1096:, a Qatari diplomat who is considered one of the Arabs with a lot of original Arabic academic works in sinology, published the book "Zheng He, Chinese Emperor of the Seas". The book covers the history and adventures of a Chinese commander by the name Zheng He whose fleet went round the known world in seven voyages between the years 1415 and 1432. He also wrote before that the novel "The Fleet of the Sun" inspired by the story of the Chinese commander. It was considered the first Arabic novel with a Chinese as the central character, thus it achieved some fame in the Arab world, although it was not published until recently. He also published "China in the Eyes of Travelers", a book that delved deep into the history of ancient China through the discoveries made by travellers and explorers. Al-hajri further wrote the book "Arts in the Ming Dynasty", in which he elaborated on the political and economic development of the
1050:, on his fourth voyage in 1412 AD. It is clear from the foregoing that there had been friction between China and the Arabs from a long time ago, and that there are cultural and commercial relations existing between the Arab and Chinese civilizations, which required the visiting Arabs to learn the Chinese language and vice versa. However, there are no texts indicating that the Arabs during this period studied the Chinese language or culture beyond what their missionary or trades affairs demanded, and the reason for this is due to the fact that the purpose of the visits was often to trade or to spread Islam.
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stations, and the pilgrimage to Mecca, in addition to the flourishing of land and sea trade. All this led to the advancement of their studies in geography and thus, new knowledge about China found its way to the Arab world. Up to the twelfth century, the Arabs possessed exclusive knowledge about the East, and they were contributing to the transmission of knowledge to the West, which contributed to the advancement of
Islamic civilization and its impact on world culture.
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annotated translation. This emphasis on translating classical texts inhibited the use of social science methodology or comparing these texts of other traditions. One scholar described this type of sinology as "philological hairsplitting" preoccupied with marginal or curious aspects. Secular scholars gradually came to outnumber missionaries, and in the 20th century sinology slowly gained a substantial presence in
Western universities.
1027:, for instance, suggests a "New Sinology", one which "emphasizes strong scholastic underpinnings in both the classical and modern Chinese language and studies, at the same time as encouraging an ecumenical attitude in relation to a rich variety of approaches and disciplines, whether they be mainly empirical or more theoretically inflected."
999:, in reply to the back and forth of this debate, issued what he called "A Lone Cheer for Sinology". He did not accept the assumption that there is "some implicit hostility between 'Sinology' and the disciplines of history and social sciences." Sinology, he continued, is used in too a wide range of meanings to be so confined:
1080:
size, teaching quality, and the level of teachers and staff. The
Bourguiba Institute for Modern Languages was also opened in Tunisia, and it specializes in the Chinese language in 1977. Cairo University also established the Chinese Language Department in September 2004 becoming a major center for Sinology is
1020:, such as the close parsing of official announcements for hidden meanings, movements of officials reported in newspapers, and analysis of photographs of public appearances. But in the years since the opening of China, China watchers can live in China and take advantage of normal sources of information.
1061:
Abu Zayd's book "On China and India" was a well-known and highly regarded Arabic historical material. The book had two separate parts, the first part was "History of Indian and
Chinese Affairs" by an unknown author, and the second part was "A Collection of Rumors of India and China" by Abu Zayd. The
1003:
At one extreme it is used to characterize a rather ridiculous caricature compounded of pedantry and preoccupation with peripheral and precious subjects of little general significance.... At the other extreme, the definition used by Prof. Mote is so broad and all-inclusive as to mean little more than
1070:
During the 20th century, projects of cooperation between China and the Arab countries led to the development of
Sinology in the Arab countries nominally after expanding the scope of Chinese-Arab cooperation in the field of education, with some difference according to the level of cooperation. Since
1058:
coastal regions of China, and then visited Zabagh and
Turkistan in Central Asia. He died in the year 956, and he is the author of the book "Meadows of Gold", which deals with history, geography, and other fields. He had many records about China, and these records were popular among orient scholars.
