Habib Bourguiba - Knowledge

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larger audience. Thus, they needed to earn a greater place on the political stage, spread their ideology and rally the supporters of a still-strong Destour, and also convince the lower classes that the Neo-Destour was their advocate. The Neo-Destour invited the lower classes to join in "a dignity tormented by half a century of protectorate". Therefore, Bourguiba traveled all around the country and used new methods of communication different from that of the Destour elders. The lower classes, alienated and troubled by economic crisis, were convinced by his speech and joined his cause, bringing their full support to it. Units were created all over the country and a new structure was settled, making the Neo-Destour a more efficient movement than all those before. If the elders addressed the colonial oppressor to express their requests, the "secessionists" addressed the people. Even worldwide, the new party succeeded in finding support among French socialists, including philosopher and politician

3242:. Violently, they destroyed showcases and set public buildings on fire. At noon, President Bourguiba gave the army orders to get involved and put an end to the uprising. The troubles ended with tens of dead, or even hundreds, according to some sources. In the afternoon, Bourguiba declared state of emergency and a curfew which lasted nearly three months. Twenty months after Black Thursday was held the next congress of SPD, opened on 5 September 1979. True to its ongoing strategy not to reopen wounds, Bourguiba gave the order to move on. In his opening speech, invoking the national interest, he called "all Tunisians, despite their differences of opinion and guidance, to support state building, the instrument of national revival, security and stability". In this climate of apparent unity, the congress was held in ambiguity because the gap had widened between the president and the hawks rejecting openness and a 3137:, appointed prime minister in 1970. In January 1971, before leaving for treatment in the United States, Bourguiba signed a decree, delegating his powers to Nouira, which consolidated the Achour-Nouira alliance, opposed to Minister of the Interior, Ahmed Mestiri. During the Congress of Monastir that started on 19 June, Bourguiba, returning after six months of treatment abroad, designated three successive "heirs": "It is with confidence that I foresee the day when my journey in this world comes to an end, Nouira shall succeed me as later will do Mestiri then Masmoudi". But the congress adopted a turning that seemed not to please the President. After Mestiri's attempt to seize control of the party, Bourguiba suspended him, along with his allies and declared finished the works of the Central Committee: "It is more than clear that, while I am still of this world, I will be maintained at the head of State". 2509:

detained in La Galite Island with, however, a softening of imprisonment conditions. If the reforms legislated the principle of co-sovereignty, Bourguiba judged these measures to be outdated. But he was worried of the cleverness of Voizard, whose methods seemed to be more dangerous than the brutality of De Hauteclocque. This obvious liberalism seduced numerous Tunisians tired of this violence climate which had imposed itself for too long but divided the Neo-Destour between those who supported the policy of the new resident-general and those who didn't. The differences among the party deepened more and more upon Voizard's plans. Both Bourguiba and Ben Youssef remained strongly opposed to the collaboration between the bey and the residence. After a period of hesitation about what to do with the reform project, the Neo-Destour gave orders to resume actions of resistance. Therefore, the

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the modernism of the "supreme commander" who trampled the Arab-Muslim values and invited Bourguiba's opponents to resume the armed struggle to free the whole Maghreb. Reacting to Ben Youssef's statements, the French High Commissioner judged them to be outre while the Neo-Destour Leadership impeached Ben Youssef of all his charges, during a meeting convened by Bourguiba. The exclusion was voted but the seriousness of the situation led them to keep the decision secret until further notice. It was finally made public on 13 October, surprising many activists who judged the decision to be too important to be taken by a mere meeting. Many factions, supportive of Ben Youssef, were opposed to the decision and declared Ben Youssef to be their rightful leader.

1276:, the eighth child and final son of Ali Bourguiba and Fatouma Khefacha. Bourguiba's official birthdate is 3 August 1903, though he stated he was likely born a year earlier, on 3 August 1902, or possibly 1901. Bourguiba's mother gave birth to him when she was 40, which, according to Bourguiba, was a source of great shame for her. His father, who was 53 years old, wondered whether he could raise him properly. Despite financial hardship, Ali Bourguiba gave great importance to the education of his children. He was enrolled in the army by general Ahmed Zarrouk, and spent nineteen years of his life campaigning before retiring. Eager to avoid such a fate for his last child, he decided to ensure Habib obtained his 1007: 2835: 2562:

struggle. Likewise, the first day of negotiations started with a serious clash between military and rebels. Everybody was convinced that only a watchword from the Neo-Destour would convince the fellaghas to stop the fight. Nevertheless, the party was ripped between those who wanted the unrest to continue and those who wanted it to stop. Bourguiba wanted the fight to be over to hasten the negotiations for the internal autonomy. He had among the party numerous supporters of the stepwise policy of his. But many were those who wanted immediate independence. In this context, he appeared to be the only one to have the necessary authority to resolve the problem.

2048:"Since there was no blood, we need to repeat. There must be blood spilled for them to speak of us". His wish was satisfied the following morning. The riots of 9 April 1938 ended with one dead policemen, 22 protestors and more than 150 injured. The following day, Bourguiba and his mates were arrested and detained at the Civilian Prison of Tunis, where Bourguiba was interrogated. On 12 April, the Neo-Destour was dissolved, but its activism was pursued in secret. On 10 June 1939, Bourguiba and his companions were charged with conspiracy against public order and state security and incitement of civil war. Therefore, he was transferred to the penitentiary of 2578:

concluded. It said firstly that "the Tunisian government solemnly invite the fellaghas to deliver their weapons to the French and Tunisian authorities" and secondly that "the resident-general of France and the Tunisian government vouch that under the agreement between them, the fellaghas shall not be disturbed or prosecuted and that measures be taken to facilitate their rehabilitation to normal life and that of their families". Furthermore, Bourguiba intervened a second time to reassure the resistance leaders of his confidence in Mendès France and reiterated his guarantee of their security. After two years of unrest, the discussions can finally resume.

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authorities decided to speed up the implementation of the autonomy agreements by transferring the law enforcement responsibility to the Tunisian government starting from 28 November. This decision did not please Ben Youssef who feared the jeopardizes of minister of the interior Mongi Slim. To thwart the decisions of the Congress of Sfax, he called for holding a second congress as soon as possible. However, he faced opposition from the Tunisian government. Soon, Ben Youssef was charged for inciting rebellion. Slim informed Ben Youssef that he were to be arrested by Tunisian policemen, which led him to flee out of the country. Clandestinly, he went to

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stated that power did not attract him and judged it to be still early to hold an office within the state. Therefore, it was Tahar Ben Ammar who was chosen once again to lead the government. Likewise, the Neo-Destour prevails. It was the first time since 1881, that the Tunisian cabinet did not include a French member. While giving speeches all around the country, Bourguiba insisted on this fundamental fact, demonstrating that the conventions gave a large autonomy to the Tunisian people in management of its affairs. Defending his strategy, he must not leave the field open to the maximalism of Ben Youssef, supported by the Communists and the Destour.

3405: 1675:, claiming Tunisian access to all administrative positions. Soon, he described his own definition of the protectorate, challenging its existence, not just its effects like the elder nationalists did, by writing on 23 February 1931 that "for a healthy strong nation that international competitions and a momentary crisis forced into accepting the tutelage of a stronger state, the contact of a more advanced civilization determines in it a salutary reaction. A true regeneration occurs in it and, through judicious assimilation of the principles and methods of this civilization, it inevitably come to realize in stages its final emancipation". 1540:

shared earlier by his brother Mohamed. Following his return to Tunisia, he married Mathilde, with Mahmoud Laribi as his best man, and settled in Tunis. At the time, he was not interested in politics but in his professional career, every debuting lawyer having to do a three-year traineeship under the supervision of another experienced lawyer. From October 1927 to October 1928, he worked for Mr. Cirier, who dismissed him after six weeks, then for Mr. Pietra and Scemama, who did not pay him for two months and charged him with writing responsibilities. Bourguiba then resigned to work for Mr. Salah Farhat, chairman of the

1686:, powerful businesspersons and great land owners, who had a strong influence on the colonial administration. Opposed to the daring work of the young team, they achieved the censorship of all nationalist papers through the Residence (the colonial government) on 12 May 1931. A few days later, Habib and M'hamed Bourguiba, Bahri Guiga, Salah Farhat and El Materi were all prosecuted. However, they succeeded in obtaining the adjournment of their trial until 9 June 1931. On that day, numerous people came to show their support to the charged team getting their trial to be postponed once again. In response to this decision, 2008:

and Thameur, who were supporters of confrontation. At the time, Bourguiba was hesitant to choose between the two factions because he needed the support of the youth to gain domination upon the Neo-Destour, the leadership still being among the founding moderate members. Nevertheless, he soothed the tensions of the young, estimating that a confrontation with France would only have bad consequences and that the dialogue can still be favored. In the start of October, he flew to Paris, aiming to pursue negotiations, but returned without any result. Thus, he realized there was nothing to be awaited from France.

8884: 2597:, Ben Youssef rejected the agreements which he judged contrary to the principle of internal autonomy and indicated to a journalist that he "did not want to be Bourguiba's subordinate anymore". As for him, the Tunisian people must be opposed to the conventions and demand immediate independence without any restrictions. Despite attempts to conciliate both leaders, the break between the two men was final. Bourguiba, however, tried to ease tensions and persuade Ben Youssef to get back to Tunisia, but in vain, the secretary-general of the party eager to remain in Cairo, until further notice. 1706:

his popularity increase thanks to his writings, frequented often intellectual circles whom he had just met. He showed both clarity and accuracy in his writings, which revealed a talented polemicist, thanks to his strong legal expertise. Furthermore, he had worked on demonstrating the colonial exploitation mechanism by ascending from effects to causes, while showing a great interest in social phenomenons, inviting the workers and students to organize and thus, defend themselves better against exploitation. In addition, he encouraged the defense and safeguard of the Tunisian personality.

3291:, on 28 February 1982, stated that "With the current version of the constitution, continuity is artificial and the risk of popular rejection is not excluded. The Tunisian people respects Bourguiba but true continuity will only happen when Bourguiba's work is pursued by a democratically-elected president." Habib Achour, interviewed by the same magazine on 11 August, declared: "I am for the review of the Constitution so that all candidates who wish can run for office freely". Bourguiba carried out his promises with the legalization of two new political parties, on 19 November 1983: The 1904:. Although glad to be all together, they were soon in conflict upon the strategy the party had to choose. While the majority were part of the decay of the uprising and the dismissal of the methods adopted in 1934, Bourguiba was opposed to any concession. Soon he was accused by his fellow detainees to "lead them to their loss"; Only Ben Youssef was not against Bourguiba's methods since 1934 but reckoned they needed to be free again at all cost and therefore, attempt to save what can still be. However, the conflict receded due to the hard conditions of detention aiming to coax them. 2683:, by crossing the Libyan-Tunisian borders on 28 January 1956. The following morning, three newspapers endorsing him were seized and 115 persons were arrested all around the country. The government decided to create a special criminal court, known as the High court to judge the rebels. Meanwhile, Ben Youssef insisted on his followers to resume the fight. The regional context was in his favor because the Maghreb ablazed for the liberation struggle and nationalists were quickly disappointed by the conventions of internal autonomy that left only a few limited powers to Tunisians. 1765:

seeing this as an occasion to get rid of a new form of activism they dislike, decided to reprimand the young nationalist. Bourguiba, who considered the Destour and its leaders as an obstacle to his ambitions, decided to resign from the party on 9 September. Soon enough, he had learned from this experience. This success obtained by popular violent uprising showed the failure of the Destour's methods, consisting mainly of petitions. Only violence of determined groups could lead the Residence to step back and negotiate the solutions; this was his course of action until 1956.

2663:, feeling marginalized by the occidental trend of the party, showed a great support for the conservative trend who had just being created. The country started to twitch once again. Ben Youssef multiplied his tours around the country facing the sabotage attempts of Bourguiba's followers. However, cells supportive of Ben Youssef were creating everywhere, while many Neo-Destourian activists remained in an expectant hush, waiting to see who of the two leaders will have the last word. Therefore, Bourguiba started an information campaign which was successful, especially in 10070: 2447:, faking that he obtained the support of the American delegate if Tunisia complained. If they were hesitating at first, they soon gave way to Bourguiba. Meanwhile, the nationalist leader travelled all around the country to inform the people of this issue. His speeches became more and more violent and ended with his statement in Bizerte, on 13 January, where he denounced the cabinet if a delegation did not fly immediately to the U.N. The request was signed on 11 January in Chenik's house by all the ministers of the cabinet, in the presence of Bourguiba, Hached and 2530:

measures changed nothing: As the delegates of the French Rally of Tunisia requested in Paris that Bourguiba must be "unable to resume a campaign of agitation", the Grand Vizier Mzali was almost killed in a failed assassination attempt. Despite the repression he instituted, Voizard lost control of the situation and faced the rage of certain Tunisians opposed to colonists. On 17 June, Mzali resigned from office without any successor left to take charge. This resignation did not leave an available interlocutor to negotiate with the newly invested cabinet of

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the internal autonomy conventions were approved. Outraged by the congress aftermath, Ben Youssef organized numerous meetings to demonstrate his influence. Inside the country, he gained the support of fellaghas who reprised the uprest. Bourguibist cells and French settlers were attacked. As for the fellaghas, it was necessary to get immediate independence, even with weaponry and put an end to Bourguiba's power. The 1 June united Tunisia was definitely torn apart: Those who rallied Bourguiba and those who opposed him and joined Ben Youssef.

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discredit Bourguiba, rumors were spread that he received, underhand, funding from many Arab leaders and that he had special relationships with the French embassy in Egypt. During his trip to Libya, in spring 1948, the committee removed him from his duties of secretary-general. Noting that there were too much ideological differences between the Committee and himself, it only contributed in discrediting his relationship with Cairo Tunisians such as Thameur, with whom his relationship was deteriorating.

683: 2708: 2328:, "shall aim to lead Tunisia towards the full development of its wealth and lead it towards independence, which is the end goal for all territories within the French Union". However, the word "independence" is soon replaced by "internal autonomy". Despite that, Bourguiba was eager to support Périllier's reform process. Soon, he was satisfacted with his flourishing results of his visit to Paris because the Tunisian case became one of the most debated issues by both public opinion and parliament. 1567:, an unveiled woman who advocated gender equality, Bourguiba defended Tunisian identity, culture and religion by opposing Menchari's position to rid women of their veils. Bourguiba responded saying that Tunisia was threatened by the forfeiture of its personality and that it had to be preserved until the country was emancipated. This statement surprised liberals like the French unionist Joachim Durel. The controversy that followed opposed him to Bourguiba for nearly a month, Bourguiba writing in 2172:

detained by France and freed by Germans during the war, to join him in the Egyptian Capital. They arrived on 9 June 1946, aiding Bourguiba to start the rallying point of the North African community in Cairo. Soon, they were joined by Algerian and Moroccan nationalists. Furthermore, Bourguiba's speech was famous among the Anglo-Saxon media, and Maghrebi nationalism became more efficient in Cairo. Bourguiba was more and more convinced that the key to the nationalist struggle resided within the

4361: 2361: 1286: 9143: 4007: 3868: 100: 1957:, on 6 July 1936. This publicly stated interview was unpopular among the French colonialists in Tunisia, which led later meetings to be conducted secretly. But French authorities were opposed to the hopes of Tunisian militants, and some of them even thought that it was a mere illusion. When he returned to Tunis, in September, the political atmosphere had changed with the re-establishment of liberties, which permitted the expansion of Neo-Destour and an increase in its members. 1937:'s cabinet in June. This was a great opportunity for the leaders, who had always been close to the socialists. Soon, they met Guillon who promised to restore restricted liberties. Very satisfied by their interview with Guillon, the leaders were convinced that the ascending of the Blum ministry and the arrival of Guillon as head of the colonial government would be the start of flourishing negotiations which would lead to independence, even though they did not state it publicly. 933: 36: 3126: 1732:

credit union, got into trouble with the Residence, Bourguiba is the only one to defend him., reckoning that this issue could permit him to rally the bourgeois class, considered as collaborator with France, and unify the country around nationalism. Nevertheless, it only ended up with the resignation of Guiga, M'hedhi and Bouhajeb. Thus, Bourguiba abandoned his lawyer work to concentrate on running the journal by his own. But the occasion to express himself soon turned up: The

3639:, who defended Bourguiba's reform, stating that the CPS are possible interpretations of Islam. However, others did not share these views and said that the CPS was violating Islamic norms. The Personal Status Code would, then, constitute the fundamental legacy of Habib Bourguiba, to the point of becoming a sort of consensus block that the Islamists themselves would not challenge publicly anymore. Nevertheless, he succeeded in setting important legal precedents by prohibiting 1361:

Arab literature. Despite that, his grades were low; Bourguiba did not pass his Arabic patent in 1917, which would have allowed him to get an administrative function. The headmaster permitted him to restart his sixth and final year of high school, in 1919–20. But the winter season and aforementioned malnutrition severely worsened his health, and he was hospitalized following his primary infection. Accordingly, he was obliged to abandon his studies and remain at the hospital.

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eminent services of "Supreme Commander" Habib Bourguiba to the Tunisian people that he freed from the yoke of colonialism and which he turned into a united independent modern nation, enjoying the fullness of sovereignty, the National Assembly proclaimed President Habib Bourguiba president for life". In April 1976, another constitutional amendment confirmed the Prime Minister as a constitutional successor to the President. During autumn, Bourguiba suffered from a

10094: 3202: 2647: 1434:. He was soon affected by the inequalities between French and Tunisians. In 1922, when Naceur Bey threatened to abdicate because of resident-general Lucien Saint's maneuvers, public opinion decided to mobilize for this nationalist bey. On 22 April 1922, Bourguiba was part of the protesters to support the monarch. Influenced by that event, he used to participate in debates with his friends and got interested in political and philosophical learning, supporting 4168: 2846:. Casualties were high with 72 dead and numerous injured. The very evening, Bourguiba declared the "evacuation battle" of Bizerte open. Thus, he proclaimed entry ban of every French warship into Tunisian waters, on 12 February. He also presented the National Constituent Assembly with a bill repealing the 1942 convention specifying that "Bizerte was not part of Tunisian territory but was a French harbor". The bill was successfully adopted on 14 February. 2287: 4150: 3971: 2232:

Neo-Destour. Its essential goals were to reinforce resistance movements inside colonized countries but also abroad, aiming to get the United Nations involved. Habib Thameur was designated as head of this organisation. In March 1947, Bourguiba came back to Cairo and, for nearly a year, tried to convince Arab leaders to introduce the Tunisian Case to the UN. In addition, he endowed Neo-Destour of its second representation in the Arab World, in

3355: 2517: 2083: 4115: 3888: 10156: 4257: 4203: 4186: 3935: 3825: 2435: 9156: 8956: 1405:, so he could struggle against the colonial power. The family council that was held to discuss this matter was a complete failure, his brothers considering him as "unsuccessful" and were not ready to finance his studies. Only his thirty years old single brother, Mahmoud, promised to aid him. With his support, Bourguiba was enrolled in Lycée Carnot of Tunis, in classe de seconde, because he was too weak to study in classe de première. 4329: 4079: 10139: 1548: 3766: 2601: 1785: 4221: 4133: 3989: 3953: 4239: 4025: 4311: 1823: 1519:. She invited him to enter and asked him to tell his story. Touched by his background, she asked to see him once again, and, in the upcoming months, invited him to move in with her. Since then, he gave away his room in the campus and settled with Mathilde. With this new way of life, Bourguiba distanced himself from the other students but also the Tunisian struggle, as a strong repression started back at the country. 2767:, French secretary of state for foreign affairs, ended up with the decision to regroup French forces in Bizerte within less than two years and the conclusion of a Franco-Tunisian military alliance. Nevertheless, Bourguiba refused to negotiate while the territory was still occupied and demanded the French forces to regroup in Bizerte immediately, arguing that the protectorate was over. Therefore, he travelled to the 4043: 4293: 4275: 10122: 2332:

Neo-Destour. However, the French Rally of Tunisia, opposed to any reform, succeeded to pressure both the colonial government in Tunisia and the French authorities in France, to get the negotiations restrained. Périllier ended up yield to pressure and stated on 7 October that "It is time to give a break to reforms", which did not please the Tunisian government. Reacting to the statement, riots started in

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other countries to establish embassies and diplomatic relations. Therefore, he appointed 4 ambassadors in Arab countries and approved the United States and Turkey's decision to start a diplomatic mission in Tunisia. Under pressure, France agreed with the opening of respective embassies and signed an agreement with the Tunisian government on 16 May. On 12 November, Tunisia became an official

3256: 2550:(110 kilometers from Paris) on the orders of Mendès France to preparing the upcoming negotiations. On 31 July, the new French prime minister travelled to Tunis and gave his famous speech in which he stated that the French government unilaterally recognizes the internal autonomy of Tunisia. Meanwhile, Bourguiba received representatives of Neo-Destour in Paris, under the supervision of the 3447:. His condition deemed critical, he underwent thoracentesis while in the ICU. His health improved, he left hospital on 13 March to get back to his house in Monastir. He died there at officially 96 years old, on 6 April 2000 at 9:50 pm. President Ben Ali, therefore, proclaimed seven days of national mourning while Algeria announced three days of national mourning. Algerian President 3470:, wearing redcoats. It was deposited in the middle of the familial house, covered with the Tunisian national flag and surrounded by Chabiba members. His son, Habib Jr., his daughter-in-law and his adoptive daughter Hajer received condolences of Monastir City and Governorate's officials. Bourguiba was buried on 8 April, in the afternoon, in his mausoleum. After a short ceremony at the 2585:, Ben Youssef, who wanted immediate independence, denounced the discussions and challenged the stepwise policy adopted by Bourguiba. Knowing that his statement would attract many favorable activists, mostly after the fall of the Mendès France cabinet on 6 February 1955, causing panic among the moderate faction of the party. Nevertheless, their fears were at ease with the arrival of 3813:

undertaken so far by the president and only by himself After fifteen years of exercise of power, it is time to revise the Constitution and establish some collaboration between the head of State, the national Assembly and the people". But the spirit of this reform did not meet these commitments, only the spirit of Article 39 (establishing the life presidency) would prevail.

