41:
602:, recognized the social stratification among Zarma-Songhai people as well as other ethnic groups in West Africa, but suggested that sociologists should invent a new term for West African social stratification system. Other scholars consider this a bias and isolationist because the West African system shares all elements in Dumont's system, including economic, endogamous, ritual, religious, deemed polluting, segregative and spread over a large region. According to
294:
610:
Shoup list these strata in three categories: free (chiefs, farmers and herders), servile (artists, musicians and griots), and the slave class. The servile group were socially required to be endogamous, while the slaves could be emancipated over four generations. The highest social level, states Shoup, claim to have descended from King
618:(sorcery). The traditionally free strata of the Songhai proper and Zarma have owned property and herds, and these have dominated the political system and governments during and after the French colonial rule. Within the stratified social system, the Islamic system of polygynous marriages is a norm, with preferred partners being
609:
The different strata of the
Songhai have included the kings and warriors, the scribes, the artisans, the weavers, the hunters, the fishermen, the leather workers and hairdressers (Wanzam), and the domestic slaves (Horso, Bannye). Each caste reveres its own guardian spirit. Some scholars such as John
197:
poses a challenge, as both are subgroups within the same language family, sharing a very similar dialect and culture. Despite the significant commonalities, the
Songhaiborai may identify themselves and their dialect as "Zarma," emphasizing the shared heritage. However, both groups acknowledge their
550:
etc. This marked the end of an empire that once shone for its immensity and the courage of its leaders in spite of multiple incessant internal conflicts of succession. These kingdoms, however, did not find their union circumstantial until March 1906, during the anti-colonial battle of
588:. According to the medieval and colonial era descriptions, their vocation is hereditary, and each stratified group has been endogamous. The social stratification has been unusual in two ways; it embedded slavery, wherein the lowest strata of the population inherited slavery, and the
436:
and briefly took command of the
Songhai resistance army. Supported by the remains of the disbanded army, they migrated down river from Gao to the same region of Ayorou where Sonni Baru and his people had taken refuge after their overthrow, precisely in present-day
198:
distinct branches within the same ethnicity, often adopting the collective name "Zarma," making it difficult for outsiders to discern any noticeable differences. Additionally, in Mali, they are recognized as the
606:– a professor of African Studies, some scholars consider the historic caste-like social stratification in Zarma-Songhay people to be a pre-Islam feature while some consider it derived from the Arab influence.
752:, University of Chicago Press, p. 59 "In this way the true Songhay, after the seventeenth century,is no longer the one of Timbuktu or Gao, but the one farther south near the
839:"Chapitre I. Les nouveaux axes de l'historiographie universitaire : « histoire totale » et « histoire politique », à partir des années 70"
929:
1413:
592:, or priests and Islamic clerics, had to be initiated but did not automatically inherit that profession, making the cleric strata a pseudo-caste.
578:
954:
1699:
1578:
17:
873:
Southern
Songhay Speech Varieties In Niger:A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Zarma, Songhay, Kurtey, Wogo, and Dendi Peoples of Niger
897:
630:
The
Songhay are mostly agriculturalists (mostly growing rice and millet), hunters, fishers and cattle owners which they let the
1901:
1362:
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1239:
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1083:
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871:
879:, Byron & Annette Harrison and Michael J. Rueck Summer Institute of Linguistics B.P. 10151, Niamey, Niger Republic, 1997
1406:
358:
502:
Recognizing the strength of the
Moroccan army, they later decided to abandon the struggle for the re-establishment of the
1377:
Tal Tamari (1998), Les castes de l'Afrique occidentale: Artisans et musiciens endogames, Nanterre: Société d’ethnologie,
330:
1382:
1110:
581:. Some study the group together as Zarma-Songhai people. However, both groups see themselves as two different peoples.