1057:
Arabs such as Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Masoudi, who is a well-known historical figure in the
Arabian Peninsula, made significant contributions to Sinology. Al-Masoudi has traveled all over the world since he was a child, visiting faraway places. In the year 915, he visited India, Ceylon, Champa, and the
1040:
Chinese historical sources indicate that the
Chinese had knowledge of the Arabs several centuries before Islam, as the history of relations between the two civilizations dates back to the pre-Islamic era. The policy of the Han Dynasty (206 BC) aimed at opening trade routes with the western regions,
689:
in 1583, and would spend the rest of his life in China. Unlike most of his predecessors and contemporaries, Ricci did not view the
Chinese firstly as pagans or idolators, but as "like-minded literati approachable on the level of learning". Like Chinese literati, he studied the Confucian classics in
1087:
Arab scholars sought to delve deeper into
Sinology for academic, political, cultural and diplomatic purposes in order to build a bridge of communication between the Arab and Chinese peoples. Their interest in the history of China also increased greatly. Many books related to the history of Chinese
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called for the social sciences to make more use of China, but wrote "In recent years the cry has gone up: Sinology is dead; long live Chinese studies!" and concluded that "Sinology, a discipline unto itself, is being replaced by Chinese studies, a multidisciplinary endeavour with specific research
1079:
The number of Arabs that learn the Chinese Language has increased. The Chinese Language Department at Ain Shams University is a major center for teaching the Chinese language in Egypt and one of the notable centers for teaching the Chinese language in the Arab world and Africa in terms of student
1053:
At the beginning of the seventh century until the eighth century, the power of the Arabs increased due to the expansion of Islam and its spread throughout the world, and their control expanded to the east and west. Their power was strengthened by their vast lands, their advanced network of postal
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Many books have been translated from Chinese into Arabic as part of these efforts. Where more than 700 books about the people of China, their culture, economy, literature and philosophy have been translated into Arabic by the (House of Wisdom) company located in the Ningxia Hui region, northwest
906:
both published basic studies and trained students. Pelliot's knowledge of the relevant languages, especially those of Central Asia, and control of bibliography in those languages, gave him the power to write on a range of topics and to criticize in damning detail the mistakes of other scholars.
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The image of China as an essentially Confucian society conveyed by Jesuit scholars dominated Western thought in these times. While some in Europe learned to speak Chinese, most studied written classical Chinese. These scholars were in what is called the "commentarial tradition" through critical
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opened the Chinese language specialization in 1958. However, the course was stopped for prevailing political reasons at the time. In the period between 1958 and 1963, 33 Chinese language students graduated from Egyptian universities. In 1977, Ain Shams University reintroduced the Sinology
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Because Chinese texts did not have any major connections to most important European topics (such as the Bible), they were scarcely studied by European universities until around 1860. An exception to this was France, where Chinese studies were popularized owing to efforts from
1016:, especially American government officials or journalists. Mutual distrust between the United States and China and the prohibition of travel between the countries meant they did not have access to press briefings or interviews. They therefore adopted techniques from
969:. Tsou emphasized the importance of academic objectivity in general and in sinology in particular, stressing that intellectual and academic exchange between China and the West was the only way for both parties to come to a greater understanding of one another.
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which are today called Central Asia, India and Western Asia, extending to the Arabian Peninsula and Africa. Historical studies confirmed that Muslim Arabs entered China during the early days of Islam to spread the religion, when four of
1045:
companions namely Saad bin Abi Waqqas, Jaafar bin Abi Talib, and Jahsh bin Riab preached in China in the year 616/17. During the reign of Emperor Yongle, the first Chinese fleet arrived on the shores of the Arabian Peninsula, led by
907:
Maspero expanded the scope of sinology from Confucianism to include Daoism, Buddhism, and popular religion, as well as art, mythology, and the history of science. The contribution of Granet was to apply the concepts of
873:
for over 40 years, starting his studies with Rémusat and succeeding him in 1833. He was notable for his translations not only of classical texts but also works of vernacular literature, and for his knowledge of Manchu.