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him. Thus, he decided to raise the child, despite his friend's advice to abandon the baby and break up with Mathilde. This pregnancy reassured him as he thought he was sterile. But the relationship of the couple worsened to a point that Bourguiba left the house to sleep at his friends' place, back at the campus. On 9 April 1927, Mathilde gave birth to a boy, whom they named

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Tunisian requests regarding the intern autonomy. On 15 December, Bourguiba landed in Paris where he heard the answer of Schuman: The statement of 15 December, affirmed the principle of co-sovereignty and the "final nature of the bond that links Tunisia to France". As for Bourguiba, it was then sure that endless and resultless negotiations were over. He stated to the

3754:. As for him, "the people were not yet mature enough for democracy" which was evaded in the name of the unity his project was involving. Consequently, once the bases of a modern state were built, Bourguiba chose gradually a "paternalistic authoritarian" regime. This culminated in the Neo Destour being formally declared the only legally permitted party in 1963. 1282:, which would dispense him from military service, just like his elder sons. Around the time Bourguiba was born, his father became councilman, and was, therefore, part of the notables of the city. This allowed him to improve both his financial and social situation and permitted him to provide a modern education future for his last son, just like his brother. 2273:

Thameur in Cairo. Having gone to the Egyptian capital to support the national struggle abroad, Bourguiba found himself, four years later, weakened politically and marginalized among the Maghrebi Committee in Cairo, exiled and isolated from Tunisia. Aware of the importance of the struggle inside the country, he decided to regain Tunis on 8 September 1949.

2345:, he did not exclude the use of popular mobilization to obtain independence. If he was introducing himself as an exiled militant back in his journey to Middle-East, he was now a leader of a major party among the Tunisian government. This new status permitted him to meet officials of all the countries he had visited: He met with Indian Prime minister, 3388:

several opponents and supporters of Bourguiba that he was no longer acting or thinking rationally; one human rights activist said that civil war would have resulted from carrying out his orders. After several doctors attending to Bourguiba issued a report declaring that Bourguiba was mentally incapable of carrying out his duties, Prime Minister

1752:, elected unanimously in the executive party committee. This strong position among the movement permitted them to influence party decision, eager to unify all the factions among a nationalist front. In the meantime, due to the ongoing naturalist issue in Tunis, the Residence decided the suspension of every nationalist paper on 31 May, including 2969:) minister's attacks by Bourguiba who fully endorsed him: "I am personally responsible for the plan that I put under my authority. Henceforth, this plan will be the party's work". On 17 November 1961, Ben Salah was appointed in the party leadership, despite his failure in the Central committee elections during the Congress of Sousse in 1959. 1511:, where he started to attend public finance classes. He also obtained a financial aid from his friend and protector, Mounier-Pillet, who was his former teacher in Monastir. The same year, his friends Sfar and Guiga, joined him while he was tutoring a young Sfaxian boy, Mohamed Aloulou, sent by his parents to sit for the baccalaureate exam in 2738:. He expressed, once officially inaugurated as Prime minister, his will to "enforce sovereignty bases by perfecting the means inside the country and abroad, put this sovereignty only under the service of Tunisian's interests, implementing a bold and judicious policy to free national economy from the chains of immobilism and unemployment." 3193:

and Tunisia We decided to organize a referendum as soon as possible, expected to be on 18 January 1974. However, if the procedure regarding the referendum requires a delay, it could take place on 20 March, Independence Day This is what I wanted to proclaim to all the peoples of North Africa. It is our hope to see the people of the

2324:. On 11 April 1950, the letter was written, reminding the French president of the Tunisian requests sent ten months ago and asking for "necessary substantial reforms". At last, the French government reacted, on 10 June, with the designation of Louis Perillier as resident-general, who, according to then-minister for foreign affairs, 1996:, founder of the Destour who had just returned from exile, endorsed the Neo-Destour to strengthen its positions. But his wish was not fulfilled for the elder leader had other prospects about the party, desiring to unify the old Destour with the new. Due to his refusal, Bourguiba decided to react by sabotaging Thaalbi's meetings. In 1294:

education in Monastir, his father sent him to Tunis in September 1907, when he was 5, to pursue his studies at the Sadiki primary school. The young boy was profoundly affected by the separation from his mother at that early age. At the time of his arrival, the city was struggling against the protectorate, an early phase of the

3658:, Mohamed Charfi advocated that Bourguiba wanted to reform society "within Islam" and not against it. This transforming society and its modernization was accompanied by an explanation consisting of a modulated action, according to which public Bourguiba addressed. This reformer dimension is nevertheless questioned by author 2947: 3033:, the TGLU chairman, Habib Achour was arrested and replaced at the head of the labour union. Since then, the State-party system and the Bourguiba-Ben Salah conjunction "Plunged Tunisia into a headlong rush and whirlpool outbid that overshadowed elementary realities." Therefore, the first troubles started on 15 December in 3268:

country, in that period, knew a serious political and social crisis, which worsened with the declining economy and the paralysis of the state machinery, spreading uneasiness, despair and loss of confidence. However, during the SPD congress of April 1981, Bourguiba made a historical speech in favor of political pluralism:

3517:, subsequent transformations of the Tunisian society brought by the action of Bourguiba are numerous: urbanization, education, transition to another family model and women's liberation. He also insisted on the part Bourguiba had in reforming the country, alongside other great personalities in Tunisia history, such as 2791:, which taught Islamic knowledge under the supervision of the ministry of Education. Likewise, Koranic schools were, from that moment on, under governmental oversight, the ministry preparing a detailed program and managing them. Furthermore, free education was proclaimed and teachers trained. Bourguiba also started a 2443:

introduce the Tunisian issue in the United Nations. However, due to the refusal of his request by numerous diplomats, he decided to provoke the complaint and force the fight. Upon his return to Tunisia, on 2 January 1952, he hurried to meet the bey and Grand Vizier Chenik, who he urged to introduce the request to the

1008: 1150:. He returned to Tunisia in 1949 and rose to prominence as the leader of the national movement. Although initially committed to peaceful negotiations with the French government, he had an effective role in the armed unrest that started in 1952 when they proved to be unsuccessful. He was arrested and imprisoned on 2115:

trends. When he returned to Tunis, on 8 April 1943, he guaranteed that his 1942 message was transmitted to all the population and its activists. With his position, he stood out from the collaboration of certain activists with the German occupant, settled in Tunisia in November 1942 and escaped the fate of

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will make the cabinet responsible to the President of the Republic but also to the National Assembly which emerged from popular vote. So it shall be lawful for the assembly to impeach a minister or a cabinet by a vote against it . Other modifications of the constitution will ease the responsibilities

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in which Ben Salah saw a conservative caste. On 28 April 1964, Bourguiba demanded the start of negotiations on agricultural lands detained by foreigners. In response, on 2 May, France notified the suspension of its financial aid. Bourguiba, therefore, decided to enact the nationalization of lands, on

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campaign, advocating for women rights including: universal education for girls equally with boys, women admission to employment under the same conditions as men, free consent to marriage and veil removal. Even though, conservatives were strongly opposed to his reforms, the campaign ended to be a huge

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Following independence, proclaimed on 20 March 1956, a National Constituent Assembly was elected, on 25 March, in order to write a constitution. Therefore, Bourguiba ran to represent the constituents of Monastir, as the Neo-Destour candidate. On 8 April, the assembly held its opening session, chaired

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This troubled situation generated an era of civil war. Killings, arbitrary detention, torture in illegal private prisons, fellagas who took up arms against the Tunisian forces, abduction by militias and attacks by local adversaries caused dozens of dead and many injured. Due to this situation, French

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On 14 November, under the pressure of Bourguiba, the Nation Council of Neo-Destour, invited both French and Tunisian government to "find a solution to the fellaghas issue guaranteeing in an explicit way their backup, their personal freedom and that of their families". On 20 November, an agreement was

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Following the uprising in Tunisia, Afro-Asian country members of the UN finally answered the request of Ben Youssef and Badra, introducing the Tunisian case to the Security Council, on 4 February 1952. As for Bourguiba, "it depends on France to make this appeal moot by loyally accepting the principle

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and total independence of Maghreb with the refusal of any concessions with the colonizer. Headed by Khattabi, designated president for life, Bourguiba was secretary-general. However, despite the status of the Moroccan leader, the committee was not as successful as the Office of Arab Maghreb. Obsessed

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while participating in many events held in the city. He also met Syrians, who had just obtained their independence from France, and thus stated that "with the means they dispose, Arab countries should show solidarity with the national liberation struggles of the Maghreb". Even though his efforts were

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The resident-general in Tunisia introduced assimilation reforms by the end of 1936. This statement is the start of uprisings by the beginning of 1937. Viénot, travelling to Tunisia, reacted by declaring that "certain private interests of the French of Tunisia do not necessarily confound with those of

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However, in Tunisia, the Neo-Destour had to face the strong opposition of resident-general Peyrouton who, firstly, endorsed the initiative of the "secessionists", eyeing it as a mean to weaken the nationalist movement, but soon withdrew his support because of the new successful methods adopted by the

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The speeches and determination to act of this new generation of nationalist was greatly welcomed by the Tunisian population which did not hesitate to criticize the "neglect of the Destour leadership to defend their interests". Upon the refusal of the executive committee to organize a special congress

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deepening and the resigned moderation of the nationalists, Bourguiba and his fellow mates reckoned that a good cause would be necessary enough to rebuild the nationalist movement on new basis by choosing new methods of action. In February 1933, when M'hamed Chenik, banker and chairman of the Tunisian

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In the context of colonial oppression, Bourguiba felt the effects of inequality. He spent the next year unemployed. This inequality led him to discuss these matters with both Tunisian and French friends, who agreed with the necessity to start a reform process aiming to get Tunisia to resemble France,

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indicated that Bourguiba's relations with France, also maintained relations, even problematic, with the East. Lacouture testified on Bourguiba's anger when he was proposed "co-sovereignty", back in 1955. It was the struggle for his country's independence, that sparked misunderstandings with the Arab

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and total independence towards the politics of other nearby Arab nations. Step-by-step policy is a major part of Bourguiba's doctrine. Bourguiba thought in this manner mainly because the actions were based on what he considered real possibilities, not aspirations, unlike "the all or nothing" policy,

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then, to Monastir, on 22 October 1988 where he enjoyed medical assistance. He stated being well treated by the new regime. Suffering from numerous health problems, including slurred speech and attention deficits, Bourguiba went through serious diseases during the 1990s. He was, sometimes, visited by

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Constitutionally the first and only responsible, is me, Habib Bourguiba. It is because I am human, therefore subject to error, that I was wrong, I say in all modesty. I apologize for the people and especially the activists who suffered I know they are convinced of my good faith but I was abused by

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With this new start, Tahar Ben Ammar's mission as head of government had ended and therefore, he delivered his resignation to al-Amine bey. Therefore, the Neo-Destour nominated Bourguiba to be their candidate for the office, on 9 April. Bourguiba accepted and was officially invited by the bey, three

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On 13 September, Ben Youssef returned to the country from Cairo. Trying to bring back peace and convince Ben Youssef to reconsider his positions, Bourguiba went to the airport welcoming his "old friend". But his efforts were in vain and peace was short: Ben Youssef did not wait too long to criticize

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After the ratification of the conventions, on 3 June, the consultations aiming to form the first cabinet of the internal autonomy started. However, Bourguiba was not to lead it. Beside the fact that it was too soon for France to have the "Supreme Commander" at the head of the Tunisian government, he

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On 18 August, the negotiations started. Bourguiba was given the right to settle in the hotel where the Tunisian delegation lodged. Thus, he received detailed reports of the delegation talks while he gave them instructions. However, the situation in the country worsened with the pursuing of the armed

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as resident-general, on 23 September 1953. Trying to appease the uprising, he lifted the curfew and newspaper censorship but also freed nationalist leaders. Furthermore, he replaced Baccouche with Mzali and promised new reforms which soon seduced the Tunisian people. Nevertheless, Bourguiba remained

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that "A page of Tunisian history is turned. Schuman's response opens a repression and resistance era, with its inevitable procession of mourning, tears and resentment Exasperated, disappointed, out of patience, the Tunisian people will show the entire world that they are mature enough for freedom".

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His speech quickly attracted the opposition of both the "Preponderants" and the pan-Arab circles who were strongly against his stepwise policy and his collaboration with France. Therefore, Bourguiba felt that an endorsement from the bey was not only necessary, but vital. Thereby, he sent Ben Youssef

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The imbalance in the power forces between the people of Tunisia and those of France eliminates every chance for a popular victory. A French military defeat shall not bring independence because we shall fall under the claws of a new colonialism. Therefore, only the path of a peaceful liberation under

2007:

However, Bourguiba chose moderation regarding the relation with France. Meanwhile, within the party, two factions appeared: The first one, moderate, was led by El Materi, Guiga and Sfar, favoring dialogue while the second one, radical, was directed by the young members, including Nouira, Ben Slimane

1940:

On 10 June, the National Council of Neo-Destour gathered to establish a new policy towards this change in the French government. It ended with the endorsement of the new French policy and elaboration upon a series of feasible requests, to which the Neo-Destour expected a quick resolution. At the end

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During the summer of 1926, Bourguiba returned to Monastir but did not show any interest in political issues in his country. His father died in September and he received a telegram from Mathilde, announcing that she was pregnant. This situation and the parenting responsibility that lay ahead, worried

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Consequently, political democracy in the Western sense was more or less nonexistent. The constitution vested Bourguiba with sweeping—almost dictatorial—powers. Bourguiba himself admitted this when a journalist asked him about Tunisia's political system. Bourguiba replied, "The system? What system?

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in the name of national unity. In this context, congress voted a resolution to exclude Achour, chairman of the TGLU from SPD along with numerous resigning ministers. The congress also tried to impose Nouira by electing him as chairman of the party. After Bourguiba's speech, these decisions were not

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Bourguiba, henceforth, urged the adoption of reforms aiming to restructure both the State organization and the SDP one. Therefore, the party leadership switched from a political office to a high committee. Nevertheless, in the start of August, he announced his will to focus on a social and economic

3022:(SDP) and a central committee was formed including ministers, governors, regional party officers and some high officials. Based on communist party model. Thus, the leadership was no more elected but chosen by the president among the central committee. At the end of congress, to seize control of the 2762:

were founded, despite the remaining presence of French militaries. Bourguiba requested progressive evacuation upon the negotiations that started in July 1956. France did not seem to share his opinion as they wanted to suppress Algerian rebels using Tunisia's military bases. After huge disagreements

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In this context, a congress was held in November 1955 to choose which of the two leaders would have the last word. Though Ben Youssef decided not to attend, Bourguiba ended up winner of the debate and obtained the endorsement of the delegates. Therefore, his opponent was expelled from the party and

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Island but remained strongly firm on his positions, stating that "the solution to the Tunisian problem was simple The first step was to give Tunisia its internal autonomy, the economic, strategic, cultural rights of France in these fields being respected. Now, this a real confrontation". But these

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and saw his popularity increase, thanks to his charisma and oratory skills. Once he had achieved his goals, he reappeared as the leader of the nationalist movement and therefore, decided to travel to France, ready for negotiations. On 12 April 1950, he landed in Paris to raise the Tunisian issue by

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Germany will not win the war and cannot win it. Between the Russian colossi but also the Anglo-Saxons, who hold the seas and whose industrial possibilities are endless, Germany will be crushed as if in the jaws of a irresistible vise The order is given, to you and to the activists, to make contact

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While the party twitched and the newly restored repression had ended with seven death in Bizerte, Bourguiba chose confrontation. On 8 April 1938, an organized demonstration happened peacefully but Bourguiba, convinced that violence was necessary, urged Materi to repeat the demonstrations by saying,

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where they were reluctantly welcomed. Thanks to Ahmed Ayed, a wealthy and respected Ksar Hellal inhabitant, the occasion to explain themselves was given. On 3 January 1934, they gathered with a part of the Ksar Hellal population in his house to clarify the reasons of their conflict with the Destour

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which had as redactional committee the young team joined by Bouhageb and Béchir M'hedhbi. Thus, Bourguiba devoted his first article to budget. Soon disappointed by the resigned moderation of their elders, the young nationalists unleashed and took the defence of the lower classes. Bourguiba, who saw

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Domestically, Prime Minister Mzali emptied Bourguiba's entourage. In July 1985, he replaced presidential ally Allala Laouiti with Mansour Skhiri. He also succeeded in sending away from Carthage, Bourguiba Jr., advisor to the President sacked by his father on 7 January 1986. Aiming to put an end to

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Despite its crisis, the 1970s was a period of economic revival, after the failure of socialism. Under Nouira, the government adopted an economy liberalization policy. Nevertheless, on 26 January 1978, Black Thursday occurred. Following the TGLU invitation to organize a general strike, thousands of

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This day was historic, devoting half a century of struggle marked by the constitution of the Islamic Arab Republic, which is bound to have considerable weight in view of the experiences, executives and wealth at its disposal. We express the hope that Algeria, Mauritania and Morocco will join Libya

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inhabitants revolted and opposed themselves to tractors. The uprising ended up with two deaths and dozens of injured, as the law enforcement forces fired. All around the country, troubles erupted for the same reasons: the refusal of an authoritary collectivization. On 3 August, Ben Salah presented

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to limit Ben Salah's encroachment. This happened on 6 February 1963, Bourguiba proclaimed that the battle against underdevelopment was "a struggle for human dignity and the glory of fatherland In these circumstances, the restriction of freedoms and privileges of private property is needed when it

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While Bourguiba proceeded with his world tour, the situation in Tunisia worsened: The promised reforms were blocked and the negotiations continued in Paris. On 31 October, as prime minister acting in the name of the bey, Chenik delivered officially to Schuman a memorandum summarizing the essential

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officials and gained the attention of American public opinion thanks to the help of Lebanese Cecil Hourana, director of the Arab office of information in New York. Bourguiba, then, was strongly convinced he could bring up the Tunisian case in the international with the help of the five Arab states

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following the burial of a naturalized child by force in a Muslim graveyard. Soon, law enforcement and population started a fight, which led Bourguiba to convince certain Monastirians to choose him as their lawyer. Furthermore, he led them to protest to the bey, on 4 September. The party leadership

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when he returned from exile, Bourguiba being part of the welcoming Sadiki delegation. In addition, the funerals of nationalist leader Bechir Sfar in Jellaz had also impacted him, as he travelled with his father. At school, one of his professors taught him the art of French writing and, indirectly,

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in the south, and on 3 January 1984 a state of emergency was declared after the unrest had spread to Tunis and Sfax. By the time the protests ended on 5 January 1984, more than 150 rioters had been killed. President Bourguiba announced on 6 January 1984 that the increase in the price of bread and

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on 12 September, decided to amend the constitution in order to institute life presidency for Habib Bourguiba, who obtained this title from the National Assembly on 18 March 1975. The constitutional revision added a paragraph to Article 39 specifying that "exceptionally and in consideration of the

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and managed by appointed governors. Bourguiba also pursued negotiations with France in order to have full control over diplomacy, as France still had a say over foreign policy until an agreement was found. Despite that, Bourguiba created a Tunisian minister of Foreign affairs on 3 May and invited

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As Prime minister, Bourguiba worked to secure total independence. Upon his nomination, the police switched from French management to Tunisian command, as he nominated Ismaïl Zouiten to be chief of police and the first Tunisian to hold this office. Meanwhile, French gendarmerie was replaced by the

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Upon the blocking of negotiations with France, Bourguiba was convinced that there was nothing to do and decided to travel around the world, aiming to gain support for the Tunisian struggle. From 1950, even though he continued to negotiate with France, Bourguiba was considering the use of arms and

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and ended with several dead and injured. Even though Bourguiba tried to pacify the atmosphere of tension, his strategy of collaboration with France was contested by the majority of Tunisian leaders who considered it indefensible, mainly after the adoption of deceiving reforms, on 8 February 1951.

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to introduce the main nationalist requests, which he defined in seven points, stating that "these reforms destined to lead us towards independence must reinforce and strengthen the spirit of cooperation We believe that we are a country too weak militarily and too strong strategically to dispense

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In this conjecture, was held the second congress of Neo-Destour in Tribunal Street, Tunis, on 29 October 1937. The voting of a motion regarding the relations with France was in the agenda. The congress represented the fight of the two factions which appeared within the last months. In his speech,

1646:, as a "humiliating affront to the dignity of the Tunisian people to whom he recalls the loss of freedom and independence". Therefore, the leaders of the Destour party gathered in emergency at Orient Hotel, in February 1931, where it was decided to found an endorsing committee to the newspaper of 1466:

to attend psychology and literature classes. Aware that he came to France to "arm himself intellectually against France", he devoted himself to law and to the discovery of French civilization. Bourguiba often participated in political debates, read newspapers and followed closely the evolution of

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about Islam. For Bourguiba, religion, associated to the Destourian party, had historically favored the colonization of Tunisia. On the other hand, Charfi opposed this idea, stating that the undeniable break carried out by Bourguiba occurred more with traditional society than with Islam, as such.

