613:
899:
566:
2598:
557:
2156:
2125:
3516:
807:
1201:
1418:
53:
2583:
2094:
2568:
2647:
548:
2024:
3728:
605:
2309:
71:
713:
1483:
2297:
2110:
2617:
2140:
3588:
1694:
3570:
575:
2632:
584:
3552:
2005:
2844:, contributing to a wide range of health problems. If the "salt" in it was removed, or it was cooked in oil or vinegar, then they wrote that eggplant gained healthy attributes. Present-day Iranian attitudes to the eggplant reflect this medical tradition's influence: the eggplant is "considered rather dangerous... a cook in Tehran will say that the poison must be taken out". People also use eggplant seeds as an
3534:
3991:
2828:
Eggplants are traditionally among the foods that get preserved and stored for winter in Iran. They are selected in the last month of summer, when they are most readily available, then peeled, and finally preserved in one of two ways. In the first way, the peeled eggplants are cut, salted, and left to
499:
that are 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) long and 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) broad. Semiwild types can grow much larger, to 225 cm (7 ft 5 in), with large leaves over 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) broad. On wild plants, the fruit is less than 3 cm
3385:
climates fares better when transplanted into the garden after all danger of frost has passed. Eggplant prefers hot weather, and when grown in cold climates or in areas with low humidity, the plants languish or fail to set and produce mature fruit. Seeds are typically started eight to 10 weeks prior
592:
Left to right: a) Closeup of eggplant flower; b) Thorns and leaves of the plant; c) A developing fruit; d) Transversal section of the fruit showcasing the arrangement of seeds; e) Longitudinal section of eggplant. There are almost no seeds at the top but they become plentiful at the bottom. Although
3703:
A 2008 study of a sample of 741 people in India, where eggplant is commonly consumed, found nearly 10% reported some allergic symptoms after consuming eggplant, with 1.4% showing symptoms within two hours. Contact dermatitis from eggplant leaves and allergy to eggplant flower pollen have also been
1556:
Rivers, while smaller ones are found elsewhere. Colors vary from white to yellow or green, as well as reddish-purple and dark purple. Some cultivars have a color gradient—white at the stem, to bright pink, deep purple or even black. Green or purple cultivars with white striping also exist. Chinese
681:
This plant groweth in Egypt almost everywhere... bringing foorth fruite of the bignes of a great
Cucumber.... We have had the same in our London gardens, where it hath borne flowers, but the winter approching before the time of ripening, it perished: notwithstanding it came to beare fruite of the
1670:
On 9 February 2010, the
Environment Ministry of India imposed a moratorium on the cultivation of Bt brinjal after protests against regulatory approval of cultivated Bt brinjal in 2009, stating the moratorium would last "for as long as it is needed to establish public trust and confidence". This
1369:('mad apple'): already by the thirteenth century, this name had given rise to a tradition that eggplants could cause insanity. Translated into English as 'mad-apple', 'rage-apple', or 'raging apple', this name for eggplants is attested from 1578 and the form 'mad-apple' may still be found in
624:
There is no consensus about the place of origin of eggplant; the plant species has been described as native to South Asia, where it continues to grow wild, or Africa. It has been cultivated in southern and eastern Asia since prehistory. The first known written record of the plant is found in
2528:
2833:); then they are sun-dried by hanging them on a line. The dried eggplants are then rehydrated 24 hours before being cooked. In the second way, the peeled eggplants are cooked in oil, put in a copper pot, and finally covered with plenty of hot oil, "which congeals to seal them".
2533:, a 13th-century Andalusian cookbook, features eggplant as the main ingredient in fifteen out of its nineteen vegetable dishes, indicating its significance in the local cuisine at the time. Jewish communities in Spain prepared eggplant in various ways, including in dishes like
1941:
6222:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
3429:
plants, such as tomato, capsicum, and potato, are also troublesome to eggplants. For this reason, it should generally not be planted in areas previously occupied by its close relatives. However, since eggplants can be particularly susceptible to pests such as
3826:
agreste, album, divaricatum, esculentum, giganteum, globosi, inerme, insanum, leucoum, luteum, multifidum, oblongo-cylindricum, ovigera, racemiflorum, racemosum, ruber, rumphii, sinuatorepandum, stenoleucum, subrepandum, tongdongense, variegatum, violaceum,
1829:
Eggplant can be steamed, stir-fried, pan fried, deep fried, barbecued, roasted, stewed, curried, or pickled. Many eggplant dishes are sauces made by mashing the cooked fruit. It can be stuffed. It is frequently, but not always, cooked with oil or fat.
485:. Some common cultivars have fruit that is egg-shaped, glossy, and purple with white flesh and a spongy, "meaty" texture. Some other cultivars are white and longer in shape. The cut surface of the flesh rapidly turns brown when the fruit is cut open (
1822:. Eggplant flesh is smooth. Its numerous seeds are small, soft and edible, along with the rest of the fruit, and do not have to be removed. Its thin skin is also edible, and so it does not have to be peeled. However, the green part at the top, the
1880:) they are barbecued or roasted, then split and either eaten directly with garlic, chilli, oil and coriander, or the flesh is removed and pounded to a mash (typically with a wooden pestle and mortar) before being eaten with rice or other dishes.
1498:
of the plant produce fruit of different size, shape, and color, though typically purple. The less common white varieties of eggplant are also known as Easter white eggplants, garden eggs, Casper or white eggplant. The most widely cultivated
5645:
5465:
612:
6221:
2267:
where the pulp of the vegetable is mixed with raw chopped shallot, green chilies, salt, fresh coriander, and mustard oil. Sometimes fried tomatoes and deep-fried potatoes are also added, creating a dish called
2069:, an omelette made from grilling an eggplant, dipping it into beaten eggs, and pan-frying the mixture. The dish is characteristically served with the stalk attached. The dish has several variants, including
3401:
Spacing should be 45 to 60 cm (18 to 24 in) between plants, depending on cultivar, and 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in) between rows, depending on the type of cultivation equipment being used.
704:. In 13th-century Italian traditional folklore, the eggplant can cause insanity. In 19th-century Egypt, insanity was said to be "more common and more violent" when the eggplant is in season in the summer.
6672:"Total Phenolic Concentration and Browning Susceptibility in a Collection of Different Varietal Types and Hybrids of Eggplant: Implications for Breeding for Higher Nutritional Quality and Reduced Browning"
1798:
quality, but it becomes tender when cooked and develops a rich, complex flavor. Rinsing, draining, and salting the sliced fruit before cooking may remove the bitterness. The fruit is capable of absorbing
743:. First recorded in 1763, the word "eggplant" was originally applied to white cultivars, which look very much like hen's eggs (see image). Similar names are widespread in other languages, such as the
5901:
6034:
Gardner, S. M. (2018). The Good Woman Makes the Empty
Kitchen Full: the Culinary and Cultural Power of Women in the Sephardic Jewish Diaspora. Dublin Gastronomy Symposium: 2018 – Food and Power
5554:
1915:) in which slices of eggplant are grilled and filled with a meat stuffing. Eggplants also feature in several Japanese expression and proverbs, such as "Don't feed autumn eggplant to your wife"
6554:
Varela, L. G.; Bernays, E. A. (1 July 1988). "Behavior of newly hatched potato tuber moth larvae, Phthorimaea operculella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in relation to their host plants".
2219:(a pickled dish). Owing to its versatile nature and wide use in both everyday and festive Indian food, it is often described as the "king of vegetables". Roasted, skinned, mashed, mixed with
808:
5457:
6913:
898:
6360:
4117:
2840:
cautioned that eggplant contains harmful qualities, and it must be ripe and cooked before eating to neutralize them. They wrote that it could cause heat and dryness and an excess of
2502:, another pickling of eggplants, stuffed with red peppers and walnuts in olive oil. Eggplant can be hollowed out and stuffed with meat, rice, or other fillings, and then baked. In
670:
described how to grow aubergines. Records exist from later medieval
Catalan and Spanish, as well as from 14th-century Italy. Unlike its popularity in Spain and limited presence in
5674:
4608:
Eggplant, which originated in Africa, first shows up in history in
Southeast Asia, and it was possibly brought to Iran in the same period from India via the Turks of Central Asia.
3680:
Case reports of itchy skin or mouth, mild headache, and stomach upset after handling or eating eggplant have been reported anecdotally and published in medical journals (see also
1565:
Oval or elongated oval-shaped and black-skinned cultivars include 'Harris
Special Hibush', 'Burpee Hybrid', 'Bringal Bloom', 'Black Magic', 'Classic', 'Dusky', and 'Black Beauty'.
2412:(with minced meat). It may also be roasted in its skin until charred, so the pulp can be removed and blended with other ingredients, such as lemon, tahini, and garlic, as in the
1548:
A much wider range of shapes, sizes, and colors is grown in India and elsewhere in Asia. Larger cultivars weighing up to a kilogram (2.2 pounds) grow in the region between the
6200:
5818:
3410:
by shaking the flowers improves the set of the first blossoms. Growers typically cut fruits from the vine just above the calyx owing to the somewhat woody stems. Flowers are
831:
dictionary comments that "probably there is no word of the kind which has undergone such extraordinary variety of modifications, whilst retaining the same meaning, as this".
2678:) can be used in both appetizers and main courses. It can also be pickled in vinegar. The ideal eggplant in Iranian cuisine is long, straight, firm, and black. Based on how
2155:
4766:
Publications de l'Académie des
Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Part of a thematic issue: Pratiques et discours alimentaires en Méditerranée de l'Antiquité à la Renaissance)
5710:
5848:
1921:
5577:
2688:, it can be assumed that the dark purple kind of eggplant was the widely grown variety in Iran at his time (9th century). Its importance in Iran is alluded to in the
4860:
citing Daunay M-C, Laterrot H, Janick J (2008) Iconography and
History of Solanaceae: Antiquity to the 17th Century. Horticultural Reviews. Wiley, New York, pp 1–111
3324:
2597:
6103:
Tan, A. Ö., & Hosking, R. (2010). Empanadas With
Turkish Delight Or Borekitas de Lokum? The Sweet-Sour Journey of Sephardic Cuisine and Ladino Language. In
693:, the fruit was at one time believed to be extremely poisonous. The flowers and leaves can be poisonous if consumed in large quantities due to the presence of
6627:
Noda, Yasuko; Kneyuki, Takao; Igarashi, Kiharu; Mori, Akitane; Packer, Lester (2000). "Antioxidant activity of nasunin, an anthocyanin in eggplant peels".
5014:
2163:
1307:
5788:
5749:
2729:
1582:
Bicolored cultivars with color gradient include 'Rosa Bianca', 'Violetta di Firenze', 'Bianca Sfumata di Rosa' (heirloom), and 'Prosperosa' (heirloom).
5265:
6334:
5544:
2759:
1393:
in the name originally denoted the fact that the fruits were associated with West Africa, specifically the region that is now the modern day country
5627:
3719:. Cooking eggplant thoroughly seems to preclude reactions in some individuals, but some of the allergenic proteins may survive the cooking process.
2807:
4559:
2023:
7178:
5517:
2557:" lists various methods of preparing eggplant that persisted among Jews in the Ottoman Empire. Today, eggplant remains a defining ingredient of
1447:
5388:
Kumar S, Chandra A, Pandey KC (2008). "Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crop: an environment friendly insect-pest management strategy".
2290:, and then cooked in oil. Maharashtra and the adjacent state of Karnataka also have an eggplant-based vegetarian pilaf called 'vangi bhat' ..
7243:
4796:
4538:
The plant is native to South Asia and was domesticated in India. It was brought to the Iranian lands at a very early but indeterminable date.