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the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Egypt in 1956, Egypt began to open the Chinese language specialization course in Egyptian universities, but on a small scale at that time.
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between 1711 and 1723, and returned to Naples with four young Chinese Christians, who all taught their native language and formed the institute to teach Chinese to missionaries en route to China.
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and a series of debates comparing Chinese and Western cultures. At that time, sinologists often described China as an enlightened kingdom, comparing it to Europe, which had just emerged from the
702:, sinologists started to introduce Chinese philosophy, ethics, legal system, and aesthetics into the West. Though often unscientific and incomplete, their works inspired the development of
943:, and the growth of university graduate programs has changed the role of sinology. Funding for Chinese and Taiwanese studies comes from a variety of sources; one prominent source is the
553:, the European and the American usages may differ. In Europe, sinology is usually known as "Chinese studies", whereas in the United States, sinology is a subfield of Chinese studies. A
954:
promoted the "study of China within a discipline," an approach which downplayed the role of philological sinology and focused on issues in history and the social sciences.
995:, a specialist in traditional China, replying to Skinner, spoke up for sinology, which he saw as a field or discipline in itself. Another specialist in traditional China,
1126:
1023:
Towards the end of the century, many of those studying China professionally called for an end to the split between sinology and the disciplines. The Australian scholar
1818:
1062:
first part was a selection from Solomon's "Chinese experiences" and other anonymous sources, written and recorded in 851, together with their experiences in India.
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The earliest Westerners known to have studied Chinese in significant numbers were 16th-century Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian missionaries. All were either
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1989:(London: Wellsweep, 1989). 125 pages. "Published in its original form in F. Wood, ed., British Library Occasional papers, 10: Chinese studies , p. 9-53.".
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specialization course. In addition to Egypt, there were activities to teach the Chinese language in Kuwait as well, but they stopped after a short period.
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Dominican accomplishments among the Chinese diaspora pale in comparison to the success of the Jesuits in mainland China, led by the renowned pioneer
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The Russian school of sinology was focused mainly on learning classical Chinese texts. For example, the contribution of the Russian sinologist
670:
operated a printing press; between 1593 and 1607, they produced four works on Catholic doctrine for the Chinese immigrant community, three in
1451:
Liu, Qing (May 2020). "To Be an Apolitical Political Scientist: A Chinese Immigrant Scholar and (Geo)politicized American Higher Education".
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1870:
987:, a historian, went further. He doubted that sinology was a tool that social scientists would still find useful, while another historian,
845:(1797–1843) and Wilhelm Schott (1807–1889) respectively, though the first important secular sinologists in these two countries were
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The academic field of sinology often refers to Western scholarship. Until the 20th century, it was historically seen as equivalent to
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The Area studies approach, especially in the United States, challenged the dominance of classical sinology. Scholars such as
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with von der Gabelentz taking the position. Scholars like Legge often relied on the work of ethnic Chinese scholars such as
853:. In 1878, a professorship of Far Eastern languages, the first of its kind in the German-speaking world, was created at the
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991:, on the other hand, replied that the disciplines were too often treated as ends in themselves. Sinology had its backers.
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777:) founded the "Chinese Institute" in Naples—the first school of sinology on the European continent, and sanctioned by
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culture and its people were published in the Arabic language. In 2020 after spending about six years as a consul in
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2003:
Twentieth Century China: An Annotated Bibliography of Reference Works in Chinese, Japanese, and Western Languages
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The Paris-based type of sinology dominated learning about China until the Second World War even outside France.
825:, filled the position, becoming the first professor of Chinese in Europe. By then the first Russian sinologist,
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472:. Its origin "may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization."