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delegation only a few days after appointing him, and forgot about a decree he had signed to appoint new ministers. Matters came to a head in November 1987, when he ordered new trials for fifteen Islamists and demanded that twelve of them be hanged by the next weekend. This latest order convinced

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The degree of maturity reached by Tunisian people, young people's aspirations and the interest there is to involve all Tunisians in taking decisions, whatever their views are, whether they are inside or outside the party, invites us to say that we see no objection to the emerging of political or

3147:

in Kef. He told him: "The beginning is the union between Algeria and Tunisia. We will do it methodically but firmly we will proceed in stages". Bourguiba, surprised by the proposition, suggested: "Algeria can yield Constantine to restore a better geographical balance between the two countries".

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On 20 December 1962, the government announced the discovery of a conspiracy aiming to overthrow President Bourguiba and assassinate him. It was later discovered that the plot had been prepared by military and some civilians faithful to Ben Youssef. The conspiracy was discovered when a remorseful

2808:

On the second anniversary of his return to Tunisia, on 1 June 1957, Bourguiba wanted to proclaim a Republic system, but the French-Tunisian relation crisis because of the suspension of the financial aid from France, adjourned the event. However, on 22 July, the Neo-Destour leadership invited the

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on 1 November 1954, did not improve the current situation. Indeed, the rage of French politicians, who accused the Tunisian fellaghas to collaborate with the Algerian rebels, slowed the negotiations. The situation worsened on 11 November, when the French government, addressed an ultimatum to the

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by Farhat Hached. Even though elected president of the party, during the Congress of Dar Slim, held clandestinely in Tunis in October 1948, he was now assisted by three vice-presidents whose goal was to limit the power of the president: Hedi Chaker in Tunis, Youssef Rouissi in Damascus and Habib

1928:

where he was visited by the newly settled resident-general who was ready to negotiate with him, aiming to put an end to the conflicts and pursue a new liberal and humane policy. On 22 May, Bourguiba was freed of all charges and had the permission to regain his home in Tunis, alongside his fellow

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in Tunisia. On this occasion, millions of Europeans invaded the capital city and went to the Saint-Lucien de Carthage Cathedral disguised as crusaders which humiliated and revolted the people who protested against what they considered a violation of an Islamic land by Christians. The protesters,

1502:

and Monastir, Bourguiba returned to Paris for the start of the 1925–26 school year, worried about the nationalist struggle in his country. His conditions improved as he moved in the University Campus in Jourdan boulevard, where he lodged in room number 114. The sponsor, Taïeb Radhouane, sent him

1293:

Habib Bourguiba grew up among women, as his brother was in Tunis and his father was elderly. He spent his days with his mother, grandmother and sister, Aïcha and Nejia, which permitted him to notice the casual household chores of women and their inequality with men. After starting his elementary

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began to grow more and more until it disabled economic and social development. The situation worsened with Bourguiba's age, his declining health and his incapacity to manage state issues. Thus, it favored the ascension of an entourage which battled to succeed him, starting a succession war. The

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Everything depended on the personal abilities and moral qualities of leaders. The only limits to their power derived from the requirements of religion. That was for qualification. For tenure length, they were ruling for life. Only death put an end to their term. They could age, become unable to

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While Khattabi favored an armed struggle, Bourguiba was strongly opposed, defending the autonomy of the Tunisian nationalism, which soon divided the Maghrebi committee. His moderate ideas made him infamous among the other members of the committee, whose numbers were increasing day after day. To

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and tried to sensitize him to support the Tunisian nationalist struggle, but in vain. Due to the postponed promises of the people of Middle-East, Bourguiba decided to create an office of Neo-Destour in Cairo. Therefore, he invited Thameur, Rachid Driss, Taïeb Slim, Hédi Saïdi and Hassine Triki,

1855:

All these demands led to a conflict between the French government and the Tunisian nationalist movement. In addition, the party leadership secured the population to be sensitive to their message, thanks to their tours along the country. These tensions led the residence to answer the nationalist

1834:

After the party was founded, the Neo-Destour aimed to strengthen its position among the political movements. The young team faced the resident-general, Marcel Peyrouton, who was dedicated to stopping the nationalist protests in an economic crisis atmosphere, which was an opportunity to seduce a

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In August 1927, Bourguiba who was 26 at the time, returned to Tunisia, with his girlfriend, his son, Habib Jr. but also a deep knowledge of French politics during the Third Republic. His journey in France had influenced his thinking with the liberal values of the social-radical secular country,

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During the time Bourguiba was president, education was a high priority, as he reformed the total educative system and permitted its development. State budget in education did not cease to increase year after year to reach 32% in 1976. Private schools were maintained but submitted to government

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During his premiership, Bourguiba started numerous reforms aiming to modernize Tunisian society and change their mentalities. On 31 May 1956, he abolished beylical privileges, which made royal princes and princesses equal to other citizens and punishable by law. The same day, he suppressed the

2442:

While the Tunisian delegation got back to Tunis upon the blocking of negotiations, Bourguiba remained in Paris where he judged essential to make contacts in this confrontation era. His goals consisted in obtaining funds and arms for the armed struggle but also convince the rest of the world to

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who hoped to use Bourguiba to weaken the French resistance in North Africa. The Italian minister for foreign affairs tried to obtain from him a declaration in their favor. At his return's eve, he accepted to deliver a message to the Tunisian people, via Radio Bari, warning them against all the

1756:

but also the prohibition of Destour activity. However, the French government convinced that Manceron had acted tardily in taking expected measures, replaced him by Marcel Peyrouton on 29 July 1933. Bourguiba deprived of his freedom of speech in this repression atmosphere and trapped inside the

1527:. They moved into another apartment in Bagneux, in the Parisian suburbs. Bourguiba, sick at the time, had to prepare for his final exams, which he sat for a month after the birth of his son. He obtained respectively a bachelor's degree in law and the higher degree of political studies from the 2589:

as head of the French government on 23 February. Faure assured his commitment to pursue the negotiations started by his predecessor. With Faure's promise, it was necessary for the Neo-Destour to bring the two leaders closer and therefore, set forth a strong united nationalist front to France.

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published on 5 June. Meanwhile, the bey remained alone against the resident-general, resisting the pressures to approve reforms, judged "minimal" by the nationalists, which delighted Bourguiba. In the country, despite the unity of the people, De Hauteclocque pressured the adoption of reforms.

2239:

Upon the disinterest of the members of Arab League for Maghrebi struggle, while the war in Palestine was the center of all attention and efforts, the union of different nationalist movements seemed to be the better way to get their requests heard. But soon, divisions appeared among Tunisians,

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The congress, which finished on 2 November, ended by withdrawing its support to the French government and therefore, the confidence the party had granted it for nearly two years. Bourguiba, who helped numerous young people join the leadership, strengthened his position and authority among the

2231:

Meanwhile, in Cairo, the Arab League resigned to inscribe the North African case is its agenda. Furthermore, a congress held by the nationalists of Cairo, from 15 to 22 February 1947 about the case of North Africa, ended with the creation of a Maghrebi office, replacing the representation of

1796:

soon were in conflict with the elders of the party, ending with the exclusion of Guiga, on 17 November 1933 and the resignation of El Materi, M'hamed Bourguiba and Sfar from the executive committee on 7 December 1933. Soon referred to as "rebels", they were joined by Bourguiba and decided to

3634:

defender, Bourguiba based this law on his ideas, emancipating women, despite the then-conservative public opinion. Bourguiba understood the opposition he would face but decided to act, before even building the Republic. Nevertheless, he was supported by some religious personalities, such as

2454:

France did not appreciate the move and reacted with the nomination of Jean de Hauteclocque as new resident-general. Known for his radical hard way, he decided to prohibit the congress of Neo-Destour that should have been held on 18 January and proceeded with the arrest of activists, such as

2331:

In Tunis, Périllier, endorsed by Bourguiba, favoured the constitution of a new Tunisian cabinet, led by M'hamed Chenik with neo-destourian participation to mark the liberal turning decided by France. On 17 August 1950, the cabinet was invested counting among its members three ministers from

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On 15 October, Ben Youssef reacted to the leadership's decision in a meeting organized in Tunis: He declared the party leaders illegal and took the direction of a "general Secretariat" which he proclaimed being the only legitimate leadership of the Neo-Destour. The pan-Arab scholars of

2490:, on 21 May 1952. Settled in an old abandoned fort, he had health problems, caused by humidity and age. In France, the opponents to a Tunisian compromise discredited Bourguiba whom they accuse of preparing the armed struggle while negotiating with their government, in an article of 1797:

undertake a campaign all over the country and explain their political positions to the people. Meanwhile, the elders of the Destour unleashed a propaganda campaign aiming to discredit them. Therefore, the young team visited areas severely affected by the economic crisis, including

1515:. One day in 1925, while tidying his room, Bourguiba found the address of a woman his protector recommended him to meet: Mathilde Lefras, a 35 years old widow whose husband died during the war. He met her for the first time in her apartment, on the first floor of a building in the 3606:

The Bourguiba government's reforms included female emancipation, public education, family planning, a modern, state-run healthcare system, a campaign to improve literacy, administrative, financial and economic organization, suppression of religious property endowments, known as

2871:

as his minister of education. Thus, he put an end to Koranic and westernized double teaching curriculum. Schools were therefore, public and free. Bourguiba also abolished the dual system of justice, ended the influence of religion on the judiciary and established civil courts.

3335:". In addition, Mohamed Toumi declared: "Those that official statements call the unemployed, idle, hostile elements, that is to say victims of bad development are in organic break with everything that makes up the establishment, government and legal opposition mingled". 1591:

was dismissed from his notary duties. He estimated at that moment, that the main goals were political, while other problems of society were secondary. He insisted that Tunisian identity had to be affirmed, declaring: "Let us be what we are before becoming what we will".

2236:, led by Youssef Rouissi, who knew the Syrians well. Nevertheless, progress were slow and Bourguiba's journey in Middle-East ended only with a substantial material assistance on behalf of Saudi Arabia, neither Iraq nor Syria nor Libya wanting to support his cause. 3222:

Economically, the government still managed nearly 80% of the country's economy, which involved it in almost all social conflicts. Indeed, businesses were the place of permanent conflict between the syndicalist cells of the TGLU and the professional cell of SPD.

2934:. During trials, one of the charged under-officer stated that he shall never forgive Bourguiba for "sacrificing them during Bizerte battle". Sentenced to death by the military court, eleven culprits were hanged. Furthermore, the Communist party of Tunisia and 2538:. The new head of government stated upon his designation that he will not "tolerate any hesitation or reluctance in implementing the promises made to people who had confidence in France that had promised to put them in condition to manage their own affairs". 1355:

and inadequate supplies. These circumstances led students to protest, and Bourguiba soon came to participate. He admired Habib Jaouahdou, a student who told others about national struggles beyond the walls of high school. Jaouahdou proposed that they welcome

3489:

The funeral conditions were, however, submitted to the criticism of international media that insisted on the brevity of the ceremony, the few foreign guests and the absence of TV broadcast which transmitted animal ceremonies during the funeral procession.

2724:

We cannot forget that we are Arabs, that we are rooted in the Islamic civilization, as much as we cannot neglect the fact of living in the second part of the 20th century. We want to take part in the march of civilization and take a place deep into our

1634:, and which he considered as a "violation of islamic lands", the young nationalists found it necessary to get involved. With the upcoming preparations for the 50th anniversary celebration of the protectorate and the scheduled visit of French president 3525:. "If underdevelopment were a sickness, then Bourguiba was able to make the right diagnosis and implement effective remedies". However, others question the extent of success in this battle for development and the role Bourguiba had in this evolution. 1462:, where he occupied a room located on the sixth floor for 150 francs per month. Having had some hard times, his problems were resolved as he obtained a scholarship of 1800 francs, payable in two installments, and enrolled in Paris law School, in the 1334:

in 1913, which greatly satisfied his father. Bourguiba avoided military service, and, like his elders, was admitted as an internal in Sadiki College to pursue his secondary studies freely. His mother died in November 1913, when he was 10 years old.

3017:

of the dinar. During the congress of Bizerte, the collectivist strategy was, nevertheless, confirmed with the establishment of the coexistence of three economic sectors (public, private and cooperative). The Neo-Destour was therefore, renamed as

1392:

and also visited his other brother, Ahmed, in Thala where he learned horse riding. He also participated in theatrical activities. Bourguiba rehearsed with his brother, who had a passion for theater and performed on stage. The foundation of the

3180:. During this meeting, the idea of a possible union between Libya and Tunisia was introduced. At the end of the interview, the Tunisian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mohamed Masmoudi, stated: "The two countries will form a single republic, the 3350:

were unable to prevent the total destruction of the base. Although most of the dead were PLO members, there were casualties among Tunisian civilian bystanders. As a result, Bourguiba significantly downscaled relations with the United States.

2734:, two state ministers, eleven ministers and two secretaries of state. Furthermore, Bourguiba combined the offices of Minister of Foreign Affairs and Defense. Therefore, he became the 20th Head of government of Tunisia and the second of the 1876:, in the south, under military supervision. Meanwhile, the arrests of the mean leaders generated discontent among the population. While Guiga and Sfar tried to pacify them in order to negotiate the release of the imprisoned, Bourguiba and 3382:

Bourguiba had been in ill health from the 1970s onward. As the 1980s wore on, his behavior grew more erratic. He fired the general manager of a major newspaper only 24 hours after appointing him. He also fired the head of the country's

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of Tunis and other large cities, often below the poverty line, joining the rebellion of disadvantaged populations inside the country, have expressed anger more violently and in greater numbers than the events of 26 January 1978. As for

2699:. However, France kept its military base of Bizerte for many years. On 22 March, Bourguiba returned to Tunisia as the great winner and stated that "After a transition period, all french forces must evacuate Tunisia, including Bizerte". 1924:, designated in March whose mission is to reinstate peace. Therefore, he succeeded in putting an end to two years of colonial repression, promoting dialogue and freeing the nationalist detainees on 23 April. Thus, Bourguiba was sent to 3844:. The couple married in August of the same year, after their return to Tunisia. After independence, Mathilde obtained Tunisian citizenship, converted to Islam and adopted the name of Moufida. On 21 July 1961, they ended up divorcing. 1388:. His journey in there, which lasted 21 months from January 1920, was a major turning point in his life. The inhabitants of the city helped him integrate: He learned how to play cards, discussed military strategies, got interested in 1698:

Despite the split-up, the two Bourguibas, El Materi, Guiga and Bahri kept in touch and decided to found their own paper thanks to the aid of pharmacist Ali Bouhajeb. Therefore, on 1 November 1932, was published the first edition of

9444: 1747:

The firm stance of Bourguiba led him to acquire a strong popularity among the nationalist circles. Furthermore, the congress held by the Destour which took place on 12 and 13 May 1933 in Tunis, ended in favor of the young team of

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that the concentration of power in the hands of an only one person, as devoted as he is, has risks", he described the great lines of the institutional reform he considered, back then. It will focus, he announced, on "amendments

2341:

violence to get things done. Therefore, he asked for the help of Ahmed Tlili to create a national resistance committee, with ten regional leaders responsible for the formation of armed groups and arms depot. During his visit to

1690:

François Manceron, eager to put an end to the nationalist issue, achieved to outwit discord between Khairallah, the owner of the paper and the young nationalists. A conflict occurred between both parties about the management of

3026:(TGLU), unique labor union of the country, the SDP decided to create, in all businesses, its own professional cells to compete with the labor ones. The presidential party, therefore, achieved its predominance over the country. 2569:, in October, where he was from that moment lodged. The interview between both men remained secret and ended with Bourguiba's promise to end the unrest in the country. Nevertheless, the beginning of the armed civil uprising in 2163:

was preoccupied mainly by the Palestinian issue, other requests not being their top priority. Therefore, he charged Ben Youssef to start these Franco-Tunisian tensions so that he could attract the attention of the Middle East.

1880:

were for the retention of the unrest. Furthermore, riots occurred along the country, leading the residence to reinforce the repression. Soon, the South gathered a major part of Tunisian political leaders: The two Bourguibas in

1847:

and the ascending of an independent Tunisia "accompanied by a treaty guaranteeing France a preponderance both in the political as well as in the economic field compared to other foreign countries", in an article published in

1317:

The young Habib spent his vacations in Monastir, aiding others with chores. At the end of the holiday season, he returned to Tunis where, after classes, he used to wander around in the streets. On Thursdays, he watched the

1814:

on 2 March 1934. During the event, Bourguiba called the representatives to "choose the men who shall defend in their name the liberation of the country". The congress ended with the founding of a new political party, the

2686:

Convinced that he must act, Bourguiba flew to Paris in February 1956 aiming to persuade the reluctant French authorities to start negotiations for total independence. On 20 March 1956, around 5:40 pm in the

2416:

in building a secular modern state. He then wrote to his son: "I have put a lot of thought into it. We can get to the same results, even better by less drastic means, which reflect more widely the soul of the people".

3306:(IMF). The IMF loan was conditional on government spending cuts and other reforms. The government announced an end to food subsidies on 29 December 1983, causing an immediate rise in the price of bread and flour. The 3209:

However, due to opposition inside the country and abroad, Bourguiba was forced to abandon the project, claiming the unconstitutionality of the referendum. It was in that context that the new congress of SPD, held in

2856:

On 1 June 1959, the constitution was officially adopted. Thus, it was signed by President Bourguiba, during a ceremony held in Bardo. Furthermore, he addressed the nation to recall presciently the Caliphate era:

2804:

was prohibited and equality between fathers and mothers but also between children was part of the law. Bourguiba also reformed the judicial system, suppressing religious courts and initiating governmental ones.

2989:

As for those who set themselves up as defenders of individual liberty, private sector and free business, we say that the plan serves the interests of all. In our situation, only collective action is effective.

9437: 2866:

Unlike his Arab counterparts, Bourguiba based his priorities on education and health, to the detriment of the army and defense. Therefore, he established a modern education system, appointing famous writer

2524:

Voizard attempted to bring back peace by pardoning half the 900 Tunisian convicted on 15 May and decided to put an end to the two-year exile of Bourguiba in La Galite. On 20 May 1954, he was transferred to

3331:, "It is a society crisis", he said on 27 January. "Social changes were not accompanied by political changes thus, the breakdown between permanent social changes and political frost is the origin of the 2590:

However, Ben Youssef did not agree with the talks, denouncing any negotiation that would not lead immediately to the independence of the whole Maghrebi people, supported in his position by the Algerians.

2072:

on 26 May 1940. There he shared his cell with Hédi Nouira. Convinced that the war would end with the victory of the Allies, he wrote a letter to Habib Thameur, on 10 August 1942, to define his positions:

10286: 3682:

was unified into a bilingual educative system. Since 1956, Bourguiba started to build the foundations of higher education in Tunisia, including the creation of universities and specialized institutes.

3474:, his body was transported on a gun carriage, coated with the national flag and carried by a military vehicle framed by detachments of the Tunisian army. Among the foreign guests were French President 2459:

where he kept a surprising flexibility and freedom of movement. He soon understood De Hautecloque's maneuvers as his desire for Bourguiba to exile himself in nearby Algeria. He was even interviewed by

3707:

League countries, but which will be, on the other hand, better understood by the United States with whom Bourguiba established bonds of trust. As for him, unlike other leaders in the Arab world, the

2455:

Bourguiba. The congress, which was held clandestinely, favored the continuation of the popular unrest. The following repression soon started a greater unrest. Meanwhile, Bourguiba was transferred to

2000:, the fight ended with numerous deaths and injured but Bourguiba succeeded in strengthening his positions and appearing as the unique leader of the nationalist movement, rejecting, once and for all 9430: 2154:

Bourguiba settled in Cairo, Egypt where he was aided by his former monasterial teacher, Mounier-Pillet, who lived in the Egyptian Capital city. There, Bourguiba met numerous personalities, such as

8073: 3104:

On 8 September, a statement announcing the sacking of Ben Salah was made public by the presidency. On 8 June 1970, Bourguiba told the Tunisian people about the failure of this experiment saying:

2211:, under-secretary of State, whom he meets in January 1947. Upon his trip to the United States, Bourguiba concluded that the superpower would support Tunisia in case its case was submitted to the 2020:

Bourguiba tried to balance both trends. Upon reducing the influence of the Destour over the nationalist movement, he strongly defended the progressive emancipation policy which he had advocated:

1127:

in 1934. He became a key figure of the independence movement and was repeatedly arrested by the colonial administration. His involvement in the riots of 9 April 1938 resulted in his exile to

2800:, a major legislation that reorganized families. Therefore, repudiation was replaced with divorce while woman had to consent to their marriages, suppression paternal agreement. In addition, 2426:

Finally, he addressed the United States saying that "Their freedom is a necessary condition for the defense of the free world in the Mediterranean sea and everywhere else to secure peace".

3855:

he had known for 18 years. Together, they adopted a girl named Hajer. Wassila took a larger part in politics over the deteriorating health of her husband, which would give her the title of

2004:

and anti-occidentalism. The split up was, therefore, final between both parties. Fearing attacks, the Destourian party gave up public meetings, using newspapers to respond their opponents.

