2177:. This philosophy greatly relaxes the epistemological commitments of logical positivism and no longer claims a separation between the knower and the known. Rather than dismissing the scientific project outright, postpositivists seek to transform and amend it, though the exact extent of their affinity for science varies vastly. For example, some postpositivists accept the critique that observation is always value-laden, but argue that the best values to adopt for sociological observation are those of science: skepticism, rigor, and modesty. Just as some critical theorists see their position as a moral commitment to egalitarian values, these postpositivists see their methods as driven by a moral commitment to these scientific values. Such scholars may see themselves as either positivists or antipositivists.
433:
science" because "the history of one science, including pure political history, would make no sense unless it was attached to the study of the general progress of all of humanity". As Comte would say: "from science comes prediction; from prediction comes action". It is a philosophy of human intellectual development that culminated in science. The irony of this series of phases is that though Comte attempted to prove that human development has to go through these three stages, it seems that the positivist stage is far from becoming a realization. This is due to two truths: The positivist phase requires having a complete understanding of the universe and world around us and requires that society should never know if it is in this positivist phase.
354:"positivity," which is simply the degree to which the phenomena can be exactly determined. This, as may be readily seen, is also a measure of their relative complexity, since the exactness of a science is in inverse proportion to its complexity. The degree of exactness or positivity is, moreover, that to which it can be subjected to mathematical demonstration, and therefore mathematics, which is not itself a concrete science, is the general gauge by which the position of every science is to be determined. Generalizing thus, Comte found that there were five great groups of phenomena of equal classificatory value but of successively decreasing positivity. To these he gave the names astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and sociology.
2836:"Positivism is a way of understanding based on science"; people don't rely on the faith in God but instead on the science behind humanity. "Antipositivism" formally dates back to the start of the twentieth century, and is based on the belief that natural and human sciences are ontologically and epistemologically distinct. Neither of these terms is used any longer in this sense. There are no fewer than twelve distinct epistemologies that are referred to as positivism. Many of these approaches do not self-identify as "positivist", some because they themselves arose in opposition to older forms of positivism, and some because the label has over time become a term of abuse by being mistakenly linked with a theoretical
3970:
existentialism. However, neo-positivism failed dismally to give a faithful account of science, whether natural or social. It failed because it remained anchored to sense-data and to a phenomenalist metaphysics, overrated the power of induction and underrated that of hypothesis, and denounced realism and materialism as metaphysical nonsense. Although it has never been practiced consistently in the advanced natural sciences and has been criticized by many philosophers, notably Popper (1959 , 1963), logical positivism remains the tacit philosophy of many scientists. Regrettably, the anti-positivism fashionable in the metatheory of social science is often nothing but an excuse for sloppiness and wild speculation.
285:
2214:, but does not end there. Positivism fails to prove that there are not abstract ideas, laws, and principles, beyond particular observable facts and relationships and necessary principles, or that we cannot know them. Nor does it prove that material and corporeal things constitute the whole order of existing beings, and that our knowledge is limited to them. According to positivism, our abstract concepts or general ideas are mere collective representations of the experimental orderâfor example; the idea of "man" is a kind of blended image of all the men observed in our experience. This runs contrary to a
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2096:). While both sides accepted that sociology cannot avoid a value judgement that inevitably influences subsequent conclusions, the critical theorists accused the critical rationalists of being positivists; specifically, of asserting that empirical questions can be severed from their metaphysical heritage and refusing to ask questions that cannot be answered with scientific methods. This contributed to what Karl Popper termed the "Popper Legend", a misconception among critics and admirers of Popper that he was, or identified himself as, a positivist.
441:
2851:). This popularity may be because research utilizing positivist quantitative methodologies holds a greater prestige in the social sciences than qualitative work; quantitative work is easier to justify, as data can be manipulated to answer any question. Such research is generally perceived as being more scientific and more trustworthy, and thus has a greater impact on policy and public opinion (though such judgments are frequently contested by scholars doing non-positivist work).
2840:. The extent of antipositivist criticism has also become broad, with many philosophies broadly rejecting the scientifically based social epistemology and other ones only seeking to amend it to reflect 20th century developments in the philosophy of science. However, positivism (understood as the use of scientific methods for studying society) remains the dominant approach to both the research and the theory construction in contemporary sociology, especially in the United States.
429:
different from the rest. There is no higher power governing the masses and the intrigue of any one person can achieve anything based on that individual's free will. The third principle is most important in the positive stage. Comte calls these three phases the universal rule in relation to society and its development. Neither the second nor the third phase can be reached without the completion and understanding of the preceding stage. All stages must be completed in progress.
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410:. Humanity's place in society was governed by its association with the divine presences and with the church. The theological phase deals with humankind's accepting the doctrines of the church (or place of worship) rather than relying on its rational powers to explore basic questions about existence. It dealt with the restrictions put in place by the religious organization at the time and the total acceptance of any "fact" adduced for society to believe.
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life about which knowledge was possible would eventually be drawn into the orbit of science The positivists' program for mapping the inexorable and immutable laws of matter and society seemed to allow no greater role for the contribution of poets than had Plato. What Plato represented as the quarrel between philosophy and poetry is resuscitated in the "two cultures" quarrel of more recent times between the humanities and the sciences.
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38:
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1558:, that accounts of Durkheim's positivism are possibly exaggerated and oversimplified; Comte was the only major sociological thinker to postulate that the social realm may be subject to scientific analysis in exactly the same way as natural science, whereas Durkheim saw a far greater need for a distinctly sociological scientific methodology. His lifework was fundamental in the establishment of practical
1497:(1858â1917). While Durkheim rejected much of the details of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method, maintaining that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisting that they may retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the
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1842:'s early work (which he himself later set out to refute); the idea that all knowledge should be codifiable in a single standard language of science; and above all the project of "rational reconstruction," in which ordinary-language concepts were gradually to be replaced by more precise equivalents in that standard language. However, the project is widely considered to have failed.
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the objective world, but were themselves a product of socially and historically mediated human consciousness. Positivism ignored the role of the 'observer' in the constitution of social reality and thereby failed to consider the historical and social conditions affecting the representation of social ideas. Positivism falsely represented the object of study by
1849:. This change of direction, and the somewhat differing beliefs of Reichenbach and others, led to a consensus that the English name for the shared doctrinal platform, in its American exile from the late 1930s, should be "logical empiricism." While the logical positivist movement is now considered dead, it has continued to influence philosophical development.
3475:(Destiny)" According to Davies (pp. 28â29), Comte's austere and "slightly dispiriting" philosophy of humanity viewed as alone in an indifferent universe (which can only be explained by "positive" science) and with nowhere to turn but to each other, was even more influential in Victorian England than the theories of Charles Darwin or Karl Marx.
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further, few practising scholars explicitly state their epistemological commitments, and their epistemological position thus has to be guessed from other sources such as choice of methodology or theory. However, no perfect correspondence between these categories exists, and many scholars critiqued as "positivists" are actually
476:, regarded by some as the first female sociologist. Debates continue to rage as to how much Comte appropriated from the work of his mentor, Saint-Simon. He was nevertheless influential: Brazilian thinkers turned to Comte's ideas about training a scientific elite in order to flourish in the industrialization process.
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and others. According to this way of thinking, a scientific theory is a mathematical model that describes and codifies the observations we make. A good theory will describe a large range of phenomena on the basis of a few simple postulates and will make definite predictions that can be tested. ... If
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was the first working-class adherent to Comte's ideas, and became the leader of a movement known as "Proletarian
Positivism". Comte appointed Magnin as his successor as president of the Positive Society in the event of Comte's death. Magnin filled this role from 1857 to 1880, when he resigned. Magnin
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The positivists have a simple solution: the world must be divided into that which we can say clearly and the rest, which we had better pass over in silence. But can any one conceive of a more pointless philosophy, seeing that what we can say clearly amounts to next to nothing? If we omitted all that
432:
Comte believed that the appreciation of the past and the ability to build on it towards the future was key in transitioning from the theological and metaphysical phases. The idea of progress was central to Comte's new science, sociology. Sociology would "lead to the historical consideration of every
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Positivism is marked by the final recognition that science provides the only valid form of knowledge and that facts are the only possible objects of knowledge; philosophy is thus recognized as essentially no different from science Ethics, politics, social interactions, and all other forms of human
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ideal, where an idea can be abstracted from any concrete determination, and may be applied identically to an indefinite number of objects of the same class. From the idea's perspective, Platonism is more precise. Defining an idea as a sum of collective images is imprecise and more or less confused,
2796:
While most social scientists today are not explicit about their epistemological commitments, articles in top
American sociology and political science journals generally follow a positivist logic of argument. It can be thus argued that "natural science and social science can therefore be regarded
2164:
criticized the classic formulation of positivism on two grounds. First, he claimed that it falsely represented human social action. The first criticism argued that positivism systematically failed to appreciate the extent to which the so-called social facts it yielded did not exist 'out there', in
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or philosophy. By carefully examining suicide statistics in different police districts, he attempted to demonstrate that
Catholic communities have a lower suicide rate than Protestants, something he attributed to social (as opposed to individual or psychological) causes. He developed the notion of
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social reality as existing objectively and independently of the labour that actually produced those conditions. Secondly, he argued, representation of social reality produced by positivism was inherently and artificially conservative, helping to support the status quo, rather than challenging it.
428:
The final stage of the trilogy of Comte's universal law is the scientific, or positive, stage. The central idea of this phase is that individual rights are more important than the rule of any one person. Comte stated that the idea of humanity's ability to govern itself makes this stage inherently
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Echoes of the "positivist" and "antipositivist" debate persist today, though this conflict is hard to define. Authors writing in different epistemological perspectives do not phrase their disagreements in the same terms and rarely actually speak directly to each other. To complicate the issues
353:
The most important thing to determine was the natural order in which the sciences standânot how they can be made to stand, but how they must stand, irrespective of the wishes of any one. ... This Comte accomplished by taking as the criterion of the position of each the degree of what he called
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To conclude, logical positivism was progressive compared with the classical positivism of
Ptolemy, Hume, d'Alembert, Comte, Mill, and Mach. It was even more so by comparison with its contemporary rivalsâneo-Thomisism, neo-Kantianism, intuitionism, dialectical materialism, phenomenology, and
2835:
In the original
Comtean usage, the term "positivism" roughly meant the use of scientific methods to uncover the laws according to which both physical and human events occur, while "sociology" was the overarching science that would synthesize all such knowledge for the betterment of society.
2032:
states that it is impossible to experimentally test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because an empirical test of the hypothesis requires one or more background assumptions (also called auxiliary assumptions or auxiliary hypotheses); thus, unambiguous scientific falsifications are also
425:. This second phase states that the universal rights of humanity are most important. The central idea is that humanity is invested with certain rights that must be respected. In this phase, democracies and dictators rose and fell in attempts to maintain the innate rights of humanity.
1727:(see "Law, Legislation and Liberty") rejected positivism in the social sciences as hopelessly limited in comparison to evolved and divided knowledge. For example, much (positivist) legislation falls short in contrast to pre-literate or incompletely defined common or evolved law.