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1871:"Across China: Publishing house brings Chinese wisdom to Arabic speakers - Xinhua | English.news.cn"
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1969:
Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools
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394:
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2076:, Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1985; rpr. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1989
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Europe Studies China: Papers from an International Conference on the History of European Sinology
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and the historical development of Chinese culture. Four of his books are translated into Chinese
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Incense at the Altar: Pioneering Sinologists and the Development of Classical Chinese Philology
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order to present Catholic doctrine and European learning to the Chinese using their own terms.
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911:, a pioneer sociologist, to the society of ancient China, especially the family and ritual.
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In modern China, the studies of China-related subjects is known as "national studies" (
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China Bibliography: A Research Guide to Reference Works About China Past and Present
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Singular Listlessness: A Short History of Chinese Books and British Scholars
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2094:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard University Press.
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in 1893. Chavannes pursued broad interests in history as well as language.
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Christianity to the Chinese people. An early Spanish Dominican mission in
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2056:, Vol. 122, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep., 2002), pp. 620–624, available through
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1746:"الأساطير المتعلقة بوصول الإسلام إلى الصين – مركز جمال بن حويرب للدراسات"
1248:
The Evolution of American Contemporary China Studies: Coming Full Circle?
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to catalog the royal collection of Chinese texts. Huang was assisted by
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that focuses on the study of the Chinese civilization primarily through
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789:. Ripa had worked as a painter and copper-engraver in the court of the
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involved in social sciences and humanities research on China. It is an
2407:. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford, Bodleian Libraries. Archived from
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in 1949, China studies developed along diverging lines. The rise of
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Electronic Resources for Chinese Studies and East Asian Libraries
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debated the continued relevance of sinology. The anthropologist
605:). This historical field is distinguished from modern sinology.
781:. The institute was first nucleus of what would become today's
667:
557:
is a person who monitors current events and power struggles in
534:
269:
2066:
Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology
1418:"Organizations That Support Taiwan Studies: A Select Overview"
2057:
1483:(1964). "What the Study of China Can Do for Social Science".
558:
343:
283:
232:
2448:. National University of Singapore Libraries. Archived from
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1350:
491:. Since then, the scope of sinology has expanded to include
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2146:. Honolulu: Brill; reprinted, University of Hawai'i Press.
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was especially valuable. The best full translation of the
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1393:
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205:
191:
1135:, China Heritage Project, Australian National University
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and one in a mixture of Literary Chinese and vernacular
627:), and foreign sinology is translated as "Han studies" (
1160:
Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies
961:
China and Sino-American relations was Chinese-American
2247:
Sinology Project, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
712:. Among the European literati interested in China was
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1303:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
537:
325:
311:
1305:(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 3rd edition 1992): 1686.
1633:(1964). "The Case for the Integrity of Sinology".
1444:
1332:
1281:
752:. In 1711, he appointed a young Chinese man named
1320:
1308:
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2423:
2112:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969).
255:
2136:A Brief History of Chinese Studies and Sinology
1819:"التعاون التعليمي الصيني- العربي في سبعين عاما"
1531:"The Humanistic Disciplines: Will Sinology Do?"
760:, who published a grammar of Chinese in 1742.
591:) as well as with the study of the West (first
2279:
1679:(December 1964). "A Lone Cheer for Sinology".
1127:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême Orient
933:proclamation of the People's Republic of China
833:for ten years. Abel-Rémusat's counterparts in
542:—which ultimately derive from "Qin", i.e. the
376:
362:
348:
2495:
2481:
878:succeeded to the position after the death of
782:
583:. It was contrasted with the study of Japan (
79:
65:
2273:"Swedish Sinology: A Historical Perspective"
1004:the humanistic studies in the Chinese field.
868:
810:
785:Università degli studi di Napoli L'Orientale
288:
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734:
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1416:Brown, Deborah (September–December 2004).
1399:
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2087:
1807:(Translated by Lóng Jiāng 2020 ed.).