2721:
650:
and North African names for the vegetable, coupled with the absence of ancient Greek and Roman names, suggests that it was cultivated in the
6356:
4870:
4074:
4581:
4091:
6497:"Impacts of Verticillium Wilt on Photosynthesis Rate, Lint Production, and Fiber Quality of Greenhouse-Grown Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)"
4693:
3406:
helps conserve moisture and prevent weeds and fungal diseases and the plants benefit from some shade during the hottest part of the day.
5664:
2757:(involving layers of sautéed eggplant, grilled onions, and red beans topped by kashk seasoned with turmeric). Another eggplant dish is
7318:
4299:"Study on browning mechanism of fresh-cut eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) based on metabolomics, enzymatic assays and gene expression"
2124:
6383:
6229:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
4737:. A number of old variant spellings for the aubergine word in Romance dialects in Iberia indicate the word was borrowed from Arabic;
4025:
2794:
565:
6784:
Harish Babu, B. N.; Mahesh, P. A.; Venkatesh, Y. P. (2008). "A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of food allergy to eggplant (
7418:
7126:
6192:
5810:
677:
The aubergine is unrecorded in England until the 16th century. An English botany book in 1597 described the madde or raging Apple:
5189:
7191:
7139:
6420:
4717:
4251:
4242:
3944:
2492:
region of central Spain, a small eggplant is pickled in vinegar, paprika, olive oil, and red peppers. The result is berenjena of
5700:
2698:, which says "this vegetable is on sale in the markets in Iran all the year round and in such abundance that it is sold for 1.5
2567:
7266:
4174:"A Comparative Genetic Linkage Map of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) and Its Implications for Genome Evolution in the Solanaceae"
2093:
5840:
5315:
2441:. A mix of roasted eggplant, roasted red peppers, chopped onions, tomatoes, mushrooms, carrots, celery, and spices is called
7413:
7209:
6757:
Pramod, S. N.; Venkatesh, Y. P. (2008). "Allergy to Eggplant (Solanum melongena) Caused by a Putative Secondary Metabolite".
6473:
6234:
6053:
6014:
5964:
5345:
Kumar S, Misra A, Verma AK, Roy R, Tripathi A, Ansari KM, Das M, Dwivedi PD (2011). "Bt brinjal in India: a long way to go".
5027:
4647:
4601:
4388:"Solanum melongena (Aubergine, Brinjal, Eggplant, Mad Apple, Raging Apple) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
2819:
that combines white rice with a paste of chopped sautéed eggplant, chopped meat, and spices; as well as the northern Iranian
5495:
4743:
7196:
6248:
5878:
5587:
2646:
4964:
409:
content, but the capability of the fruit to absorb oils and flavors into its flesh through cooking expands its use in the
7433:
4173:
7087:
1758:
5002:
2139:
7438:
5989:
5782:
5743:
4160:
4139:
1777:
1730:
1469:
401:. Like the tomato, its skin and seeds can be eaten, but it is usually eaten cooked. Eggplant is nutritionally low in
6874:
Gerth van Wijk, R.; Toorenenbergen, A. W.; Dieges, P. H. (1989). "Occupational pollinosis in commercial gardeners".
5954:
1440:
1192:
ultimately originates in languages of the Indian Subcontinent, it actually came into Indian English via Portuguese.
70:
4730:
4437:
2711:
In Iran, unlike places like Greece, Turkey, and North Africa, eggplant is cooked peeled and usually seasoned with
593:
the photograph was taken just a few moments after slicing, the flesh of the eggplant has already begun to oxidize.
7248:
7165:
2004:
1135:). The French name was then borrowed into British English, appearing there first in the late eighteenth century.
17:
1737:
1400:
It has been known as 'Jew's apple', apparently in relation to a belief that the fruit was first imported to the
7428:
7271:
5168:
4672:
4172:
Doganlar, Sami; Frary, Anne; Daunay, Marie-Christine; Lester, Richard N.; Tanksley, Steven D. (1 August 2002).
4020:
3921:, but unlike the tomato, which then was generally put in a different genus, the eggplant was also described as
1715:
7336:
6453:
5011:
3480:) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae such as eggplants. Female
2109:
7230:
4509:
4247:
3823:
have been named, mainly by Dikii, Dunal, and (invalidly) by Sweet. Names for various eggplant types, such as
3689:
2679:
2073:
which is stuffed with meat and vegetables. Eggplant can also be grilled, skinned and eaten as a salad called
902:
Illustration of an eggplant (upper picture) in a 1717 manuscript of a work by the thirteenth-century Persian
3320:
7118:
7105:
6188:
5261:
4015:
2538:
6330:
4297:
Liu, Xiaohui; Zhang, Aidong; Shang, Jing; Zhu, Zongwen; Li, Ye; Wu, Xuexia; Zha, Dingshi (25 March 2021).
2359:
and South Asian dishes. Eggplants can also be battered before deep-frying and served with a sauce made of
2308:
1744:
492:
Eggplant grows 40 to 150 cm (1 ft 4 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall, with large, coarsely
7344:
7027:
7022:
6999:
6970:
6907:
3411:
2582:
1329:
7144:
4551:
4233:
1953:, literally: "not even one in a thousand of one's parents' opinions or the eggplant flowers is in vain")
7331:
6669:
6271:
5609:
4005:
3311:
1672:
1568:
Slim cultivars in purple-black skin include 'Little Fingers', 'Ichiban', 'Pingtung Long', and 'Tycoon'
556:
35:
5902:"An Ethno Botanical Study of Ralte Communities in the North Eastern Part of Mizoram, North East India"
4740:
Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords: Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects
7448:
7258:
7204:
5521:
5218:
5130:
5100:
4900:
3357:. Minor changes in nutrient composition occur with season, environment of cultivation (open field or
2695:
1726:
1711:
1642:
1430:
1386:
1370:
967:
31:
6920:: Images, specimens and a full list of scientific synonyms previously used to refer to the eggplant.
3715:
reactions) are more likely to have a reaction to eggplant, which may be because eggplant is high in
3484:
use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf.
2537:, a casserole of eggplant and cheese. This dish and others became identifiers for Jews during their
4791:
4461:"A high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly reveals genetics for important traits in eggplant"
4272:
3966:
2558:
2520:
1434:
1426:
1228:
by the eleventh century CE. The Greek loans took a variety of forms, but crucially they began with
915:
7222:
4925:
2523:, eggplant, along with ingredients such as Swiss chard and chickpeas, was closely associated with
7443:
7113:
7053:
6163:
4878:
4412:
4067:
4035:
3653:
3476:
1704:
7323:
6272:"Eggplant fruit composition as affected by the cultivation environment and genetic constitution"
3221:
2736:: chopped eggplant sautéed with onions and turmeric, then slowly cooked, and finally mixed with
2296:
7183:
7100:
6932:
6046:
Jews, Food, and Spain: the oldest medieval Spanish cookbook and the Sephardic culinary heritage
4761:
4095:
3465:
practices are extremely important for controlling fungal disease, the most serious of which is
3446:
3419:
2356:
1647:
1451:
736:
6394:
5172:
4687:
3182:
2616:
2484:, eggplant is mostly cooked thinly sliced, deep-fried in olive oil and served hot with honey (
1204:
Illustrations of an eggplant from a possibly fifteenth-century French manuscript of a work by
788:
was coined in English, most of the diverse other European names for the plant derive from the
674:, the eggplant remained relatively obscure in other regions of Europe until the 17th century.
6606:"Eggplant production in 2021, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"
3681:
3195:
876:
682:
bignes of a goose egge one extraordinarie temperate yeere... but never to the full ripenesse.
327:
219:
7372:
7297:
4593:
3928:
7061:
6636:
6563:
6286:
5582:
4472:
4310:
3247:
3208:
2622:
2493:
1935:(because their lack of seeds will reduce her fertility) and "Always listen to your parents"
1663:
1657:
1205:
936:
5297:" in "Jew, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018. Accessed 23 September 2018.
3852:, respectively, were occasionally considered eggplant varieties, but this is not correct.
2725:(eaten with bread), and they are commonly served as snacks alongside alcoholic beverages.
2631:
8:
7310:
5309:"Eggplant, White — Solanum ovigerum Dun. and Solanum melongena var. esculentum (L.) Nees"
4917:
4700:, translated from Arabic to French by J.-J. Clément-Mullet, year 1866, volume 2 page 236.
4362:
4047:
4041:
3975:
3869:
3458:
3378:
3323:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
2512:
2259:(eggplant charred or burnt), is very popular in Bangladesh and the east Indian states of
2232:
1163:
1058:
984:
914:-type names have the same origin, in the Dravidian languages. Modern descendants of this
903:
822:
651:
291:
6981:
6640:
6567:
6290:
5931:
4724:. An earlier record in Catalan is known, from the 13th century, according to the French
4476:
4387:
4314:
2247:
1200:
192:
176:
7408:
7380:
6856:
6813:
6734:
6709:
6587:
6531:
6496:
6465:
6086:
5458:"Bt Brinjal in Bangladesh: Too early to draw conclusions on contamination, says expert"
5370:
5193:
4843:
4818:
4495:
4460:
4339:
4298:
4198:
3923:
3864:
3856:
3697:
3346:
3234:
3162:
2959:
1819:
919:
744:
740:
459:
335:
295:
287:
243:
65:
6670:
Jaime Prohens; Adrián Rodríguez-Burruezo; María Dolores Raigón; Fernando Nuez (2007).
6648:
6608:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2023
6427:
4714:
3830:, are not considered to refer to anything more than cultivar groups at best. However,
3398:
plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.
1751:
7292:
7035:
6883:
6848:
6844:
6805:
6801:
6766:
6739:
6652:
6579:
6536:
6518:
6469:
6312:
6240:
6230:
6078:
6049:
6010:
5985:
5960:
5778:
5739:
5705:
5438:
5397:
5362:
5164:
5023:
4848:
4819:"The historical role of species from the Solanaceae plant family in genetic research"
4668:
4643:
4597:
4500:
4344:
4326:
4203:
4156:
4135:
3958:
3895:
3685:
3665:
3047:
2821:
2700:
2503:
2413:
2402:
2346:
1671:
decision was deemed controversial, as it deviated from previous practices with other
1348:
1291:
1043:
659:
635:
466:
339:
323:
319:
6860:
6591:
5374:
3442:. Four years should separate successive crops of eggplants to reduce pest pressure.
1675:
in India. Bt brinjal was approved for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh in 2013.
7423:
7385:
7040:
6840:
6817:
6797:
6729:
6721:
6683:
6644:
6571:
6526:
6508:
6461:
6302:
6294:
5696:
5428:
5354:
5308:
5031:
4838:
4830:
4663:
Sanderson, Helen; Renfrew, Jane M. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
4589:
4490:
4480:
4334:
4318:
4193:
4185:
3860:
3820:
3712:
3684:). A 2021 review indicated that possibly four interacting mechanisms may elicit an
3669:
3415:
3407:
3374:
3064:
2746:
2675:
2448:
2381:
2369:
2252:
2083:
1884:
1868:
1807:
1579:
Traditional, white-skinned, egg-shaped cultivars include 'Casper' and 'Easter Egg'.
1276:
1081:
1019:
1003:
478:
360:
283:
279:
52:
7349:
6991:
4189:
3735:
The eggplant is quite often featured in the older scientific literature under the
7279:
7004:
6917:
5772:
5733:
5487:
5018:
5006:
4989:, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018. Accessed 23 September 2018.