3551:. It was founded on the political and economic realism which is based on the belief that "no field of life on earth should escape the human power of reason". It also contained elements of 3302:

A fall in the price of oil in late 1983 reduced the revenue of the Tunisian state, which was already struggling to meet rising expenses. President Bourguiba agreed to seek a loan from the

2357:. During his interviews, he urged his interlocuters to introduce the Tunisian issue to the United Nations, recalling his failed attempt to introduce it back in the September 1951 session. 2176:

whose interests were same as those of the Maghrebi nationalists. Thus, he was looking forward to go to the states and benefited from the support of Hooker Doolittle, American consul in

1424:. The group was called the "Sahelian Trio". He often went to libraries and showed interest in history even though, sometimes, he skipped classes, mainly on Friday afternoons, to attend 10311: 6890: 4434: 3096:

bill about the generalization of the cooperative system in agriculture. But Bourguiba, advised by his minister not to sign the bill, refused to do so. The next day, he announced:

3690: 1347:

started in September 1914, Bourguiba moved out from his brother's house and settled in the dormitories of Sadiki College. Budgetary restrictions, enacted in order to support the

9192: 1667:

Bourguiba multiplied his denunciations of the attempts aiming the Tunisian personality but also the beylical decree system and Europeans' advantages in his numerous articles in

8526: 5694: 4973: 1992:. Due to the procrastination of the new cabinet, the nationalists resumed to their fight and were active in making their requests a reality. Therefore, Bourguiba wished that 2130:, his future second wife. Bourguiba, who was closely watched, did not feel like resuming the fight. Therefore, he requested the authorization to perform the pilgrimage of 3072:

the creation of a Federation between the Arab states of the region and Israel. In May of that same year, supported by public opinion, he broke off with the Arab League.

3396:, then assumed the presidency himself. Starting in a liberal secular atmosphere, Bourguiba's presidency or "reign" ended in a climate of economic and financial crisis. 1380:. Mohamed lived with an Italian nurse who welcomed young Habib properly and had an important part in his improvement, by "filling in his emotional void", according to 6614: 2294:

When he returned to Tunisia, Bourguiba decided to start a campaign to regain control of the party. From November 1949 to March 1950, Bourguiba visited cities such as

7841: 3277:

However, this turning failed because of the internal electoral confrontation in the capital city, during parliamentary elections, and, despite the Prime minister,

2717: 2593:

On 21 April 1954, an interview between Faure and Bourguiba aimed to conclude the agreements for the internal autonomy. Hearing the news while participating in the

1587:

strongly repressed, were brought to justice. Some of them had Bourguiba as their lawyer, since he had not participated in the event. He also remained neutral when

360: 2809:

Constituent Assembly members to gather in a special meeting, on 25 July. The sitting started at 9:23 pm in the throne room of Bardo Palace, chaired by

9958: 6575: 3079:. Thenceforth, everyone thought he could die at any moment, and, since that very day, Bourguiba would think about his succession. On 5 June, the eruption of the 1202:

by Parliament until the ratification of the Constitution. During his rule, he implemented a strong education system, worked on developing the economy, supported

5218: 5158: 2695:

stated that "France solemnly recognizes the independence of Tunisia" and signed the Independence protocol along with Tahar Ben Ammar. The clauses put an end to

2244:

from exile revived the movement. Under his impulse, the committee of liberation of North Africa was founded on 5 January 1948. The values of the committee were

10316: 10296: 10206: 3466:

At the end of the afternoon, his body was wrapped in a white shroud, as the tradition wanted it, and carried by Chabiba members, the youth organization of the

3451:

stated that Bourguiba was "One of the Maghreb most influential personalities of the 20th century, which Africa and the entire world can boast". Meanwhile, the

2467:

of internal autonomy of Tunisia". But on 26 March, upon the strong refusal of the bey to discharge Chenik's cabinet, De Hauteclocque placed Chenik, El Materi,

1856:

requests by serious measures of intimidation. The repression unleashed is furthermore violent: Peyrouton forbade all the newspapers still publishing including

8794: 1158:

and obtained internal autonomy agreements in exchange for the end of the unrest. Bourguiba returned victorious to Tunis on 1 June 1955, but was challenged by

10022: 7789: 2384:

opened in July 1951. Thanks to Farhat Hached, Bourguiba obtained an invitation to take part in the event. There, he was invited by American unionists of the

1950: 1868:, on 1 September 1934. On 3 September, the colonial government ordered raids against all nationalist leaders in the country, including both Destours and the 1652: 1843:

young team and their unexpected requests. Indeed, Bourguiba and his fellows from the newly created-party soon showed "more dangerous" demands by asking for

8992: 3430:

To avoid his reinstatement by opponents, Bourguiba was evacuated from Carthage Palace, a few days after 7 November 1987, to be transferred into a house in

2565:

Mendès France, convinced that the current troubled situation threatened his colonial policy, was eager to meet Bourguiba. Therefore, he was transferred to

1643: 9998: 9391: 9185: 3805:

Yet Bourguiba himself made the diagnosis of the dangers of political archaism that threatened the country. On 8 June 1970, after noting that "experience

2551: 1647: 2849:

Thanks to diplomatic pressure, he obtained from France total evacuation of Tunisian territory except for Bizerte. Three years later, following a deadly

1941:

of the meeting, Bourguiba was sent to Paris to set forth the platform of the party. In France, he became close to such Tunisian nationalist students as

1483:'s process to transform the Indian national Congress into a powerful mass organization. In addition, he showed a great interest in his fellow Tunisian, 3783: 2730:

days after his election as head of the assembly, to form a cabinet. On 15 April, Bourguiba introduced his cabinet including one deputy prime minister,

2253:

by the Palestinian issue, the leaders of the Arab League were refusing to support the Maghrebi issue, whose problems deepened with a financial crisis.

1954: 9266: 3037:: The people protested against the obligation the 147 small farmers had to integrate new cooperatives of fruit trees, that would replace their 80000 2817:. The bey's wealth was, therefore, seized by the government and was used to pay debts. With this changing of regime, Bourguiba was designated acting 2627: 1695:

which led to the team eager to take charge of the paper. However, because of the refusal of Khairallah, they decided to resign from the daily paper.

1564: 1327: 957: 2372:, in January 1950, Bourguiba was more and more convinced that an armed struggle was inevitable. Thus, in Cairo, he charged a group of people called 1060:; 3 August 1903 – 6 April 2000) was a Tunisian lawyer, nationalist leader and statesman who led the country from 1956 to 1957 as the 10006: 9248: 2381: 1921: 1901: 1438:. In 1923–24, his final year was fundamental as he had a tight contest with another French classmate, in order to obtain a scholarship to study in 6209: 1810:

aiming to change their political orientations and thanks to the support of the population and notables, the "secessionists" decided to hold their

10266: 8855: 3816:

The end of his reign was marked by a war of succession, the weakening of the left and the emergence of the Islamist movement and patrimonialism.

2620:. On his own, he advanced to the bridge, waving his arm raising a large white tissue to greet the crowd. "We were hundreds of millions [ 2498: 1974: 1942: 8883: 7998: 3486:. After the burial, President Ben Ali pronounced a eulogy in which he paid a tribute to the "Loyal and devoted fight" of Bourguiba for Tunisia. 3164:, would be in stages, slowly and carefully, and take all the time it would take: 10 years or 100 years The capital of the federation should be 2486:

Aiming to weaken the nationalist movement, De Hautecloque separated Bourguiba and his exile companions. Therefore, he was sent on the island of

1544:, until Mr. Sebault hired him for 600 francs per month, which led Bourguiba to work for him for an additional year to the three mandatory ones. 9894: 9400: 9178: 7713: 7103: 3742:

Bourguiba, who advocated independence insisting on the maturity of the Tunisian people, ended up judging that his country was not prepared for

2862:

assume power and fall under the influence of surrounding courtiers and creatures. It was a dead end, with no way out. The quarry was organized.

2821:

until a constitution is adopted. Thus, Bourguiba's cabinet was dissolved and a new one was appointed, abolishing the office of Prime minister.

1162:

for the party leader position. Ben Youssef and his supporters disagreed with Bourguiba's "soft" policies and demanded full independence of the

7809: 3087:

and shopping avenue of London were looted and burned. On 25 January 1969, ordered to give in to the cooperative all their lands and orchards,

1606:

In the beginning of the 1930s, Habib Bourguiba, feeling the effects of colonial inequalities, decided to join the main political party of the

9351: 7935: 2260:

Even in Tunis, his exile in Middle-East, weakened the Tunisian leader: Apart from the ascending of Moncefism, after the removal and exile of

3626:, ratified on 13 August 1956, a few months after he had taken office, as Prime minister of the Kingdom of Tunisia. Inspired by the views of 2376:

to train people, fundraise and gather weapons. Disappointed in the support promise of Egyptian and Saudi authorities, Bourguiba traveled to

10201: 2915:, Bourguiba's second, about the plan, denounced the plot and gave names. He explained that tanks had to march from L'Aouina barrack to the 7975: 3778:

It is important to specify that, during his conquest and exercise of power, he systematically rejected all his allies who became rivals:

3323: 3052:

During this period, Bourguiba distinguished himself from his Arab counterparts in foreign policy. Twenty years before Egyptian President

2742:

National Guard, on 3 October 1956. Bourguiba also reorganized Tunisia's administrative divisions, creating a modern structure made of 14

1687: 4747: 3238:

protesters, mainly Tunisian youths, gathered near the medina, trading streets of downtown and bourgeois neighbourhoods of Belvédère and

3041:. Following the events, the government proceeded to arrest of ten protesters and the disbandment of party cells that supported farmers. 10271: 10261: 7077: 2078:

with Gaulist French to combine our clandestine action Our support must be unconditional. It is a matter of life and death for Tunisia.

1740:

against the burial of a naturalized in a Muslim cemetery. Bourguiba decided to react and unleash a campaign to support the protests in

872: 10236: 9454: 7913: 3113:

On 16 August, making a speech in Monastir, he denounced "a vast conspiracy which aimed to establish fascism by revolutionary means".

2993:

Therefore, he targeted trade sector: All traditional circuits were broken and replaced by a centralized network of state offices and

1601: 797: 2159:

intensified, Bourguiba knew that nobody would support his cause as long as there was little tension between France and Tunisia. The

10291: 8985: 7769: 5702: 4983: 4384: 4338: 2207:

There, Bourguiba took part in numerous receptions and banquets which was for him an occasion to meet American politicians, such as

1442:. He also benefited from the support of his brother Mahmoud, who promised to send him 50 francs per month. In 1924, he sat for his 10306: 3452: 2758:

Bourguiba also discussed defense issues with France, arguing that French military ought to evacuate the country. On 30 June, the

3662:, who draws attention to the transgressive nature of many of Bourguiba's gestures, particularly in women's status. Furthermore, 3230:

under the pressure of his partners, which had a part in Tunisia welcoming the headquarters of the Arab League then those of the

1744:

which will soon be reprised by numerous nationalist newspapers, denouncing an attempt to Frenchify the "whole Tunisian people".

1563:

that was, liberal, modern and secular. On 8 January 1929, while replacing his brother who could not attend a conference held by

6758: 4551:

Bourguiba's official birthdate is 3 August 1903, though he stated he was likely born a year earlier, in 1902, or possibly 1901.

4052: 2201: 1682:

became a very popular newspaper. Their new reasoning attracted not only the interest of public opinion but also that of French

1206:, and proclaimed a neutral foreign policy, making him an exception among Arab leaders. The main reform that was passed was the 7563: 10301: 10221: 8593: 8346: 8324: 8294: 8149: 8130: 7640: 4177: 3802:, the first president of Neo-Destour, who was discredited many times and, losing confidence in Bourguiba, decided to retire. 1792:

After he resigned from the executive committee of Destour, Bourguiba was on his own once again. However, his fellow mates of

950: 256: 7538: 6861: 6841: 8395: 7849: 7539:"Structural Adjustment: Former President Ben Ali's Gift to Tunisia (Part One) Tunisia and the International Monetary Fund" 6583: 6002: 3168:, the spiritual capital of the Muslims for centuries and thus symbolize the return to the past glory of the Islamic world 1920:

In the start of 1936, due to the ineffective policy of Peyrouton, the French government proceeded to his replacement with

10281: 10251: 10110: 8978: 8848: 1310:, where his brother, M'hamed, rented a lodging on Korchani Street. As the school year began, his brother enrolled him in 1278: 9159: 9009: 4159: 3859:(Venerable). The couple divorced on 11 August 1986, with a mere statement and without any respected legal proceedings. 2891:

and set the basis of a new modern state. In March 1964, he made the point by drinking openly on television, a glass of

8942: 1736:, which was a popular case among the nationalists during the 1920s reappeared, in the start of 1933, with protests in 1578:

The year 1930 was the peak of French colonization in North Africa, which led France to celebrate the centenary of the

751: 10276: 10226: 10196: 8168:

La politique musulmane de la France au XXe siècle. De l'Hexagone aux terres d'Islam : espoirs, réussites, échecs

8020: 7606: 7087: 5225: 5165: 4070: 3910: 3623: 3231: 2797: 1372:

In order to heal, Bourguiba spent nearly two years living with older brother Mohamed, medic at the local hospital of

1253:

in a residence in Monastir. He remained there until his death and was buried in a mausoleum he had previously built.

1207: 1014: 855: 9422: 7688: 3184:, with a single constitution, one flag, one president, one army and the same executive, legislative and judicial. A 682: 10231: 4388: 4124: 3747: 3506:

Habib Bourguiba led Tunisia to independence, and founded the second civil republic in the Arab world after that of

943: 2711:

Transfer of power between outgoing Prime minister, Tahar Ben Ammar and designated Prime minister, Habib Bourguiba.

2451:. On 13 January, Salah Ben Youssef and Hamadi Badra flew to Paris, where they intended to desposit the complaint. 9331: 3903: 3467: 3292: 3100:

We have reached the limits of the cooperative system. It is valid to a degree beyond which the balance is broken.

2444: 3393: 905: 10246: 9518: 8841: 7182: 4302: 2265: 2110:. He was greatly welcomed in Rome, alongside Ben Youssef and Ben Slimane, in January 1943, upon the request of 1081: 442: 7299: 10128: 9233: 8959: 8872: 8619: 8555: 4016: 3980: 3510:. He then implemented a series of "Tunisification" policies to bring forward the building of a nation-state. 3460: 3296: 3068:, on 3 March 1965 that "the policy of all or nothing had only led Palestine to defeat". He also proposed the 3023: 2269: 1733: 1720: 1262: 1061: 826: 756: 307: 10241: 10216: 10211: 8363: 2581:

Nevertheless, the negotiations for the internal autonomy were not unanimous: On 31 December 1954, while in

2385: 1516: 1115:

in 1927 and returned to Tunis to practice law. In the early 1930s, he became involved in anti-colonial and

925: 4405: 4320: 4088: 3303: 2834: 2604:

Triumphant return of Bourguiba, riding his horse, Najjarine, through the streets of Tunis on 1 June 1955.

3899:

Grand Master & Grand Collar of the Order of Independence (automatic upon taking presidential office)

2981:

comes to make it more productive use and more profitable for the community". In June, during a visit to

10060: 8493: 6217: 4266: 4106: 3998: 3723: 3471: 3392:, who had been appointed to the post only a month earlier, removed Bourguiba from office, organizing a 3019: 1607: 1579: 1480: 1295: 1219: 1116: 885: 776: 486: 2558:

was formed to negotiate with the French authorities. Four members of Neo-Destour were made ministers.

1412:

with the help of the new teacher that taught him. He obtained excellent results and ended up choosing

10162: 9686: 9001: 7745: 4212: 3636: 3404: 3219:

which periodically affected him for five years. Locked in the Carthage palace, he hardly had visits.

3152:, on 20 September, Bourguiba made a statement, sharing his thoughts about any further union project: 1446:

and obtained outstanding marks with honours. At the end of exams, Bourguiba embarked on an old boat,

198: 51:, as article suffers frequent nonsense grammar and may suffer political bias as alleged on Talk page. 48: 17: 7723: 7512: 7113: 3674:

Bourguiba was very critical of the veil, on various occasions referring to it as "that odious rag".

1181:

supporters of Ben Youssef. The conflict ended in favor of Bourguiba with the Sfax Congress of 1955.

1154:

Island for two years, before being exiled in France. There, he led negotiations with Prime Minister

10181: 10014: 9726: 9670: 8374: 8163: 7819: 3917: 3122:

agenda, insisting on justice for the victims of collectivism and thus, put political issues aside.

3084: 2716:

by M'hamed Chenik while Al-Amine bey attended the ceremony. The same day, Bourguiba was elected as

2660: 1869: 1096: 1024: 7945: 3730:, he became its active ambassador especially during his tour in Africa, back in 1965. As for him, 3655: 2413: 1678:

Thanks to the originality with which Bourguiba, Sfar, Guiga and El Materi addressed the problems,

1389: 9875: 9758: 9710: 9046: 8900: 8819: 8769: 8669: 8503: 3389: 3376: 3216: 2853:

in Bizerte, negotiations ended with the French evacuation of Tunisian lands, on 15 October 1963.

2743: 2535: 1246: 191: 157: 8286: 2574:

Tunisian government, announcing that the talks would stop until the unrest in Tunisia was over.

2531: 2501:. Bourguiba, deprived of posts and newspapers called for the intensification of the resistance. 1512: 1155: 9854: 9846: 9590: 8159: 7982: 3836:

with whom he settled. During summer vacations back in Tunis, he learned that she was pregnant:

3762:

am the system." In this context, Bourguiba's party became an "alibi in an ideological desert".

2747: 2216: 1930: 1715: 1701: 1104: 1050: 821: 8384: 7079:

Bizerte, otage de l'histoire : De la Seconde Guerre mondiale aux indépendances du Maghreb

3547:

Bourguiba had developed his own doctrine that he called "Bourguibism" but which is similar to

9822: 9510: 7630: 7598: 7304: 3944: 3679: 3347: 3181: 2899:, published by a Lebanese newspaper, started sharp criticism in the Muslim World and in 1974 2788: 2759: 2317: 2241: 2028:

A widespread, popular and violent revolution which will put an end to the protectorate ;

1966: 1638:, the young nationalists decided to act. Bourguiba denounced the rejoicing, in the newspaper 1364: 1185: 1184:

Following the country's independence in 1956, Bourguiba was appointed prime minister by king

1073: 890: 843: 384: 381: 331: 328: 280: 277: 222: 219: 177: 173: 9170: 8122: 3205:

President Bourguiba and Prime Minister Hedi Nouira during the 1974 SDP congress of Monastir.

2307:

mobilizing public opinion, media and politicians. Three days later, he gave a conference in

2134:. This surprising request was refused by the French authorities. He then decided to flee in 1656:, which switched from weekly to daily and had among its editors the young nationalist team. 10191: 10186: 9974: 9798: 9694: 9662: 9502: 8864: 8651: 8114: 4352: 4284: 3708: 3579: 3448: 3343: 3307: 2818: 2497:

Therefore, many assassinations took place: Farhat Hached is murdered on 5 December 1952 by

2480: 2422: 2168: 1844: 1811: 1779: 1627: 1583: 1398: 1199: 1069: 900: 895: 863: 836: 594: 114: 57: 7921: 3779: 3594:

In reality, it permitted Bourguiba to enjoy a freedom of action that led him to political

3318:

This spectacular turn of events raised the enthusiasm of the country. Paul Balta wrote in

3188:

will be organized on 18 January 1974". At the airport, Bourguiba declared to journalists:

2123:, accusing him of collaboration. Bourguiba was freed by the Free French Force on 23 June. 1993: 1836: 1357: 8: 9750: 9678: 9638: 9566: 9470: 9303: 8655: 4423: 3837: 3564: 2900: 2843: 2626:] coming to cheer him, interminably in a huge frenzy", testified his former minister 2468: 1524: 1463: 1223: 1211: 1108: 651: 466: 53: 6766: 3598:, allowing him to impose not only breakthrough changes but also spectacular turnabouts. 2107: 1988:

In June, the resigning Blum Cabinet was replaced by the third Chautemps Cabinet, led by

1912: 1659: 10256: 9982: 9966: 9934: 9582: 9494: 9380: 9367: 9340: 9064: 8559: 8309: 8304: 8278: 7794: 4230: 3751: 3243: 3227: 3141: 3061: 2735: 2594: 2220: 1459: 1227: 1065: 719: 661: 10145: 1830:, on 25 April 1934 attending the creation of the first unit of Neo-Destour in the city 1709: 9942: 9902: 9558: 9452: 9374: 9272: 9070: 9028: 8918: 8481: 8471: 8392: 8342: 8334: 8320: 8290: 8145: 8126: 8016: 7636: 7602: 7591: 7083: 6210:"Fiftieth anniversary of independence. The recall of a specific epic Tunisian people" 4370: 4195: 3962: 3848: 3799: 3787: 3631: 3518: 3424: 3413: 3363:

the serious economic crisis, Bourguiba replaced Mzali and appointed his replacement,

3282: 3211: 3156:

The creation of the United States of North Africa including Tunisia, Libya, Algeria,

3144: 3030: 3007: 2973: 2923: 2904: 2784: 2707: 2240:

Moroccan and Algerians, preventing common agreements. On 31 May 1947, the arrival of

2127: 1989: 1877: 1761: 1623: 1484: 1472: 1381: 1273: 1234: 1159: 1088: 553: 438: 9278: 9052: 8970: 3659: 3048:

President Bourguiba with Egyptian President Nasser and Algerian President Ben Bella.

