibetic
209:gSerkhu
140:Chinese
136:Songlin
90:Songlin
22:Songlin
3189:Milang
3143:Puroik
3127:Mijiic
3051:Ersuic
3002:Caijia
2918:Konyak
2884:Meitei
2788:Chamdo
2725:Bodish
2711:Bhutan
2657:Bhujel
2604:Lepcha
2595:Lhokpu
2581:Dhimal
2526:Sikkim
2428:
2382:
2372:
2303:dɑŋ²⁴
2300:bridge
2267:yellow
2226:sen⁵⁵
2201:listen
2168:sickle
2138:kʰɛ²⁴
2135:needle
2124:pillar
2094:sie⁵⁵
2072:pʐo²⁴
1995:pin⁵⁵
1984:ŋoŋ²⁴
1973:pɯi⁵⁵
1720:kʐi²⁴
1643:sɯŋ⁵⁵
1477:tɕitɕi
1424:where?
1212:Tones
1196:
1102:Rimes
612:pinyin
606:Script
529:Vowels
142::
42:Region
3120:Hruso
3016:Luren
2990:Kathu
2964:Tujia
2852:Taman
2823:Mruic
2810:Karbi
2751:Basum
2707:Tibet
2629:Magar
2555:Newar
2522:Nepal
2245:clean
2237:nu⁵⁵
2149:ʐe²⁴
2146:cloth
2102:otter
2083:ʐɿ²⁴
2050:ʐɛ²⁴
2039:bi²⁴
2025:small
2006:pu²⁴
1981:sleep
1951:pu⁵⁵
1929:ku²⁴
1918:ci⁵⁵
1882:knife
1838:urine
1827:sweat
1813:(树)叶子
1731:zɑ⁵⁵
1709:gu²⁴
1695:eight
1684:seven
1654:ʑi²⁴
1640:three
1532:kʰumu
1524:pinwu
1488:drink
1485:tɕʰɑŋ
1480:water
1416:when?
1392:Gloss
1328:ŋɑ⁵⁵
1206:Tones
547:Tones
166:Names
160:Tibet
55:Tibet
36:China
3237:Rung
3182:Koro
3056:Naic
2983:Gong
2939:and
2937:East
2895:Zeme
2864:Naga
2782:Tani
2775:ʼOle
2671:Dura
2636:Kham
2588:Toto
2426:ISSN
2380:OCLC
2370:ISBN
2322:tree
2256:soft
2190:rope
2091:gold
2058:star
2047:very
2014:good
1992:dare
1959:pull
1915:walk
1893:boat
1871:shoe
1805:back
1794:neck
1783:tail
1769:(牛)角
1761:flea
1717:wind
1706:nine
1662:five
1651:four
1575:lit.
1552:PROG
1543:fall
1535:rain
1497:PROG
1440:how?
1400:who?
1369:pu²⁴
1355:nu⁵⁵
1340:EXCL
1324:INCL
1312:dual
1182:iɛn
1171:uung
1139:eeen
1110:IPA
999:IPA
982:ngʐ
979:nggr
974:nbʐ
971:nbbr
958:kʰʐ
934:pʰʐ
918:ndʐ
910:ndʑ
902:ndz
883:nggy
875:nddy
854:IPA
767:tɕʰ
655:tsʰ
631:IPA
593:/31/
582:/24/
571:/55/
207:and
3103:) (
2957:Bai
2905:Sal
2845:Pyu
2829:Mru
2758:Nam
2418:doi
2289:new
2212:big
2066:地、土
1937:eat
1673:six
1629:two
1618:one
1562:PRT
1558:nəŋ
1548:koŋ
1527:sky
1507:PRT
1503:nəŋ
1493:koŋ
1190:oŋ
1187:ong
1179:ian
1174:ɯŋ
1166:ɯn
1163:uun
1158:ɑŋ
1155:ang
1150:ɑn
1142:ɛn
1134:əŋ
1131:eng
1126:iŋ
1123:ing
1118:in
1052:iii
1028:eee
966:gʐ
963:ggr
950:kʐ
942:bʐ
939:bbr
926:pʐ
915:nzh
894:ng
891:ngg
886:nɟ
878:nȡ
870:nd
867:ndd
862:nb
859:nbb
839:ts
791:tʰ
759:pʰ
719:kʰ
711:tɕ
426:tɕʰ
423:tʂʰ
420:tsʰ
205:Idu
144:松林语
3331::
2873:Ao
2713:,
2709:,
2524:,
2520:,
2424:.
2414:19
2412:.
2408:.
2392:^
2378:.
2368:.
2340:^
2308:火柴
2286:新的
2275:轻的
2264:黄的
2253:软的
2242:干净
2187:绳子
2176:锯子
2165:镰刀
2121:柱子
2099:水獭
2088:金子
2055:星星
2003:he
1879:刀子
1857:孙子
1791:脖子
1780:尾巴
1758:跳蚤
1747:外面
1540:ju
1471:SG
1463:ŋɑ
1458:.
1147:an
1115:in
1095:y
1087:ɯ
1084:uu
1079:u
1071:ø
1068:oo
1063:o
1055:ʮ
1047:ɿ
1044:ii
1039:i
1031:ɛ
1023:e
1020:ee
1015:ə
1007:ɑ
955:kr
947:gr
931:pr
923:br
907:nj
899:nz
831:j
823:ɕ
815:w
807:y
799:u
783:s
775:ʐ
751:o
743:n
735:m
727:l
703:i
695:h
687:k
679:f
671:ə
663:t
647:p
639:ɑ
525:.
445:dʑ
442:dʐ
439:dz
407:tɕ
404:tʂ
401:ts
375:h
333:ŋ̥
328:ȵ̥
323:n̥
320:m̥
292:kʰ
289:cʰ
286:ȶʰ
281:tʰ
278:pʰ
158:,
154:,
53:,
49:,
3107:)
2866:"
2862:"
2761:?
2717:)
2705:(
2674:–
2528:)
2515:,
2511:(
2491:e
2484:t
2477:v
2460:.
2438:.
2420::
2386:.
2319:树
2297:桥
2231:你
2220:高
2209:大
2198:听
2154:寺
2143:布
2132:针
2110:毛
2077:山
2044:很
2033:旧
2022:小
2011:好
2000:他
1989:敢
1978:睡
1967:捆
1956:拔
1945:烤
1934:吃
1923:飞
1912:走
1901:鬼
1890:船
1868:鞋
1846:官
1835:尿
1824:汗
1802:背
1736:右
1725:虹
1714:风
1703:九
1692:八
1681:七
1670:六
1659:五
1648:四
1637:三
1626:二
1615:一
1589:)
1587:'
1581:'
1469:.
1467:1
1243:3
1235:2
1227:1
1092:v
1076:u
1060:o
1036:i
1012:e
1004:a
836:z
828:y
820:x
812:w
804:v
796:u
788:t
780:s
772:r
764:q
756:p
748:o
740:n
732:m
724:l
716:k
708:j
700:i
692:h
684:g
676:f
668:e
660:d
652:c
644:b
636:a
590:3
579:2
568:1
493:ɬ
476:l
465:j
456:w
388:ʑ
385:ʐ
382:z
368:ɕ
365:ʂ
362:s
353:ŋ
348:ȵ
343:n
340:m
313:g
310:ɟ
307:ȡ
302:d
299:b
271:k
268:c
265:ȶ
260:t
257:p
138:(
113:–
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