1686:; that much of what history studies is nonquantifiable, and therefore to quantify is to lose in precision; and that experimental methods and mathematical models do not generally apply to history, so that it is not possible to formulate general (quasi-absolute) laws in history.
2013:
a statement (for example, observing a black swan would prove that not all swans are white). Popper also held that scientific theories talk about how the world really is (not about phenomena or observations experienced by scientists), and critiqued the Vienna Circle in his
2070:
guides to research methods. Postpositivists argue that theories, hypotheses, background knowledge and values of the researcher can influence what is observed. Postpositivists pursue objectivity by recognizing the possible effects of biases. While positivists emphasize
1543:" to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study. Through such studies, he posited, sociology would be able to determine whether a given society is 'healthy' or 'pathological', and seek social reform to negate organic breakdown or "social
1861:, i.e., for contending that all "processes are reducible to physiological, physical or chemical events," "social processes are reducible to relationships between and actions of individuals," and that "biological organisms are reducible to physical systems."
133:, and other fields of thought. Generally, positivists attempted to introduce scientific methods to their respective fields. Since the turn of the 20th century, positivism, although still popular, has declined under criticism in parts of social sciences from
2879:
An insistence on at least some of these statements being testable; that is, amenable to being verified, confirmed, or shown to be false by the empirical observation of reality. Statements that would, by their nature, be regarded as untestable included the
2206:
started to question the positivist approach itself, saying that the arsenal of scientific theories and methods developed so far in their camp were "incapable of saying anything of depth and profundity" on the real problems of contemporary cities.
1868:
in 1725. Vico, in contrast to the positivist movement, asserted the superiority of the science of the human mind (the humanities, in other words), on the grounds that natural sciences tell us nothing about the inward aspects of things.
344:
in the modern sense of the term. For him, the physical sciences had necessarily to arrive first, before humanity could adequately channel its efforts into the most challenging and complex "Queen science" of human society itself. His
2259:, and then proceeding to attribute far greater homogeneity to their opponents than actually exists. Thus, it is better to understand this not as a debate but as two different arguments: the "antipositivist" articulation of a social
3463:"Comte's secular religion is no vague effusion of humanistic piety, but a complete system of belief and ritual, with liturgy and sacraments, priesthood and pontiff, all organized around the public veneration of Humanity, the
2009:. A statement such as "all swans are white" cannot actually be empirically verified, because it is impossible to know empirically whether all swans have been observed. Instead, Popper argued that at best an observation can
549:
and
Harriet Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity and his injunction to "vivre pour autrui" ("live for others", from which comes the word
2170:
This character may also explain the popularity of positivism in certain political circles. Horkheimer argued, in contrast, that critical theory possessed a reflexive element lacking in the positivistic traditional theory.
1875:
fought strenuously against the assumption that only explanations derived from science are valid. He reprised Vico's argument that scientific explanations do not reach the inner nature of phenomena and it is humanistic
1742:; thus its common meaning with philosophical positivism is somewhat attenuated and in recent generations generally emphasizes the authority of human political structures as opposed to a "scientific" view of law.
2941:
one takes the positivist position, as I do, one cannot say what time actually is. All one can do is describe what has been found to be a very good mathematical model for time and say what predictions it makes.
618:
in 1870. He wrote: "Positivism is not only a philosophical doctrine, it is also a political party which claims to reconcile orderâthe necessary basis for all social activityâwith
Progress, which is its goal."
3999:
The upshot is that the positivists seem caught between insisting on the V.C. âbut for no defensible reasonâor admitting that the V.C. requires a background language, etc., which opens the door to relativism,
2234:, which arose with second generation cognitive science, asserts that knowledge begins and ends with experience itself. In other words, it rejects the positivist assertion that a portion of human knowledge is
4221:: "The physicist can never subject an isolated hypothesis to experimental test, but only a whole group of hypotheses" (Duhem)... "Duhem denies that unambiguous falsification procedures do exist in science."
2173:
Some scholars today hold the beliefs critiqued in
Horkheimer's work, but since the time of his writing critiques of positivism, especially from philosophy of science, have led to the development of
1660:, and argued that its focus on the "collection of facts" had given historians "unprecedented mastery over small-scale problems", but "unprecedented weakness in dealing with large-scale problems".
561:
came about broadly as a reaction to Comte; writing after various developments in evolutionary biology, Spencer attempted (in vain) to reformulate the discipline in what we might now describe as
3050:
one of the features of positivism is precisely its postulate that scientific knowledge is the paradigm of valid knowledge, a postulate that indeed is never proved nor intended to be proved.
2936:
Any sound scientific theory, whether of time or of any other concept, should in my opinion be based on the most workable philosophy of science: the positivist approach put forward by
1917:
At the turn of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists formally introduced methodological antipositivism, proposing that research should concentrate on human cultural
1941:), sociologists should seek relationships that are not as "ahistorical, invariant, or generalizable" as those pursued by natural scientists. Weber regarded sociology as the study of
1598:, as a positivist, "It is not I who am speaking, but history itself". The heavy emphasis placed by historical positivists on documentary sources led to the development of methods of
1613:, who argued that the historian should seek to describe historical truth "wie es eigentlich gewesen ist" ("as it actually was")âthough subsequent historians of the concept, such as
1507:(1895). In this text he argued: "ur main goal is to extend scientific rationalism to human conduct... What has been called our positivism is but a consequence of this rationalism."
1644:
in postwar France, who both posited that interpretations are always ultimately multiple and there is no final objective truth to recover. In his posthumously published 1946
2906:
The belief that science involves the idea of the unity of science, that there is, underlying the various scientific disciplines, basically one science about one real world.
1864:
The consideration that laws in physics may not be absolute but relative, and, if so, this might be even more true of social sciences, was stated, in different terms, by
2800:
In contemporary social science, strong accounts of positivism have long since fallen out of favour. Practitioners of positivism today acknowledge in far greater detail
105:
Although the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of western thought, modern positivism was first articulated in the early 19th century by
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Holmes, Richard. 1997. "Genre analysis, and the social sciences: An investigation of the structure of research article discussion sections in three disciplines".
1995:
In the mid-twentieth century, several important philosophers and philosophers of science began to critique the foundations of logical positivism. In his 1934 work
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Durkheim, Ămile "The Rules of
Sociological Method" 8th edition, trans. Sarah A. Solovay and John M. Mueller, ed. George E. G. Catlin (1938, 1964 edition), p. 45
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The belief that science is nature and nature is science; and out of this duality, all theories and postulates are created, interpreted, evolve, and are applied.
2210:
According to the
Catholic Encyclopedia, Positivism has also come under fire on religious and philosophical grounds, whose proponents state that truth begins in
247:
In the early nineteenth century, massive advances in the natural sciences encouraged philosophers to apply scientific methods to other fields. Thinkers such as
1937:, one such thinker, argued that while sociology may be loosely described as a 'science' because it is able to identify causal relationships (especially among
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2451:
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2062:, but rather a reformation of positivism to meet these critiques. It reintroduces the basic assumptions of positivism: the possibility and desirability of
2832:: abstract statements that generalize from segregated hypotheses and empirical regularities rather than starting with an abstract idea of a social whole.
488:("Order and Progress") was taken from the positivism motto, "Love as principle, order as the basis, progress as the goal", which was also influential in
437:
argues that since humanity constantly uses science to discover and research new things, humanity never progresses beyond the second metaphysical phase.
340:. Observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and classifying the sciences in this way, Comte may be regarded as the first
2843:
The majority of articles published in leading American sociology and political science journals today are positivist (at least to the extent of being
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2185:
During the later twentieth century, positivism began to fall out of favor with scientists as well. Later in his career, German theoretical physicist
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2230:, have emerged in opposition to positivism. Critical realism seeks to reconcile the overarching aims of social science with postmodern critiques.
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2820:" and thus carries no explicit theoretical or philosophical commitments. The institutionalization of this kind of sociology is often credited to
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propositions; the rejection of metaphysics not as wrong but as meaningless (i.e., not empirically verifiable); a criterion of meaning based on
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and structural limitations. Modern positivists generally eschew metaphysical concerns in favour of methodological debates concerning clarity,
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1620:
Historical positivism was critiqued in the 20th century by historians and philosophers of history from various schools of thought, including
5220:
2251:. One scholar has described this debate in terms of the social construction of the "other", with each side defining the other by what it is
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arose between the critical theorists (see below) and the critical rationalists over the correct solution to the value judgment dispute (
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2824:, who pioneered large-scale survey studies and developed statistical techniques for analyzing them. This approach lends itself to what
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was a psychiatrist who was also involved in the Positivist movement, setting up a positivist club in Paris after the foundation of the
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Grant, Linda; Ward, Kathryn B.; Xue Lan Rong (1987). "Is There An Association between Gender and Methods in Sociological Research?".
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The belief that science rests on specific results that are dissociated from the personality and social position of the investigator;
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Within a few years, other scientific and philosophical thinkers began creating their own definitions for positivism. These included
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4920:(Lexington Books; 2012) 197 pages; Essays on positivism in the intellectual and political life of Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico.
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499:' for positivist societies in order to fulfil the cohesive function once held by traditional worship. In 1849, he proposed a
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Wilson, Matthew. 2020. "Rendering sociology: on the utopian positivism of Harriet Martineau and the âMumbo Jumbo club."
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fashion: the majority of economists do not explicitly concern themselves with matters of epistemology. Economic thinker
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Boudon, Raymond. 1991. "Review: What Middle-Range Theories are". Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 20 Num. 4 pp. 519â522.
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1819:'s advocacy that made the movement self-conscious and more widely known. A 1929 pamphlet written by Neurath, Hahn, and
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Bryman, Alan. 1984. "The Debate about Quantitative and Qualitative Research: A Question of Method or Epistemology?."
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2267:, and "positivist" development of a scientific research methodology for sociology with accompanying critiques of the
1997:
1903:âargues that sociologists should use empirical evidence to display the problems of society so they might be changed.
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5094:. "The Dynamics of Positivism in the Study of Public Administration: A Brief Intellectual History and Reappraisal",
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Turner, Mark. 2000. "Defining Discourses: The "Westminster Review", "Fortnightly Review", and Comte's Positivism."
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The origin of the historical positivist school is particularly associated with the 19th-century German historian
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and becomes more so as the collection represented increases. An idea defined explicitly always remains clear.
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Logical positivism grew from the discussions of a group called the "First Vienna Circle", which gathered at the
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Positivism and Imagination: Scientism and Its Limits in Emile Hennequin, Wilhelm Scherer and Dmitril Pisarev
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drew upon positivism, the Marxist tradition would also go on to influence the development of antipositivist
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De omweg van de wetenschap: het positivisme en de Belgische en Nederlandse intellectuele cultuur, 1845â1914
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2043:, put forward his theory of paradigm shifts. He argued that it is not simply individual theories but whole
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as we know it todayâtechniques which continue beyond sociology and form the methodological basis of other
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criticized historical positivism for conflating scientific facts with historical facts, which are always
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History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology: With an Epilogue on Psychiatry and the Mind-Body Relation.