1416:

section, after passing the first part of baccalaureate. He also became friends with

9950: 9862: 9598: 9486: 9360: 8924: 8379: 8110: 7863:

Camau, Michel (21 October 2011). "Habib Bourguiba in power, the march of history".

4414: 4142: 4034: 3833: 3712: 3648: 3622:

In his social agenda, Bourguiba advocated for women's rights. Thus, he enacted the

2927: 2888: 2692: 2630:. On 3 June, the internal autonomy conventions were signed by Ben Ammar and Faure, 2504:

In these conditions, the French government decided to replace De Hauteclocque with

2364:

Bourguiba and Hached took part in the congress of the American Federation of Labor.

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Hached and Ben Youssef welcoming Bourguiba in 1949 when he returned to the country.

2224: 2111: 1728: 1178: 976: 526: 7750: 3443:

On 5 March 2000, Bourguiba was rushed to the Tunis military hospital, following a

3379:, whom he appointed interior minister in 1986 and prime minister in October 1987. 2308: 2011: 10098: 10030: 9910: 9782: 9542: 9312: 9254: 9112: 8912: 8547: 7940: 4453:

La Tunisie et la France : vingt-cinq ans de lutte pour une coopération libre

4419: 4410: 4401: 3791: 3731: 3614: 3173: 2954: 2916: 2875: 2868: 2792: 2688: 2566: 2555: 2448: 2369: 1970: 1323: 1307: 1215: 1203: 1041: 234: 6872: 5314:

Histoire du mouvement national tunisien, 9 avril 1938 : le procès Bourguiba

3419: 3044: 1443: 10086: 10038: 9830: 9814: 9734: 9718: 9702: 9614: 9242: 9222: 9106: 9100: 9034: 8833: 8537: 7746:"Tunisie. Le décès du père de l'indépendance. Bourguiba. La mort après l'oubli" 6006: 4428: 4366: 3703: 3667: 3514: 3475: 3384: 3332: 3328: 3069: 3053: 2850: 2810: 2768: 2752: 2676: 2547: 2505: 2325: 2321: 2268:, the party restructured around Ben Youssef with the help of the newly created 2212: 2099: 2095: 2034:

A pacific stepwise solution, with the help of France and under its supervision.

1760:

On 8 August, the occasion to express his views arrived when incidents began in

1401:. He expressed his will to pursue his secondary studies and thus, study law in 1311: 1303: 1299: 1289:

Ali Bourguiba surrounded by his sons Mohamed, Ahmed, M'hamed, Mahmoud and Habib

1171: 1092: 880: 406: 149: 2286: 1946: 1330:

that followed influenced his nascent political opinions. Bourguiba earned his

636: 145: 10175: 10074: 9806: 9774: 9766: 9606: 9550: 9284: 9130: 9124: 9082: 9076: 8906: 8744: 8399: 8220: 7790:"Habib Bourguiba, Independence Champion and President of Tunisia, Dies at 96" 7774: 6846: 4978: 4248: 3795: 3560: 3483: 3479: 3287: 3278: 3239: 3038: 2946: 2772: 2764: 2389: 2360: 2299: 2197: 2173: 2120: 1385: 1285: 3867: 3002:

12 May. However, peasantry did not want to integrate such a system. Indeed,

2813:. In the afternoon, the Republic was proclaimed, abolishing a 252 years old 2516: 2049: 1450:, in order to pursue his studies in France and discover the colonial power. 99: 9926: 9622: 9534: 9478: 9291: 9118: 9058: 9022: 8629: 8569: 7159:, n° 307–311, éd. Groupe Jeune Afrique pour DIFCOM, Paris, 2000, p. 50 4102: 3727: 3719: 3627: 3522: 3346:

against the Palestine Liberation Organization headquarters near Tunis. The

3125: 3076: 2931: 2912: 2892: 2731: 2696: 2667:, who was seduced by the leader's charisma and decided to rally his cause. 2392:

in September 1951. Between July and September, he travelled to London then

2208: 2155: 2103: 2061: 1978: 1588: 1425: 1352: 1250: 1175: 1132: 353: 246: 141: 2396:. His journey in the United States ended in mid-October before he flew to 1547: 932: 35: 9990: 9654: 9646: 9574: 9319: 9260: 9094: 9088: 9040: 8489: 8460: 8316: 7187: 4066: 4012: 3852: 3695: 3663: 3595: 3556: 3539: 3534: 3444: 3364: 3264: 3134: 3133:

The socialist era being over, the government was in the hands of liberal

3080: 3014: 3003: 2994: 2617: 2608:

On 1 June 1955, Bourguiba returned triumphant to Tunisia on board of the

2586: 2249: 2181: 2160: 2001: 1982: 1962: 1886: 1816: 1798: 1635: 1615: 1528: 1508: 1458:

When he arrived in Paris, Bourguiba settled in Saint-Séverin hotel, near

1430: 1421: 1409: 1344: 1238: 1167: 1147: 1124: 1112: 831: 785: 501: 153: 10093: 7884: 3281:'s efforts. Therefore, the war of succession worsened. In this context, 3201: 2941: 2646: 2634:

and the French minister for Tunisian and Moroccan affairs, Pierre July.

1890: 10046: 9838: 9742: 9630: 9526: 8930: 8639: 4173: 3872: 3583: 3548: 3456: 3185: 3161: 3093: 2631: 2261: 2177: 2116: 1619: 1476: 1417: 1413: 1377: 1348: 646: 7976:"Une expérience réussie : le bilinguisme franco-arabe en Tunisie" 7632:

The Making of the Tunisian Revolution: Contexts, Architects, Prospects

6102: 6100: 6098: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 5425: 5423: 2702: 2546:

On 21 July, Bourguiba was transferred into The Château de La Ferté in

2520:

Bourguiba transferred from La Galite Island to Groix Island in France.

1245:. On 7 November 1987 he was removed from power by his prime minister, 850: 9790: 6444:

Histoire de la Tunisie contemporaine. De Ferry à Bourguiba. 1881–1956

5716: 5714: 5712: 5649: 5647: 4503:, ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1977 4497:, ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1974 4485:, ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1966 4479:, ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1965 4473:, ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1962 4467:, ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1960 3743: 3409: 3354: 3088: 2958: 2613: 2492: 2487: 2401: 2393: 2350: 2082: 2069: 2065: 1934: 1882: 1468: 1467:

French politics during the Third Republic. Sensitive to the ideas of

1435: 1151: 1128: 3824: 3459:, paid a tribute to "the man of peace" and to "the architect of the 2883:

In February 1961, he invited his fellow citizens not to fast during

2434: 2031:

A french military defeat during a war against another country ;

1973:. There, he met numerous Arab nationalist representatives including 1953:. Furthermore, he met under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, 1806:

and specify their conception of national struggle for emancipation.

1314:

where the superintendent described him as "turbulent but studious".

10287:

Honorary grand commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm

8225:

Histoire générale de la Tunisie, L'Époque contemporaine (1881–1956)

7814: 7718: 7108: 6095: 6064: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5284: 5282: 4155: 3976: 3765: 3640: 3575: 3552: 3372: 3368: 3311: 3165: 2896: 2814: 2801: 2664: 2600: 2510: 2342: 2312:

with the help of a great power, which we would want to be France".

2233: 1784: 1631: 1242: 1195: 1190: 6741: 6739: 6521: 6519: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6329: 6327: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6124: 5709: 5644: 5632: 5159:"Fourth interview given by president Bourguiba on 9 November 1973" 3582:, incorporating the fight against the Ottomans and the French, of 3263:

In that context, the 1980s started in Tunisia with a deep crisis.

3250: 3006:

weakened governmental ideology: While certain unities remained in

1773: 1233:

The end of his 30-year rule was marked by his declining health, a

9202: 9005: 8868: 8433: 7714:"Tunisie. L'ancien président Bourguiba a été installé à Monastir" 5676: 5674: 5574: 5572: 5321: 4262: 4208: 4191: 4120: 3940: 3893: 3644: 3568: 3507: 3194: 3157: 3065: 3029:

In July 1965, following an accident on a ship connecting Sfax to

2884: 2842:

On 8 February 1958, the French army bombed the border village of

2570: 2456: 2354: 2295: 2189: 2185: 2142:

borders, disguised in a caravan, on 23 March 1945 and arrived in

1822: 1802: 1737: 1611: 1541: 1490: 1394: 1163: 1120: 508: 7961:

Tunisia Since Independence: The Dynamics of One-party Government

7842:"Funeral oration delivered by President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali" 7513:"29 décembre 1983: Déclenchement des émeutes du pain en Tunisie" 7231:

La notion de démocratie dans la pensée des dirigeants maghrébins

6296: 5927:

Sur les routes de l'Histoire. Cinquante ans au service de l'État

5405: 5279: 5243: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4930: 4869: 4867: 4707: 4705: 2024:

Independence can happen only according to three formulas :

1827: 1819:, presided by El Materi, and Bourguiba was designated chairman. 6891:"Signatures of the Franco-Tunisian agreement protocol in Paris" 6821: 6736: 6724: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6625: 6516: 6463: 6399: 6324: 6284: 6248: 6236: 6136: 6052: 5970: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5471: 5393: 5357: 4334: 4316: 4084: 3502:

Habib Bourguiba's Identity card (Bourguiba's Museum, Monastir).

3431: 3339: 3057: 3034: 2998: 2780: 2582: 2534:

on 18 June, six weeks after the defeat of French forces in the

2476: 2472: 2409: 2333: 2219:, signed by France and which stipulated the right of nation to 1997: 1925: 1894: 1873: 1499: 1402: 1373: 1077: 671: 7162: 6985: 6973: 5870: 5858: 5822: 5810: 5671: 5584: 5569: 5483: 3832:

In 1925, while he was a student in Paris, Habib Bourguiba met

3498: 3056:, he favored the normalization of relations with the State of 2720:

and gave a speech, summarizing his ambitions for the country:

991: 982: 10104: 9200: 5447: 5381: 5345: 5267: 5255: 5139: 5115: 5091: 5067: 5055: 5043: 5019: 5007: 4990: 4879: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4729: 4717: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4298: 4280: 4226: 4138: 4048: 3994: 3958: 3841: 3798:, who represented the liberal faction among his party ; 3734:

and francophonie competed to build an opened modern Tunisia.

3587: 3247:

published but were announced only one on the National Radio.

3177: 3116: 2966: 2680: 2526: 2397: 2377: 2245: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 1439: 1397:

party while he was in Kef, increased Bourguiba's interest in

1143: 1139: 1100: 1035: 7467: 7465: 6637: 4642: 4630: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4558: 3255: 3129:

Official picture of Bourguiba's cabinet, in the early 1970s.

3013:

On 30 September, the first five-year plan ended up with 25%

2895:, during the day. His position on fasting and his speech on 1907: 1210:

which implemented a modern society. He established a strong

7438: 7380: 7378: 7353: 7351: 7243: 7241: 7200: 7198: 7033: 7021: 7009: 6997: 6961: 6949: 6937: 6925: 6351: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 4244: 4030: 3608: 3367:, on 8 July 1986. These endless crises favored the rise of 3358:

President Bourguiba alongside Prime minister Mohamed Mzali.

3197:

follow our example to form a powerful and robust community.

2982: 2950:

President Bourguiba and Ben Salah during a meeting in 1963.

2438:

Bourguiba delivered a speech in Bizerte on 13 January 1952.

2405: 2303: 2196:, on 18 November. On 2 December 1946, Bourguiba arrived in 2091: 1757:

Destour moderate policy, aspired to get his autonomy back.

1534: 1302:. Meanwhile, Habib settled in the wealthy neighbourhood of 1072:(1957–1987). Prior to his presidency, he led the nation to 997: 694: 8404: 6785: 6773: 6555: 5195: 3083:

started riots in Tunis: the American Cultural Center, the

1788:

Members of the first leading committee of the Neo-Destour.

1376:

who also happened to be a strong modernist and advocating

10312:

Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia

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Le ministère Chenik à la poursuite de l'autonomie interne

7668: 7656: 7489: 7477: 7462: 7450: 7426: 7414: 7402: 7390: 6654: 6652: 6451: 6018: 6016: 3618:

Wives of Tunisian personalities greeting Habib Bourguiba.

2622: 2119:, dethroned with the liberation, in May 1943, by general 1961:

France". Meanwhile, Bourguiba went to Paris, and then to

1663:

Portrait of Habib Bourguiba in the beginning of the 1930s

1319: 988: 8213:

Résidents généraux de France en Tunisie... ces mal aimés

7375: 7363: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7312: 7277: 7265: 7253: 7238: 7210: 7195: 7057: 6913: 6901: 6809: 6721:, éd. Rombaldi / Paris Match, 1970, vol. 12, p. 161 6543: 6504: 5596: 5548: 3010:, other ended up acquiring more workers than necessary. 1226:

also developed around him, before he proclaimed himself

6411: 6375: 6363: 6260: 6165: 6153: 6112: 6083: 5945: 5846: 5834: 5798: 5786: 5762: 5750: 5738: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5495: 5459: 5435: 5369: 5316:(in French), Tunis: National Documentation Centre, 1970 5103: 4920: 4918: 2829: 2276: 1768: 813: 801: 6797: 6664: 6649: 6615:"Signature of the Franco-Tunisian convention in Paris" 6492: 6480: 6387: 6224: 6040: 6028: 6013: 5982: 5774: 5659: 5536: 5127: 2281: 1916:

Bourguiba in 1936 when he returned from Bordj Le Boeuf

1900:

On 3 April 1935, all the deported were transferred to

1338: 10058: 9000: 7045: 6531: 6423: 6339: 6272: 6189: 6177: 5726: 3790:, supported by Nasser, whom he assassinated in 1961. 3786:, who represented the bourgeoise faction of Destour; 2942:

1960s: Socialist experiment and Arab diplomacy issues

2783:, deeply rooted in Islamic traditions. He also ended 2650:

Bourguiba welcoming Salah Ben Youssef, at his return.

1015: 8243:

Tunisie. Les chemins vers l'indépendance (1945–1956)

8053:

Citations choisies par l'agence Tunis Afrique Presse

5620: 5608: 5519: 5507: 5333: 5294: 5219:"Fifth conference held by President Habib Bourguiba" 5183: 5079: 5031: 4971: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4828: 4491:, ed. Centre de documentation nationale, Tunis, 1970 4355: : Collar of the Order of the Federation (1973) 2149: 1595: 1138:

In 1945, following Bourguiba's release, he moved to

1055: 994: 979: 809: 8071: 4618: 2957:, rising star of the government and supporter of a 2703:

1956–1957: Prime minister of the Kingdom of Tunisia

2167:Bourguiba pursued his efforts. Furthermore, he met 985: 8308: 8158: 7590: 6130: 5327: 4936: 3574:Considered in several respects a local variant of 3375:. He sought support against Islamism from General 3172:In January 1974, Bourguiba met with Libyan leader 2976:, on 12 April 1962, was a missed occasion for the 2796:success. On 13 August 1956, Bourguiba enacted the 2513:decided to resume the attacks in the countryside. 2463:and was visited by Hédi Nouira and Farhat Hached. 2086:Bourguiba and his fellow detainees in Rome in 1943 1408:In high school, Bourguiba achieved high grades in 1113:Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po) 8393:Leaders of Tunisia – Ministers of Foreign Affairs 8204:Mahmoud El Materi, pionnier de la Tunisie moderne 7075: 6319:(in French), Levallois-Perret: Studyrama Editions 5946:Lacoste, Yves; Lacoste-Dujardin, Camille (1991), 2838:Bourguiba signed the constitution on 1 June 1959. 10173: 8863: 8201: 6302: 5692: 5477: 5429: 5399: 5363: 5216: 2382:International Confederation of Free Trade Unions 8109: 8013:Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change 7973: 7958: 7882: 7593:Islam, Democracy, and the State in North Africa 7564:"Curfew Imposed Across Tunisia as Riots Spread" 7076:Abis, Sébastien; Cordier-Féron, Damien (2011), 6827: 6745: 6730: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6631: 6573: 6525: 6474: 6405: 6333: 6290: 6254: 6242: 6207: 6147: 6106: 6077: 6058: 5976: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5912: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5828: 5816: 5720: 5680: 5653: 5638: 5590: 5578: 5489: 5453: 5414: 5387: 5351: 5288: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5145: 5121: 5097: 5073: 5061: 5049: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4885: 4873: 4858: 4846: 4822: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4696: 4684: 4672: 4660: 4648: 4636: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 3666:mentioned a conversation between Bourguiba and 3251:1980s: Succession of crises and fall from power 3226:In 1978, Bourguiba was obliged to denounce the 3109:a man who wielded lies with diabolical address. 2541: 1774:Founding of Neo-Destour and colonial repression 8576:(as Prime Minister of the Republic of Tunisia) 8270:Et la Tunisie devint indépendante… (1951–1957) 8227:(in French). Vol. 5. Tunis: Sud Editions. 5212: 5210: 4750:Francophonie of « founding fathers » 4051: : Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the 3840:, his only child, was born on 9 April 1927 in 3828:Bourguiba with Mathilde and Habib Jr. in 1956. 3794:who ratified the independence protocol ; 3310:started that day in the semi-desert region of 2997:. He specifically aimed the trade provided by 2552:Direction centrale des renseignements généraux 2388:(AFL) to their gathering, which took place in 1614:, alongside his brother M'hamed and his mates 1084:and earning the title of "Supreme Combatant". 10317:Recipients of the Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali 10297:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 10207:Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic 9438: 9352:Assembly of the Representatives of the People 9186: 8986: 8849: 7862: 7133: 7131: 6759:"Franco-Tunisian relation until independence" 4967: 4965: 3678:regulations. In 1958, the Arabic teaching of 3611:, and building the country's infrastructure. 3148:During an interview with the Egyptian weekly 951: 8663:Interim: 25 July 1957 – 8 November 1959 8333: 8276: 7168: 7039: 7027: 7015: 7003: 6991: 6979: 6967: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6643: 6576:"June 1, 1955: Bourguiba returns from exile" 6308: 5934: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 3879: 2938:magazine, close to that party, were banned. 2718:Speaker of the National Constituent Assembly 2471:and Mohamed Ben Salem under house arrest in 2188:, and covertly passed the borders to get to 1551:Picture of Bourguiba, lawyer in Bab Souika, 1453: 361:Speaker of the National Constituent Assembly 9869:2021: Raja Muhammad Alias Raja Muhammad Ali 8272:(in French). Paris: Jeune Afrique Editions. 8067: 8065: 8063: 7885:"Habib Bourguiba ou la modernité inachevée" 7878: 7876: 7874: 7767: 6839: 6833: 6000: 5965:(in French), Paris: Robert Laffont Editions 5207: 5151: 4369: : Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the 3913:(automatic upon taking presidential office) 3906:(automatic upon taking presidential office) 3651:to 17 years old, expanding women's rights. 3060:. During his visit to Middle-East, defying 2015:Congress of Tribunal Street in October 1937 1166:. This resulted in a civil war that pitted 9445: 9431: 9193: 9179: 9155: 8993: 8979: 8955: 8856: 8842: 8215:(in French). Carthage: Narration Editions. 8170:(in French). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. 7152: 7150: 7128: 7082:(in French), Paris: L'Harmattan Editions, 5950:(in French), Paris: La Découverte Editions 3862: 3769:Bourguiba sitting at his desk in Carthage. 3117:1970s: Blocked reforms and health problems 2961:economic policy, was protected from other 2691:, the French minister of foreign affairs, 2064:, Bourguiba was transferred on board of a 2055: 1872:. Bourguiba was arrested and then sent to 1626:. Revolted by the festivities of the 30th 1494:Bourguiba wearing his lawyer dress in 1927 958: 944: 913: 805: 98: 9455:Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia 9392:National Council of Regions and Districts 8311:Les trois décennies Bourguiba. Témoignage 8303: 8245:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan Editions. 8240: 8174: 8094:, Paris: Jeune Afrique n° 1973–1981, 1998 8050: 7763: 7761: 7674: 7662: 7495: 7483: 7471: 7456: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7396: 7384: 7369: 7357: 7342: 7330: 7318: 7283: 7271: 7259: 7247: 7216: 7204: 7137: 7063: 6919: 6907: 6815: 6596: 6457: 5960: 5852: 5840: 5804: 5792: 5768: 5756: 5744: 5602: 5563: 5501: 5375: 5109: 4942: 4395: 2879:President Bourguiba visiting a classroom. 1908:From negotiation attempt to confrontation 1602:Early political career of Habib Bourguiba 8761:Youngest President at the start of term 8210: 8144:(in French). Paris: Éditions du Jaguar. 8060: 7871: 7506: 7504: 7142:(in French), Paris: L'Harmattan Editions 6601:(in French), Paris: L'Harmattan Editions 6446:(in French), Paris: L'Harmattan Editions 6314: 5963:La conquête de l'indépendance tunisienne 5918: 5465: 5441: 4339:Order of the State of Republic of Turkey 4158: : Honorary Grand Commander of the 3866: 3823: 3764: 3689: 3613: 3538: 3497: 3418: 3403: 3399: 3353: 3254: 3200: 3124: 3043: 2945: 2874: 2833: 2824: 2706: 2645: 2641: 2599: 2515: 2433: 2359: 2285: 2081: 2010: 1911: 1821: 1783: 1708: 1658: 1546: 1535:Early adult life and professional career 1507:, the registration fees to register for 1489: 1363: 1284: 1256: 1230:in 1975, during his fourth 5-year term. 1198:on 25 July 1957. He was elected interim 8498:27 October 1948 – 7 November 1987 8283:Habib Bourguiba. La trace et l'héritage 8249: 8219: 8206:(in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. 8183: 8010: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7686: 7635:. Oxford University Press. p. 11. 7588: 7294: 7292: 7147: 6862:"Original proclamation of independence" 6417: 6381: 6369: 6357: 6266: 6201: 6171: 6159: 6118: 6089: 6046: 6034: 5994: 5988: 5780: 5665: 5542: 5201: 5133: 4752:, éd. Karthala, Paris, 2008, p. 14 4547: 4545: 4531: 3909:Grand Master & Grand Cordon of the 3902:Grand Master & Grand Collar of the 3694:The Bourguibas and the Kennedys at the 3453:Secretary-General of the United Nations 3322:on 10 January: "The inhabitants of the 2763:between both governments, the visit of 1326:of 1911 and the resulting execution of 127:25 July 1957 – 7 November 1987 14: 10267:Socialist Destourian Party politicians 10174: 8811:Youngest President at the end of term 8736:Oldest President at the start of term 8267: 8263:(in French). Paris: Complexe Editions. 8258: 8231: 8192: 8186:Moncef Mestiri: aux sources du Destour 8139: 7758: 7536: 7051: 6803: 6791: 6779: 6670: 6658: 6561: 6549: 6537: 6510: 6498: 6486: 6441: 6429: 6393: 6345: 6278: 6230: 6195: 6183: 6022: 5732: 5626: 5614: 5530: 5513: 5339: 5300: 5189: 5085: 5037: 4972:Martel, Pierre-Albin (11 April 2000). 4924: 4909: 4897: 4834: 4624: 4519:Les Lettres du prisonnier de La Galite 4053:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 3578:, it consists of the assertion of the 2202:General Assembly of the United Nations 1322:chair the weekly seals ceremony. The 577: 27:President of Tunisia from 1957 to 1987 9426: 9174: 8974: 8837: 8687: 8529:of the National Constituent Assembly 8408: 8261:La décolonisation de 1919 à nos jours 8236:(in French). Paris: Julliard Edition. 8072:Barrouhi, Abdelaziz (12 April 2010). 8036:"Ordre d'assassinat de Ben Youssef". 7689:"Senile Bourguiba Described in Tunis" 7501: 7228: 5929:(in French), Paris: Albatros Editions 5217:Bourguiba, Habib (16 November 1973). 4178:National Order of Merit of Mauritania 3567:, its followers generally followed a 3064:, he recalled in a speech he gave in 2138:and in order to do that, crossed the 2044:Neo-Destour and ended up victorious. 1929:detainees. Meanwhile, in France, the 569: 373:9 April 1956 – 15 April 1956 320:15 April 1956 – 29 July 1957 269:15 April 1956 – 29 July 1957 211:11 April 1956 – 25 July 1957 10111: 8814:7 November 1987 – 14 July 2011 8786:Oldest President at the end of term 8764:25 July 1957 – 7 November 1987 8739:25 July 1957 – 15 January 2011 8466:2 March 1934 – 27 October 1948 8439:13 May 1933 – 9 September 1933 8142:Habib Bourguiba. Un homme, un siècle 7895: 7628: 7597:. Indiana University Press. p. 7510: 7289: 7183:"Tunisie : la fin d'un complot" 7180: 6888: 6612: 6208:Chater, Khelifa (March–April 2006). 5924: 5701:. Paris. p. 203. Archived from 4542: 4301: : Knight of the Collar of the 3847:On 12 April 1962, Bourguiba married 2830:1957–1962: Founder of Modern Tunisia 2277:1949–1956: Fighting for independence 2106:decided to free him and take him to 2068:, into the fort of Saint-Nicolas in 1769:1934–1939: Rising nationalist leader 1529:Paris Institute of Political Studies 1509:Paris Institute of Political Studies 1028: 29: 10202:Collars of the Order of Civil Merit 8714:Oldest living President of Tunisia 8660:25 July 1957 – 7 November 1987 8339:Bourguiba. Le bon grain et l'ivraie 8197:(in French). Carthage: MC-Editions. 8179:(in French). Carthage: MC-Editions. 7944:. 29 September 1967. Archived from 3478:, Algerian Bouteflika, Palestinian 2282:Failure of negotiations with France 2039:the supervision of France, remains. 1339:Teenage years and secondary studies 1170:, who favored a gradual policy and 1045: 24: 9201:Presidents of the legislatures of 8624:11 April 1956 – 25 July 1957 8598:11 April 1956 – 25 July 1957 8564:11 April 1956 – 25 July 1957 8375:Official Website run by his family 8357: 8341:(in French). Tunis: Sud Éditions. 8254:(in French). Tunis: Arcs Editions. 7883:Girbeau, Sabine (18 August 2003). 7570:. Associated Press. 4 January 1984 4160:Order of the Defender of the Realm 4015: : Knight Grand Cross of the 3737: 3435:foreigners and President Ben Ali. 2787:'s education purposes by creating 1826:Habib Bourguiba and Tahar Sfar in 1267: 761: 25: 10328: 10272:Tunisian people imprisoned abroad 10262:Prisoners and detainees of France 8789:25 July 1957 – 25 July 2019 8368: 8202:El Materi Hached, Anissa (2011). 8195:L'assassinat de Salah Ben Youssef 8188:(in French). Tunis: Sud Editions. 7974:Laroussi, Fouad (21 March 2006). 7810:"Un deuil national de sept jours" 7722:. 25 October 1988. Archived from 7687:Delaney, Paul (9 November 1987). 7233:(in French), Paris: CNRS Editions 7112:. 8 November 1987. Archived from 7104:"Quand M. Bourguiba voyait juste" 6003:"Introducing the Chenik Ministry" 4489:9 avril 1938. Le procès Bourguiba 4071:National Order of the Ivory Coast 3926: 3851:, a woman from a family of Tunis 3718:Furthermore, strong supporter of 3685: 3601: 3591:advocated and supported by some. 3543:Habib Bourguiba's Statue (Tunis). 3232:Palestine Liberation Organization 2554:. In Tunis, a new cabinet led by 2429: 2150:1945–1949: Journey in Middle East 1596:1930–1934: Early political career 10237:People from Monastir Governorate 10154: 10137: 10120: 10092: 10080: 10068: 9210:Constituent Assembly (1956–1959) 9154: 9141: 8954: 8941: 8882: 8177:L'action nationaliste en Tunisie 8084: 8044: 8029: 8004: 7992: 7967: 7952: 7928: 7856: 7834: 7802: 7782: 7738: 7706: 7680: 7622: 7582: 7556: 7530: 7222: 7174: 7140:Islam et contestation au Maghreb 7096: 7069: 6882: 6854: 6751: 6712: 6606: 6599:Les relations franco-tunisiennes 6590: 6574:Lamarkbi, Nadia (16 June 2007). 6567: 6435: 5954: 4377: 4359: 4345: 4327: 4309: 4291: 4273: 4255: 4237: 4219: 4201: 4184: 4166: 4148: 4131: 4125:Order of the Pioneers of Liberia 4113: 4095: 4077: 4059: 4041: 4023: 4005: 3987: 3969: 3951: 3933: 3886: 3819: 3586:, a nationalized and controlled 3140:In May 1973, Bourguiba met with 2412:. There, he admired the work of 1933:ascended with the settlement of 1839:, who endorsed the Neo-Destour. 1630:, held from 7 to 11 May 1930 in 1218:dominated by his own party, the 1214:which turned into a twenty-year 975: 931: 718: 681: 573: 542: 34: 10292:Tunisian independence activists 7920:. 30 March 2006. Archived from 6871:. 20 March 1956. Archived from 5686: 5306: 4741: 4440: 3773: 3468:Democratic Constitutional Rally 3293:Movement of Socialist Democrats 2445:United Nations Security Council 2228:members of the United Nations. 1107:in 1924. He graduated from the 565: 538: 10307:Tunisian expatriates in France 9519:Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim 8380:History of his life by the BBC 8268:Julien, Charles-André (1985). 8232:Julien, Charles-André (1952). 7848:. 8 April 2000. Archived from 7818:. 8 April 2000. Archived from 7138:Lamchichi, Abderrahim (1989), 6442:Martin, Jean-François (2003), 6131:Le Pautremat & Ageron 2003 5695:"Maghreb, question d'histoire" 5328:Le Pautremat & Ageron 2003 4937:Le Pautremat & Ageron 2003 4521:, ed. Dar El Amal, Tunis, 1983 4515:, ed. Dar El Amal, Tunis, 1982 4513:Articles de presse (1929-1933) 4509:, ed. Dar El Amal, Tunis, 1978 4303:Order of Isabella the Catholic 3702:Regarding his foreign policy, 3649:age at which girls could marry 3643:, expanding women's access to 3528: 3299:, former allies of Ben Salah. 3273:social national organizations. 1965:to attend a lecture about the 1558:, after his return to Tunisia. 1498:After vacations spent between 1091:to a poor family, he attended 1068:(1956–1957) then as the first 13: 1: 8532:9 April – 15 April 1956 8140:Martel, Pierre-Albin (1999). 8102: 8074:"Des descendants si discrets" 8055:, Tunis: Dar El Amal Editions 7768:Kefi, Ridha (11 April 2000). 7589:Entelis, John Pierre (1997). 7537:Prince, Rob (15 April 2013). 6840:Kefi, Ridha (19 March 2006). 4501:Ma vie, mes idées, mon combat 4247: : Special Class of the 4017:Order of the Netherlands Lion 3981:Order of the Star of Ethiopia 3871:Habib Bourguiba decorated by 3654:Establishing a parallel with 3461:Organization of African Unity 3371:and strengthened Bourguiba's 3075:On 14 March, Bourguiba had a 3024:Tunisian General Labour Union 2887:in order to struggle against 2353:and the Indonesian president 2270:Tunisian General Labour Union 1734:Tunisian naturalization issue 1552: 1332:certificat d'études primaires 1279:Certificat d'études primaires 1263:Early life of Habib Bourguiba 1194:ruler before proclaiming the 10302:20th-century Tunisian people 10222:Foreign ministers of Tunisia 9415:indicate acting officeholder 8364:Habib Bourguiba bibliography 8015:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 6842:"March 20, 1956, liberation" 6317:Les dictateurs du XXe siècle 4211: : Grand Cordon of the 4176: : Grand Cordon of the 3750:and even proclaimed himself 2972:Bourguiba's remarriage with 2542:Internal autonomy agreements 2475:while Bourguiba was sent to 2386:American Federation of Labor 2380:, where the congress of the 2368:Since his last meeting with 2215:. He based this idea on the 2098:on 18 November 1942 then in 1517:20th arrondissement of Paris 1036: 7: 8594:Minister of Foreign Affairs 8436:executive committee member 8409: 8234:L'Afrique du Nord en marche 8211:Arnoulet, François (1995). 7914:"Bourguiba et la modernité" 6828:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6746:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6731:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6707:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6695:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6683:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6632:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6526:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6475:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6406:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6334:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6291:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6255:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6243:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6148:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6107:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6078:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 6059:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5977:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5913:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5901:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5889:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5877:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5865:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5829:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5817:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5721:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5681:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5654:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5639:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5591:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5579:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5490:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5454:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5415:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5388:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5352:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5289:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5274:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5262:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5250:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5146:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5122:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5098:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5074:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5062:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5050:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5026:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5014:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 5002:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4886:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4874:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4859:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4847:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4823:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4811:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4799:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4787:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4775:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4763:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4736:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4724:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4712:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4697:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4685:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4673:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4661:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4649:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4637:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4613:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4601:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4589:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4577:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4565:Bessis & Belhassen 2012 4455:, ed. Julliard, Tunis, 1954 4406:Cheikh Anta Diop University 4321:Royal Order of the Seraphim 4265: : Grand Cross of the 4229: : Grand Cross of the 4123: : Grand Croce of the 4089:Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali 4069: : Grand Cross of the 3979: : Grand Cross of the 3559:discourse, support for the 3304:International Monetary Fund 2316:and Hamadi Badra, convince 1812:own congress in Ksar Hellal 1174:, against Youssefists, the 1146:to seek the support of the 1056: 918: 257:Minister of Foreign Affairs 47:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 10333: 10282:University of Paris alumni 10252:Prime ministers of Tunisia 10015:Abdullah Abdulaziz Al Saud 8688: 8494:Socialist Destourian Party 8361: 7511:Guay, Jean-Herman (2015). 6869:Tunisian national archives 4483:Éducation et développement 4267:National Order of the Lion 4107:Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud 3999:Order of the Star of Ghana 3580:Tunisian national identity 3532: 3472:Hanafi Mosque of Bourguiba 3315:flour had been cancelled. 3020:Socialist Destourian Party 2775:urging for their support. 1777: 1608:Tunisian national movement 1599: 1580:French conquest of Algeria 1296:Tunisian national movement 1260: 1220:Socialist Destourian Party 1123:party and co-founding the 886:Socialist Destourian Party 777:Tunisian national movement 615:Fattouma Khefacha (mother) 487:Socialist Destourian Party 130:Interim to 8 November 1959 9886:Honorary Grand Commanders 9885: 9687:Mohamed Dzaiddin Abdullah 9461: 9410: 9390: 9350: 9330: 9302: 9232: 9209: 9150: 9139: 9017: 8950: 8939: 8889: 8880: 8816: 8809: 8801: 8791: 8784: 8776: 8766: 8759: 8751: 8741: 8734: 8726: 8719: 8712: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8666: 8648: 8636: 8626: 8616: 8608: 8600: 8590: 8582: 8566: 8552: 8544: 8534: 8523: 8515: 8510: 8500: 8486: 8478: 8468: 8457: 8449: 8441: 8431: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8241:El Mechat, Samya (1992). 8175:Casemajor, Roger (2009). 8051:Bourguiba, Habib (1978), 6763:French embassy of Tunisia 6597:El Mechat, Samya (2005), 6315:Chautard, Sophie (2006), 5961:Périllier, Louis (1979), 5693:Bessis, Juliette (2003). 4974:"Un homme dans le siècle" 4477:La Promotion de l’Afrique 4213:Order of Ouissam Alaouite 3997: : Companion of the 3880:Tunisian national honours 3637:Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour 3493: 2965:(people originating from 2318:Muhammad VIII al-Amin bey 2200:while the session of the 1571:while Durel responded in 1454:Higher education in Paris 1080:, ending the 75-year-old 705: 689: 677: 667: 657: 645: 622: 605: 590: 517: 495: 482: 474: 462: 448: 421: 416: 412: 400: 390: 377: 366: 359: 347: 337: 324: 313: 306: 296: 286: 273: 262: 255: 240: 228: 215: 204: 199:Prime Minister of Tunisia 197: 185: 163: 135: 120: 113: 109: 97: 89: 88: 81: 10277:Tunisian revolutionaries 10227:Leaders ousted by a coup 10197:Alumni of Sadiki College 9727:Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim 9453:Grand Commanders of the 9306:(upper house, 2005–2011) 8421:Party political offices 8011:Perthes, Volker (2004). 7181:ORTF (1 February 1963). 