4800:
4747:
4738:
4734:
4721:
4697:
4078:
3837:
3832:
2816:
2663:
2426:
2408:
2390:
2364:
2341:
2331:
1842:
1811:
854:
850:
846:
800:
789:
455:
430:
307:
303:
108:
7235:
5870:
7305:
6224:
6105:
Food and Language. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooking 2009
6044:
Piñer, Hélène Jawhara (2022). "Part One: The Jews' Place in the Construction".
4960:
4938:
4485:
4322:
4010:
3948:
3736:
3727:
3621:
2550:
2546:
2464:
2375:
2287:
2237:
2178:
2065:
1959:
1873:
1823:
1585:
Bicolored cultivars with striping include 'Listada de Gandia' and 'Udumalapet'.
1362:
1237:
1225:
1170:
926:
858:
752:
671:
643:
639:
604:
547:
518:
470:
368:
315:
95:
4834:
975:
denoted 'the class (that removes) the wind-disorder (windy humour)': that is,
7402:
7092:
6688:
6671:
6583:
6522:
6082:
4330:
4211:
3953:
3849:
3845:
3746:. Several other names that are now invalid have been uniquely applied to it:
3462:
2915:
2812:
2422:
2417:
2215:
2183:
2081:, which is diced eggplant prepared with vinegar, soy sauce, and garlic as an
1815:
1337:
886:
827:
821:
is itself a loan-word in Arabic, whose earliest traceable origins lie in the
712:
417:
410:
406:
402:
235:
4762:"Les fruits et les légumes dans les livres de cuisine à la fin du Moyen Âge"
7362:
6852:
6809:
6770:
6743:
6725:
6656:
6540:
6316:
6244:
5549:
5442:
5401:
5366:
5358:
4999:
4852:
4804:
4504:
4348:
4207:
4030:
3467:
3435:
3395:
3334:
3260:
2891:
2805:
also make use of eggplant. Some regional dishes involving eggplant include
2744:(condensed whey) is popular in Iranian cuisine; it is found in dishes like
2690:
2507:
2480:
calls for strips of roasted aubergine, sweet pepper, onion, and tomato. In
1791:
761:
The white, egg-shaped varieties of the eggplant's fruits are also known as
663:
627:
462:
386:
7284:
6887:
6513:
6187:
5984:(in Romanian). București (Bucharest): Editura Orizonturi. pp. 31–32.
3434:, they are sometimes grown with slightly less susceptible plants, such as
2053:, eggplants are of the long and slender purple variety. They are known as
1482:
7217:
7152:
7014:
6964:
6955:
6831:
Kabashima, K.; Miyachi, Y. (2004). "Contact dermatitis due to eggplant".
6605:
6075:
Pe'amim: Studies in Oriental Jewry / פעמים: רבעון לחקר קהילות ישראל במזרח
6009:(in Romanian). București (Bucharest): Editura Humanitas. pp. 90–91.
3996:
3661:
3643:
3450:
3354:
2875:
2845:
2802:
2705:
2637:
2542:
2326:
2264:
2050:
2035:
1994:
1973:
1856:
1800:
1652:
1401:
1139:
6708:
Berghi ON, Vrinceanu D, Cergan R, Dumitru M, Costache A (October 2021).
6090:
6070:
5545:"Korean restaurant owner cooks from the heart Andy Starnes/Post-Gazette"
5294:
5117:
5109:
5065:
7131:
6575:
6307:
5290:
5227:
5147:
5139:
5125:
5048:
4986:
4725:
3816:
3426:
3387:
3358:
3081:
3030:
2841:
2573:
2545:, and they were carried by the expelled Jews to their new homes in the
2472:
2335:
1877:
1795:
1718: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1638:
1503:—in Europe and North America today are elongated ovoid, 12–25 cm (
1317:
1035:
980:
872:
690:
667:
435:
347:
154:
6298:
5433:
5416:
2443:
7157:
7074:
6458:
Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics
5415:
Choudhary B, Gheysen G, Buysse J, van der Meer P, Burssens S (2014).
3716:
3593:
3439:
3382:
3350:
3140:
3127:
3114:
2837:
2489:
2481:
2477:
486:
439:
398:
394:
364:
144:
6926:
6495:
Ayele, Addissu G.; Wheeler, Terry A.; Dever, Jane K. (7 July 2020).
5770:
5022:(Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2006), pp. 136-53.
1693:
979:
came to be the name for eggplants because they were thought to cure
7357:
6949:
6384:"Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas"
6357:"Growing Eggplant Successfully in Cooler Climates – Garden Mentors"
5035:
3693:
3431:
3362:
3013:
2798:
2790:
2716:
2712:
2589:
2389:(optionally topped with a tomato and garlic sauce), such as in the
2351:
2059:
1838:
Korean and Japanese eggplant varieties are typically thin-skinned.
1558:
1500:
1495:
1487:
940:
701:
694:
529:
526:
134:
121:
7170:
7079:
6873:
5414:
2825:, a casserole using grilled eggplant, garlic, tomatoes, and eggs.
1826:, does have to be removed when preparing an eggplant for cooking.
1609:– common aubergine, including white varieties, with many cultivars
1588:
In some parts of India, miniature cultivars, most commonly called
1557:
cultivars are commonly shaped like a narrower, slightly pendulous
583:
574:
7048:
6269:
3646:
3617:
3338:
2993:
2853:
2830:
2785:) or with chicken and either unripe grapes or pomegranate juice (
2777:
2684:
2498:
2433:
2279:
2202:
2012:
1988:
1977:
1861:
1341:
955:
662:, arriving in Spain in the 8th century. A book on agriculture by
533:
446:, with China and India combined accounting for 86% of the total.
377:
343:
164:
4640:
A Drizzle of Honey: the lives and recipes of Spain's secret Jews
2682:
uses the color of eggplant as a shorthand for purpleness in his
631:, an ancient Chinese agricultural treatise completed in 544 CE.
7066:
5669:
3708:
3575:
3097:
2849:
2772:
2768:
2737:
2459:
2386:
2360:
2283:
2260:
2224:
2210:
2198:
2031:
1553:
1549:
1394:
1026:). From Arabic, the word was borrowed into European languages.
647:
482:
474:
390:
382:
372:
6759:
Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology
6381:
6412:
4922:
An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians
4713:= "aubergine" is in 1328 according to the Catalan dictionary
4522:
3657:
3631:
3557:
3539:
3521:
3505:
3454:
3403:
2905:
2741:
2607:
2603:
2453:
2228:
2220:
2206:
1982:
1896:
1803:
and sauces, which may enhance the flavor of eggplant dishes.
1571:
In green skin, 'Louisiana Long Green' and 'Thai (Long) Green'
1333:
1280:
655:
493:
443:
359:
Most commonly purple, the spongy, absorbent fruit is used in
82:
6707:
5417:"Regulatory options for genetically modified crops in India"
4764:[Fruits and vegetables in late medieval cookbooks].
3990:
1950:
oya no iken to nasu no hana wa sen ni hitotsu mo muda wa nai
1872:("three earthen treasures"). Elsewhere in China, such as in
1651:. This variety was designed to give the plant resistance to
5246:
Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 6, Fruits
5009:', in National Research Council of the National Academies,
4622:
Revolutionary Chinese Cookbook: Recipes from Hunan Province
3906:, an unrelated plant described by Ortega, included Dunal's
2752:
2524:
944:
620:
from the Japanese Seikei Zusetsu agricultural encyclopedia
522:
496:
6783:
6215:
6193:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
5811:"The Happy Home Cook: Rellenong Talong (Stuffed Eggplant)"
2385:. It can be sliced and deep-fried, then served with plain
6676:
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science
6270:
San José R, Sánchez-Mata MC, Cámara M, Prohens J (2014).
4171:
3414:, containing both female and male structures, and may be
3342:
2935:
2193:
1810:. Due to its texture and bulk, it is sometimes used as a
1152:
Indian, Malaysian, Singaporean and South African English
525:
that taste bitter because they contain or are covered in
5899:
5244:
Lim, T. K., & Lim, T. K. (2013). Solanum melongena.
3711:(genetically predisposed to developing certain allergic
3381:, eggplant can be sown in the garden. Eggplant grown in
1561:. Also, Asian cultivars of Japanese breeding are grown.
442:. In 2021, world production of eggplants was 59 million
6626:
5665:"North, South, Go Pick! Tasting Korean Fare in Beijing"
1490:
of eggplant, showing size, shape, and color differences
720:
The plant and fruit have a profusion of English names.
689:
Because of the plant's relationship with various other
434:, probably with two independent domestications: one in
5731:
2057:
and is widely used in many stew and soup dishes, like
1645:
eggplant that contains a gene from the soil bacterium
5701:"Fuss-free stir-fried eggplants, a perfect side dish"
4727:
Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales
4132:
Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering
2400:. Perhaps the best-known Turkish eggplant dishes are
2396:(meaning fried aubergines), or without yogurt, as in
2273:
1029:
987:
words descending directly from the Sanskrit name are
6710:"Solanum melongena allergy (A comprehensive review)"
5576:
Leary, Charles L.; Perret, Vaughn J. (6 July 2017).
3986:
3634:, led by China with 65% and India with 22% (table).
2319:
1195:
834:
In English usage, modern names deriving from Arabic
4941:. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2017
4582:"Patterns of Food Consumption in Early Modern Iran"
1655:
insects such as the brinjal fruit and shoot borer (
6226:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
6161:
5387:
5344:
5142:'. This in turn supersedes the 1885 OED etymology
3886:. The eggplant was sometimes considered a variety
3425:Many of the pests and diseases that afflict other
1633:
521:, the fruit contains numerous small, soft, edible
6494:
5900:Khiangte, Zorinpuii; Lalramnghinglova, H (2017).
3642:The color of purple skin cultivars is due to the
3172:
3003:
7400:
6830:
5695:
4857:Later, it migrated with the Europeans to America
4662:
4459:Wei, Q; Wang, J; Wang, W; Hu, T; Bao, C (2020).
4296:
4130:Tsao and Lo in "Vegetables: Types and Biology".
3844:), other eggplant-like nightshades described by
1439:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1283:, and onwards into French. Early forms include:
1148:was borrowed into a variety of other languages:
1143:
1073:
1067:
1061:
477:are white to purple in color, with a five-lobed
6756:
5264:. Carolina Gold Rice Foundation. 4 April 2011.
5256:
5254:
4638:Gitlitz, David M.; Davidson, Linda Kay (1999).
4637:
2167:, a salad on grilled and skinned green eggplant
1948:
1928:
707:
6393:. Tasmanian Fire Research Fund. Archived from
6181:
6048:. Boston: Academic Studies Press. p. 72.
5906:Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources
5738:. Periplus Mini Cookbooks. Tuttle Publishing.
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
4642:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. xiv.
3973:refers to the eggplant, and that of Blanco to
3910:and was often confused with the same author's
2870:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
2039:(pan-fried eggplants and angelica tree shoots)
1938:
1918:
1910:
1900:
1300:, recorded in Latin in the thirteenth century.
634:Eggplant was introduced to Europe through the
6553:
5771:Nicole Ponseca & Miguel Trinidad (2018).
5542:
5536:
4893:
4458:
3882:, respectively, and described by Linnaeus as
2836:Medieval Iranian writers such as al-Razi and
2771:, which involves eggplant, yogurt, and dried
1850:
1212:, below the illustration, has a blue initial
1100:
1090:
1084:
769:records that between 1797 and 1888, the name
5251:
4793:The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
2506:, for example, it is fried and stuffed with
2063:. However the most popular eggplant dish is
1967:
1344:name in 1753. It remains in scientific use.