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Claeys, Gregory. 2018. "Professor Beesly, Positivism and the International: the Patriotism Issue." In
4772:. 2017. "The Counterrevolutionary Comte: Theorist of the Two Powers and Enthusiastic Medievalist." In
1777:, the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world, with a version of
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5707:
5601:
5596:
5271:
4607:
Hanson, Barbara. 2008. "Wither Qualitative/Quantitative?: Grounds for Methodological Convergence."
2891:
2809:
2268:
2127:
1594:
to "speak for themselves", without additional interpretation. In the words of the French historian
1587:
948:
783:
529:
375:, proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for the truth according to a general "
4090:
1845:
After moving to the United States, Carnap proposed a replacement for the earlier doctrines in his
10489:
10317:
10268:
9750:
9497:
9492:
9465:
9400:
9354:
9349:
9284:
9177:
8877:
8710:
8586:
8520:
8342:
7763:
7704:
7657:
7515:
7478:
6846:
6761:
6751:
6675:
6541:
6513:
6117:
5830:
5633:
5611:
5356:
2996:
2860:
2686:
2021:
1880:
that gives us insight into thoughts, feelings and desires. Dilthey was in part influenced by the
1823:
summarized the doctrines of the Vienna Circle at that time. These included the opposition to all
1516:
1458:
1198:
1188:
1158:
1038:
1023:
988:
908:
903:
803:
402:. The theological phase of man was based on whole-hearted belief in all things with reference to
2900:
The belief that science contains theories or research traditions that are largely commensurable;
173:
in its philosophical sense of 'imposed on the mind by experience'. The corresponding adjective (
10499:
10484:
10444:
10216:
10039:
9705:
9695:
9113:
9039:
8996:
8824:
8744:
7896:
7828:
6908:
6746:
6324:
6299:
6289:
5541:
5507:
2561:
2508:
2115:
2029:
1709:
1498:
1183:
1113:
1103:
1083:
1068:
998:
968:
888:
793:
341:
95:
3932:
3811:
3731:
3701:
3568:
3137:
2903:
The belief that science sometimes incorporates new ideas that are discontinuous from old ones;
1773:(later and more accurately called logical empiricism) is a school of philosophy that combines
611:
10596:
10564:
10539:
10424:
10377:
10273:
10251:
10241:
10226:
10166:
10153:
10126:
9991:
9956:
9913:
9555:
9550:
9502:
9470:
9460:
9419:
9199:
9076:
8982:
8925:
8902:
8882:
8764:
8635:
8575:
8311:
8133:
8072:
8052:
7886:
7798:
7778:
7768:
7401:
7250:
6883:
6815:
6723:
6690:
6518:
6498:
6304:
6038:
5658:
5643:
5547:
4546:
4068:
3865:
3843:
3758:
3641:
3299:
3240:
2981:
2844:
2817:
2736:
2709:
2615:
2446:
2386:
2166:
2076:
2072:
1414:
1239:
1168:
1143:
1048:
973:
933:
893:
878:
843:
816:
743:
615:
599:
461:
3674:
3129:
10511:
10454:
10357:
10337:
10295:
10211:
10206:
10181:
10106:
9873:
9535:
9530:
9405:
9289:
9194:
9167:
9049:
8834:
8819:
8150:
8105:
8067:
8014:
7943:
7699:
7495:
7406:
7229:
7199:
6940:
6468:
6314:
6309:
6046:
5717:
5680:
5581:
5576:
5512:
5371:
4937:
Hoecker-Drysdale, Susan. 2001. "Harriet Martineau and the Positivism of Auguste Comte." In
4925:
Positivist Republic: Auguste Comte and the Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865â1920
4667:
Gartell, David, and Gartell, John. 1996. "Positivism in sociological practice: 1967â1990".
4358:
The Vienna Circle: Studies in the Origins, Development, and Influence of Logical Empiricism
3098:
2848:
2674:
2416:
2374:
2276:
2198:
is unclear we would probably be left with completely uninteresting and trivial tautologies.
2080:
2051:
1990:
1930:
1409:
1211:
1178:
1148:
983:
953:
943:
873:
858:
653:
648:
496:
489:
414:
407:
252:
248:
53:
8450:
1954:
1263:
306:, a series of texts published between 1830 and 1842. These texts were followed in 1844 by
8:
10825:
10504:
10494:
10352:
10322:
10246:
10231:
10191:
10186:
10111:
9996:
9597:
9279:
9172:
9147:
9132:
9061:
8912:
8907:
8887:
8789:
8774:
8769:
8570:
8291:
8246:
8236:
8195:
8143:
8128:
8057:
8037:
8019:
7851:
7818:
7679:
7666:
7473:
7270:
7181:
7136:
7042:
6928:
6741:
6589:
6185:
6022:
5470:
5453:
5407:
5397:
5264:
5091:
4769:
2991:
2364:
1958:
1839:
1781:, the idea that our knowledge includes a component that is not derived from observation.
1595:
1283:
1028:
928:
766:
753:
607:
504:
376:
372:
7003:
2865:
The key features of positivism as of the 1950s, as defined in the "received view", are:
10549:
10419:
10221:
10121:
10116:
9901:
9745:
9700:
9587:
9410:
9231:
9066:
9056:
8565:
8355:
8241:
8210:
8190:
8138:
8120:
8095:
8090:
8042:
8029:
7996:
7891:
7793:
7728:
7684:
7628:
7468:
7297:
7191:
7099:
6903:
6782:
6773:
6736:
6731:
6637:
6632:
6609:
6528:
6342:
6269:
6107:
6097:
5898:
5774:
5648:
5569:
5533:
5341:
4876:
Storia di un'utopia. La religione dell'UmanitĂ di Comte e la sua circolazione nel mondo
4814:
4786:
Ardao, Arturo. 1963. "Assimilation and Transformation of Positivism in Latin America."
4723:
4503:
4493:
3079:
3075:
2642:
2566:
2379:
2211:
2087:
2066:, and the use of experimental methodology. Postpositivism of this type is described in
1892:
1832:
1770:
1751:
1586:, historical or documentary positivism is the belief that historians should pursue the
1451:
1093:
1088:
1008:
963:
913:
883:
863:
723:
700:
61:
4378:
2876:, that is, with demonstrating the logical structure and coherence of these statements;
2123:
1617:, have argued that its development owed more to Ranke's followers than Ranke himself.
1554:
David Ashley and David M. Orenstein have alleged, in a consumer textbook published by
1359:
537:
organizations in the 19th century, especially through the work of secularists such as
113:
positivism holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to general
10699:
10637:
10620:
10601:
10236:
10171:
10141:
9804:
9577:
9434:
9224:
9189:
9083:
9022:
8814:
8279:
8180:
8175:
8160:
8100:
8062:
8047:
8004:
7575:
7535:
7453:
7381:
7364:
7342:
6970:
6945:
6756:
6576:
6319:
6072:
5888:
5764:
4525:
4517:
4507:
4488:
4416:
4353:
4334:
4306:
4259:
4154:
3948:
3938:
3784:
3764:
3737:
3707:
3680:
3647:
3578:
3379:
3367:
3190:
3184:
3141:
3130:
3083:
2759:
2667:
2652:
2610:
2593:
2528:
2513:
2329:
2324:
2291:
2190:
2186:
2092:
2059:
1885:
1649:
1621:
1610:
1591:
1567:
1555:
1311:
1255:
1235:
1193:
1173:
1003:
993:
923:
773:
718:
473:
440:
422:
260:
9675:
8395:
5913:
4825:
Bevir, Mark. 2002. "Sidney Webb: Utilitarianism, Positivism, and Social Democracy."
4654:
Brett, Paul. 1994. "A genre analysis of the results section of sociology articles".
4255:
3541:
Wacquant, Loic. 1992. "Positivism." In Bottomore, Tom and William Outhwaite, ed.,
1494:
1487:
1275:
10554:
10529:
10429:
10290:
10285:
10066:
9775:
9730:
9710:
9246:
9236:
9219:
8892:
8844:
8779:
8530:
8505:
8465:
8380:
8231:
8165:
8155:
7856:
7803:
7753:
7733:
7694:
7689:
7530:
7458:
7176:
7087:
6978:
6950:
6935:
6898:
6604:
6584:
6551:
6456:
6418:
6077:
5998:
5982:
5862:
5427:
5336:
5101:
4806:
4715:
4565:
4251:
4030:
3727:
3467:(New Supreme Great Being), later to be supplemented in a positivist trinity by the
3071:
2825:
2813:
2630:
2598:
2588:
2556:
2369:
2334:
2272:
1918:
1896:
1805:
1735:
1599:
1363:
1323:
1267:
1123:
1078:
1033:
978:
918:
833:
798:
748:
638:
595:
562:
542:
534:
508:
379:". Comte intended to develop a secular-scientific ideology in the wake of European
223:
190:
8665:
5908:
4941:, edited by Michael R. Hill and Susan Hoecker-Drysdale, 169â90. London: Routledge.
4871:, edited by Fabrice Bensimon, Quinton Deluermoz and Jeanne Moisand. Leiden: Brill.
4303:
Real World Research. A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers
3901:
1891:
The contesting views over positivism are reflected both in older debates (see the
10569:
10414:
10392:
10161:
10076:
10061:
9826:
9765:
9725:
9647:
9602:
9439:
9344:
9329:
9304:
9118:
9098:
8784:
8650:
8645:
8540:
8495:
8375:
7937:
7906:
7871:
7836:
7714:
7565:
7463:
7421:
7332:
7320:
7305:
7280:
7255:
7025:
6893:
6888:
6805:
6790:
6463:
6347:
6092:
6087:
5668:
5623:
5458:
5432:
5376:
5202:
4869:"Arise Ye Wretched of the Earth": The First International in a Global Perspective
4553:
4499:
4232:
4097:
4078:
3872:
3850:
3820:
3670:
3643:
Philosophical Darwinism: On the Origin of Knowledge by Means of Natural Selection
3574:
3283:
3247:
2923:
2917:
2821:
2637:
2576:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2317:
2307:
2231:
2154:, have emerged in order to reconcile postpositivist aims with various so-called '
2147:
2119:
2105:
2063:
2006:
1900:
1872:
1724:
1657:
1641:
1625:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1371:
1367:
1351:
1331:
1259:
1247:
1136:
1108:
1053:
1013:
778:
728:
586:
582:
578:
558:
538:
500:
465:
434:
227:
219:
138:
99:
7077:
1965:
were also influential in the development of sociological antipositivism, whilst
1785:
453:
10723:
10711:
10627:
10579:
10534:
10327:
10263:
10176:
10136:
9976:
9936:
9816:
9685:
9545:
9184:
9093:
8560:
8555:
8545:
8455:
8420:
8410:
8385:
8360:
8350:
7846:
7841:
7709:
7674:
7606:
7580:
7416:
7265:
7204:
7117:
6960:
6856:
6599:
6279:
5754:
5695:
5528:
5463:
5448:
5351:
4593:
Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought
4038:
3986:
3803:
3032:
2873:
2662:
2605:
2503:
2456:
2436:
2406:
2248:
2174:
2161:
2067:
2055:
2010:
1986:
1962:
1912:
1797:
1760:
1699:
1583:
1439:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1291:
1251:
838:
684:
524:
380:
359:
337:
235:
174:
134:
130:
114:
7287:
7062:
4740:
Hacking, I. (ed.) 1981. Scientific revolutions. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
2926:
was a recent high-profile advocate of positivism in the physical sciences. In
10819:
10439:
10409:
10347:
10148:
10096:
10091:
10001:
9735:
9670:
9642:
9570:
9299:
9214:
8675:
8615:
8580:
8515:
8490:
8485:
8445:
8415:
7901:
7813:
7743:
7485:
7275:
7209:
7166:
7035:
6660:
6446:
6428:
5933:
5928:
5903:
5712:
5653:
5564:
5492:
5417:
5105:
5022:
3218:
2869:
A focus on science as a product, a linguistic or numerical set of statements;
2805:
2801:
2657:
2647:
2155:
1942:
1820:
1801:
1764:
1731:
1708:
in particular, which was originally intended for physicists, coined the term
1327:
1315:
1299:
1295:
1221:
733:
679:
590:
300:(1798â1857) first described the epistemological perspective of positivism in
297:
256:
106:
91:
42:
10787:
6194:
5127:
Moralising Space: the Utopian Urbanism of the British Positivists, 1855â1920
4529:
2956:
2913:
574:
312:(published in French 1848, English in 1865). The first three volumes of the
10399:
10258:
10196:
9931:
9780:
9760:
9715:
9690:
9680:
9652:
9582:
9540:
9414:
9368:
9339:
9319:
8759:
8690:
8535:
8405:
8390:
8334:
7932:
7922:
7881:
7861:
7633:
7596:
7555:
7441:
7391:
7052:
7030:
7008:
6955:
6923:
6795:
6655:
6566:
6362:
5788:
5586:
5517:
5477:
5305:
5139:
Woll, Allen L. 1976. "Positivism and History in Nineteenth-Century Chile."