1675:
1598:
1546:
1065:
957:One of the earliest American scholars of
2426:"Research Resources for Chinese Studies"
2054:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2025:. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
1577:
1525:
972:In 1964 an exchange in the pages of the
2216:Australian Center on China in the World
1897:"Focus | China Heritage Quarterly"
1479:
1104:China since its establishment in 2011.
14:
3026:
2364:School of Oriental and African Studies
2289:. Netherlands: Sinological Institute,
1805:History of the development of Sinology
867:served as the chair of Chinese at the
515:were coined around 1838, derived from
207:
169:
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2118:ALA Guide to Researching Modern China
2020:
1962:
1784:from the original on 24 November 2022
1415:
1409:
1341:
1326:
1314:
1290:
2287:"Internet Guide for Chinese Studies"
1999:
1996:, London: Han-Shan Tang Books, 1995.
1992:Cayley, John & Ming Wilson ed.,
1903:from the original on 13 January 2019
1772:"Jewel of Chinese Muslim's Heritage"
1629:
564:
1450:
1112:For a more comprehensive list, see
649:
644:
608:
24:
2115:
1847:. 17 November 2022. Archived from
1802:
1748:. 26 December 2022. Archived from
1240:
1147:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
851:Hans Georg Conon von der Gabelentz
25:
3050:
2383:Northwestern University Library.
2162:
1821:. 7 December 2019. Archived from
1583:"The Fetish of the 'Disciplines'"
3011:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2268:- Australian National University
2120:. American Library Association.
1925:. 5 October 2008. Archived from
1030:
575:In Japan, sinology was known as
1933:
1915:
1889:
1863:
1837:
1811:
1796:
1764:
1738:
1715:
1669:
1623:
1571:
1519:
1473:
1165:The (Cambridge) China Quarterly
796:
693:
233:
206:
192:
2378:. USA: University of Michigan.
2366:Library, University of London.
2336:Indiana University Bloomington
2243:- City University of Hong Kong
1943:. 5 April 2009. Archived from
1734:Australian National University
1732:, China Heritage Project, The
1454:History of Education Quarterly
1433:(3/4): 281–314. Archived from
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110:
80:
66:
36:. For the study of sound, see
13:
1:
2322:. Harvard University Library.
2310:. USA: University of Chicago.
2091:Chinese History: A New Manual
1971:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 25–134.
1873:. 26 May 2022. Archived from
1262:
1252:Journal of Contemporary China
1012:, China Watchers centered in
27:Area studies focused on China
2188:Resources in other libraries
2140:Zurndorfer, Harriet (1999).
2088:Wilkinson, Endymion (2012).
1681:The Journal of Asian Studies
1635:The Journal of Asian Studies
1535:The Journal of Asian Studies
1485:The Journal of Asian Studies
880:Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys
529:
7:
2280:Library and research guides
2241:Chinese Civilisation Centre
1963:Asato, Noriko, ed. (2013).
1222:
1119:
945:Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation
601:
593:
585:
577:
538:
10:
3055:
1955:
1246:Shambaugh, David (2024). "
1226:
1133:Chinese Heritage Quarterly
1111:
568:
31:
2897:
2504:
2338:Libraries. Archived from
2183:Resources in your library
1845:"الملتقى القطري للمؤلفين"
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2021:Honey, David B. (2001).
1587:Journal of Asian Studies
1154:Journal of Asian Studies
975:Journal of Asian Studies
819:Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat
499:, among other subjects.
61:Traditional Chinese
2393:Northwestern University
2000:Cole, James H. (2003).
1985:Barrett, Timothy Hugh,
1094:Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri
890:20th and 21st centuries
771:"Sacred Congregation" (
75:Simplified Chinese
2424:University Libraries.