7169:Camau & Geisser 2004 6644:Camau & Geisser 2004 4536: 3438: 2922:Among the culprits were 2779:property legislation of 2479:. A new cabinet, led by 1870:Tunisian Communist Party 1503:through the association 1475:, he was opposed to the 727:This article is part of 60:may contain suggestions. 45:may need to be rewritten 10232:Neo Destour politicians 9876:Mohamed Hashim Mohd Ali 9759:Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 9711:Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali 9047:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 8901:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 8820:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 8770:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 8670:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 8504:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 7936:"The Art of Plain Talk" 7543:Foreign Policy in Focus 4527:, ed. Plon, Paris, 1985 4461:, ed. Plon, Paris, 1958 4459:La Tunisie de Bourguiba 4449:, ed. Berg, Paris, 1937 4447:Le Destour et la France 3911:National Order of Merit 3863:Honours and decorations 3711:is not synonymous with 3624:Code of Personal Status 3513:As for former minister 3390:Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali 3377:Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali 2798:Code of Personal Status 2536:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 2126:In this period, he met 2056:1939–1945: World War II 1247:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 1208:Code of Personal Status 856:Code of Personal Status 426:Habib Ben Ali Bourguiba 192:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 158:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 9847:Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat 9591:Syed Ahmad Shahabuddin 8259:Grimal, Henri (1985). 8250:Mestiri, Saïd (1991). 8184:Mestiri, Saïd (2011). 8164:Ageron, Charles-Robert 7229:Camau, Michel (1971), 7157:Jeune Afrique Économie 6889:ORTF (20 March 1956). 6580:Le Courrier de l'Atlas 4471:La Bataille économique 4396:Awards and recognition 4337: : Collar of the 4319: : Knight of the 4283: : Collar of the 4194: : Collar of the 4141: : Collar of the 4105: : Collar of the 4087: : Collar of the 4033: : Collar of the 3961: : Collar of the 3943: : Knight of the 3876: 3829: 3770: 3699: 3619: 3544: 3503: 3427: 3416: 3359: 3275: 3260: 3206: 3199: 3170: 3130: 3111: 3102: 3049: 2991: 2951: 2930:, and the President's 2880: 2864: 2839: 2727: 2712: 2651: 2605: 2521: 2439: 2365: 2291: 2217:United Nations Charter 2180:. Firstly, he went to 2090:He was transferred to 2087: 2080: 2041: 2016: 1917: 1831: 1789: 1724: 1664: 1559: 1505:Les Amis de l'étudiant 1495: 1479:and got interested in 1369: 1290: 1272:Bourguiba was born in 1119:politics, joining the 612:Ali Bourguiba (father) 10247:Presidents of Tunisia 9959:Prasert Ruchirawongse 9823:Michael Chen Wing Sum 9511:Mohamed Salleh Ismael 8488:2nd President of the 8398:19 September 2012 at 8193:Khlifi, Omar (2005). 7959:Clement Henry Moore. 7305:Le Monde diplomatique 6303:El Materi Hached 2011 5478:El Materi Hached 2011 5430:El Materi Hached 2011 5400:El Materi Hached 2011 5364:El Materi Hached 2011 4435:Order of Independence 4431:Supreme Fighter Prize 3945:Order of the Elephant 3904:Order of the Republic 3870: 3827: 3768: 3724:Léopold Sédar Senghor 3693: 3680:Ez-Zitouna University 3656:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3617: 3542: 3501: 3423:Tomb of Bourguiba in 3422: 3407: 3400:1987–2000: Later life 3357: 3348:Tunisian Armed Forces 3270: 3258: 3204: 3190: 3182:Arab Islamic Republic 3154: 3128: 3106: 3098: 3047: 2987: 2949: 2936:La Tribune du progrès 2878: 2859: 2837: 2825:1957–1987: Presidency 2789:Ez-Zitouna University 2760:Tunisian Armed Forces 2722: 2710: 2649: 2642:Fratricidal struggles 2603: 2519: 2437: 2414:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2363: 2320:to write a letter to 2289: 2242:Abdelkrim al-Khattabi 2085: 2075: 2022: 2014: 1915: 1825: 1787: 1712: 1662: 1550: 1493: 1390:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1367: 1324:Jellaz demonstrations 1288: 1257:1903–1930: Early life 1186:Muhammad VIII al-Amin 1103:before obtaining his 1057:al-Ḥabīb Abū Ruqaybah 891:Arab Islamic Republic 9975:Chatichai Choonhavan 9799:Azizan Zainul Abidin 9695:Abdullah Mohd Salleh 9663:Mohamed Zahir Ismail 9503:Mohamed Azmi Mohamed 9332:Constituent Assembly 8315:(in French). Paris: 8285:(in French). Paris: 8160:Le Pautremat, Pascal 8121:(in French). Tunis: 7852:on 24 December 2008. 7629:Gana, Nouri (2013). 6613:ORTF (3 June 1955). 5699:L'Harmattan Editions 4532:Notes and references 4495:Propos et réflexions 4353:United Arab Emirates 4285:Order of Civil Merit 3449:Abdelaziz Bouteflika 3308:Tunisian bread riots 2819:President of Tunisia 2532:Pierre Mendès France 2481:Slaheddine Baccouche 2223:. Therefore, he met 2169:Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud 1845:national sovereignty 1780:Ksar Hellal Congress 1721:naturalization issue 1642:, ran by his cousin 1628:eucharistic congress 1584:eucharistic congress 1513:Lycée Louis-le-Grand 1399:Tunisian nationalism 1200:President of Tunisia 1156:Pierre Mendès France 1070:president of Tunisia 901:Operation Wooden Leg 864:President of Tunisia 837:Ksar Hellal Congress 827:Naturalization issue 595:Jean Habib Bourguiba 541: 1927; 115:President of Tunisia 10242:Presidents for life 10217:Destour politicians 10212:Critics of Islamism 10023:Antonio Puri Purini 9751:Abdul Hamid Mohamad 9679:Sulaiman Ninam Shah 9639:Mohammed Hanif Omar 9471:Ismail Abdul Rahman 9304:Chamber of Advisors 9234:Chamber of Deputies 8717:Since 25 July 1957 8656:Republic of Tunisia 8620:Minister of Defence 7948:on 3 November 2007. 7846:Tunisian presidency 6878:on 6 December 2008. 6794:, pp. 138–139. 6782:, pp. 140–141. 6564:, pp. 100–106. 6360:, pp. 488–489. 6109:, pp. 180–181. 6080:, pp. 176–177. 5925:Mons, Jean (1981), 5723:, pp. 154–155. 5705:on 17 October 2008. 5656:, pp. 150–151. 5641:, pp. 147–148. 5432:, pp. 112–113. 5204:, pp. 124–125. 4986:on 17 October 2008. 4748:Papa Alioune Ndao, 4424:Lebanese University 4389:Yugoslav Great Star 3838:Habib Bourguiba Jr. 3565:Tunisian Revolution 3394:medical coup d'état 3338:On 1 October 1985, 3297:Popular Unity Party 2901:Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz 2844:Sakiet Sidi Youssef 2612:boat. Sailing from 2469:Mohamed Salah Mzali 2060:At the outbreak of 1951:Slimane Ben Slimane 1850:L'Action Tunisienne 1794:L'Action Tunisienne 1754:L'Action Tunisienne 1750:L'Action tunisienne 1742:L'Action Tunisienne 1716:L'Action Tunisienne 1702:L'Action Tunisienne 1693:La Voix du Tunisien 1680:La Voix du Tunisien 1673:La Voix du Tunisien 1669:L'Étendard tunisien 1653:La Voix du Tunisien 1569:L'Étendard tunisien 1224:cult of personality 1212:presidential system 1109:University of Paris 822:L'Action Tunisienne 652:University of Paris 467:Bourguiba mausoleum 308:Minister of Defense 9983:George David Woods 9967:Bhanubandhu Yugala 9935:Maraden Panggabean 9583:Ahmad Zaidi Adruce 9495:Syed Sheh Barakbah 9381:Ibrahim Bouderbala 9368:Abdelfattah Mourou 9341:Mustapha Ben Jafar 9065:Mohamed Ghannouchi 8644:(as head of state) 8560:Kingdom of Tunisia 8511:Political offices 8463:Secretary general 8387:The New York Times 8335:Caïd Essebsi, Béji 8115:Belhassen, Souhayr 7988:on 8 January 2010. 7822:on 5 November 2007 7795:The New York Times 7770:"Le deuil suprême" 7726:on 6 November 2007 7693:The New York Times 7568:The New York Times 7116:on 4 November 2007 4305:(16 November 1983) 4231:Order of the Niger 3877: 3830: 3771: 3752:president for life 3700: 3647:, and raising the 3620: 3545: 3504: 3428: 3417: 3360: 3261: 3244:multi-party system 3228:Camp David Accords 3207: 3142:Algerian President 3131: 3062:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3050: 2952: 2881: 2840: 2736:Kingdom of Tunisia 2713: 2652: 2606: 2595:Bandung Conference 2522: 2440: 2366: 2292: 2221:self-determination 2094:and imprisoned in 2088: 2017: 1918: 1832: 1790: 1725: 1665: 1644:Abdelaziz El Aroui 1582:, by organizing a 1560: 1496: 1460:Place Saint-Michel 1428:'s performance of 1370: 1291: 1237:, and the rise of 1228:president for life 1066:Kingdom of Tunisia 662:Political activist 631:Mahmoud Bourguiba 626:M'hamed Bourguiba 396:First officeholder 10056: 10055: 9999:Swaeng Senanarong 9943:Hamengkubuwono IX 9903:Dawee Chullasapya 9559:Syed Nasir Ismail 9535:Omar Yoke Lin Ong 9420: 9419: 9375:Rached Ghannouchi 9273:Beji Caid Essebsi 9168: 9167: 9071:Beji Caid Essebsi 9029:Hedi Amara Nouira 8968: 8967: 8919:Beji Caid Essebsi 8831: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8817:Succeeded by 8795:Beji Caïd Essebsi 8792:Succeeded by 8767:Succeeded by 8742:Succeeded by 8681: 8680: 8676: 8675: 8667:Succeeded by 8664: 8645: 8627:Succeeded by 8601:Succeeded by 8577: 8567:Succeeded by 8535:Succeeded by 8501:Succeeded by 8482:Mahmoud El Materi 8472:Salah Ben Youssef 8469:Succeeded by 8442:Succeeded by 8348:978-9973-844-99-6 8326:978-2-84342-011-5 8296:978-2-84586-506-8 8151:978-2-86950-320-5 8132:978-9973-58-044-3 8040:. 18 August 2005. 7642:978-0-7486-9103-6 7517:Perspective Monde 7171:, pp. 54–56. 7040:Caïd Essebsi 2009 7028:Caïd Essebsi 2009 7016:Caïd Essebsi 2009 7004:Caïd Essebsi 2009 6994:, pp. 76–77. 6992:Caïd Essebsi 2009 6982:, pp. 69–70. 6980:Caïd Essebsi 2009 6968:Caïd Essebsi 2009 6956:Caïd Essebsi 2009 6944:Caïd Essebsi 2009 6932:Caïd Essebsi 2009 6769:on 28 April 2011. 6552:, pp. 96–97. 6513:, pp. 92–93. 6220:on 15 April 2015. 6001:Moncef, Mestiri. 5948:L'état du Maghreb 5417:, pp. 97–98. 5291:, pp. 90–91. 5252:, pp. 84–85. 4525:Ma vie, mon œuvre 4465:Le Drame algérien 4371:Order of the Bath 4196:Order of Muhammad 3963:Order of the Nile 3875:(Carthage, 1956). 3849:Wassila Ben Ammar 3800:Mahmoud El Materi 3788:Salah Ben Youssef 3780:Abdelaziz Thâalbi 3519:Kheireddine Pacha 3285:, interviewed by 3283:Wassila Bourguiba 3145:Houari Boumediene 3092:Bourguiba with a 3031:Kerkennah Islands 3008:Barren vegetation 2974:Wassila Ben Ammar 2924:Mahmoud El Materi 2785:Ez-Zitouna Mosque 2128:Wassila Ben Ammar 1994:Abdelaziz Thâalbi 1990:Camille Chautemps 1969:held in April in 1878:Salah Ben Youssef 1837:Félicien Challaye 1648:Chedly Khairallah 1624:Mahmoud El Materi 1485:Mahmoud El Materi 1473:Congress of Tours 1382:Souhayr Belhassen 1368:Bourguiba in 1917 1358:Abdelaziz Thâalbi 1351:, contributed to 1249:, and kept under 1235:war of succession 1160:Salah Ben Youssef 1117:Tunisian national 1054: 1034: 968: 967: 744: 743: 709: 708: 641: 634: 629: 601: 554:Wassila Ben Ammar 513: 506: 491: 470:Monastir, Tunisia 458:Monastir, Tunisia 251: 181: 104:Bourguiba in 1960 75: 74: 49:quality standards 16:(Redirected from 10324: 10167: 10159: 10158: 10157: 10150: 10142: 10141: 10140: 10133: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10113: 10097: 10096: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10073: 10072: 10071: 10064: 10049: 10041: 10033: 10025: 10017: 10009: 10001: 9993: 9985: 9977: 9969: 9961: 9953: 9951:Martin Charteris 9945: 9937: 9929: 9921: 9913: 9905: 9897: 9878: 9870: 9865: 9863:Richard Malanjum 9857: 9849: 9841: 9833: 9825: 9817: 9809: 9801: 9793: 9785: 9777: 9769: 9761: 9753: 9745: 9737: 9729: 9721: 9713: 9705: 9697: 9689: 9681: 9673: 9665: 9657: 9649: 9641: 9633: 9625: 9617: 9609: 9601: 9599:Abdul Hamid Omar 9593: 9585: 9577: 9569: 9561: 9553: 9545: 9537: 9529: 9521: 9513: 9505: 9497: 9489: 9487:V. T. Sambanthan 9481: 9473: 9462:Grand Commanders 9447: 9440: 9433: 9424: 9423: 9361:Mohamed Ennaceur 9195: 9188: 9181: 9172: 9171: 9158: 9157: 9145: 9144: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8972: 8971: 8958: 8957: 8945: 8925:Mohamed Ennaceur 8886: 8858: 8851: 8844: 8835: 8834: 8802:Preceded by 8777:Preceded by 8752:Preceded by 8727:Preceded by 8705:Preceded by 8700:Honorary titles 8697: 8696: 8685: 8684: 8662: 8643: 8637:Preceded by 8609:Preceded by 8583:Preceded by 8573: 8545:Preceded by 8516:Preceded by 8479:Preceded by 8450:Preceded by 8426:Preceded by 8418: 8417: 8406: 8405: 8352: 8330: 8314: 8305:Belkhodja, Tahar 8300: 8279:Geisser, Vincent 8273: 8264: 8255: 8246: 8237: 8228: 8216: 8207: 8198: 8189: 8180: 8171: 8155: 8136: 8097: 8095: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8069: 8058: 8056: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7981:. Archived from 7980: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7924:on 25 July 2009. 7910: 7893: 7892: 7880: 7869: 7868: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7765: 7756: 7755: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7596: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7508: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7447:, p. 90–91. 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7300:"Jericho Speech" 7296: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7236: 7234: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7193: 7192: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7145: 7143: 7135: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7100: 7094: 7092: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6866: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6765:. Archived from 6755: 6749: 6743: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6719:Encyclopédie 360 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6586:on 7 March 2016. 6582:. Archived from 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6322: 6320: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6216:. Archived from 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6009:on 14 July 2012. 6005:. Archived from 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5943: 5932: 5930: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5707: 5706: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5567: 5561: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5418: 5412: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5224:. Archived from 5223: 5214: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5170: 5164:. Archived from 5163: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4988: 4987: 4982:. Archived from 4969: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4552: 4549: 4415:Cairo University 4383: 4381: 4380: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4143:Order of Idris I 4137: 4135: 4134: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4035:Order of Pahlavi 4029: 4027: 4026: 4011: 4009: 4008: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3916:Grand Cordon of 3892: 3890: 3889: 3834:Mathilde Lorrain 3784:Mohieddine Klibi 3713:anti-Americanism 3563:, and until the 3259:Habib Bourguiba. 2928:Moncef El Materi 2889:underdevelopment 2693:Christian Pineau 2347:Jawaharlal Nehru 2225:Washington, D.C. 2112:Benito Mussolini 2108:Chalon-sur-Saône 1858:Tunis socialiste 1713:Campaign led by 1688:Resident-general 1573:Tunis socialiste 1557: 1554: 1471:, following the 1179:Arab nationalist 1059: 1049: 1047: 1046:الحبيب أبو رقيبة 1039: 1037:il-Ḥbīb Būrgībah 1033:romanized: 1032: 1030: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 960: 953: 946: 935: 906:1987 coup d'état 769:Political career 740: 739: 737: 730: 722: 715: 714: 711: 710: 701: 698: 696: 685: 639: 632: 627: 599: 598:Hajer Bourguiba 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 546: 544: 540: 527:Mathilde Lorrain 511: 504: 489: 455: 435: 433: 417:Personal details 403: 393: 371: 350: 340: 318: 299: 289: 267: 249: 243: 231: 209: 188: 171: 166: 138: 131: 125: 102: 92: 79: 78: 70: 67: 61: 38: 30: 21: 10332: 10331: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10322: 10321: 10182:Habib Bourguiba 10172: 10171: 10170: 10166:from Wikisource 10160: 10155: 10153: 10143: 10138: 10136: 10126: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10112:sister projects 10109:at Knowledge's 10107:Habib Bourguiba 10103: 10091: 10081: 10079: 10069: 10067: 10059: 10057: 10052: 10044: 10036: 10031:Franco Frattini 10028: 10020: 10012: 10004: 9996: 9988: 9980: 9972: 9964: 9956: 9948: 9940: 9932: 9924: 9919:Habib Bourguiba 9916: 9911:Ardeshir Zahedi 9908: 9900: 9892: 9881: 9873: 9868: 9860: 9852: 9844: 9836: 9828: 9820: 9812: 9804: 9796: 9788: 9783:Jeanne Abdullah 9780: 9772: 9764: 9756: 9748: 9740: 9732: 9724: 9716: 9708: 9700: 9692: 9684: 9676: 9668: 9660: 9652: 9644: 9636: 9628: 9620: 9612: 9604: 9596: 9588: 9580: 9572: 9567:Raja Azlan Shah 9564: 9556: 9548: 9543:Ismail Mohd Ali 9540: 9532: 9524: 9516: 9508: 9500: 9492: 9484: 9476: 9468: 9457: 9451: 9421: 9416: 9406: 9386: 9346: 9326: 9313:Abdallah Kallel 9298: 9267:Slaheddine Baly 9255:Mahmoud Messadi 9228: 9217:Habib Bourguiba 9205: 9199: 9169: 9164: 9146: 9142: 9137: 9136: 9113:Hichem Mechichi 9013: 9002:Prime ministers 8999: 8969: 8964: 8946: 8937: 8936: 8927:(2019; Interim) 8913:Moncef Marzouki 8909:(2011; Interim) 8895:Habib Bourguiba 8887: 8876: 8862: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8813: 8807: 8797: 8788: 8782: 8772: 8763: 8757: 8747: 8738: 8732: 8716: 8710: 8690: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8661: 8659: 8646: 8642: 8632: 8623: 8614: 8604: 8597: 8588: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8563: 8550: 8548:Tahar Ben Ammar 8540: 8531: 8521: 8506: 8497: 8484: 8474: 8465: 8455: 8445: 8438: 8429: 8411: 8371: 8366: 8360: 8358:Further reading 8355: 8349: 8327: 8297: 8277:Camau, Michel; 8152: 8133: 8105: 8100: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8070: 8061: 8057:, p. 85–86 8049: 8045: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8023: 8009: 8005: 7997: 7993: 7985: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7957: 7953: 7934: 7933: 7929: 7918:Jeudis de l'IMA 7912: 7911: 7896: 7881: 7872: 7861: 7857: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7825: 7823: 7808: 7807: 7803: 7798:. 7 April 2000. 7788: 7787: 7783: 7766: 7759: 7754:. 7 April 2000. 7744: 7743: 7739: 7729: 7727: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7697: 7695: 7685: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7627: 7623: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7587: 7583: 7573: 7571: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7547: 7545: 7535: 7531: 7521: 7519: 7509: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7470: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7356: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7298: 7297: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7270: 7266: 7258: 7254: 7246: 7239: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7203: 7196: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7155: 7148: 7136: 7129: 7119: 7117: 7102: 7101: 7097: 7090: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7038: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6778: 6774: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6744: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6657: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6611: 6607: 6595: 6591: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6524: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6473: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6440: 6436: 6428: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6332: 6325: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6105: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6076: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6021: 6014: 5999: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5959: 5955: 5944: 5935: 5923: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5710: 5691: 5687: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5570: 5566:, pp. 8–9. 5562: 5549: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5421: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5231:on 2 April 2015 5228: 5221: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5171:on 3 March 2016 5168: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4991: 4970: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4443: 4420:Honorary Degree 4411:Honorary Degree 4402:Honorary Degree 4398: 4378: 4376: 4360: 4358: 4346: 4344: 4328: 4326: 4310: 4308: 4292: 4290: 4274: 4272: 4256: 4254: 4238: 4236: 4220: 4218: 4202: 4200: 4185: 4183: 4167: 4165: 4149: 4147: 4132: 4130: 4114: 4112: 4096: 4094: 4078: 4076: 4060: 4058: 4042: 4040: 4024: 4022: 4006: 4004: 3988: 3986: 3970: 3968: 3952: 3950: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3865: 3822: 3792:Tahar Ben Ammar 3776: 3740: 3738:One-party state 3732:French language 3688: 3604: 3537: 3531: 3496: 3441: 3402: 3253: 3174:Muammar Gaddafi 3119: 3085:Great Synagogue 2955:Ahmed Ben Salah 2944: 2917:Carthage Palace 2903:accused him of 2869:Mahmoud Messadi 2832: 2827: 2793:gender equality 2705: 2644: 2628:Tahar Belkhodja 2616:, he landed in 2556:Tahar Ben Ammar 2544: 2449:Tahar Ben Ammar 2432: 2370:Ahmed Ben Bella 2284: 2279: 2152: 2058: 1910: 1885:, El Materi in 1782: 1776: 1771: 1729:economic crisis 1604: 1598: 1565:Habiba Menchari 1555: 1537: 1456: 1341: 1328:Manoubi Djarjar 1308:medina of Tunis 1270: 1268:Childhood years 1265: 1259: 1216:one-party state 1204:gender equality 1042:Standard Arabic 1025:Tunisian Arabic 1017: 1006: 1005: 978: 974: 971:Habib Bourguiba 964: 930: 910: 868: 860: 818: 817: 812: 808: 804: 800: 794: 771: 766: 736:Habib Bourguiba 735: 733: 732: 731: 728: 726: 693: 635: 630: 618: 597: 586: 583: 563: 559: 556: 548: 545: 1961) 536: 532: 529: 507: 497: 496:Other political 483:Political party 469: 457: 453: 437: 431: 429: 428: 427: 401: 391: 372: 367: 348: 338: 319: 314: 297: 287: 268: 263: 241: 235:Tahar Ben Ammar 229: 210: 205: 186: 178:King of Tunisia 170: 164: 156: 152: 148: 144: 136: 129: 128: 126: 121: 105: 93: 90: 84: 83:Habib Bourguiba 71: 65: 62: 52: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10330: 10320: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10169: 10168: 10151: 10149:from Wikiquote 10134: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10089: 10077: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10042: 10039:Gaetano Gifuni 10034: 10026: 10018: 10010: 10007:Serm Na Nakorn 10002: 9994: 9986: 9978: 9970: 9962: 9954: 9946: 9938: 9930: 9922: 9914: 9906: 9898: 9889: 9887: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9871: 9866: 9858: 9850: 9842: 9834: 9831:Md Raus Sharif 9826: 9818: 9815:Arifin Zakaria 9810: 9802: 9794: 9786: 9778: 9770: 9762: 9754: 9746: 9738: 9735:Ghazali Shafie 9730: 9722: 9719:Ling Liong Sik 9714: 9706: 9703:Fatimah Hashim 9698: 9690: 9682: 9674: 9671:Ibrahim Ismail 9666: 9658: 9650: 9642: 9634: 9626: 9618: 9615:Daim Zainuddin 9610: 9602: 9594: 9586: 9578: 9570: 9562: 9554: 9546: 9538: 9530: 9522: 9514: 9506: 9498: 9490: 9482: 9474: 9465: 9463: 9459: 9458: 9450: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9427: 9418: 9417: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9397: 9395: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9384: 9378: 9372: 9364: 9357: 9355: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9337: 9335: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9324: 9316: 9309: 9307: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9288: 9282: 9279:Habib Boularès 9276: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9252: 9249:Sadok Mokaddem 9246: 9243:Jallouli Fares 9239: 9237: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9226: 9223:Jallouli Fares 9220: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9198: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9175: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9162: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9107:Elyes Fakhfakh 9104: 9101:Youssef Chahed 9098: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9053:Hédi Baccouche 9050: 9044: 9038: 9035:Mohammed Mzali 9032: 9026: 9019: 9018: 9015: 9014: 8998: 8997: 8990: 8983: 8975: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8933:(2019–present) 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8861: 8860: 8853: 8846: 8838: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8815: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8798: 8793: 8790: 8783: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8765: 8758: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8740: 8733: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8711: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8679: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8665: 8647: 8638: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8625: 8615: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8603:Sadok Mokaddem 8602: 8599: 8589: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8568: 8565: 8556:Prime minister 8551: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8538:Jallouli Fares 8536: 8533: 8522: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8499: 8485: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8467: 8456: 8451: 8447: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8403: 8402: 8390: 8385:Obituary from 8382: 8377: 8370: 8369:External links 8367: 8362:Main article: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8347: 8331: 8325: 8301: 8295: 8274: 8265: 8256: 8247: 8238: 8229: 8221:Ounaies, Ahmed 8217: 8208: 8199: 8190: 8181: 8172: 8156: 8150: 8137: 8131: 8111:Bessis, Sophie 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8083: 8059: 8043: 8028: 8021: 8003: 7991: 7966: 7951: 7927: 7894: 7870: 7855: 7833: 7801: 7781: 7757: 7737: 7705: 7679: 7677:, p. 187. 