4026:
3703:
Deep History, Secular Theory: Historical and Scientific Studies of Religion
3276:
2986:
2951:
2498:
2219:
2025:
1970:
1950:
1858:
1816:
1637:
1614:
1540:
1319:
1271:
546:
511:, it was possible to distinguish between a "good Comte" (the author of the
445:
182:
146:
83:
5231:
5003:
Le SystĂšme d'Auguste Comte. De la science Ă la religion par la philosophie
4895:
Forbes, Geraldine Handcock. 2003. "The English Positivists and India." In
3885:
Psychology's Bridgman vs. Bridgman's Bridgman: An Essay in Reconstruction.
3062:
Cohen, Louis; Maldonado, Antonio (2007). "Research Methods In Education".
10434:
10131:
10101:
10086:
9951:
9946:
9770:
9755:
9740:
9720:
9637:
9565:
9382:
9372:
9359:
9324:
9274:
9204:
9157:
9044:
9034:
8839:
8695:
8685:
8630:
8605:
8550:
8525:
8510:
8480:
8460:
8435:
8365:
7927:
7866:
7738:
7718:
7623:
7560:
7520:
7500:
7426:
7396:
7057:
6993:
6685:
6670:
6546:
6536:
6485:
6451:
6390:
6112:
6102:
6082:
5502:
5482:
5392:
5315:
4987:
4192:
3375:
2966:
2937:
2625:
2571:
2471:
2426:
2260:
2143:
2034:
2002:
1966:
1895:) and current ones over the proper role of science in the public sphere.
1824:
1812:, propagated the new doctrines more widely in the 1920s and early 1930s.
1789:
1778:
1739:
1683:
1633:
1629:
1548:
1535:
1335:
1307:
1279:
1163:
1118:
848:
823:
418:
413:
Comte describes the metaphysical phase of humanity as the time since the
394:
388:
317:
264:
186:
8951:
1712:, which went on to dominate psychological method for the whole century.
349:
therefore set out to define the empirical goals of sociological method:
10367:
10362:
10307:
9941:
9923:
9657:
9386:
9377:
9108:
9071:
8849:
8829:
8655:
8620:
8475:
8440:
8425:
8400:
8370:
7773:
7601:
7540:
7411:
7315:
7260:
7067:
7047:
6913:
6680:
6594:
6423:
6370:
6334:
6238:
5923:
5918:
5893:
5673:
5497:
5361:
5310:
4818:
4794:
4727:
4280:
3637:
2837:
2679:
2583:
2551:
2523:
2441:
2421:
1938:
1865:
1774:
1695:
1666:
arguments against positivist approaches in historiography include that
1529:
1525:
868:
713:
211:
122:
79:
10718:
9811:
4841:
Les trois états: Science, théologie et métaphysique chez Auguste Comte
161:
in this meaning was imported in the 19th century from the French word
10544:
10011:
9986:
9865:
9424:
9017:
8804:
7788:
7783:
7643:
7570:
7505:
7376:
7310:
7122:
7112:
7107:
7082:
6878:
6438:
6400:
6164:
6150:
6148:
6138:
6122:
5690:
5628:
5487:
5320:
4888:
Feichtinger, Johannes, Franz L. Fillafer, and Jan Surman, eds. 2018.
4248:
The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy
4180:
3824:
2881:
2620:
2264:
2215:
2135:
2111:
2044:
1946:
1934:
1881:
1877:
1716:
1663:
1653:
1511:
1287:
1243:
630:
329:
321:
142:
126:
110:
87:
7013:
4810:
4719:
206:
argues that positivism can be traced to the philosophy side of what
9444:
9162:
8660:
7618:
7525:
7490:
7448:
7436:
7224:
7018:
6918:
6861:
6665:
6619:
6503:
5402:
5160:
Wright, T. R. 1981. "George Eliot and Positivism: A Reassessment."
5062:
Trindade, Helgio. 2003. "La république positiviste chex Comte." In
4386:
4151:
Communication theories : perspectives, processes, and contexts
2961:
2546:
2344:
2339:
2299:
2139:
1828:
1675:
1628:âwho argued that "positivism ... faces the danger of becoming
1521:
1493:
The modern academic discipline of sociology began with the work of
551:
10706:
4153:(2nd ed.). Beijing: Peking University Press. pp. 35â45.
3952:
1756:
1434:
263:, the circular dependence of theory and observation, must replace
9888:
9142:
8640:
7245:
7219:
7214:
7156:
7151:
6983:
6871:
6866:
6825:
6647:
6493:
6375:
4846:
Bourdeau, Michel, Mary Pickering, and Warren Schmaus, eds. 2018.
4445:
1926:
1671:
1667:
1483:
674:
333:
325:
268:
4918:
Latin American Positivism: New Historical and Philosophic Essays
4521:
406:. God, Comte says, had reigned supreme over human existence pre-
37:
10521:
9209:
8754:
8303:
7510:
7431:
7161:
6820:
6810:
6508:
6410:
5618:
5251:
5118:
Wilson, Matthew. 2018. "British Comtism and Modernist Design."
5045:. Pearson, Merrill Prentice Hall. 1991, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008.
4781:
The Curious Strength of Positivism in English Political Thought
4058:, ed. Fausto Nicolini (Milan: R. Ricciardi, 1953), pp. 365â905.
1679:
1544:
477:
468:. Many of Comte's writings were translated into English by the
316:
dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence (
215:
71:
4939:
Harriet Martineau: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives
2797:
with a good deal of confidence as members of the same genre".
2202:
In the early 1970s, urbanists of the quantitative school like
1698:
the positivist movement was influential in the development of
336:), whereas the latter two emphasized the inevitable coming of
10729:
8854:
8500:
7326:
6988:
6274:
6207:
6157:
5256:
5241:
4797:(1993). "Ernest Belfort Bax: Marxist, Idealist, Positivist".
3760:
The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment
3679:. Vol. 1. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 4.
481:
207:
118:
75:
4474:
Tittle, Charles. 2004. "The Arrogance of Public Sociology".
4369:"Main Currents of Marxism" by Leszek Kolakowski pp. 327, 331
3543:
The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Social Thought
9088:
4998:. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1951.
4927:. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
4333:(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. p. 5â13.
1603:
5246:
5083:
Whatmore, Richard. 2005. "Comte, Auguste (1798â1857)." In
1980:
7171:
4580:
The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience
3623:. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. pp. 94â98, 100â104.
515:) and a "bad Comte" (the author of the secular-religious
403:
4578:
Varela, F. J., Thompson, E. T., & Rosch, E. (1991).
2884:; thus positivism rejects much of classical metaphysics.
5012:. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England; 1993.
3983:"Popper, Falsifiability, and the Failure of Positivism"
2158:' perspectives on the social acquisition of knowledge.
2150:
through science and technology. New movements, such as
2047:
that must occasionally shift in response to evidence.
149:, overgeneralizations, and methodological limitations.
5169:
Low Living and High Thinking at Modern Times, New York
4967:
The Essential Writings of Auguste Comte and Positivism
4128:
4113:
3736:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 129.
3618:
3612:
1606:
and uncover original sources in their pristine state.
1528:
populations, distinguished sociological analysis from
10683:
5087:, edited by Gregory Claeys, 123â8. London: Routledge.
5066:, edited by Annie Petit, 363â400. Paris: L'Harmattan.
4705:
4122:
4107:
3489:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 561.
3272:
3270:
1857:
Historically, positivism has been criticized for its
4899:, edited by Raj Kumar, 151â63. Discovery: New Delhi.
4542:
Portugali, Juval and Han Meyer, Egbert Stolk (2012)
4324:
4322:
1763:, the founding father of logical positivism and the
464:, positivism was appropriated by historians such as
274:
4776:, edited by Andrew Wernick, 91â116. London: Anthem.
4305:(Second ed.). Malden: Blackwell. p. 624.
4131:
Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.)
4116:
Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.)
4061:
3793:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 131â33.
3621:
Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.)
3055:
2275:of work that they see as violating such standards.
1547:". Durkheim described sociology as the "science of
181:) has been used in a similar sense to discuss law (
9856:
5064:Auguste Comte: Trajectoires positivistes 1798â1998
5043:Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective, 5th
4400:Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective, 5th
4118:. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. pp. 239â240.
3487:Auguste Comte: Volume 3: An Intellectual Biography
3267:
1632:when it maintains that it is possible to find the
4850:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
4691:Positivism and Sociology: Explaining Social Life.
4319:
3860:
3858:
3835:
3833:
3763:. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 24.
3547:
3189:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 115â116.
2142:". He argued that positivism may be espoused by "
523:was unsuccessful but met with the publication of
288:Comte first laid out his theory of positivism in
10817:
4916:Gilson, Gregory D. and Irving W. Levinson, eds.
4757:. "Euclides da Cunha and Brazilian Positivism".
4536:
4491:(1971). "Positivism, Metaphysics and Religion".
4272:
3566:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3021:
2050:Together, these ideas led to the development of
545:. Although Comte's English followers, including
56:that holds that all genuine knowledge is either
4144:
4142:
4140:
4071:Gramsci's Historicism: A Realist Interpretation
4012:Hanfling, Oswald (2003). "Logical Positivism".