1160:(first attested in the seventeenth century).
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
6454:"Economics of Pesticide Use and Regulation"
6451:
6418:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6133:
5575:
5128:'. These partly supersede the etymology in
5074:
5012:Lost Crops of Africa, Volume II: Vegetables
4750:, by Federico Corriente, year 2008 page 60.
3824:
2324:Eggplant is often stewed, as in the French
893:
716:White eggplant compared to two chicken eggs
6189:United States Food and Drug Administration
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6113:
5578:"All the hallmarks of world-class cuisine"
5161:Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary
3931:'s work. He also recognized the varieties
3927:, in this case once more in the course of
3353:having a moderate percentage (11%) of the
2708:" (which was a cheap price at that time).
2652:Romanian eggplant salad (salată de vinete)
1324:From these forms came the botanical Latin
1232:, partly because Greek lacked the initial
1050:- or, with the definite article included,
51:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6733:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6687:
6530:
6512:
6331:"How to Grow Eggplant in Cooler Climates"
6306:
5432:
5192:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
4842:
4494:
4484:
4338:
4273:"Solanum melongena (eggplant): Go Botany"
4197:
4094:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
4084:
4026:Imperial examination in Chinese mythology
3630:In 2022, world production was 59 million
2719:. Most eggplant dishes are classified as
2278:, small brinjals are stuffed with ground
1778:Learn how and when to remove this message
1545: in) broad with a dark purple skin.
1470:Learn how and when to remove this message
1248:), 'black'. Attested Greek forms include
935:The Dravidian word was borrowed into the
356:is grown worldwide for its edible fruit.
6419:Westerfield, Robert (14 November 2008).
6068:
6004:
5998:
5774:I Am a Filipino: And This Is How We Cook
5663:Maclang, Jon Khristian (25 March 2016).
5340:
5338:
5336:
5314:. University of Florida IFAS Extension.
4816:
3726:
3445:Common North American pests include the
3368:
2775:. Eggplant can also be cooked in stews (
2732:refers to an early eggplant dish called
1481:
1199:
1111:(along with French dialectal forms like
897:
711:
611:
603:
539:The eggplant genome has 12 chromosomes.
6598:
6110:
6071:"סדר ומספר בשירה שבעל-פה של יהודי ספרד"
5952:
5764:
5662:
5656:
5543:JinPittsburgh, Liyun (13 August 2009).
4579:
4549:
4252:United States Department of Agriculture
4243:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2197:preparation with vegetables, native to
1905:). An example of it use is in the dish
1275:From Greek, the word was borrowed into
776:
14:
7401:
6894:
6696:
5725:
4963:. World Wide Worlds. 20 October 2002.
4619:
4520:
4145:
4124:
2177:Eggplant is widely used in its native
1376:
1105:was then borrowed into French, giving
723:
686:The Europeans brought it to Americas.
646:communities. The presence of numerous
6931:
6930:
6714:Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
6043:
6030:
6028:
6026:
5979:
5973:
5569:
5498:from the original on 16 November 2018
5333:
5285:
5283:
5268:from the original on 10 November 2017
5240:
5238:
5236:
5213:
5211:
4633:
4631:
4594:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935369.013.13
4580:Matthee, Rudolph (11 February 2016).
799:
765:, a term first attested in 1811. The
454:The eggplant is a delicate, tropical
375:definition. As a member of the genus
7259:68b7c9cc-18f1-4995-8860-871f68fc1fbf
6382:Mark Chladil and Jennifer Sheridan.
6037:
5881:from the original on 6 December 2018
5851:from the original on 6 December 2018
5821:from the original on 6 December 2018
5791:from the original on 6 December 2018
5752:from the original on 6 December 2018
5713:from the original on 3 February 2018
5677:from the original on 3 February 2018
5557:from the original on 3 February 2018
5468:from the original on 1 December 2016
5455:
5306:
4967:from the original on 9 December 2017
4759:
4562:from the original on 4 December 2016
3957:, which is also a junior synonym of
3345:(table). It provides low amounts of
2272:. In a dish from Maharashtra called
1716:adding citations to reliable sources
1687:
1411:
1014:was borrowed in turn into Arabic as
700:The eggplant has a special place in
6790:Clinical & Experimental Allergy
6363:from the original on 28 August 2017
5689:
5321:from the original on 9 October 2012
4953:
4931:
4521:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
4363:"How To Grow And Care For Eggplant"
4226:
4153:Seed storage of horticultural crops
3855:The eggplant has a long history of
3656:of eggplant flesh results from the
1517:–10 in) long and 6–9 cm (
793:
24:
6788:L.) reveals female predominance".
6466:10.1016/B978-0-12-375067-9.00092-9
6337:from the original on 11 April 2017
6203:from the original on 27 March 2024
6097:
6023:
5646:"親の意見と茄子の花は千に一つも無駄はない - Jisho.org"
5280:
5233:
5208:
5153:
4628:
4550:Trujilo, Linda (25 January 2003),
4523:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
2740:. The combination of eggplant and
2555:Siete modos de gizar la berendgena
1876:(in particular the cuisine of the
1347:These forms also gave rise to the
1030:From Arabic into Iberia and beyond
60:The fruit developing on the plant
25:
7460:
6162:Aubaile-Sallenave, F.; Elahi, E.
5953:Wolfert, Paula (1 January 2012).
5932:"Maharashtrian Vangi Bhat recipe"
4586:Oxford Handbook Topics in History
4134:by Yiu H. Hui (2006). CRC Press.
4092:"Oxford Dictionary, s.v. brinjal"
2320:Middle East and the Mediterranean
2231:, and then slow cooked gives the
2044:
1196:From Arabic into Greek and beyond
1142:of Portugal, the Portuguese form
638:, where it became a staple among
420:from the wild nightshade species
7337:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:820053-1
6845:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.0295c.x
6802:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03076.x
6421:"Pollination of Vegetable Crops"
5628:"Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary"
5610:"Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary"
4877:. 30 August 2012. Archived from
3989:
3586:
3568:
3550:
3532:
3514:
2645:
2630:
2615:
2596:
2581:
2566:
2307:
2295:
2286:, onions, tamarind, jaggery and
2154:
2138:
2123:
2108:
2092:
2022:
2003:
1692:
1416:
1240:association with the Greek word
582:
573:
564:
555:
546:
69:
27:Plant species, Solanum melongena
7419:Crops originating from Pakistan
6867:
6824:
6777:
6750:
6663:
6620:
6547:
6488:
6445:
6375:
6349:
6323:
6263:
6251:from the original on 9 May 2024
6062:
5946:
5924:
5893:
5863:
5833:
5803:
5732:Norma Olizon-Chikiamco (2003).
5638:
5620:
5602:
5510:
5480:
5449:
5408:
5381:
5300:
5182:
5058:
5041:
4992:
4979:
4911:
4863:
4810:
4785:
4753:
4703:
4681:
4656:
4613:
4573:
4543:
4514:
4452:
4430:
4405:
4380:
4355:
2255:. Another version of the dish,
1866:("fish fragrance eggplant") or
1703:needs additional citations for
1634:Genetically engineered eggplant
939:, giving ancient forms such as
5912:(4). India: Mizoram University
4665:The Cultural History of Plants
4290:
4265:
4165:
4110:
4061:
4021:Eggplant salads and appetizers
3333:Raw eggplant is 92% water, 6%
2130:Sweet and Sour Fish Head with
1808:the cuisines of many countries
449:
266:
13:
1:
6649:10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00202-X
5959:. A&C Black. p. 93.
5518:"Vegetarian Meat Substitutes"
4817:Gebhardt, Christiane (2016).
4277:gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org
4248:Agricultural Research Service
4222:– via www.genetics.org.
4054:
3487:
3394:is included on a list of low
2367:, it is blended with whey as
2172:
2115:Minang (West Sumatra) Balado
1859:and made into dishes such as
1188:Thus although Indian English
397:while the eggplant is of the
7414:Crops originating from India
6460:, Elsevier, pp. 86–97,
4871:"Is Raw Eggplant Poisonous?"
4709:The first record of Catalan
4016:Eggplant production in China
3675:
3664:, such as the most abundant
3637:
3319:Percentages estimated using
2859:
1976:, or pan-fried and eaten as
1833:
1596:
1407:
708:Etymology and regional names
517:Botanically classified as a
458:plant often cultivated as a
393:, although those are of the
7:
4190:10.1093/genetics/161.4.1697
4118:"Etymology of the Eggplant"
4081:. Retrieved: 7 August 2015.
3982:
3722:
3493:Eggplant production – 2022
3312:Link to USDA Database entry
2829:"sweat" (to make them less
2496:. A Levantine specialty is
2274:
1949:
1930:akinasu wa yome ni kuwasuna
1929:
1683:
1381:The plant is also known as
1264:, fourteenth-century), and
10:
7465:
7434:Fruits originating in Asia
6556:Journal of Insect Behavior
6007:Carte de bucate (Cookbook)
5982:Carte de bucate (Cookbook)
5159:Henry Yule, A.C. Burnell,
4667:. Routledge. p. 118.
4624:, Ebury Press, p. 202
4486:10.1038/s41438-020-00391-0
4323:10.1038/s41598-021-86311-1
4006:List of eggplant cultivars
2880:104 kJ (25 kcal)
2330:, or deep-fried as in the
2187:(a tamarind lentil stew),
2077:. Another popular dish is
2017:(fish-fragrance eggplants)
1673:genetically modified crops
1310:in the fourteenth century.
599:
36:Aubergine (disambiguation)
29:
6939:
6005:Jurcovan, Silvia (2012).
5456:IANS (7 September 2016).
5219:Oxford English Dictionary
5131:Oxford English Dictionary
5101:Oxford English Dictionary
4901:Oxford English Dictionary
4835:10.1007/s00122-016-2804-1
4155:(pp 157). Haworth Press:
4070:Oxford English Dictionary
3943:at that time. Similarly,
3731:Segmented purple eggplant
3688:from consuming eggplant:
3614:
3500:
3497:
3318:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3259:
3246:
3233:
3220:
3207:
3194:
3181:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3096:
3080:
3063:
3046:
3029:
3012:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2972:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2486:berenjenas a la Cordobesa
2345:, or Turkish, Greek, and
2149:from Gorontalo (Sulawesi)
1968:
1962:, eggplants are known as
1940:
1939:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1901:
1887:, eggplants are known as
1851:
1845:, eggplants are known as
1387:Southern American English
1371:Southern American English
1236:sound and partly through
968:Oxford English Dictionary
961:. According to the entry
767:Oxford English Dictionary
249:
242:
225:
218:
66:Scientific classification
64:
59:
50:
45:
32:Eggplant (disambiguation)
7439:Plants described in 1753
6689:10.21273/jashs.132.5.638
6452:Lichtenberg, E. (2013),
6069:וייך-שחק, שושנה (1992).
4620:Dunlop, Fuchsia (2006),
3700:, and pollen reactions.
2559:Sephardic Jewish cuisine
2314:Brinjal and mango sambar
1790:Raw eggplant can have a
1574:In white skin, 'Dourga'.
1425:This section includes a
1272:, seventeenth-century).
1046:in forms beginning with
894:From Dravidian to Arabic
6911:L. on Solanaceae Source
5462:Business Standard India
4689:The Book of Agriculture
4556:Master Gardener Journal
4440:. University of Florida
4151:Doijode, S. D. (2001).
4036:List of eggplant dishes
3477:Phthorimaea operculella
3474:The potato tuber moth (
3321:US recommendations
2781:es), either with lamb (
2657:
2574:Parmigiana di melanzane
2379:, or made into stew as
2336:parmigiana di melanzane
1980:(side dishes), such as
1678:
1454:more precise citations.