1194:" are found among the Soninke, the various Manding-speaking populations, the Wolof, Tukulor, Senufo, Minianka, Dogon,
787:
907:
850:
797:
765:
377:
584:
The
Songhai proper have traditionally been a socially stratified society, like many West African ethnic groups with
337:
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whose vernacular name among the
Songhai is "Mamar". It is also worth noting that both groups use the title surname "
1692:
394:
Sonni Ali died in 1492, his former army general and nephew Askia
Mohammad rebelled against his son and successor,
1896:
1571:
1399:
315:
479:
succeeded him and in 1661 tried for the second time to regroup the
Songhai including their rival cousins (the
344:
678:
311:
1422:
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of their Songhai nobles, who find themselves dispersed today in the above-mentioned region of Southwestern
1881:
1685:
326:
1886:
1628:
1595:
1564:
968:
577:. Some scholars consider the Zarma people to be a part of and the largest ethnic sub-group of the
1013:
648:
304:
249:
According to oral history, the Songhai nobles came to be known as "Songhai" during the reign of
1641:
487:) in order to take back the city of Gao. Together, they were able to garner the support of the
264:(meaning: descendants of Sonni), as the name implies, are the descendants and partisans of the
1352:
1313:
1073:
622:. This endogamy within Songhai-Zarma people is similar to other ethnic groups in West Africa.
1891:
1651:
1229:
1130:
451:(Muhammed Gao) installed his base on the banks of the Niger river in the current locality of
229:
in 1591. These two historical events that resulted in the mass exodus of the Songhai emptied
1211:, Présence Africaine, Nouvelle série, number 148 (4e TRIMESTRE 1988), pages 9-19 (in French)
991:
725:
1804:
573:
The language, society and culture of the Songhai people is barely distinguishable from the
351:
8:
1661:
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Traditions des Songhay de Tera (Niger) by Hammadou Soumalia, Moussa Hamidou, Diouldé Laya
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Is Otherness Represented in Songhay-Zarma society? A case study of the 'Tula' story
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253:. The name was coined from his name to form a tribal name for the ruling caste.
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Les sociétés Songhay-Zarma (Niger-Mali): chefs, guerriers, esclaves, paysans
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Cultures nigériennes et éducation : Domaine Zarma-Songhay et Hausa
760:, on the islands of the river surrounded by rapids" (Rouch 1953, 224),
603:
395:
40:
1177:
1156:
Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".
531:
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789:
Historical Dictionary of Niger by Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo
611:
460:
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In Niger and Burkina Faso, differentiating the Songhaiborai from the
1556:
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Outsiders and Strangers: An Archaeology of Liminality in West Africa
293:
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that also moved later to this same region after the invasion of the
896:
Soumalia, Hammadou; Hamidou, Moussa; Laya, Diouldé (January 1998),
753:
234:
679:"Africa: Niger - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
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452:
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565:, a descendant of Askia Daoud and brother to Askia Muhammed Gao.
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The Songhai originally were the descendants and partisans of the
845:, Méridiennes, Presses universitaires du Midi, pp. 41–112,
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1738:
1473:
557:
535:
527:
492:
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1288:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–18, 71–73, 245–248.
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died in 1632 without being able to regroup his men to reclaim
1128:
585:
523:
475:) who was an Inspector of tax collection during the reign of
438:
238:
210:
88:
1315:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
1234:. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–97, 100–101, 90–114.
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hoping in vain for a possible passage of the Moroccan army.
179:
526:. His other brothers and cousins created the kingdoms of
230:
1102:
L'Histoire traditionnelle d'un peuple: les Zarma-Songhay
993:
The Invasion of Morocco in 1591 and the Saadian Dynasty
1075:
The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Africa
973:, France: Société des africanistes, 1966, p. 256
821:
Unité et diversité de l'ensemble songhay-zarma-dendi
614:
and their modern era hereditary occupation has been
1198:, and most Fulani, Moorish and Tuareg populations".
895:
318:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1285:A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960
1028:
1026:
1024:
832:
830:
749:The Cinematic Griot: The Ethnography of Jean Rouch
518:, a principality established since the passage of
1354:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History
970:Journal de la Société des africanistes, Volume 36
817:
598:, the 20th-century author famous for his classic
1873:
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213:after the coup d'Ă©tat of 1493 and that of the
1261:. Berg. pp. 20, 49–50, 115–117, 121–134.
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786:Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012),
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1357:. Oxford University Press. pp. 503–504.
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1033:Abdourahmane Idrissa; Samuel Decalo (2012).
167:) are a distinct subgroup within the larger
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953:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
174:family. Residing predominantly in Niger's
39:
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378:Learn how and when to remove this message
256:The main factions of the Songhai are the
1302:
1105:(in French). Paris: Présence Africaine.