3560:
2887:The belief that science is markedly cumulative;
5783:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
4955:, Collection "Que sais-je?", Paris, PUF, 1982.
4544:Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age
3855:
3830:
3061:
3037:
1520:(1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst
9842:
8967:
8319:
6223:
6199:
5735:
5272:
5134:Journal of Interdisciplinary History of Ideas
5050:European Positivism in the Nineteenth Century
4975:Marxists Internet Archive. Web. 23 Feb. 2012.
4329:Taylor, Thomas R.; Lindlof, Bryan C. (2011).
4328:
4296:
4294:
4215:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHarding1976 (
4133:. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. p. 241.
3407:
3405:
3224:
2816:. This positivism is generally equated with "
2777:
1796:, a member of that early group, helped bring
1459:
6162:
5772:
5762:
5752:
5468:
4836:. Princeton. PA: Princeton University Press.
4498:. World Perspectives vol. 42. Translated by
4204:
4137:
4016:. Vol. IX. Routledge. pp. 193â194.
3877:
3665:
3663:
2189:, Nobel laureate for his pioneering work in
2058:. Postpositivism is not a rejection of the
239:
168:
162:
5085:Encyclopaedia of Nineteenth-Century Thought
4946:L'Anthropologie positiviste d'Auguste Comte
4793:
4753:
4239:
3783:
3632:
3630:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3173:
2263:which includes a philosophical critique of
568:
117:. After Comte, positivist schools arose in
9849:
9835:
8974:
8960:
8326:
8312:
6230:
6216:
5279:
5265:
5171:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
5078:Auguste Comte and the Religion of Humanity
4996:Positivism: A Study In Human Understanding
4962:. Bucknell University Press. London: 1997.
4487:
4331:Qualitative communication research methods
4291:
3894:
3706:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 343.
3402:
3372:Positivism: A Study In Human Understanding
2784:
2770:
2306:
1466:
1452:
637:
594:was in touch with the English positivists
533:to influence the proliferation of various
9630:
9593:Relationship between religion and science
8981:
5686:Relationship between religion and science
4948:, Librairie Honoré Champion, Paris, 1980.
4683:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4603:
4601:
4236:, ch. Paradigms and social science, p.161
3924:
3839:Wallace, Edwin R. and Gach, John (2008)
3660:
3484:
3478:
3263:. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2890:The belief that science is predominantly
1738:" essentially refers to the rejection of
5157:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5115:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
5080:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5059:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5038:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5010:Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography
4864:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4855:Positivism in Social Theory and Research
4650:
4648:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4281:"Social Research Methods Knowledge Base"
4035:The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
4011:
3627:
3524:
3452:Auguste Comte: an intellectual biography
3439:Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography
3426:Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography
3258:
3252:
3127:
2912:
2715:Library and information science software
1755:
1577:
1551:, their genesis and their functioning".
1482:
1478:
439:
283:
36:
6007:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
5057:Nationalism, Positivism and Catholicism
5052:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
4661:
4210:
4020:
3676:Sartre, Foucault, and Historical Reason
3322:
3320:
3043:
2075:methods, postpositivists consider both
2040:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1981:Critical rationalism and postpositivism
14:
10818:
5362:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
5148:Positivism in Latin America, 1850â1900
4674:
4627:
4614:
4598:
4591:Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999).
4468:
4415:, Polity Press (Second Edition 2009),
4383:Technik und Wissenschaft als Ideologie
4300:
4148:
3937:. Yale University Press. p. 317.
3726:
3699:
3064:British Journal of Educational Studies
2710:Geographic information system software
2146:" who believe in the inevitability of
1702:. The 1927 philosophy of science book
9830:
8955:
8307:
7969:
6711:
6249:
6211:
6198:
5734:
5260:
4774:The Anthem Companion to Auguste Comte
4701:
4699:
4645:
4456:from the original on 24 February 2012
4426:
3930:
3912:from the original on 17 February 2015
3756:
3669:
3109:from the original on 7 September 2008
2193:, distanced himself from positivism:
1977:facilitated the movement in general.
1929:, and social processes viewed from a
1745:
1636:of truth without preconceptions"âand
279:
10736:
5178:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
4246:Bergman, Mats (2016). "Positivism".
3934:Finding Philosophy in Social Science
3636:
3329:The Rules of the Sociological Method
3317:
3179:
2279:aims to bridge these two arguments.
606:in 1863 which was affiliated to the
10343:Digital media use and mental health
10057:Sociology of the history of science
5019:. London: George Allen & Unwin.
4450:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4413:Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers
4278:
3499:
3493:
3288:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3048:. London: Hutchinson. p. 197.
3027:John J. Macionis, Linda M. Gerber,
2854:
2241:
2180:
604:Cercle des prolétaires positivistes
452:Comte's fame today owes in part to
24:
5639:Nomotheticâidiographic distinction
4885:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4783:. London: Oxford University Press.
4696:
3813:A Critical Dictionary of Sociology
3454:Cambridge University Press, p. 192
3076:10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00388_4.x
2282:
2099:
1689:
495:In later life, Comte developed a '
45:, the founder of modern positivism
25:
10872:
10052:Sociology of scientific ignorance
9897:History and philosophy of science
9879:Economics of scientific knowledge
9613:Sociology of scientific knowledge
9608:Sociology of scientific ignorance
9561:History and philosophy of science
5967:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
5951:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
5807:The Course in Positive Philosophy
5182:
4443:
4198:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
3646:. London: Routledge. p. 94.
3591:from the original on 23 June 2016
3512:from the original on 15 July 2018
2134:of the modern West) as a form of
2130:(in its relation to the cultural
1998:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
1906:
303:The Course in Positive Philosophy
291:The Course in Positive Philosophy
275:Positivism in the social sciences
210:described as the quarrel between
10796:
10779:
10762:
10745:
10717:
10705:
10693:
10645:
10644:
10619:
9810:
9798:
8333:
8287:
8286:
8273:
4853:Bryant, Christopher G. A. 1985.
4622:The British Journal of Sociology
4245:
3959:from the original on 4 June 2016
3557:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2083:methods to be valid approaches.
1504:Rules of the Sociological Method
1433:
141:, among others, for its alleged
5959:History and Class Consciousness
5146:Woodward, Ralph Lee, ed. 1971.
5141:Journal of the History of Ideas
4857:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4834:The Making of British Socialism
4799:Journal of the History of Ideas
4788:Journal of the History of Ideas
4734:
4585:
4572:
4558:
4481:
4405:
4392:
4372:
4363:
4347:
4256:10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect248
4224:
4186:
4167:
4129:Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005).
4114:Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005).
4083:
4044:
4014:Routledge History of Philosophy
4005:
3985:. 7 August 2000. Archived from
3975:
3827:, 1989: "Historicism", p. 198.
3797:
3777:
3750:
3720:
3693:
3619:Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005).
3603:
3502:"Founding of a Positivist Club"
3457:
3444:
3431:
3418:
3389:
3361:
3348:
3335:
3292:
2972:Gödel's incompleteness theorems
1019:Peace, war, and social conflict
460:in 1867. As an approach to the
27:Empiricist philosophical theory
9858:Science and technology studies
9002:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
8750:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
6237:
5823:Critical History of Philosophy
5286:
5252:Maison d'Auguste Comte, France
4496:: Encounters and Conversations
4233:Naturalism and social sciences
4201:, 1934, 1959 (1st English ed.)
3207:
3154:
3121:
3091:
1945:, using critical analysis and
421:, to the time right after the
13:
1:
7970:
6031:Knowledge and Human Interests
5367:Rankean historical positivism
4892:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
4827:The Journal of Modern History
4747:
4693:London:Allen and Unwin, 1982.
4656:English For Specific Purposes
4640:English For Specific Purposes
3570:Classical Sociological Theory
3261:The Age of Capital: 1848â1875
2226:Other new movements, such as
1949:techniques. The sociologists
513:Course in Positive Philosophy
198:
10836:Philosophy of social science
10405:Normalization process theory
9962:Philosophy of social science
7759:Ordinary language philosophy
6250:
6149:
5815:A General View of Positivism
5097:Administration & Society
5071:Victorian Periodicals Review
4988:Auguste Comte and Positivism
4897:Essays on Indian Renaissance
4708:American Sociological Review
4669:Canadian Review of Sociology
4446:"Theodor Adorno (1903â1969)"
4102:American Sociological Review
3397:Auguste Comte and Positivism
3356:Auguste Comte and Positivism
3332:. Cited in Wacquant (1992).
3031:, Seventh Canadian Edition,
1899:âespecially as described by
1852:
417:, a time steeped in logical
386:Comte's stages were (1) the
309:A General View of Positivism
152:
7:
9335:Hypothetico-deductive model
9310:Deductive-nomological model
9295:Constructivist epistemology
8795:Internalism and externalism
7809:Contemporary utilitarianism
7724:Internalism and externalism
6015:Conjectures and Refutations
5847:The Logic of Modern Physics
5664:Deductive-nomological model
5120:Modern Intellectual History
4965:Lenzer, Gertrud, ed. 2009.
4176:Conjectures and Refutations
3891:vol. 2 no. 3 (1992) p. 275
3136:. Boston: Pearson. p.
2945:
2017:Conjectures and Refutations
1705:The Logic of Modern Physics
1670:differs from sciences like
373:account of social evolution
32:Positivism (disambiguation)
10:
10877:
10851:19th century in philosophy
10846:20th century in philosophy
10028:construction of technology
7073:Svatantrika and Prasangika
6712:
5975:The Poverty of Historicism
5871:The Universe in a Nutshell
5855:Language, Truth, and Logic
5839:The Analysis of Sensations
5162:The Modern Language Review
5028:Consequences of Pragmatism
4913:. Heinemann. London. 1974.
4843:. Paris: Ăditions du Cerf.
4642:, vol. 16, num. 4:321â337.
4149:Miller, Katherine (2007).
3700:Martin, Luther H. (2014).
3465:Nouveau Grand-Ătre SuprĂȘme
3128:Macionis, John J. (2012).
2929:The Universe in a Nutshell
2858:
2103:
1984:
1910:
1847:Logical Syntax of Language
1749:
690:Human environmental impact
29:
10615:
10560:Politicization of science
10520:
10306:
10075:
10010:
9922:
9887:
9864:
9789:
9621:
9523:
9453:
9396:Semantic view of theories
9315:Epistemological anarchism
9267:
9252:dependent and independent
8989:
8921:
8870:
8719:
8626:Evolutionary epistemology
8596:
8341:
8267:
8219:
8119:
8081:
8028:
7995:
7986:
7982:
7965:
7915:
7827:
7665:
7656:
7589:
7372:
7363:
7341:
7296:
7238:
7190:
7144:
7135:
7098:
6969:
6834:
6781:
6772:
6722:
6718:
6707:
6646:
6618:
6575:
6527:
6484:
6437:
6409:
6361:
6333:
6295:Philosophy of mathematics
6285:Philosophy of information
6260:
6256:
6245:
6205:
6200:Links to related articles
6183:
6131:
6065:
6055:The Rhetoric of Economics
5942:
5881:
5798:
5745:
5741:
5736:Positivist-related debate
5730:
5557:
5526:
5441:
5385:
5329:
5298:
5294:
5203:Resources in your library
5167:Wunderlich, Roger. 1992.