1294:in the twelfth century.
1002:was then borrowed into
801:[bæːðɪnˈd͡ʒæːn]
381:, it is related to the
6726:10.3892/etm.2021.10495
5359:10.4161/gmcr.2.2.16335
4760:Mane, Perrine (2008).
4552:"The Elegant Eggplant"
3951:named the eggplant as
3825:
3732:
3690:lipid transfer protein
3461:. Good sanitation and
3325:the National Academies
2728:The 14th-century poet
2696:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
2610:in yogurt-tomato sauce
2470:A Spanish dish called
1648:Bacillus thuringiensis
1491:
1336:name in 1700, then by
1217:
1144:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1042:was borrowed into the
907:
737:North American English
717:
684:
621:
609:
514: in) in diameter
363:. Typically used as a
7429:Flora of the Maldives
6916:10 March 2008 at the
6876:Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd
6514:10.3390/plants9070857
6168:Encyclopaedia Iranica
5980:Marin, Sanda (1995).
5222:, 1st edition, 1888,
5134:, 1st edition, 1888,
5104:, 3rd edition, 2001,
5000:Eggplant (Garden Egg)
4904:, 3rd edition, 2000,
4807:, year 1597 page 274.
4465:Horticulture Research
3898:applies to Linnaeus'
3730:
3682:oral allergy syndrome
3369:Cultivation and pests
3341:, and has negligible
2978:Vitamins and minerals
2811:, a dish mainly from
1972:). They are steamed,
1485:
1256:, eleventh-century),
1203:
901:
877:South African English
715:
679:
615:
608:Long purple eggplants
607:
5583:The Chronicle Herald
5066:Vegetable egg, n.',
4417:specialtyproduce.com
3917:Like the potato and
3783:Solanum melanocarpum
3707:Individuals who are
3379:subtropical climates
2539:expulsion from Spain
2494:Almagro, Ciudad Real
1942:親の意見と茄子の花は千に一つも無駄はない
1806:Eggplant is used in
1712:improve this article
1664:Helicoverpa armigera
1658:Leucinodes orbonalis
1206:Matthaeus Platearius
971:, the Sanskrit word
950:(alongside Sanskrit
937:Indo-Aryan languages
469:. The stem is often
460:tender or half-hardy
367:in cooking, it is a
30:For other uses, see
6641:2000Toxgy.148..119N
6568:1988JIBeh...1..261V
6391:www.fire.tas.gov.au
6291:2014JSFA...94.2774S
5956:The Food of Morocco
5943:Accessed Jan 2 2019
5877:. 19 January 2014.
5841:"Ensaladang talong"
5815:Positively Filipino
5307:Stephens, James M.
5289:"brown-jolly", in "
4918:Edward William Lane
4881:on 5 September 2012
4477:2020HorR....7..153W
4392:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
4315:2021NatSR..11.6937L
4048:Vietnamese eggplant
4042:Solanum aethiopicum
3870:Solanum aethiopicum
3859:confusion with the
3494:
3438:, as a sacrificial
3386:to the anticipated
3347:essential nutrients
3065:Pantothenic acid (B
2866:
2787:mosamma-ye badenjan
2755:-e kashk o badenjan
2666:, eggplant (called
2576:(eggplant parmesan)
2513:nigvziani badrijani
2394:patlıcan kızartması
2382:khoresht-e-bademjan
1820:vegetarian cuisines
1661:) and fruit borer (
1377:Other English names
1328:. This was used by
1164:West Indian English
904:Zakariya al-Qazwini
823:Dravidian languages
532:, like the related
6833:Contact Dermatitis
6576:10.1007/BF01054525
6359:. 16 August 2012.
5817:. 17 August 2016.
5735:Filipino Favorites
5699:(14 August 2017).
5590:on 3 February 2018
5524:on 9 February 2013
5421:Plant Biotechnol J
5047:'Garden egg', in "
5017:2018-09-23 at the
5005:2018-09-23 at the
4799:2014-01-02 at the
4746:2015-10-03 at the
4733:2013-05-14 at the
4720:2013-11-10 at the
4696:2015-10-03 at the
4413:"Foraged Eggplant"
4303:Scientific Reports
4077:2015-08-10 at the
3963:S. sisymbriifolium
3945:H.C.F. Schuhmacher
3791:Solanum melongenum
3733:
3698:polyphenol oxidase
3492:
3457:, whiteflies, and
3286:Other constituents
2864:
2783:khoresh-e badenjan
2606:with eggplant and
2302:Brinjal masala fry
1855:). They are often
1492:
1427:list of references
1404:by Jewish people.
1224:was borrowed into
1218:
1140:colonial expansion
1038:, the Arabic word
908:
741:Australian English
718:
652:Mediterranean area
622:
610:
467:temperate climates
416:It was originally
7396:
7395:
7293:Open Tree of Life
6971:Solanum melongena
6941:Solanum melongena
6933:Taxon identifiers
6909:Solanum melongena
6796:(11): 1795–1802.
6786:Solanum melongena
6475:978-0-08-096452-2
6299:10.1002/jsfa.6623
6236:978-0-309-48834-1
6055:978-1-64469-919-5
6016:978-973-50-3475-7
5966:978-1-4088-2746-8
5777:. Artisan Books.
5706:The Straits Times
5434:10.1111/pbi.12155
5070:, 3rd edn (2012).
5055:, 3rd edn (2017).
5028:978-0-309-66582-7
4829:(12): 2281–2294.
4649:978-0-312-19860-2
4603:978-0-19-993536-9
4527:iranicaonline.org
4236:Solanum melongena
3959:sticky nightshade
3919:S. lichtensteinii
3890:of that species.
3686:allergic response
3666:phenolic compound
3628:
3627:
3624:
3508:
3331:
3330:
3276:
3275:
2822:badenjan-e qasemi
2734:burani-e badenjan
2406:(vegetarian) and
2363:and tamarind. In
2181:, for example in
2164:ensaladang talong
2103:Sauce with shrimp
2099:Indonesian Chili
2075:ensaladang talong
1788:
1787:
1780:
1762:
1629:– snake aubergine
1619:– dwarf aubergine
1480:
1479:
1472:
1365:, was adapted to
1349:Caribbean English
1238:folk-etymological
1099:The Spanish word
1044:Romance languages
916:ancient Dravidian
883:Solanum melongena
660:early Middle Ages
636:Iberian Peninsula
618:Solanum melongena
353:Solanum melongena
348:nightshade family
273:
272:
229:Solanum melongena
211:S. melongena
16:(Redirected from
7456:
7449:Fruit vegetables
7389:
7388:
7376:
7375:
7366:
7365:
7353:
7352:
7340:
7339:
7327:
7326:
7314:
7313:
7301:
7300:
7288:
7287:
7275:
7274:
7262:
7261:
7252:
7251:
7239:
7238:
7236:NBNSYS0200003200
7226:
7225:
7213:
7212:
7200:
7199:
7187:
7186:
7174:
7173:
7161:
7160:
7148:
7147:
7135:
7134:
7122:
7121:
7109:
7108:
7096:
7095:
7083:
7082:
7070:
7069:
7057:
7056:
7044:
7043:
7031:
7030:
7018:
7017:
7008:
7007:
6995:
6994:
6985:
6984:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6928:
6927:
6921:
6905:
6892:
6891:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6737:
6705:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6534:
6516:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6432:
6426:. Archived from
6425:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6400:on 16 March 2015
6399:
6388:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6310:
6279:J Sci Food Agric
6276:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6159:
6108:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6041:
6035:
6032:
6021:
6020:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5871:"Adobong Talong"
5867:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5697:The Korea Herald
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5586:. Archived from
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5520:. Archived from
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5436:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5342:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5313:
5304:
5298:
5287:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5258:
5249:
5242:
5231:
5215:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5186:
5180:
5163:, 1886, reprint
5157:
5151:
5097:
5072:
5062:
5056:
5045:
5039:
4996:
4990:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4935:
4929:
4915:
4909:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4846:
4823:Theor Appl Genet
4814:
4808:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4757:
4751:
4707:
4701:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4518:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4488:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4214:on 11 March 2016
4210:. Archived from
4201:
4184:(4): 1697–1711.
4169:
4163:
4149:
4143:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4088:
4082:
4065:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3829:
3811:
3803:
3799:Solanum oviferum
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3713:hypersensitivity
3670:chlorogenic acid
3615:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3420:cross-pollinated
3408:Hand pollination
3176:
3101:
3085:
3068:
3051:
3034:
3017:
3007:
2974:
2973:
2867:
2863:
2763:, also known as
2747:kashk o badenjan
2649:
2634:
2619:
2600:
2585:
2570:
2439:salată de vinete
2398:patlıcan şakşuka
2370:kashk e bademjan
2311:
2299:
2277:
2248:salată de vinete
2158:
2142:
2127:
2112:
2096:
2071:rellenong talong
2026:
2007:
1971:
1970:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1885:Japanese cuisine
1854:
1853:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1720:
1696:
1688:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1450:this section by
1441:inline citations
1420:
1419:
1412:
1220:The Arabic word
1147:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1094:
1088:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1020:definite article
816:
815:
814:
813:
811:
803:
795:
666:in 12th-century
586:
577:
568:
559:
550:
513:
512:
508:
505:
361:several cuisines
263:
256:
252:Solanum ovigerum
231:
197:
181:
74:
73:
55:
43:
42:
21:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7384:
7379:
7371:
7369:
7361:
7356:
7348:
7343:
7335:
7330:
7322:
7317:
7309:
7304:
7296:
7291:
7283:
7280:Observation.org
7278:
7270:
7265:
7257:
7255:
7247:
7242:
7234:
7229:
7221:
7216:
7208:
7203:
7195:
7190:
7182:
7177:
7169:
7164:
7156:
7151:
7143:
7138:
7130:
7125:
7117:
7112:
7104:
7099:
7091:
7086:
7078:
7073:
7065:
7060:
7052:
7047:
7039:
7034:
7026:
7021:
7013:
7011:
7003:
6998:
6990:
6988:
6980:
6978:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6935:
6925:
6924:
6918:Wayback Machine
6906:
6895:
6872:
6868:
6829:
6825:
6782:
6778:
6755:
6751:
6706:
6697:
6668:
6664:
6635:(2–3): 119–23.
6625:
6621:
6611:
6609:
6604:
6603:
6599:
6552:
6548:
6493:
6489:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6450:
6446:
6436:
6434:
6433:on 13 June 2010
6430:
6423:
6417:
6413:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6386:
6380:
6376:
6366:
6364:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6340:
6338:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6285:(13): 2774–84.
6274:
6268:
6264:
6254:
6252:
6237:
6220:
6216:
6206:
6204:
6186:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6160:
6111:
6102:
6098:
6077:(50): 137–138.
6067:
6063:
6056:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6024:
6017:
6003:
5999:
5992:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5951:
5947:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5913:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5882:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5854:
5852:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5824:
5822:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5792:
5785:
5769:
5765:
5755:
5753:
5746:
5730:
5726:
5716:
5714:
5694:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5661:
5657:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5574:
5570:
5560:
5558:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5525:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5471:
5469:
5454:
5450:
5413:
5409:
5386:
5382:
5343:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5305:
5301:
5288:
5281:
5271:
5269:
5262:"Guinea squash"
5260:
5259:
5252:
5243:
5234:
5216:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5196:on 12 June 2018
5188:
5187:
5183:
5158:
5154:
5098:
5075:
5063:
5059:
5046:
5042:
5019:Wayback Machine
5007:Wayback Machine
4997:
4993:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4916:
4912:
4898:
4894:
4884:
4882:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4815:
4811:
4801:Wayback Machine
4790:
4786:
4775:
4773:
4758:
4754:
4748:Wayback Machine
4735:Wayback Machine
4722:Wayback Machine
4708:
4704:
4698:Wayback Machine
4691:by Ibn Al-Awwam
4686:
4682:
4675:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4636:
4629:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4578:
4574:
4565:
4563:
4548:
4544:
4531:
4529:
4519:
4515:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4421:
4419:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4367:Southern Living
4361:
4360:
4356:
4295:
4291:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4170:
4166:
4150:
4146:
4129:
4125:
4120:. 21 June 2005.