463:, which had fallen under the control of
927:
818:Olivier de Sardan, Jean-Pierre (2000),
745:
406:and established his own small kingdom.
209:that retreated to this area of present
14:
1874:
1707:
1129:Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan (1984).
989:
568:
1681:
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1078:. Taylor & Francis. p. 212.
1039:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 474–476.
272:are the descendants and partisans of
316:adding citations to reliable sources
287:
1135:. Paris: Karthala. pp. 56–57.
563:Oumarou Kambessikonou (Morou Karma)
390:After the ruler and founder of the
24:
25:
1913:
837:Bernussou, JĂ©rĂ´me (8 June 2020),
792:, Scarecrow Press, p. 414,
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303:needs additional citations for
280:" (meaning, "King or Prince").
1318:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 265–266.
1158:The Journal of African History
1036:Historical Dictionary of Niger
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843:HISTOIRE ET MÉMOIRE AU NIGER
45:Songhay woman, Niger (1900s)
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260:and the "Mamar Hamey". The
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1258:The character of kingship
1170:10.1017/s0021853700025718
1062:, Encyclopædia Britannica
990:Michel, Jonathan (1995),
937:, London, United Kingdom.
727:Zarma, a Songhai language
522:during his pilgrimage to
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18:Songhai people (subgroup)
1351:Bonnie G. Smith (2008).
928:Bornand, Sandra (2012),
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409:After the defeat of the
1341:Encyclopædia Britannica
1255:Declan Quigley (2005).
432:), deposed his brother
1897:Ethnic groups in Niger
1423:Ethnic groups in Niger
1312:John A. Shoup (2011).
1282:Bruce S. Hall (2011).
746:Stoller, Paul (1992),
398:and defeated him in a
902:, KARTHALA Editions,
402:. Sonni Baru fled to
95:Related ethnic groups
1099:Boubou Hama (1967).
1014:Askia Mohammed V Gao
649:Askia Mohammed V Gao
417:in 1591, the son of
312:improve this article
1834:Immigrant languages
1228:Anne Haour (2013).
1207:I. Diawara (1988),
569:Society and Culture
73:Tondi Songway Kiini
35:
1882:Languages of Niger
1732:National languages
1709:Languages of Niger
1072:Don Rubin (1997).
457:Askia Muhammed Gao
423:Askia Muhammed Gao
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1325:978-1-59884-362-0
1295:978-1-139-49908-8
1268:978-1-84520-290-3
1241:978-0-19-969774-8
1142:978-2-86537-106-8
1085:978-0-415-05931-2
1046:978-0-8108-7090-1
600:Homo Hierarchicus
415:battle of Tondibi
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30:Ethnic group
1805:Air Tamajeq
1662:Tondi Kiini
1448:Diffa Arabs
1385:(in French)
683:www.cia.gov
654:The Songhai
508:Fari Monzon
473:Fari Mondyo
469:Fari Monzon
467:. His son,
465:Judar Pasha
449:Askia Wayki
419:Askia Dawud
245:Aristocracy
178:, Northern
122:Songhaiboro
1876:Categories
1604:Tadaksahak
999:2021-04-17
977:2021-04-21
941:2021-04-12
915:2021-04-14
883:2021-02-23
858:2021-03-30
805:2021-03-17
773:2021-06-04
733:2021-02-23
712:2021-03-12
665:References
626:Livelihood
604:Anne Haour
396:Sonni Baru
338:newspapers
258:"Si Hamey"
1494:Idaksahak
1439:Ait-Awari
1186:162509491
1017:, Fr Wiki
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1596:Northern
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754:Anzourou
638:See also
483:and the
481:Si Hamey
262:Si Hamey
235:Timbuktu
138:Language
83:Religion
1856:Chinese
1841:English
1825:Tamahaq
1784:Tamajeq
1769:Songhai
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1196:Songhay
758:Gorouol
616:Sohance
561:led by
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489:Tuaregs
413:at the
352:scholar
284:History
227:Morocco
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169:Songhai
165:SonrhaĂŻ
161:Songhay
157:Songhai
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1851:Arabic
1846:French
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1454:Dendi
1182:S2CID
1174:JSTOR
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689:1 May
660:Notes
554:Karma
544:Sikié
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