5034:Scharff, Robert C. 1995.
4978:McGee, John Edwin. 1931.
4951:Kremer-Marietti, AngĂšle.
4944:Kremer-Marietti, AngĂšle.
4883:The Invention of Altruism
4765:(1 (Summer 1999)): 87â94.
4411:Outhwaite, William, 1988
4360:, Springer, 2015, p. 250.
4285:socialresearchmethods.net
4052:Principi di scienza nuova
3733:Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life
3567:Craig J. Calhoun (2002).
3553:Gianfranco Poggi (2000).
3506:Marxists Internet Archive
3003:The New Paul and Virginia
2977:London Positivist Society
2737:Qualitative data analysis
364:The Outlines of Sociology
222:as a quarrel between the
10841:Epistemological theories
9967:Philosophy of technology
9138:Intertheoretic reduction
9127:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
9104:Functional contextualism
8898:Philosophy of perception
8701:Representational realism
8671:Naturalized epistemology
5991:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
5708:Structural functionalism
5634:Naturalism in literature
5155:The Religion of Humanity
5106:10.1177/0095399713490157
4930:Harrison, Royden. 1965.
4911:Positivism and Sociology
4890:The Worlds of Positivism
4848:Love, Order and Progress
4839:Bourdeau, Michel. 2006.
3864:Wallace and Gach (2008)
3485:Pickering, Mary (2009).
3413:Positivism and Sociology
3343:Positivism and Sociology
3326:Durkheim, Emile. 1895.
3239:Wallace and Gach (2008)
3014:
2128:instrumental rationality
2086:In the early 1960s, the
1648:, the English historian
1602:, which seek to expunge
1590:of the past by allowing
1501:in 1895, publishing his
784:Structural functionalism
569:Early followers of Comte
530:On the Origin of Species
218:, later reformulated by
9623:Philosophers of science
9401:Scientific essentialism
9350:Model-dependent realism
9285:Constructive empiricism
9178:Evidence-based practice
8878:Outline of epistemology
8711:Transcendental idealism
7764:Postanalytic philosophy
7705:Experimental philosophy
6118:Willard Van Orman Quine
5831:Idealism and Positivism
5423:Critique of metaphysics
5357:Sociological positivism
5216:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5125:Wilson, Matthew. 2018.
5076:Wernick, Andrew. 2001.
5055:Sutton, Michael. 1982.
5017:Memoirs of a Positivist
4860:Claeys, Gregory. 2010.
3871:8 November 2015 at the
3450:Pickering, Mary (1993)
3282:11 October 2017 at the
3259:Hobsbawm, Eric (1975).
3046:The Concept of Ideology
3044:Larrain, Jorge (1979).
2997:Sociological naturalism
2932:(p. 31) he wrote:
2861:Constructive empiricism
2028:went even further. The
1658:confirmed by repetition
804:Symbolic interactionism
699:Industrial revolutions
557:The early sociology of
507:'. For close associate
18:Sociological positivism
10040:Sociology of knowledge
9706:Alfred North Whitehead
9696:Charles Sanders Peirce
8825:Problem of other minds
7897:Social constructionism
6909:Hellenistic philosophy
6325:Theoretical philosophy
6300:Philosophy of religion
6290:Philosophy of language
6163:
6132:Concepts in contention
5773:
5763:
5753:
5644:Objectivity in science
5542:Non-Euclidean geometry
5508:Methodological dualism
5469:
5237:Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
5036:Comte After Positivism
4980:A Crusade for Humanity
4969:. London: Transaction.
4923:Harp, Gillis J. 1995.
4874:De Boni, Carlo. 2013.
4658:. Vol 13, Num 1:47â59.
4301:Robson, Colin (2002).
4091:"For Public Sociology"
4067:Morera, Esteve (1990)
3132:Sociology 14th Edition
2943:
2920:
2616:Inferential statistics
2562:Descriptive statistics
2509:Human subject research
2200:
2116:historical materialism
1767:
1710:operational definition
1499:University of Bordeaux
1490:
794:Social constructionism
449:
369:
342:philosopher of science
294:
240:
231:
178:
169:
163:
100:considered meaningless
46:
10861:Sociological theories
10831:Philosophy of science
10607:Transition management
10597:Technology assessment
10565:Regulation of science
10540:Evidence-based policy
10425:Sociotechnical system
10274:Traditional knowledge
10154:Psychology of science
10127:Mapping controversies
10033:shaping of technology
9992:Social constructivism
9957:Philosophy of science
9914:History of technology
9805:Philosophy portal
9556:Hard and soft science
9551:Faith and rationality
9420:Scientific skepticism
9200:Scientific Revolution
8983:Philosophy of science
8903:Philosophy of science
8883:Faith and rationality
8765:Descriptive knowledge
8636:Feminist epistemology
8576:Nicholas Wolterstorff
8280:Philosophy portal
7799:Scientific skepticism
7779:Reformed epistemology
6305:Philosophy of science
6039:The Poverty of Theory
5659:Philosophy of science
5548:Uncertainty principle
5247:Positivists Worldwide
5212:The full text of the
5174:Zea, Leopoldo. 1974.
5090:Whetsell, Travis and
5015:Quin, Malcolm. 1924.
5005:. Vrin, Paris (2016).
4932:Before the Socialists
4881:Dixon, Thomas. 2008.
4759:Luso-Brazilian Review
4385:, Frankfurt am Main:
4096:21 April 2015 at the
3931:Bunge, M. A. (1996).
3906:positivists.org 2012"
3902:"Lawrence A. Boland,
3889:Theory and Psychology
3883:Koch, Sigmund (1992)
3757:Shank, J. B. (2008).
3163:s. v. 'positivisme';
2982:Nature versus nurture
2934:
2916:
2818:quantitative research
2400:Philosophical schools
2195:
1800:to Vienna. Schlick's
1759:
1578:Historical positivism
1486:
1479:Durkheim's positivism
1169:Conversation analysis
744:Social stratification
616:French Third Republic
602:. He established the
600:Edward Spencer Beesly
462:philosophy of history
458:The Positivist Review
444:Positivist temple in
443:
351:
287:
241:Geisteswissenschaften
40:
10512:Women in engineering
10358:Financial technology
10338:Digital anthropology
10107:Criticism of science
10020:Actorânetwork theory
9982:Religion and science
9874:Economics of science
9531:Criticism of science
9406:Scientific formalism
9290:Constructive realism
9195:Scientific pluralism
9168:Problem of induction
8835:Procedural knowledge
8820:Problem of induction
7700:Critical rationalism
7407:Edo neo-Confucianism
7251:Acintya bheda abheda
7230:Renaissance humanism
6941:School of the Sextii
6315:Practical philosophy
6310:Political philosophy
6047:The Scientific Image
5718:Structuration theory
5681:Qualitative research
5582:Criticism of science
5577:Critical rationalism
5513:Problem of induction
5232:Porto Alegre, Brazil
5176:Positivism in Mexico
5153:Wright, T. R. 1986.
5129:. London: Routledge.
4994:Mises, Richard von.
4958:LeGouis, Catherine.
4934:. London: Routledge.
4906:. London: Routledge.
4770:Armenteros, Carolina
4609:Quality and Quantity
3471:(the Earth) and the
3246:17 June 2016 at the
3215:Introduction to Ion.
2725:Reference management
2675:Scientific modelling
2417:Critical rationalism
2277:Strategic positivism
2255:rather than what it
2122:. Critical theorist
2052:critical rationalism
1991:Critical rationalism
563:socially Darwinistic
497:religion of humanity
253:Pierre-Simon Laplace
249:Henri de Saint-Simon
189:) since the time of
54:philosophical school
30:For other uses, see
10353:Engineering studies
10323:Cyborg anthropology
10112:Demarcation problem
9997:Social epistemology
9598:Rhetoric of science
9536:Descriptive science
9280:Confirmation holism
9173:Scientific evidence
9133:Inductive reasoning
9062:Demarcation problem
8913:Virtue epistemology
8908:Social epistemology
8888:Formal epistemology
8775:Epistemic injustice
8770:Exploratory thought
8571:Ludwig Wittgenstein
7271:Nimbarka Sampradaya
7182:Korean Confucianism
6929:Academic Skepticism
6023:One-Dimensional Man
5471:Geisteswissenschaft
5454:Confirmation holism
5150:. Lexington: Heath.
5092:Patricia M. Shields
5048:Simon, W. M. 1963.
4985:Mill, John Stuart.
4832:Bevir, Mark. 2011.
4779:Annan, Noel. 1959.
4552:10 May 2016 at the
4500:Pomerans, Arnold J.
4230:Thomas, David 1979
4077:16 May 2016 at the
4050:Giambattista Vico,
4041:, 1999, pp. 669â737
3904:Economic Positivism
3849:16 May 2016 at the
3808:François Bourricaud
3790:The Idea of History
2992:Scientific politics
2830:middle-range theory
2705:Argument technology
2037:, in his 1962 book
1959:George Herbert Mead
1840:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1646:The Idea of History
1596:Fustel de Coulanges
1510:Durkheim's seminal
754:Social cycle theory
625:Part of a series on
608:First International
505:positivist calendar
377:law of three stages
232:Naturwissenschaften
10633:History of science
10550:Funding of science
10420:Skunkworks project
10117:Double hermeneutic
9902:History of science
9817:Science portal
9746:Carl Gustav Hempel
9701:Wilhelm Windelband
9588:Questionable cause
9411:Scientific realism
9232:Underdetermination
9067:Empirical evidence
9057:Creative synthesis
8566:Timothy Williamson
8356:Augustine of Hippo
7892:Post-structuralism
7794:Scientific realism
7749:Quinean naturalism
7729:Logical positivism
7685:Analytical Marxism
6904:Peripatetic school
6816:Chinese naturalism
6343:Aesthetic response
6270:Applied philosophy
6098:Hans-Georg Gadamer
5899:Alexander Bogdanov
5775:Positivismusstreit
5570:Post-behavioralism
5534:history of science
5386:Principal concepts
5342:Logical positivism
5111:Wils, Kaat. 2005.
4909:Giddens, Anthony.
4902:Gane, Mike. 2006.
4878:. Milano: Mimesis.
4689:Halfpenny, Peter.
4494:Physics and Beyond
4489:Heisenberg, Werner
4478:, June 2004, 82(4)
4279:Trochim, William.
4089:Burawoy, Michael:
3819:3 May 2016 at the
3785:Collingwood, R. G.
2921:
2699:Tools and software
2643:Secondary research
2567:Discourse analysis
2088:positivism dispute
2030:DuhemâQuine thesis
1893:Positivism dispute
1771:Logical positivism
1768:
1752:Logical positivism
1746:Logical positivism
1592:historical sources
1574:and other fields.