4116:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4098:on 1 April 2016
4090:
4089:
4085:
4079:Wayback Machine
4066:
4062:
4057:
4052:
3995:
3988:
3985:
3838:cockroach berry
3833:Solanum incanum
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3767:Solanum insanum
3761:
3753:
3751:Melongena ovata
3737:junior synonyms
3725:
3678:
3640:
3587:
3585:
3569:
3567:
3551:
3549:
3533:
3531:
3515:
3513:
3502:
3490:
3388:frost-free date
3371:
3314:
3309:
3267:
3254:
3241:
3228:
3215:
3202:
3189:
3177:
3147:
3134:
3121:
3108:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3066:
3058:
3049:
3041:
3032:
3024:
3015:
3008:
2979:
2968:
2963:
2944:
2939:
2900:
2895:
2862:
2789:). Variants of
2760:mast o badenjan
2664:Iranian cuisine
2660:
2653:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2530:Kitāb al-Ṭabikh
2427:melitzanosalata
2365:Iranian cuisine
2322:
2315:
2312:
2303:
2300:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2104:
2097:
2047:
2040:
2027:
2018:
2008:
1936:
1916:
1897:same characters
1843:Chinese cuisine
1836:
1812:meat substitute
1784:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1721:
1719:
1709:
1697:
1686:
1681:
1636:
1599:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1445:
1431:related reading
1421:
1417:
1410:
1379:
1198:
1032:
998:The Indic word
896:
847:British English
809:
806:
805:
804:
782:
773:was also used.
729:
710:
602:
597:
596:
595:
594:
589:
588:
587:
579:
578:
570:
569:
561:
560:
552:
551:
510:
506:
503:
501:
452:
264:
261:
259:Solanum trongum
257:
254:
238:
233:
227:
214:
195:
179:
68:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Solanum insanum
15:
12:
11:
5:
7462:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7444:Tropical fruit
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7386:wfo-0001029464
7377:
7367:
7354:
7341:
7328:
7315:
7302:
7289:
7276:
7263:
7253:
7240:
7227:
7214:
7201:
7188:
7175:
7162:
7149:
7136:
7123:
7110:
7097:
7084:
7071:
7058:
7045:
7032:
7019:
7009:
6996:
6986:
6976:
6961:
6945:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6923:
6922:
6893:
6882:(42): 2081–3.
6866:
6839:(2): 101–102.
6823:
6776:
6749:
6695:
6682:(5): 638–646.
6662:
6619:
6597:
6562:(3): 261–275.
6546:
6487:
6474:
6444:
6411:
6374:
6348:
6322:
6262:
6235:
6214:
6180:
6109:
6096:
6061:
6054:
6036:
6022:
6015:
5997:
5990:
5972:
5965:
5945:
5923:
5892:
5875:Kawaling Pinoy
5862:
5845:Eat Your World
5832:
5802:
5783:
5763:
5744:
5724:
5688:
5655:
5637:
5619:
5601:
5568:
5535:
5509:
5479:
5448:
5407:
5390:J Environ Biol
5380:
5332:
5299:
5279:
5250:
5232:
5207:
5181:
5152:
5073:
5057:
5040:
5036:10.17226/11763
4991:
4978:
4952:
4930:
4910:
4892:
4862:
4809:
4784:
4752:
4715:Diccionari.cat
4702:
4680:
4673:
4655:
4648:
4627:
4612:
4602:
4572:
4542:
4513:
4451:
4429:
4404:
4379:
4354:
4289:
4264:
4225:
4164:
4144:
4123:
4109:
4083:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4011:Eggplant emoji
4008:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3984:
3981:
3976:S. lasiocarpum
3949:Peter Thonning
3900:S. aethiopicum
3884:S. aethiopicum
3842:S. capsicoides
3813:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3775:Solanum longum
3772:
3764:
3756:
3724:
3721:
3677:
3674:
3668:in the fruit,
3639:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3622:United Nations
3612:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3486:
3447:potato beetles
3370:
3367:
3329:
3328:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2858:
2808:badenjan-polow
2715:or especially
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2551:Judaeo-Spanish
2549:. The classic
2547:Ottoman Empire
2521:medieval Spain
2376:mirza ghassemi
2373:, tomatoes as
2357:Middle Eastern
2339:, the Turkish
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2294:
2238:baingan bharta
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2079:adobong talong
2066:tortang talong
2046:
2045:Southeast Asia
2043:
2042:
2041:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2009:
2002:
1960:Korean cuisine
1874:Yunnan cuisine
1835:
1832:
1786:
1785:
1700:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1478:
1477:
1435:external links
1424:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1378:
1375:
1363:folk-etymology
1322:
1321:
1316:, recorded in
1311:
1306:, recorded in
1301:
1295:
1290:, recorded in
1197:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1184:in La Réunion.
1178:
1171:folk-etymology
1161:
1097:
1096:
1079:
1031:
1028:
1018:(or, with the
895:
892:
891:
890:
880:
862:
781:
775:
728:
722:
709:
706:
672:southern Italy
601:
598:
591:
590:
581:
580:
572:
571:
563:
562:
554:
553:
545:
544:
543:
542:
541:
451:
448:
271:
270:
247:
246:
240:
239:
234:
223:
222:
216:
215:
208:
206:
202:
201:
190:
186:
185:
174:
170:
169:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
125:
124:
119:
112:
111:
106:
99:
98:
93:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7461:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7387:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7364:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7250:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7010:
7006:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6972:
6966:
6962:
6957:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6929:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6870:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6780:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6753:
6745:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6690:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6623:
6607:
6601:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6550:
6542:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6491:
6477:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6396:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6218:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6169:
6165:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6106:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6057:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6018:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5993:
5991:973-95583-2-1
5987:
5983:
5976:
5968:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5949:
5933:
5927:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5790:
5786:
5784:9781579658823
5780:
5776:
5775:
5767:
5751:
5747:
5745:9781462911028
5741:
5737:
5736:
5728:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5659:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5572:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5539:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5427:(2): 135–46.
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5403:
5399:
5396:(5): 641–53.
5395:
5391:
5384:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5126:mad-apple, n.
5123:
5120:"; and 2000,
5119:
5118:melongene, n.
5115:
5111:
5110:melongena, n.
5107:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5071:
5069:
5061:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4995:
4988:
4982:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4940:
4934:
4928:, footnote 1.
4927:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4896:
4880:
4876:
4875:Kitchen Daily
4872:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4771:
4768:(in French).
4767:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4651:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4471:(153): 1–15.
4470:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4439:
4433:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4229:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4162:
4161:1-56022-901-2
4158:
4154:
4148:
4141:
4140:1-57444-551-0
4137:
4133:
4127:
4119:
4113:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:"Aubergine",
4064:
4060:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3971:S. zeylanicum
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3924:S. esculentum
3920:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:S. amblymerum
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3759:Solanum album
3757:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3496:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3463:crop rotation
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:carbohydrates
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3031:Riboflavin (B
3028:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:Dietary fiber
2913:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:Carbohydrates
2887:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2865:Eggplant, raw
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:Boshaq At'ema
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:Kitab al-hawi
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2527:cuisine. The
2526:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2437:and Romanian
2436:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:baba ghanoush
2415:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:masala spices
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2245:, similar to
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2145:Simple fried
2141:
2136:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1943:
1931:
1923:
1908:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1782:
1779:
1771:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729: –
1728:
1724:
1723:Find sources:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1701:This section
1699:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1471:
1463:
1460:December 2018
1453:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:guinea squash
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1279:and medieval
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:and (through
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:(al-)bāḏinjān
1037:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
983:. The modern
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
964:
960:
957:
953:
949:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
928:
924:
921:
918:word include
917:
913:
905:
900:
888:
887:Linnaean name
884:
881:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
841:
840:
839:
837:
832:
830:
829:
828:Hobson-Jobson
824:
820:
812:
802:
798:
791:
787:
779:
774:
772:
771:vegetable egg
768:
764:
759:
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
726:
721:
714:
705:
703:
698:
696:
692:
687:
683:
678:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
629:
619:
616:Varieties of
614:
606:
585:
576:
567:
558:
549:
540:
537:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
515:
498:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
457:
447:
445:
441:
438:, and one in
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
411:culinary arts
408:
407:micronutrient
404:
403:macronutrient
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
354:
349:
345:
342:) is a plant
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
268:
260:
253:
248:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
224:
221:
220:Binomial name
217:
213:
212:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
182:Leptostemonum
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:Tracheophytes
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
72:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7311:tro-29600121
6940:
6908:
6879:
6878:(in Dutch).
6875:
6869:
6836:
6832:
6826:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6765:(1): 59–62.
6762:
6758:
6752:
6717:
6713:
6679:
6675:
6665:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6610:. Retrieved
6600:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6504:
6500:
6490:
6479:, retrieved
6457:
6447:
6435:. Retrieved
6428:the original
6414:
6404:14 September
6402:. Retrieved
6395:the original
6390:
6377:
6365:. Retrieved
6351:
6339:. Retrieved
6325:
6282:
6278:
6265:
6253:. Retrieved
6225:
6217:
6205:. Retrieved
6196:
6183:
6171:. Retrieved
6167:
6104:
6099:
6074:
6064:
6045:
6039:
6006:
6000:
5981:
5975:
5955:
5948:
5935:. Retrieved
5926:
5914:. Retrieved
5909:
5905:
5895:
5883:. Retrieved
5874:
5865:
5853:. Retrieved
5844:
5835:
5823:. Retrieved
5814:
5805:
5793:. Retrieved
5773:
5766:
5754:. Retrieved
5734:
5727:
5715:. Retrieved
5704:
5691:
5679:. Retrieved
5668:
5658:
5649:
5640:
5631:
5622:
5613:
5604:
5592:. Retrieved
5588:the original
5581:
5571:
5559:. Retrieved
5550:Post-Gazette
5548:
5538:
5526:. Retrieved
5522:the original
5512:
5500:. Retrieved
5492:BBC GoodFood
5491:
5482:
5470:. Retrieved
5461:
5451:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5350:
5346:
5323:. Retrieved
5302:
5270:. Retrieved
5248:, p. 370-372
5245:
5223:
5217:
5198:. Retrieved
5194:the original
5184:
5176:
5160:
5155:
5143:
5135:
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5099:
5067:
5060:
5052:
5043:
5010:
4994:
4981:
4969:. Retrieved
4955:
4943:. Retrieved
4933:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4899:
4895:
4883:. Retrieved
4879:the original
4874:
4865:
4856:
4826:
4822:
4812:
4805:John Gerarde
4792:
4787:
4774:. Retrieved
4769:
4765:
4755:
4739:
4726:
4710:
4705:
4688:
4683:
4664:
4658:
4639:
4621:
4615:
4607:
4585:
4575:
4566:16 September
4564:, retrieved
4555:
4545:
4537:
4530:. Retrieved
4526:
4516:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4442:. Retrieved
4432:
4420:. Retrieved
4416:
4407:
4395:. Retrieved
4391:
4382:
4370:. Retrieved
4366:
4357:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4280:. Retrieved
4276:
4267:
4255:. Retrieved
4241:
4235:
4228:
4216:. Retrieved
4212:the original
4181:
4177:
4167:
4152:
4147:
4131:
4126:
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4096:the original
4086:
4069:
4063:
4040:
4031:Lao eggplant
3974:
3970:
3962:
3952:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3904:S. violaceum
3903:
3902:. An actual
3899:
3892:S. violaceum
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3854:
3841:
3831:
3815:A number of
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3706:
3702:
3679:
3651:
3641:
3629:
3608:
3603:
3482:Poperculella
3481:
3475:
3473:
3468:Verticillium
3466:
3459:spider mites
3451:flea beetles
3444:
3436:chili pepper
3424:
3400:
3396:flammability
3392:S. melongena
3391:
3372:
3349:, with only
3332:
3290:
3285:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2958:
2934:
2890:
2835:
2827:
2820:
2806:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2764:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2733:
2727:
2720:
2710:
2699:
2691:Ain-i-Akbari
2689:
2683:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2554:
2534:
2529:
2518:
2511:
2508:walnut paste
2497:
2485:
2471:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2403:imam bayıldı
2401:
2397:
2393:
2391:Turkish dish
2380:
2374:
2368:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2275:bharli vangi
2270:begun bhorta
2269:
2256:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2214:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2162:
2146:
2131:
2116:
2100:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2030:
2011:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1963:
1957:
1906:
1899:as Chinese (
1895:and use the
1892:
1888:
1882:
1867:
1860:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1828:
1805:
1801:cooking fats
1792:bitter taste
1789:
1774:
1765:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1722:
1710:Please help
1705:verification
1702:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1653:lepidopteran
1646:
1637:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1592:are popular.