2401:"China and Inner Asia"
2356:"China and Inner Asia"
2259:China Heritage Project
2198:The Sinology Institute
2134:Zurndorfer, Harriet, "
2110:Excursions in Sinology
1066:20th century and after
823:taught himself Chinese
773:
767:, a missionary of the
740:(News from China) and
735:
732:who penned his famous
719:L'orphelin de la Chine
520:
420:, also referred to as
256:
1275:Cf. p.4, Zurndorfer,
967:University of Chicago
855:University of Leipzig
829:, had been living in
716:, who wrote the play
32:For the company, see
2332:Resources by Subject
2236:Chinese Text Project
2203:New Sinology 后汉学/後漢學
2116:Ye, Yunshan (2014).
2063:Mungello, David E.,
1803:Mò, Dōngyín (1943).
1777:. 24 November 2022.
1426:Issues & Studies
1192:Sino-Platonic Papers
1073:Ain Shams University
989:Benjamin I. Schwartz
801:In 1814, a chair of
700:Age of Enlightenment
599:, then more broadly
307:Revised Romanization
2920:Culture by location
2052:of the work in the
1851:on 17 November 2022
1752:on 26 December 2022
1721:Barmé, Geremie R.,
1467:10.1017/heq.2020.10
1229:Outline of sinology
1178:Late Imperial China
1114:List of sinologists
685:. Ricci arrived in
524:, in turn from the
434:academic discipline
424:, is a subfield of
2955:Vernacular culture
2679:Germanic languages
2434:Rutgers University
2264:2011-07-16 at the
2252:2016-03-04 at the
2221:2017-02-15 at the
2208:2017-02-10 at the
2071:2022-12-06 at the
2048:2016-08-27 at the
1929:on 5 October 2008.
1923:"東方学報 京都大学人文科学研究所"
1825:on 7 December 2019
1728:2015-04-11 at the
1631:Mote, Frederick W.
1579:Schwartz, Benjamin
1527:Levenson, Joseph R
1481:Skinner, G William
1277:China Bibliography
980:G. William Skinner
952:John King Fairbank
774:De propaganda fide
725:The Orphan of Zhao
662:seeking to spread
549:In the context of
430:East Asian studies
2963:
2962:
2945:Political culture
2452:on 7 January 2019
2411:on 7 January 2019
2391:. Illinois, USA:
2385:"Chinese Studies"
2372:"Chinese Studies"
2342:on 7 January 2019
2328:"Chinese Studies"
2316:"Chinese Studies"
2304:"Chinese Studies"
2293:. 21 August 1998.
2291:Leiden University
2169:Library resources
2127:978-0-8389-1209-6
2013:978-0-7656-0395-1
1978:978-1-59884-843-4
1400:Zurndorfer (1999)
1387:, pp. 32–33.
1385:Zurndorfer (1999)
1369:Zurndorfer (1999)
1357:Zurndorfer (1999)
1171:Journal Asiatique
993:Frederick W. Mote
876:Édouard Chavannes
870:Collège de France
813:Collège de France
742:Giambattista Vico
565:Japanese sinology
415:
414:
407:
406:
333:
332:
321:McCune–Reischauer
240:
239:
98:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
3046:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2935:Official culture
2915:Cultural studies
2604:Central European
2498:cultural studies
2490:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2462:(includes China)
2461:
2459:
2457:
2437:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2405:Oxford LibGuides
2396:
2379:
2367:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2323:
2311:
2294:
2229:
2157:
2131:
2108:Yang Liansheng,
2105:
2039:E.G. Pulleyblank
2036:
2017:
1982:
1949:
1948:
1947:on 5 April 2009.
1937:
1931:
1930:
1919:
1913:
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1893:
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1761:
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1757:
1742:
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1719:
1713:
1712:
1677:Twitchett, Denis
1673:
1667:
1666:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1602:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1550:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1440:on 27 July 2011.