1491:
1440:Society portal
1063:History of science
1044:Race and ethnicity
724:Social environment
450:
347:View of Positivism
295:
280:Comte's positivism
259:believed that the
139:critical theorists
98:, are rejected or
80:sensory experience
58:true by definition
47:
10856:Philosophy of law
10681:
10680:
10675:
10674:
10602:Technology policy
10333:Dematerialization
10142:black swan events
9824:
9823:
9666:
9665:
9578:Normative science
9435:Uniformitarianism
9190:Scientific method
9084:Explanatory power
8949:
8948:
8815:Privileged access
8451:SĂžren Kierkegaard
8301:
8300:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8254:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7680:Analytic feminism
7652:
7651:
7614:Kierkegaardianism
7576:Transcendentalism
7536:Neo-scholasticism
7382:Classical Realism
7359:
7358:
7131:
7130:
6946:Neopythagoreanism
6703:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6320:Social philosophy
6192:
6191:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6073:Theodor W. Adorno
5889:Richard Avenarius
5765:Werturteilsstreit
5726:
5725:
5674:Sense-data theory
5372:Polish positivism
5347:Positivist school
5189:Library resources
5008:Pickering, Mary.
4862:Imperial Sceptics
4421:978-0-7456-4328-1
4354:Friedrich Stadler
4312:978-0-631-21305-5
3989:on 7 January 2014
3728:Lerner, Robert E.
3584:978-0-631-21348-2
3500:Sémérie, EugÚne.
3368:Richard von Mises
3196:978-0-226-19036-5
3186:The Educated Mind
3147:978-0-205-11671-3
3009:Vladimir Solovyov
2794:
2793:
2760:Philosophy portal
2668:Systematic review
2653:Literature review
2611:Historical method
2594:Social experiment
2529:Scientific method
2514:Narrative inquiry
2365:Interdisciplinary
2359:Research strategy
2330:Research question
2325:Research proposal
2191:quantum mechanics
2187:Werner Heisenberg
2138:, or science "as
2132:"rationalisation"
2093:Werturteilsstreit
2060:scientific method
1955:Ferdinand Tönnies
1886:Leopold von Ranke
1650:R. G. Collingwood
1622:Ernst Kantorowicz
1611:Leopold von Ranke
1568:political science
1556:Pearson Education
1476:
1475:
1194:Social experiment
1074:Social psychology
719:Social complexity
486:Ordem e Progresso
474:Harriet Martineau
423:French Revolution
371:Comte offered an
261:scientific method
157:The English noun
70:facts derived by
16:(Redirected from
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10623:
10575:Right to science
10555:Horizon scanning
10530:Academic freedom
10430:Technical change
10291:Women in science
10286:Unity of science
10067:Strong programme
9851:
9844:
9837:
9828:
9827:
9815:
9814:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9776:Bas van Fraassen
9731:Hans Reichenbach
9711:Bertrand Russell
9628:
9627:
9454:Philosophy of...
9237:Unity of science
9030:Commensurability
8976:
8969:
8962:
8953:
8952:
8893:Metaepistemology
8871:Related articles
8845:Regress argument
8780:Epistemic virtue
8531:Bertrand Russell
8506:Duncan Pritchard
8466:Hilary Kornblith
8381:Laurence BonJour
8328:
8321:
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8290:
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8278:
8277:
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7993:
7992:
7984:
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7967:
7966:
7857:Frankfurt School
7804:Transactionalism
7754:Normative ethics
7734:Legal positivism
7710:Falsificationism
7695:Consequentialism
7690:Communitarianism
7663:
7662:
7531:New Confucianism
7370:
7369:
7177:Neo-Confucianism
7142:
7141:
6951:Second Sophistic
6936:Middle Platonism
6779:
6778:
6720:
6719:
6709:
6708:
6552:Epiphenomenalism
6419:Consequentialism
6353:Institutionalism
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6232:
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6209:
6208:
6196:
6195:
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6078:Gaston Bachelard
5999:Truth and Method
5983:World Hypotheses
5863:The Two Cultures
5778:
5768:
5758:
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5742:
5732:
5731:
5474:
5428:Unity of science
5337:Legal positivism
5296:
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5267:
5258:
5257:
5041:Schunk, Dale H.
4982:. London: Watts.
4822:
4766:
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4731:
4703:
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4687:
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4672:
4671:, Vol. 33 No. 2.
4665:
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4583:
4582:. The MIT Press.
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4504:Harper & Row
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3671:Flynn, Thomas R.
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3437:Mary Pickering,
3435:
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3424:Mary Pickering,
3422:
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3374:, 5 (Paperback,
3365:
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3213:Saunders, T. J.
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3041:
3035:
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2855:Natural sciences
2826:Robert K. Merton
2786:
2779:
2772:
2732:Science software
2631:Cultural mapping
2599:Quasi-experiment
2589:Field experiment
2557:Content analysis
2452:Critical realism
2370:Multimethodology
2310:
2287:
2286:
2242:Positivism today
2228:critical realism
2212:sense experience
2181:Other criticisms
2152:critical realism
1897:Public sociology
1806:Hans Reichenbach
1792:. After the war
1736:legal positivism
1600:source criticism
1468:
1461:
1454:
1438:
1437:
1189:Network analysis
1079:Sociocybernetics
1069:Social movements
799:Social darwinism
749:Social structure
641:
622:
621:
596:Richard Congreve
543:Richard Congreve
535:secular humanist
509:John Stuart Mill
367:
243:
224:natural sciences
172:
166:
109:. His school of
21:
10876:
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10871:
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10808:from Wikisource
10802:
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10780:
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10763:
10761:
10757:from Wiktionary
10751:
10746:
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10741:
10737:sister projects
10734:at Knowledge's
10728:
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10676:
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10570:Research ethics
10516:
10415:Reverse salient
10309:
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10062:Sociotechnology
10006:
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9797:
9785:
9766:Paul Feyerabend
9726:Michael Polanyi
9662:
9648:Galileo Galilei
9617:
9603:Science studies
9519:
9449:
9440:Verificationism
9345:Instrumentalism
9330:Foundationalism
9305:Conventionalism
9263:
9099:Feminist method
8985:
8980:
8950:
8945:
8917:
8866:
8785:Gettier problem
8715:
8646:Foundationalism
8592:
8541:Wilfrid Sellars
8496:Alvin Plantinga
8376:George Berkeley
8343:Epistemologists
8337:
8332:
8302:
8297:
8274:
8272:
8251:
8215:
8115:
8077:
8024:
7978:
7977:
7949:
7938:Russian cosmism
7911:
7907:Western Marxism
7872:New Historicism
7837:Critical theory
7823:
7819:Wittgensteinian
7715:Foundationalism
7648:
7585:
7566:Social contract
7422:Foundationalism
7355:
7337:
7321:Illuminationism
7306:Aristotelianism
7292:
7281:Vishishtadvaita
7234:
7186:
7127:
7094:
6965:
6894:Megarian school
6889:Eretrian school
6830:
6791:Agriculturalism
6768:
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6695:
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6571:
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6480:
6464:Incompatibilism
6433:
6405:
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6093:Paul Feyerabend
6088:Wilhelm Dilthey
6061:
5938:
5877:
5794:
5737:
5722:
5669:Ramsey sentence
5624:Instrumentalism
5553:
5531:
5529:paradigm shifts
5522:
5459:Critical theory
5437:
5433:Verificationism
5381:
5377:Russian Machism
5325:
5290:
5285:
5223:" at Wikisource
5209:
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5185:
5143:37 (3):493â506.
5073:33 (3):273â282.
4829:74 (2):217â252.
4811:10.2307/2709863
4755:Amory, Frederic
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4720:10.2307/2095839
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4554:Wayback Machine
4541:
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4506:. p. 213.
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3161:Le petit Robert
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3103:Sociology Guide
3099:"Auguste Comte"
3097:
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2924:Stephen Hawking
2918:Stephen Hawking
2872:A concern with
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2822:Paul Lazarsfeld
2790:
2754:
2753:
2700:
2692:
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2638:Phenomenography
2577:Autoethnography
2542:
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2494:Grounded theory
2489:Critical theory
2484:Art methodology
2479:Action research
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2318:Research design
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2283:Social sciences
2249:postpositivists
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2232:Experientialism
2183:
2148:social progress
2126:critiqued pure
2124:JĂŒrgen Habermas
2120:critical theory
2108:
2106:Critical theory
2102:
2100:Critical theory
2064:objective truth
2007:verificationism
2005:argued against
1993:
1985:Main articles:
1983:
1915:
1909:
1901:Michael Burawoy
1873:Wilhelm Dilthey
1855:
1754:
1748:
1725:Friedrich Hayek
1692:
1690:Other subfields
1642:Michel Foucault
1588:objective truth
1580:
1572:market research
1564:social sciences
1560:social research
1481:
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774:Conflict theory
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729:Social equality
670:
587:Dimitri Pisarev
583:Wilhelm Scherer
579:Emile Hennequin
571:
559:Herbert Spencer
539:George Holyoake
501:calendar reform
466:Hippolyte Taine
435:Anthony Giddens
368:
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220:Wilhelm Dilthey
201:
167:, derived from
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135:antipositivists
96:religious faith
84:ways of knowing
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10542:
10537:
10535:Digital divide
10532:
10526:
10524:
10518:
10517:
10515:
10514:
10509:
10508:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10479:
10478:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10451:Technological
10449:
10448:
10447:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10396:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10328:Design studies
10325:
10320:
10314:
10312:
10304:
10303:
10301:
10300:
10299:
10298:
10288:
10283:
10282:
10281:
10271:
10266:
10264:Scientometrics
10261:
10256:
10255:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10201:
10200:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10145:
10144:
10137:Paradigm shift
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10083:
10081:
10073:
10072:
10070:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10048:
10047:
10037:
10036:
10035:
10030:
10022:
10016:
10014:
10008:
10007:
10005:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9977:Postpositivism
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9937:Antipositivism
9934:
9928:
9926:
9920:
9919:
9917:
9916:
9911:
9910:
9909:
9907:and technology
9899:
9893:
9891:
9885:
9884:
9882:
9881:
9876:
9870:
9868:
9862:
9861:
9854:
9853:
9846:
9839:
9831:
9822:
9821:
9819:
9807:
9795:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9751:W. V. O. Quine
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9686:Rudolf Steiner
9683:
9678:
9676:Henri Poincaré
9673:
9667:
9664:
9663:
9661:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9634:
9632:
9625:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9574:
9573:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9546:Exact sciences
9543:
9538:
9533:
9527:
9525:
9524:Related topics
9521:
9520:
9518:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9483:Social science
9480:
9479:
9478:
9476:Space and time
9468:
9463:
9457:
9455:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9389:
9380:
9375:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9271:
9269:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9256:
9255:
9254:
9249:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9228:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9185:Scientific law
9182:
9181:
9180:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9123:
9122:
9121:
9116:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9094:Falsifiability
9091:
9086:
9081:
9080:
9079:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9053:
9052:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9023:Mill's Methods
9015:
9004:
8999:
8993:
8991:
8987:
8986:
8979:
8978:
8971:
8964:
8956:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8874:
8872:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8864:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8734:
8725:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8611:Constructivism
8608:
8602:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8561:Baruch Spinoza
8558:
8556:P. F. Strawson
8553:
8548:
8546:Susanna Siegel
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8521:W. V. O. Quine
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8421:Nelson Goodman
8418:
8413:
8411:Edmund Gettier
8408:
8403:
8398:
8396:René Descartes
8393:
8388:
8386:Gilles Deleuze
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8361:William Alston
8358:
8353:
8351:Thomas Aquinas
8347:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8331:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8308:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8283:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8223:
8221:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8136:
8131:
8125:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8087:
8085:
8083:Middle Eastern
8079:
8078:
8076:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8034:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8001:
7999:
7990:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7971:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7919:
7917:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7847:Existentialism
7844:
7842:Deconstruction
7839:
7833:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7675:Applied ethics
7671:
7669:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7639:Nietzscheanism
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7599:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7581:Utilitarianism
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7479:Transcendental
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7417:Existentialism
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7373:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7347:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7330:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7302:
7300:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7205:Augustinianism
7202:
7196:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7148:
7146:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7118:Zoroastrianism
7115:
7110:
7104:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6975:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6961:Church Fathers
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6843:
6841:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6716:
6715:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6624:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6490:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6476:Libertarianism
6473:
6472:
6471:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6449:
6443:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6415:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6367:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6339:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6280:Metaphilosophy
6277:
6272:
6266:
6264:
6254:
6253:
6243:
6242:
6235:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6212:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6160:
6155:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6051:
6043:
6035:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6003:
5995:
5987:
5979:
5971:
5963:
5955:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5914:Ămile Durkheim
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5867:
5859:
5851:
5843:
5835:
5827:
5819:
5811:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5770:
5760:
5755:Methodenstreit
5749:
5747:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5696:Social science
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5656:
5651:
5649:Operationalism
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5561:
5559:
5558:Related topics
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5545:
5538:
5536:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5466:
5464:Falsifiability
5461:
5456:
5451:
5449:Antipositivism
5445:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5352:Postpositivism
5349:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5300:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5242:Posnan, Poland
5239:
5234:
5229:
5227:Parana, Brazil
5224:
5206:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:External links
5181:
5180:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5164:76 (2):257â72.