1589:
1547:
1493:
1466:
1457:
1446:Please help
1438:
1399:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1366:
1358:
1357:The Italian
1356:
1351:
1346:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1297:
1287:
1274:
1270:melintzanion
1269:
1266:μελιντζάνιον
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1138:Through the
1137:
1098:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1033:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
997:
992:
988:
976:
972:
966:
962:
958:
951:
947:
934:
929:
922:
911:
909:
882:
868:
864:
849:(as well as
842:
835:
833:
826:
818:
796:
785:
783:
777:
770:
766:
762:
760:
756:planhigyn ŵy
755:
748:
735:is usual in
732:
730:
724:
719:
699:
688:
685:
680:
676:
668:Muslim Spain
664:Ibn Al-Awwam
633:
628:Qimin Yaoshu
626:
623:
617:
538:
516:
491:
453:
429:
426:bitter apple
425:
421:
418:domesticated
415:
387:chili pepper
376:
358:
352:
351:
350:Solanaceae.
331:
311:
299:
275:
274:
258:
251:
250:
228:
226:
210:
209:
193:
177:
165:
128:
115:
102:
89:
40:
7218:NatureServe
7153:iNaturalist
6965:Wikispecies
6720:(4): 1061.
6308:10251/63156
5502:16 November
5488:"Aubergine"
5353:(2): 92–8.
5295:Jews' apple
5291:brown, adj.
4908:'mad-apple'
4885:5 September
4309:(1): 6937.
4257:20 November
3997:Food portal
3896:de Candolle
3874:, known as
3867:eggplants (
3740:S. ovigerum
3662:polyphenols
3644:anthocyanin
3427:solanaceous
3355:Daily Value
3014:Thiamine (B
2848:to relieve
2846:expectorant
2750:as well as
2722:nankhoreshi
2638:Ratatouille
2543:Inquisition
2327:ratatouille
2265:West Bengal
2233:South Asian
2161:Philippine
2051:Philippines
1869:di sān xiān
1768:August 2018
1452:introducing
1402:West Indies
1389:. The term
1367:mela insana
1208:. The word
1175:brown-jolly
1102:alberenjena
1092:alberenjena
1024:al-bāḏinjān
871:, usual in
845:, usual in
780:-type names
763:garden eggs
727:-type names
691:nightshades
658:during the
481:and yellow
450:Description
109:Angiosperms
7403:Categories
7306:Plant List
6629:Toxicology
6507:(7): 857.
6164:"BĀDENJĀN"
6107:(pp. 341).
5885:6 December
5855:6 December
5825:6 December
5795:6 December
5756:6 December
5717:3 February
5681:3 February
5594:3 February
5561:3 February
5472:1 December
5272:9 November
5179:'brinjaul'
5169:185326363X
5049:garden, n.
4971:8 December
4961:"Eggplant"
4945:8 December
4939:"Eggplant"
4711:albergínia
4674:0415927463
4444:20 October
4438:"Eggplant"
4055:References
3912:S. brownii
3817:subspecies
3744:S. trongum
3717:histamines
3704:reported.
3501:Production
3488:Production
3432:whiteflies
3359:greenhouse
3235:Phosphorus
2842:black bile
2488:). In the
2473:escalivada
2409:karnıyarık
2342:karnıyarık
2257:begun-pora
2173:South Asia
1974:stir-fried
1922:秋茄子は嫁に食わすな
1907:hasamiyaki
1878:Dai people
1857:deep fried
1796:astringent
1794:, with an
1738:newspapers
1727:"Eggplant"
1643:transgenic
1639:Bt brinjal
1627:serpentium
1607:esculentum
1499:varieties—
1494:Different
1361:, through
1330:Tournefort
1318:Old French
1304:Melongiana
1262:melintzana
1258:μελιντζάνα
1254:matizanion
1250:ματιζάνιον
1120:albergaine
1059:Portuguese
1036:al-Andalus
1010:. Persian
1000:vātiṅ-gaṇa
985:Hindustani
981:flatulence
977:vātin-gāna
973:vātin-gāna
948:vātiṅ-gaṇa
873:South Asia
527:nicotinoid
436:South Asia
431:S. incanum
173:Subgenus:
155:Solanaceae
7409:Eggplants
7119:200020594
7106:200020594
6584:0892-7553
6523:2223-7747
6481:30 August
6083:0334-4088
5937:5 January
5916:21 August
5650:jisho.org
5632:jisho.org
5614:jisho.org
5325:31 August
5200:28 August
5190:"Brinjal"
5148:aubergine
5112:'; 2000,
4987:egg-plant
4772:: 409–436
4331:2045-2322
4072:, undated
3941:subinerme
3933:aculeatum
3888:violaceum
3865:Ethiopian
3857:taxonomic
3821:varieties
3676:Allergies
3658:oxidation
3638:Chemistry
3594:Indonesia
3440:trap crop
3383:temperate
3351:manganese
3248:Potassium
3222:Manganese
3209:Magnesium
3141:Vitamin K
3128:Vitamin E
3115:Vitamin C
3098:Folate (B
3082:Vitamin B
3048:Niacin (B
2860:Nutrition
2838:al-Biruni
2765:nazkhatun
2535:almodrote
2490:La Mancha
2482:Andalusia
2478:Catalonia
2431:Moroccan
2414:Levantine
2347:Levantine
1834:East Asia
1617:depressum
1597:Varieties
1501:cultivars
1496:cultivars
1488:cultivars
1408:Cultivars
1359:melanzana
1352:melongene
1326:melongēna
1298:Melongena
1288:Melanzāna
1182:bringelle
1167:brinjalle
1145:bringella
1132:belingèle
1126:albergame
1114:albergine
1108:aubergine
1086:berenjena
1075:beringela
1069:bringiela
1063:bringella
930:vaṟutuṇai
920:Malayalam
912:aubergine
843:Aubergine
838:include:
778:Aubergine
745:Icelandic
731:The name
530:alkaloids
487:oxidation
456:perennial
440:East Asia
399:Old World
395:New World
373:botanical
365:vegetable
300:aubergine
205:Species:
198:Melongena
189:Section:
145:Solanales
79:Kingdom:
46:Eggplant
7363:29600121
7358:Tropicos
7223:2.144588
7184:10971067
7171:820053-1
7012:BioLib:
6950:Wikidata
6914:Archived
6861:44805864
6853:15128323
6810:18681854
6771:18361104
6744:34434275
6657:10962130
6592:19062069
6541:32646004
6367:30 April
6361:Archived
6341:30 April
6335:Archived
6317:25328929
6249:Archived
6245:30844154
6207:28 March
6201:Archived
6191:(2024).
6091:23424987
5879:Archived
5849:Archived
5819:Archived
5789:Archived
5750:Archived
5711:Archived
5675:Archived
5555:Archived
5528:21 April
5496:Archived
5466:Archived
5443:24460889
5402:19295059
5375:10912063
5367:21865863
5347:GM Crops
5316:Archived
5266:Archived
5015:Archived
5003:Archived
4965:Archived
4924:, v. 1,
4853:27744490
4797:Archived
4776:30 April
4744:Archived
4731:Archived
4718:Archived
4694:Archived
4560:archived
4532:22 April
4505:33024567
4349:33767263
4218:3 August
4208:12196412
4178:Genetics
4075:Archived
3983:See also
3954:S. edule
3846:Linnaeus
3794:St.-Lag.
3723:Taxonomy
3694:profilin
3654:browning
3616:Source:
3504:million
3498:Country
3412:complete
3404:Mulching
3375:tropical
3363:genotype
3291:Quantity
3229:0.232 mg
3169:Quantity
3163:Minerals
3092:0.084 mg
3076:0.281 mg
3059:0.649 mg
3042:0.037 mg
3025:0.039 mg
3000:Quantity
2994:Vitamins
2799:fesenjan
2791:ab-gusht
2717:turmeric
2713:cinnamon
2672:bādemjān
2668:bādenjān
2625:eggplant
2590:Moussaka
2541:and the
2510:to make
2352:moussaka
2350:musakka/
2225:tomatoes
2060:pinakbet
2010:Chinese
1684:Culinary
1559:cucumber
1338:Linnaeus
1314:Melanjan
1308:Veronese
1292:Sicilian
1222:bāḏinjān
1158:brinjaul
1016:bāḏinjān
1012:bādingān
1008:bādingān
952:vātigama
941:Sanskrit
923:vaṟutina
910:All the
869:brinjaul
836:bāḏinjān
819:Bāḏinjān
797:bāḏinjān
786:eggplant
784:Whereas
749:eggaldin
733:eggplant
725:Eggplant
702:folklore
695:solanine
276:Eggplant
265:and see
244:Synonyms
194:Solanum
178:Solanum
151:Family:
135:Asterids
122:Eudicots
7424:Solanum
7205:MoBotPF
7132:2930617
7049:Ecocrop
6888:2812095
6818:2529638
6735:8353643
6637:Bibcode
6564:Bibcode
6532:7412487
6287:Bibcode
6255:21 June
6173:6 March
5228:brinjal
5140:brinjal
4844:5121176
4496:7506008
4473:Bibcode
4422:20 June
4397:20 June
4372:20 June
4340:7994816
4311:Bibcode
4282:20 June
4199:1462225
4102:4 April
3967:Scopoli
3861:scarlet
3850:Allioni
3810:Salisb.
3802:Salisb.