7675:Belkhodja 1998 7667: 7665:, p. 186. 7663:Belkhodja 1998 7655: 7641: 7621: 7607: 7581: 7555: 7529: 7500: 7498:, p. 197. 7496:Belkhodja 1998 7488: 7486:, p. 175. 7484:Belkhodja 1998 7476: 7474:, p. 171. 7472:Belkhodja 1998 7461: 7459:, p. 115. 7457:Belkhodja 1998 7449: 7445:Belkhodja 1998 7437: 7435:, p. 144. 7433:Belkhodja 1998 7425: 7423:, p. 142. 7421:Belkhodja 1998 7413: 7411:, p. 123. 7409:Belkhodja 1998 7401: 7399:, p. 122. 7397:Belkhodja 1998 7389: 7385:Belkhodja 1998 7374: 7370:Belkhodja 1998 7362: 7358:Belkhodja 1998 7347: 7343:Belkhodja 1998 7335: 7331:Belkhodja 1998 7323: 7319:Belkhodja 1998 7311: 7288: 7284:Belkhodja 1998 7276: 7272:Belkhodja 1998 7264: 7260:Belkhodja 1998 7252: 7248:Belkhodja 1998 7237: 7221: 7217:Belkhodja 1998 7209: 7205:Belkhodja 1998 7194: 7173: 7161: 7146: 7127: 7095: 7088: 7068: 7064:Belkhodja 1998 7056: 7044: 7032: 7020: 7008: 6996: 6984: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6936: 6924: 6920:Belkhodja 1998 6912: 6908:Belkhodja 1998 6900: 6881: 6853: 6832: 6830:, p. 220. 6820: 6816:Belkhodja 1998 6808: 6806:, p. 155. 6796: 6784: 6772: 6750: 6748:, p. 218. 6735: 6733:, p. 217. 6723: 6711: 6709:, p. 215. 6699: 6697:, p. 214. 6687: 6685:, p. 212. 6675: 6673:, p. 126. 6663: 6661:, p. 123. 6648: 6646:, p. 260. 6636: 6634:, p. 208. 6624: 6605: 6589: 6566: 6554: 6542: 6530: 6528:, p. 203. 6515: 6503: 6501:, p. 168. 6491: 6489:, p. 167. 6479: 6477:, p. 200. 6462: 6460:, p. 222. 6458:El Mechat 1992 6450: 6434: 6422: 6420:, p. 493. 6410: 6408:, p. 193. 6398: 6396:, p. 136. 6386: 6384:, p. 491. 6374: 6372:, p. 490. 6362: 6350: 6338: 6336:, p. 190. 6323: 6307: 6305:, p. 237. 6295: 6293:, p. 187. 6283: 6271: 6269:, p. 248. 6259: 6257:, p. 186. 6247: 6245:, p. 184. 6235: 6233:, p. 220. 6223: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6174:, p. 217. 6164: 6162:, p. 207. 6152: 6150:, p. 182. 6135: 6133:, p. 419. 6123: 6121:, p. 131. 6111: 6094: 6092:, p. 459. 6082: 6063: 6061:, p. 174. 6051: 6039: 6027: 6025:, p. 274. 6012: 5993: 5981: 5979:, p. 172. 5969: 5953: 5933: 5917: 5915:, p. 170. 5905: 5903:, p. 167. 5893: 5891:, p. 164. 5881: 5879:, p. 161. 5869: 5867:, p. 159. 5857: 5853:El Mechat 1992 5845: 5841:El Mechat 1992 5833: 5831:, p. 157. 5821: 5819:, p. 156. 5809: 5805:El Mechat 1992 5797: 5793:El Mechat 1992 5785: 5783:, p. 456. 5773: 5769:El Mechat 1992 5761: 5757:El Mechat 1992 5749: 5745:El Mechat 1992 5737: 5735:, p. 159. 5725: 5708: 5685: 5683:, p. 152. 5670: 5668:, p. 454. 5658: 5643: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5605:, p. 120. 5603:Casemajor 2009 5595: 5593:, p. 111. 5583: 5581:, p. 110. 5568: 5564:Belkhodja 1998 5547: 5545:, p. 406. 5535: 5518: 5506: 5502:Casemajor 2009 5494: 5492:, p. 101. 5482: 5480:, p. 139. 5470: 5468:, p. 159. 5458: 5446: 5444:, p. 149. 5434: 5419: 5404: 5402:, p. 108. 5392: 5380: 5376:Casemajor 2009 5368: 5366:, p. 101. 5356: 5344: 5332: 5330:, p. 110. 5320: 5305: 5293: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5242: 5206: 5194: 5182: 5150: 5138: 5136:, p. 120. 5126: 5114: 5110:Casemajor 2009 5102: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4989: 4941: 4929: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4755: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4701: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4429:Nelson Mandela 4426: 4417: 4408: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4374: 4367:United Kingdom 4356: 4342: 4324: 4306: 4288: 4270: 4252: 4234: 4216: 4198: 4181: 4163: 4145: 4128: 4110: 4092: 4074: 4056: 4038: 4020: 4002: 3984: 3966: 3948: 3928: 3927:Foreign honors 3925: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3918:Nichan Iftikar 3914: 3907: 3900: 3881: 3878: 3864: 3861: 3821: 3818: 3775: 3772: 3746:and political 3739: 3736: 3704:Jean Lacouture 3687: 3686:Foreign policy 3684: 3668:Jacques Berque 3632:Women's rights 3603: 3602:Social reforms 3600: 3533:Main article: 3530: 3527: 3515:Mohamed Charfi 3495: 3492: 3476:Jacques Chirac 3440: 3437: 3401: 3398: 3385:United Nations 3329:Mohamed Charfi 3252: 3249: 3118: 3115: 3070:United Nations 3054:Anwar el-Sadat 2943: 2940: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2811:Jallouli Fares 2769:United Kingdom 2753:United Nations 2704: 2701: 2643: 2640: 2543: 2540: 2506:Pierre Voizard 2431: 2430:Armed struggle 2428: 2374:Les Onze Noirs 2326:Robert Schuman 2322:Vincent Auriol 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2213:United Nations 2151: 2148: 2100:Fort de Vancia 2096:Montluc prison 2057: 2054: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2029: 1922:Armand Guillon 1909: 1906: 1902:Bordj le Boeuf 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1719:following the 1600:Main article: 1597: 1594: 1536: 1533: 1481:Mahatma Gandhi 1455: 1452: 1340: 1337: 1312:Sadiki College 1304:Tourbet el Bey 1300:Ali Bach Hamba 1269: 1266: 1261:Main article: 1258: 1255: 1093:Sadiki College 1062:prime minister 1029:الحبيب بورقيبة 966: 965: 963: 962: 955: 948: 940: 937: 936: 929: 928: 922: 921: 916: 909: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 881:Bizerte crisis 877: 876: 859: 858: 853: 847: 846: 841: 840: 839: 829: 824: 795: 792: 791: 790: 789: 781: 780: 765: 764: 759: 754: 746: 745: 742: 741: 729:a series about 725: 723: 707: 706: 703: 702: 691: 687: 686: 679: 675: 674: 669: 665: 664: 659: 655: 654: 649: 643: 642: 624: 620: 619: 617: 616: 613: 609: 607: 603: 602: 592: 588: 587: 585: 584: 561: 557: 552: 551: 549: 534: 530: 525: 524: 521: 519: 515: 514: 499: 493: 492: 484: 480: 479: 476: 472: 471: 464: 460: 459: 456:(aged 96) 450: 446: 445: 443:French Tunisia 425: 423: 419: 418: 414: 413: 410: 409: 407:Jallouli Fares 404: 398: 397: 394: 388: 387: 379: 375: 374: 364: 363: 357: 356: 351: 345: 344: 343:Office created 341: 335: 334: 326: 322: 321: 311: 310: 304: 303: 302:Sadok Mokaddem 300: 294: 293: 292:Office created 290: 284: 283: 275: 271: 270: 260: 259: 253: 252: 244: 238: 237: 232: 226: 225: 217: 213: 212: 202: 201: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 169:Office created 167: 161: 160: 150:Mohammed Mzali 139: 137:Prime Minister 133: 132: 118: 117: 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 95: 94: 91:الحبيب بورقيبة 86: 85: 82: 73: 72: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10329: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10165: 10164: 10152: 10148: 10147: 10135: 10131: 10130: 10118: 10117: 10114: 10108: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10088: 10078: 10076: 10066: 10065: 10062: 10048: 10043: 10040: 10035: 10032: 10027: 10024: 10019: 10016: 10011: 10008: 10003: 10000: 9995: 9992: 9987: 9984: 9979: 9976: 9971: 9968: 9963: 9960: 9955: 9952: 9947: 9944: 9939: 9936: 9931: 9928: 9923: 9920: 9915: 9912: 9907: 9904: 9899: 9896: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9864: 9859: 9856: 9851: 9848: 9843: 9840: 9835: 9832: 9827: 9824: 9819: 9816: 9811: 9808: 9807:Abdullah Ayub 9803: 9800: 9795: 9792: 9787: 9784: 9779: 9776: 9775:Endon Mahmood 9771: 9768: 9767:Lim Keng Yaik 9763: 9760: 9755: 9752: 9747: 9744: 9739: 9736: 9731: 9728: 9723: 9720: 9715: 9712: 9707: 9704: 9699: 9696: 9691: 9688: 9683: 9680: 9675: 9672: 9667: 9664: 9659: 9656: 9651: 9648: 9643: 9640: 9635: 9632: 9627: 9624: 9619: 9616: 9611: 9608: 9607:Suhailah Noah 9603: 9600: 9595: 9592: 9587: 9584: 9579: 9576: 9571: 9568: 9563: 9560: 9555: 9552: 9551:Jugah Barieng 9547: 9544: 9539: 9536: 9531: 9528: 9523: 9520: 9515: 9512: 9507: 9504: 9499: 9496: 9491: 9488: 9483: 9480: 9475: 9472: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9448: 9443: 9441: 9436: 9434: 9429: 9428: 9425: 9414: 9409: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9329: 9322: 9321: 9317: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9294: 9293: 9289: 9286: 9285:Fouad Mebazaa 9283: 9280: 9277: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9253: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9224: 9221: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9196: 9191: 9189: 9184: 9182: 9177: 9176: 9173: 9161: 9153: 9152: 9149: 9132: 9131:Kamel Madouri 9129: 9126: 9125:Ahmed Hachani 9123: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9084: 9083:Ali Laarayedh 9081: 9078: 9077:Hamadi Jebali 9075: 9072: 9069: 9066: 9063: 9060: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8996: 8991: 8989: 8984: 8982: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8961: 8953: 8952: 8949: 8944: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8908: 8907:Fouad Mebazaa 8905: 8902: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8885: 8879: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8859: 8854: 8852: 8847: 8845: 8840: 8839: 8836: 8821: 8812: 8806: 8800: 8796: 8787: 8781: 8775: 8771: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8746: 8745:Fouad Mebazaa 8737: 8731: 8725: 8722: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8686: 8671: 8658: 8657: 8653: 8641: 8635: 8631: 8622: 8621: 8613: 8607: 8596: 8595: 8587: 8581: 8571: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8549: 8543: 8539: 8530: 8528: 8520: 8514: 8509: 8505: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8483: 8477: 8473: 8464: 8462: 8454: 8448: 8437: 8435: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8407: 8401: 8400:archive.today 8397: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8365: 8350: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8318: 8313: 8312: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8275: 8271: 8266: 8262: 8257: 8253: 8248: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8209: 8205: 8200: 8196: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8147: 8143: 8138: 8134: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8093: 8092:Jeune Afrique 8087: 8079: 8078:Jeune Afrique 8075: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8054: 8047: 8039: 8032: 8024: 8022:1-58826-266-9 8018: 8014: 8007: 8000: 7995: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7963:. p. 55. 7962: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7931: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7890: 7886: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7866: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7811: 7805: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7777: 7776: 7775:Jeune Afrique 7771: 7764: 7762: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7741: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7709: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7671: 7664: 7659: 7644: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7625: 7610: 7608:0-253-21131-X 7604: 7600: 7595: 7594: 7585: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7518: 7514: 7507: 7505: 7497: 7492: 7485: 7480: 7473: 7468: 7466: 7458: 7453: 7446: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7422: 7417: 7410: 7405: 7398: 7393: 7387:, p. 85. 7386: 7381: 7379: 7372:, p. 82. 7371: 7366: 7360:, p. 77. 7359: 7354: 7352: 7345:, p. 74. 7344: 7339: 7333:, p. 73. 7332: 7327: 7321:, p. 94. 7320: 7315: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7295: 7293: 7286:, p. 18. 7285: 7280: 7274:, p. 61. 7273: 7268: 7262:, p. 60. 7261: 7256: 7250:, p. 57. 7249: 7244: 7242: 7235:, p. 320 7232: 7225: 7219:, p. 55. 7218: 7213: 7207:, p. 56. 7206: 7201: 7199: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7151: 7144:, p. 191 7141: 7134: 7132: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7093:, p. 216 7091: 7089:9782296554009 7085: 7081: 7080: 7072: 7066:, p. 39. 7065: 7060: 7054:, p. 69. 7053: 7048: 7042:, p. 63. 7041: 7036: 7030:, p. 62. 7029: 7024: 7018:, p. 61. 7017: 7012: 7006:, p. 79. 7005: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6970:, p. 68. 6969: 6964: 6958:, p. 65. 6957: 6952: 6946:, p. 57. 6945: 6940: 6934:, p. 58. 6933: 6928: 6922:, p. 15. 6921: 6916: 6910:, p. 25. 6909: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6857: 6849: 6848: 6847:Jeune Afrique 6843: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6818:, p. 53. 6817: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6781: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6740: 6732: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6660: 6655: 6653: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6558: 6551: 6546: 6540:, p. 90. 6539: 6534: 6527: 6522: 6520: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6459: 6454: 6448:, p. 227 6445: 6438: 6432:, p. 78. 6431: 6426: 6419: 6414: 6407: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6371: 6366: 6359: 6354: 6348:, p. 76. 6347: 6342: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6321:, p. 166 6318: 6311: 6304: 6299: 6292: 6287: 6281:, p. 63. 6280: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6198:, p. 35. 6197: 6192: 6186:, p. 68. 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6132: 6127: 6120: 6115: 6108: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6091: 6086: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6060: 6055: 6049:, p. 83. 6048: 6043: 6037:, p. 80. 6036: 6031: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5991:, p. 54. 5990: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5931:, p. 261 5928: 5921: 5914: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5855:, p. 54. 5854: 5849: 5843:, p. 51. 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5807:, p. 47. 5806: 5801: 5795:, p. 46. 5794: 5789: 5782: 5777: 5771:, p. 43. 5770: 5765: 5759:, p. 19. 5758: 5753: 5747:, p. 38. 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5675: 5667: 5662: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5635: 5629:, p. 47. 5628: 5623: 5617:, p. 90. 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5544: 5539: 5533:, p. 36. 5532: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5516:, p. 35. 5515: 5510: 5504:, p. 95. 5503: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5467: 5466:Arnoulet 1995 5462: 5456:, p. 99. 5455: 5450: 5443: 5442:Arnoulet 1995 5438: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5401: 5396: 5390:, p. 95. 5389: 5384: 5378:, p. 88. 5377: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5354:, p. 93. 5353: 5348: 5342:, p. 14. 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5318:, p. 138 5315: 5309: 5303:, p. 32. 5302: 5297: 5290: 5285: 5283: 5276:, p. 87. 5275: 5270: 5264:, p. 86. 5263: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5203: 5198: 5192:, p. 29. 5191: 5186: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5148:, p. 82. 5147: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5124:, p. 79. 5123: 5118: 5112:, p. 73. 5111: 5106: 5100:, p. 78. 5099: 5094: 5088:, p. 28. 5087: 5082: 5076:, p. 76. 5075: 5070: 5064:, p. 74. 5063: 5058: 5052:, p. 75. 5051: 5046: 5040:, p. 27. 5039: 5034: 5028:, p. 73. 5027: 5022: 5016:, p. 72. 5015: 5010: 5004:, p. 71. 5003: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4979:Jeune Afrique 4975: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4939:, p. 99. 4938: 4933: 4927:, p. 24. 4926: 4921: 4919: 4912:, p. 23. 4911: 4906: 4900:, p. 22. 4899: 4894: 4888:, p. 69. 4887: 4882: 4876:, p. 68. 4875: 4870: 4868: 4861:, p. 66. 4860: 4855: 4849:, p. 67. 4848: 4843: 4837:, p. 21. 4836: 4831: 4825:, p. 65. 4824: 4819: 4813:, p. 63. 4812: 4807: 4801:, p. 62. 4800: 4795: 4789:, p. 60. 4788: 4783: 4777:, p. 58. 4776: 4771: 4765:, p. 55. 4764: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4744: 4738:, p. 53. 4737: 4732: 4726:, p. 50. 4725: 4720: 4714:, p. 47. 4713: 4708: 4706: 4699:, p. 44. 4698: 4693: 4687:, p. 41. 4686: 4681: 4675:, p. 43. 4674: 4669: 4663:, p. 40. 4662: 4657: 4651:, p. 39. 4650: 4645: 4639:, p. 37. 4638: 4633: 4627:, p. 16. 4626: 4621: 4615:, p. 35. 4614: 4609: 4603:, p. 33. 4602: 4597: 4591:, p. 32. 4590: 4585: 4579:, p. 29. 4578: 4573: 4567:, p. 26. 4566: 4561: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4541: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4390: 4386: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4357: 4354: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4325: 4323:(22 May 1963) 4322: 4318: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4289: 4287:(24 May 1968) 4286: 4282: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4253: 4250: 4249:Order of Oman 4246: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4057: 4055:(25 May 1962) 4054: 4050: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3931: 3930: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3884: 3883: 3874: 3869: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3826: 3820:Personal life 3817: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3796:Ahmed Mestiri 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3767: 3763: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3709:non-alignment 3705: 3697: 3692: 3683: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3599: 3597: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3561:welfare state 3558: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3487: 3485: 3484:Hosni Mubarak 3482:and Egyptian 3481: 3480:Yasser Arafat 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3333:regime crisis 3330: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3288:Jeune Afrique 3284: 3280: 3279:Mohamed Mzali 3274: 3269: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3240:Mutuelleville 3235: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3218: 3213: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3150:El Moussaouar 3146: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2985:, he stated: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2911:officer told 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2836: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2773:United States 2770: 2766: 2765:Maurice Faure 2761: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2746:, divided in 2745: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2709: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2648: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:Ville d'Alger 2602: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2499:La Main rouge 2495: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2390:San Francisco 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2309:Hôtel Lutetia 2305: 2301: 2300:Medjez el-Bab 2297: 2288: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2198:New York City 2195: 2192:, abroad the 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174:United States 2170: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2121:Alphonse Juin 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2040: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1981:and Egyptian 1980: 1976: 1975:Chekib Arslan 1972: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1955:Pierre Viénot 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943:Habib Thameur 1938: 1936: 1932: 1931:Popular Front 1927: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1786: 1781: 1766: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1684:preponderants 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1593: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1542:Destour party 1532: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1444:baccalaureate 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1386:Sophie Bessis 1383: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1264: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1188:and acted as 1187: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105:baccalaureate 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1043: 1038: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1009: 1002: 972: 961: 956: 954: 949: 947: 942: 941: 939: 938: 934: 927: 924: 923: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 878: 875: 874: 870: 869: 867: 866: 865: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 845: 842: 838: 835: 834: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 788: 787: 783: 782: 779: 778: 774: 773: 772: 770: 763: 762:Personal life 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 748: 747: 738: 724: 721: 717: 716: 713: 712: 704: 700: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 673: 670: 666: 663: 660: 656: 653: 650: 648: 644: 638: 625: 621: 614: 611: 610: 608: 604: 596: 593: 589: 555: 550: 528: 523: 522: 520: 516: 510: 503: 500: 494: 488: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 465: 463:Resting place 461: 451: 447: 444: 440: 436:3 August 1903 424: 420: 415: 411: 408: 405: 399: 395: 389: 386: 385:Muhammad VIII 383: 380: 376: 370: 365: 362: 358: 355: 352: 346: 342: 336: 333: 332:Muhammad VIII 330: 327: 323: 317: 312: 309: 305: 301: 295: 291: 285: 282: 281:Muhammad VIII 279: 276: 272: 266: 261: 258: 254: 248: 245: 239: 236: 233: 227: 224: 223:Muhammad VIII 221: 218: 214: 208: 203: 200: 196: 193: 190: 184: 179: 175: 174:Muhammad VIII 168: 162: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 140: 134: 124: 119: 116: 112: 108: 101: 96: 87: 80: 77: 69: 59: 55: 50: 46: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 10161: 10144: 10132:from Commons 10127: 10106: 9927:Willy Brandt 9918: 9895:Lee Tong Won 9623:Lim Chong Eu 9479:Tan Siew Sin 9412: 9403:(since 2024) 9401:Imed Derbali 9394:(since 2022) 9383:(since 2023) 9366: 9354:(since 2014) 9318: 9292:Sahbi Karoui 9290: 9216: 9133:(since 2024) 9119:Najla Bouden 9059:Hamed Karoui 9023:Bahi Ladgham 8894: 8810: 8804: 8785: 8779: 8760: 8754: 8735: 8729: 8720: 8713: 8707: 8649: 8630:Bahi Ladgham 8617: 8611: 8591: 8585: 8570:Bahi Ladgham 8553: 8524: 8518: 8487: 8458: 8453:New Creation 8452: 8432: 8386: 8338: 8310: 8282: 8269: 8260: 8251: 8242: 8233: 8224: 8212: 8203: 8194: 8185: 8176: 8167: 8141: 8118: 8096:, p. 53 8091: 8086: 8077: 8052: 8046: 8037: 8031: 8012: 8006: 7994: 7983:the original 7969: 7960: 7954: 7946:the original 7939: 7930: 7922:the original 7917: 7888: 7865:France Inter 7864: 7858: 7850:the original 7845: 7836: 7824:. Retrieved 7820:the original 7813: 7804: 7793: 7784: 7773: 7749: 7740: 7728:. Retrieved 7724:the original 7717: 7708: 7696:. Retrieved 7692: 7682: 7670: 7658: 7646:. Retrieved 7631: 7624: 7612:. Retrieved 7592: 7584: 7572:. Retrieved 7567: 7558: 7546:. Retrieved 7542: 7532: 7520:. Retrieved 7516: 7491: 7479: 7452: 7440: 7428: 7416: 7404: 7392: 7365: 7338: 7326: 7314: 7303: 7279: 7267: 7255: 7230: 7224: 7212: 7186: 7176: 7164: 7156: 7139: 7118:. 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