1439:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1185:Monumenta Serica
916:Julian Shchutsky
872:
871:
865:Stanislas Julien
816:
815:
788:
787:
779:Pope Clement XII
776:
758:Étienne Fourmont
738:
736:Novissima Sinica
672:Literary Chinese
650:Early modern era
645:Western sinology
639:
634:
630:
625:
620:
616:
609:Chinese sinology
604:
598:
590:
582:
541:
532:
523:
489:Chinese language
481:Chinese classics
438:Chinese language
403:
402:
386:
385:
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379:
366:
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352:
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127:
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89:
88:
83:
82:
69:
68:
43:
42:
21:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3039:Chinese culture
3024:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2893:
2854:Southeast Asian
2779:Native American
2500:
2494:
2455:
2453:
2440:
2430:Research Guides
2414:
2412:
2399:
2376:Research Guides
2370:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2326:
2320:Research Guides
2314:
2302:
2285:
2282:
2271:Torbjörn Lodén,
2266:Wayback Machine
2254:Wayback Machine
2227:
2223:Wayback Machine
2213:The China Story
2210:Wayback Machine
2194:
2193:
2192:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2128:
2102:
2073:Wayback Machine
2050:Wayback Machine
2033:
2014:
2006:. M.E. Sharpe.
1979:
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1739:
1730:Wayback Machine
1723:On New Sinology
1720:
1716:
1693:10.2307/2050419
1674:
1670:
1647:10.2307/2050234
1628:
1624:
1600:10.2307/2050236
1576:
1572:
1548:10.2307/2050230
1524:
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1497:10.2307/2050232
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1363:
1359:, p. 8-14.
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1274:
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1258:(146): 314–331.
1243:
1241:Further reading
1231:
1225:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1068:
1038:
1033:
997:Denis Twitchett
985:Joseph Levenson
926:Book of Changes
892:
827:Nikita Bichurin
809:was founded at
799:
696:
652:
647:
611:
573:
567:
505:
493:Chinese history
487:written in the
479:concerning the
245:Vietnamese name
149:Tongyong Pinyin
139:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2984:
2961:
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2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Ethnic studies
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2754:Latin American
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2527:Asian American
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2506:
2502:
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2493:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2446:Subject Guides
2442:"Area Studies"
2438:
2432:. New Jersey:
2421:
2397:
2380:
2368:
2360:Subject Guides
2352:
2324:
2312:
2308:Library Guides
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2163:External links
2161:
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2158:
2153:978-9004102781
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2100:
2085:
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2032:978-0940490161
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2018:
2012:
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1983:
1977:
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1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1932:
1914:
1888:
1877:on 26 May 2022
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1687:(1): 109–112.
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1641:(4): 531–534.
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1227:Main article:
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1217:Toyoshi Kenkyu
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941:China watchers
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1344:, p. 10.
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1293:, p. xi.
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1031:Arab Sinology
1028:
1026:
1025:Geremie Barmé
1021:
1019:
1015:
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1002:
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1000:
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994:
990:
986:
983:objectives."
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904:Marcel Granet
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2749:Kremlinology
2669:Filipinology
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2450:the original
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1329:, p. 9.
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683:Matteo Ricci
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395:Romanization
218:Southern Min
105:Hanyu Pinyin
55:Chinese name
29:
2784:New Zealand
2624:Circumpolar
2569:Assyriology
1212:Toho Gakuho
1140:Euro-Sinica
1108:Sinologists
1036:Before 1900
1008:During the
847:James Legge
843:Samuel Kidd
765:Matteo Ripa
705:chinoiserie
698:During the
544:Qin dynasty
533:, from the
503:Terminology
264:Korean name
18:Sinologists
3028:Categories
2759:Macedonian
2739:Kartvelian
2654:Eskimology
2644:Egyptology
2639:East Asian
2584:Belarusian
2574:Australian
2517:Albanology
2275:(archived)
2082:0824812190
2037:(See also
1907:23 October
1402:, p.
1371:, p.