3762:Noronha
3647:nasunin
3620:of the
3618:FAOSTAT
3361:), and
3339:protein
3268:0.16 mg
3203:0.23 mg
3183:Calcium
2960:Protein
2854:catarrh
2831:bilious
2795:eshkana
2778:khoresh
2680:al-Razi
2676:Persian
2640:niçoise
2623:Almagro
2504:Georgia
2499:makdous
2465:Balkans
2463:in the
2449:Romania
2444:zacuscă
2434:zaalouk
2332:Italian
2284:peanuts
2280:coconut
2253:Romania
2213:), and
2203:chutney
2049:In the
2029:Korean
2013:yúxiāng
1989:bokkeum
1978:banchan
1862:yúxiāng
1752:scholar
1590:baigan,
1540:⁄
1526:⁄
1512:⁄
1448:improve
1342:species
1277:Italian
1210:melonge
1190:brinjal
1180:French
1154:brinjal
1082:Spanish
1004:Persian
989:baingan
965:in the
963:brinjal
959:vāiṃaṇa
956:Prakrit
865:Brinjal
794:باذنجان
751:or the
600:History
534:tobacco
509:⁄
483:stamens
479:corolla
475:flowers
378:Solanum
346:in the
344:species
312:brinjal
166:Solanum
161:Genus:
141:Order:
83:Plantae
7373:457626
7370:uBio:
7350:105486
7319:PLANTS
7298:494843
7285:133954
7256:NZOR:
7210:287158
7145:101312
7093:185014
7067:581188
7028:438646
6992:119826
6989:APDB:
6979:AoFP:
6886:
6859:
6851:
6816:
6808:
6769:
6742:
6732:
6655:
6590:
6582:
6539:
6529:
6521:
6501:Plants
6472:
6437:1 July
6315:
6243:
6233:
6089:
6081:
6052:
6013:
5988:
5963:
5781:
5742:
5670:Yibada
5441:
5400:
5373:
5365:
5173:p. 115
5167:
5026:
4926:p. 378
4851:
4841:
4782:p. 418
4671:
4646:
4600:
4503:
4493:
4347:
4337:
4329:
4206:
4196:
4159:
4138:
3939:, and
3937:inerme
3880:nakati
3827:viride
3807:Prachi
3709:atopic
3632:tonnes
3591:
3576:Turkey
3573:
3555:
3537:
3519:
3506:tonnes
3455:aphids
3255:229 mg
3148:3.5 μg
3135:0.3 mg
3122:2.2 mg
2967:0.98 g
2943:0.18 g
2910:3.53 g
2906:Sugars
2899:5.88 g
2876:Energy
2850:asthma
2817:Kerman
2801:, and
2769:Tehran
2738:yogurt
2704:s per
2588:Greek
2553:song "
2525:Jewish
2460:pinjur
2451:, and
2387:yogurt
2361:tahini
2355:, and
2261:Odisha
2229:spices
2227:, and
2221:onions
2216:achaar
2211:vankai
2199:Odisha
2184:sambar
2147:Terong
2132:Terong
2117:Terong
2101:Terong
2055:talong
2034:-gaji-
2032:dureup
2015:-qiézi
1992:, and
1893:nasubi
1864:-qiézi
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1554:Yamuna
1550:Ganges
1486:Three
1395:Guinea
1391:guinea
1129:, and
954:) and
885:, the
855:French
851:German
825:. The
810:listen
790:Arabic
648:Arabic
644:Jewish
640:Muslim
497:leaves
473:. The
463:annual
444:tonnes
391:potato
389:, and
383:tomato
332:baigan
330:), or
7267:NZPCN
7197:30446
7179:IRMNG
7158:63190
7088:EUNIS
7080:SOLME
7041:6YTHR
7015:40759
7005:69396
6956:Q7540
6857:S2CID
6814:S2CID
6612:2 May
6588:S2CID
6431:(PDF)
6424:(PDF)
6398:(PDF)
6387:(PDF)
6275:(PDF)
6087:JSTOR
5371:S2CID
5319:(PDF)
5312:(PDF)
4803:, by
3929:Dunal
3786:Dunal
3778:Roxb.
3754:Mill.
3604:World
3558:Egypt
3540:India
3522:China
3416:self-
3337:, 1%
3297:Water
3242:24 mg
3216:14 mg
3109:22 μg
2742:kashk
2608:basil
2604:Penne
2454:ajvar
2423:Greek
2243:gojju
2235:dish
2207:curry
2189:dalma
2179:India
2084:adobo
1983:namul
1847:qiézi
1824:calyx
1816:vegan
1759:JSTOR
1745:books
1641:is a
1625:var.
1623:S. m.
1615:var.
1613:S. m.
1605:var.
1603:S. m.
1433:, or
1340:as a
1334:genus
1332:as a
1281:Latin
1246:melas
1242:μέλας
1226:Greek
993:began
927:Tamil
859:Dutch
753:Welsh
747:term
656:Arabs
523:seeds
519:berry
494:lobed
471:spiny
422:thorn
369:berry
262:Poir.
255:Dunal
196:sect.
180:subg.
129:Clade
116:Clade
103:Clade
90:Clade
7332:POWO
7324:SOME
7272:4320
7249:4111
7244:NCBI
7192:ITIS
7166:IPNI
7140:GRIN
7127:GBIF
7075:EPPO
7054:1965
7023:BOLD
7000:APNI
6982:1759
6884:PMID
6849:PMID
6806:PMID
6767:PMID
6740:PMID
6653:PMID
6614:2023
6580:ISSN
6537:PMID
6519:ISSN
6483:2024
6470:ISBN
6439:2009
6406:2014
6369:2017
6343:2017
6313:PMID
6257:2024
6241:PMID
6231:ISBN
6209:2024
6175:2022
6079:ISSN
6050:ISBN
6011:ISBN
5986:ISBN
5961:ISBN
5939:2020
5918:2023
5887:2018
5857:2018
5827:2018
5797:2018
5779:ISBN
5758:2018
5740:ISBN
5719:2018
5683:2018
5596:2018
5563:2018
5530:2013
5504:2018
5474:2016
5439:PMID
5398:PMID
5363:PMID
5327:2012
5293:", "
5274:2017
5224:s.v.
5202:2018
5177:s.v.
5165:ISBN
5144:s.v.
5136:s.v.
5122:s.v.
5114:s.v.
5106:s.v.
5024:ISBN
4973:2017
4947:2017
4906:s.v.
4887:2012
4849:PMID
4778:2023
4669:ISBN
4644:ISBN
4598:ISBN
4568:2018
4534:2021
4501:PMID
4446:2023
4424:2024
4399:2024
4374:2024
4345:PMID
4327:ISSN
4284:2024
4259:2014
4220:2012
4204:PMID
4157:ISBN
4136:ISBN
4104:2016
3947:and
3878:and
3876:gilo
3863:and
3848:and
3836:and
3819:and
3742:and
3652:The
3598:0.7
3580:0.8
3562:1.4
3377:and
3300:92 g
3261:Zinc
3196:Iron
3190:9 mg
2852:and
2815:and
2813:Fars
2803:kuku
2773:mint
2706:seer
2658:Iran
2263:and
2036:jeon
1995:jeon
1964:gaji
1912:挟み焼き
1889:nasu
1818:and
1731:news
1679:Uses
1552:and
991:and
945:Pali
943:and
925:and
875:and
857:and
739:and
642:and
405:and
267:text
34:and
7381:WFO
7345:RHS
7231:NBN
7114:FoC
7101:FNA
7062:EoL
7036:CoL
6880:133
6841:doi
6798:doi
6730:PMC
6722:doi
6684:doi
6680:132
6645:doi
6633:148
6572:doi
6527:PMC
6509:doi
6462:doi
6303:hdl
6295:doi
6197:FDA
5429:doi
5355:doi
5068:OED
5053:OED
5032:doi
4839:PMC
4831:doi
4827:129
4590:doi
4510:PDF
4491:PMC
4481:doi
4335:PMC
4319:doi
4194:PMC
4186:doi
4182:161
3969:'s
3965:).
3894:of
3660:of
3544:13
3526:38
3418:or
3373:In
3343:fat
3227:10%
3174:%DV
3005:%DV
2936:Fat
2920:3 g
2767:in
2753:ash
2701:dam
2694:of
2674:in
2670:or
2662:In
2519:In
2476:in
2457:or
2447:in
2251:in
2241:or
2201:),
2194:dal
2191:(a
1958:In
1891:or
1883:In
1841:In
1814:in
1714:by
1667:).
1385:in
1054:-:
1052:alb
1034:In
1006:as
867:or
654:by
489:).
465:in
424:or
371:by
310:),
298:),
7405::
7383::
7360::
7347::
7334::
7321::
7308::
7295::
7282::
7269::
7246::
7233::
7220::
7207::
7194::
7181::
7168::
7155::
7142::
7129::
7116::
7103::
7090::
7077::
7064::
7051::
7038::
7025::
7002::
6967::
6952::
6896:^
6855:.
6847:.
6837:50
6835:.
6812:.
6804:.
6794:38
6792:.
6763:18
6761:.
6738:.
6728:.
6718:22
6716:.
6712:.
6698:^
6678:.
6674:.
6651:.
6643:.
6631:.
6586:.
6578:.
6570:.
6558:.
6535:.
6525:.
6517:.
6503:.
6499:.
6468:,
6456:,
6389:.
6333:.
6311:.
6301:.
6293:.
6283:94
6281:.
6277:.
6247:.
6239:.
6199:.
6195:.
6166:.
6112:^
6085:.
6073:.
6025:^
5908:.
5904:.
5873:.
5847:.
5843:.
5813:.
5787:.
5748:.
5709:.
5703:.
5673:.
5667:.
5648:.
5630:.
5612:.
5580:.
5553:.
5547:.
5494:.
5490:.
5464:.
5460:.
5437:.
5425:12
5423:.
5419:.
5394:29
5392:.
5369:.
5361:.
5349:.
5335:^
5282:^
5253:^
5235:^
5230:'.
5210:^
5175:,
5171:,
5150:'.
5076:^
5051:"
5030:,
4985:"'
4920:,
4873:.
4855:.
4847:.
4837:.
4825:.
4821:.
4770:19
4630:^
4606:.
4596:.
4588:.
4584:.
4558:,
4554:,
4536:.
4525:.
4499:.
4489:.
4479:.
4467:.
4463:.
4415:.
4390:.
4365:.
4343:.
4333:.
4325:.
4317:.
4307:11
4305:.
4301:.
4275:.
4250:,
4246:.
4240:.
4202:.
4192:.
4180:.
4176:.
3979:.
3935:,
3914:.
3770:L.
3696:,
3692:,
3672:.
3649:.
3609:59
3471:.
3453:,
3449:,
3422:.
3390:.
3365:.
3266:1%
3253:8%
3240:2%
3214:3%
3201:1%
3188:1%
3146:3%
3133:2%
3120:2%
3107:6%
3090:5%
3074:6%
3057:4%
3040:3%
3023:3%
2856:.
2797:,
2793:,
2561:.
2516:.
2467:.
2282:,
2223:,
2205:,
2087:.
1998:.
1986:,
1969:가지
1955:.
1947:,
1927:,
1902:茄子
1852:茄子
1437:,
1429:,
1397:.
1373:.
1354:.
1234:b-
1230:m-
1216:-.
1173:)
1156:,
1123:,
1117:,
1089:,
1072:,
1066:,
1022:,
995:.
932:.
861:).
853:,
817:.
792::
758:.
697:.
536:.
428:,
413:.
385:,
340:GY
338:,
336:IN
328:ZA
326:,
324:MY
322:,
320:SG
318:,
316:IN
308:IE
306:,
304:UK
296:PH
294:,
292:NZ
290:,
288:AU
286:,
284:CA
282:,
280:US
236:L.
131::
118::
105::
92::
6890:.
6863:.
6843::
6820:.
6800::
6773:.
6746:.
6724::
6692:.
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