1263:References
1199:T'oung Pao
1043:Muhammad's
931:After the
769:Neapolitan
660:Dominicans
569:See also:
517:Late Latin
513:sinologist
507:The terms
485:literature
483:and other
454:philosophy
450:literature
251:Vietnamese
133:Wade–Giles
3018:Singapore
3006:Hong Kong
2940:Philology
2930:Ethnology
2874:Ukrainian
2869:Turkology
2774:Mongolian
2704:Hispanism
2699:Hungarian
2659:Ethiopian
2629:Coptology
2559:Aromanian
2496:Regional
2389:LibGuides
1709:162434544
1663:163521238
1617:146894392
1565:163599896
1513:143323553
1235:Sinophile
1090:Guangzhou
1014:Hong Kong
963:Tang Tsou
763:In 1732,
750:Louis XIV
710:Dark Ages
687:Guangzhou
477:philology
193:hon3 hok6
140:han-hsüeh
3034:Sinology
2884:Yugoslav
2839:Sinology
2824:Scottish
2789:Oriental
2764:Mandaean
2729:Japanese
2709:Indology
2694:Hellenic
2684:Hawaiian
2664:European
2634:Croatian
2594:Canadian
2554:Armenian
2522:American
2456:23 April
2415:22 April
2346:23 April
2262:Archived
2250:Archived
2219:Archived
2206:Archived
2174:Sinology
2069:Archived
2046:Archived
1941:"東洋史研究会"
1901:Archived
1881:28 March
1855:27 March
1829:27 March
1779:Archived
1756:27 March
1726:Archived
1581:(1964).
1529:(1964).
1223:See also
1120:Journals
1048:Zheng He
1010:Cold War
959:Cold War
859:Wang Tao
714:Voltaire
664:Catholic
587:kokugaku
509:sinology
418:Sinology
372:Katakana
358:Hiragana
234:hàn-ha̍k
187:Jyutping
155:hàn-syué
125:ㄏㄢˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ
119:Bopomofo
46:Sinology
38:Sonology
34:Synology
2968:Portals
2898:Related
2834:Serbian
2829:Semitic
2814:Russian
2804:Romance
2794:Pacific
2724:Italian
2714:Iranian
2689:Hebraic
2649:English
2619:Chinese
2609:Chicano
2549:Aramaic
2512:African
2334:. USA:
2138:," in
1965:"China"
1956:Sources
1788:27 June
1701:2050419
1655:2050234
1609:2050236
1557:2050230
1505:2050232
965:of the
921:I Ching
839:Germany
835:England
831:Beijing
803:Chinese
730:Leibniz
676:Hokkien
656:Jesuits
595:rangaku
579:kangaku
571:Kangaku
470:science
446:culture
442:history
401:kangaku
257:Hán học
225:Hokkien
2994:Taiwan
2889:Zhuang
2864:Taiwan
2859:Syriac
2849:Somali
2844:Slavic
2809:Romani
2799:Polish
2744:Korean
2734:Jewish
2674:German
2599:Celtic
2589:Bengal
2579:Balkan
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2010:
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821:, who
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624:guóxué
602:yōgaku
535:Arabic
468:, and
466:cinema
327:hanhak
313:hanhak
270:Hangul
111:hànxué
2982:China
2879:Welsh
2719:Irish
2614:Czech
2564:Asian
2532:Black
2505:Local
2058:JSTOR
1782:(PDF)
1775:(PDF)
1705:S2CID
1697:JSTOR
1659:S2CID
1651:JSTOR
1613:S2CID
1605:JSTOR
1561:S2CID
1553:JSTOR
1509:S2CID
1501:JSTOR
1438:(PDF)
1421:(PDF)
1373:14-15
841:were
559:China
530:Sinae
526:Greek
521:Sinae
462:music
344:Kanji
284:Hanja
2544:Arab
2458:2014
2417:2014
2348:2014
2148:ISBN
2122:ISBN
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2008:ISBN
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1909:2008
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