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
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5109:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5060:
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5046:
5039:
5032:
5020:
5013:
5006:
5001:Petit, Annie.
4999:
4992:
4983:
4976:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4953:Le positivisme
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4791:
4790:24 (4):515â22.
4784:
4777:
4767:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4733:
4714:(6): 856â862.
4695:
4682:
4673:
4660:
4644:
4626:
4613:
4597:
4595:. Basic books.
4584:
4571:
4557:
4535:
4512:
4480:
4467:
4425:
4404:
4391:
4371:
4362:
4346:
4340:978-1412974738
4339:
4318:
4311:
4290:
4271:
4264:
4238:
4223:
4203:
4185:
4183:, London, 1963
4166:
4159:
4136:
4121:
4106:
4082:
4060:
4043:
4039:Harper-Collins
4019:
4004:
3974:
3943:
3923:
3893:
3876:
3854:
3829:
3804:Raymond Boudon
3796:
3776:
3769:
3749:
3742:
3719:
3712:
3692:
3685:
3659:
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3626:
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3477:
3456:
3443:
3430:
3417:
3401:
3388:
3360:
3347:
3334:
3316:
3291:
3266:
3251:
3223:
3206:
3195:
3172:
3153:
3146:
3120:
3090:
3054:
3036:
3033:Pearson Canada
3019:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
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2954:
2947:
2944:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2877:
2874:axiomatization
2870:
2856:
2853:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2755:
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2729:
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2727:
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2712:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2663:Scoping review
2660:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Field research
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Historiography
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2457:Subtle realism
2454:
2444:
2439:
2437:Postpositivism
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:Constructivism
2409:
2407:Antipositivism
2403:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2281:
2243:
2240:
2182:
2179:
2175:postpositivism
2162:Max Horkheimer
2104:Main article:
2101:
2098:
2068:social science
2056:postpositivism
2022:W. V. O. Quine
1987:Postpositivism
1982:
1979:
1963:Charles Cooley
1913:Antipositivism
1911:Main article:
1908:
1907:Antipositivism
1905:
1854:
1851:
1798:Moritz Schlick
1761:Moritz Schlick
1750:Main article:
1747:
1744:
1700:operationalism
1691:
1688:
1680:subject matter
1656:and cannot be
1626:Weimar Germany
1584:historiography
1579:
1576:
1495:Ămile Durkheim
1488:Ămile Durkheim
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1230:
1229:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
839:Astrosociology
836:
831:
826:
820:
815:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
770:
765:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
697:
692:
687:
685:Human behavior
682:
677:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
662:
661:
656:
651:
643:
642:
634:
633:
627:
626:
612:EugÚne Sémérie
570:
567:
456:, who founded
398:, and (3) the
381:secularisation
360:Lester F. Ward
356:
338:social science
281:
278:
276:
273:
236:human sciences
200:
197:
154:
151:
131:historiography
41:A portrait of
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10873:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10814:
10807:
10806:
10794:
10790:
10789:
10777:
10773:
10772:
10760:
10756:
10755:
10743:
10742:
10739:
10733:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10701:
10691:
10690:
10687:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10652:
10651:
10643:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10622:
10618:
10617:
10614:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10582:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10523:
10519:
10513:
10510:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10482:
10480:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10452:
10450:
10446:
10443:
10442:
10441:
10440:Technoscience
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10410:Media studies
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10370:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10348:Early adopter
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10318:Co-production
10316:
10315:
10313:
10311:
10305:
10297:
10294:
10293:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10280:
10277:
10276:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10202:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10167:communication
10165:
10163:
10160:
10159:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10149:Pseudoscience
10147:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10097:Boundary-work
10095:
10093:
10092:Bibliometrics
10090:
10088:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10080:
10074:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10046:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10038:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10025:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10013:
10009:
10003:
10002:Transhumanism
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9921:
9915:
9912:
9908:
9905:
9904:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9890:
9886:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9852:
9847:
9845:
9840:
9838:
9833:
9832:
9829:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9806:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9788:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9736:Rudolf Carnap
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9671:Auguste Comte
9669:
9668:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9643:Francis Bacon
9641:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9620:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9572:
9571:Pseudoscience
9569:
9568:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9522:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9481:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9452:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9430:Structuralism
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9393:
9392:Received view
9390:
9388:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9300:Contextualism
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9266:
9260:
9257:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9244:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9212:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9078:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9051:
9048:
9047:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8977:
8972:
8970:
8965:
8963:
8958:
8957:
8954:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8923:
8920:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8869:
8863:
8862:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8800:Justification
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8722:
8718:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8676:Phenomenalism
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8666:NaĂŻve realism
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8616:Contextualism
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8584:
8582:
8581:Vienna Circle
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8516:Hilary Putnam
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8491:Robert Nozick
8489:
8487:
8486:John McDowell
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8446:Immanuel Kant
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8416:Alvin Goldman
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8329:
8324:
8322:
8317:
8315:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8294:
8293:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8270:
8269:
8266:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8220:Miscellaneous
8218:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8080:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8027:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7998:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7973:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7946:
7945:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7916:Miscellaneous
7914:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7902:Structuralism
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7887:Postmodernism
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7877:Phenomenology
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7826:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7814:Vienna Circle
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7744:Moral realism
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7546:Phenomenology
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7486:Individualism
7484:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7352:
7351:Judeo-Islamic
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7340:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7327:ÊżIlm al-KalÄm
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7276:Shuddhadvaita
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7237:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7210:Scholasticism
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6833:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6771:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6710:
6706:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6661:Conceptualism
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6590:Particularism
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6557:Functionalism
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6542:Eliminativism
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6477:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6447:Compatibilism
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6386:Particularism
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6233:
6228:
6226:
6221:
6219:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6204:
6197:
6187:
6182:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6108:György Lukåcs
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5934:Vienna Circle
5932:
5930:
5929:Berlin Circle
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:Eugen DĂŒhring
5907:
5905:
5904:Auguste Comte
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:Contributions
5797:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5729:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:Structuralism
5711:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Phenomenalism
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5565:Behavioralism
5563:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5493:Human science
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:Pseudoscience
5416:
5414:
5413:Justification
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5268:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5023:Richard Rorty
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:"Positivism."
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:Auguste Comte
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4805:(1): 119â35.
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4686:
4677:
4670:
4664:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4623:
4617:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4594:
4588:
4581:
4575:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4513:9780049250086
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4477:
4476:Social Forces
4471:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4401:
4395:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4366:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4314:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4295:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4267:
4265:9781118766804
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4212:
4207:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4173:Karl Popper,
4170:
4162:
4160:9787301124314
4156:
4152:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3971:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3944:9780300066067
3940:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3772:
3770:9780226749471
3766:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3743:9780691183022
3739:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3715:
3713:9781614515005
3709:
3705:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3686:9780226254692
3682:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3655:
3653:9781134884841
3649:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3615:
3606:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3447:
3440:
3434:
3427:
3421:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3392:
3385:
3384:0-486-21867-8
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:Auguste Comte
3273:
3271:
3262:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3221:, 1987, p. 46
3220:
3219:Penguin Books
3216:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3124:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:transcultural
2889:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:replicability
2803:
2802:observer bias
2798:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Bibliometrics
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Meta-analysis
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Bibliometrics
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Phenomenology
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2114:'s theory of
2113:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1975:phenomenology
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:social action
1940:
1936:
1933:perspective.
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1888:(1795â1886).
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1827:, especially
1826:
1822:
1821:Rudolf Carnap
1818:
1813:
1811:
1810:Berlin Circle
1807:
1804:, along with
1803:
1802:Vienna Circle
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1765:Vienna Circle
1762:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:jurisprudence
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
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1570:, as well of
1569:
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1405:Organizations
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1162:
1160:
1159:Computational
1157:
1155:
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1138:
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1122:
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904:Environmental
902:
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885:
882:
880:
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875:
872:
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854:Consciousness
852:
850:
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840:
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832:
830:
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732:
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722:
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710:
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683:
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680:Globalization
678:
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652:
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647:
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640:
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629:
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623:
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609:
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591:Fabien Magnin
588:
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564:
560:
555:
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531:
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424:
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416:
415:Enlightenment
411:
409:
408:Enlightenment
405:
401:
397:
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391:
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384:
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348:
343:
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327:
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319:
315:
311:
310:
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304:
299:
298:Auguste Comte
293:
292:
286:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Auguste Comte
254:
250:
245:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
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150:
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107:Auguste Comte
103:
101:
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93:
92:introspection
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43:Auguste Comte
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10813:
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10786:
10774:from Commons
10769:
10752:
10731:
10655:Associations
10490:criticism of
10400:Leapfrogging
10383:linear model
10269:Team science
10259:Scientocracy
10182:Neo-colonial
9971:
9932:Anthropocene
9781:Larry Laudan
9761:Imre Lakatos
9716:Otto Neurath
9691:Karl Pearson
9681:Pierre Duhem
9653:Isaac Newton
9583:Protoscience
9541:Epistemology
9415:Anti-realism
9413: /
9394: /
9385: /
9371: /
9369:Reductionism
9367: /
9364:
9340:Inductionism
9320:Evolutionism
9125:
9012:a posteriori
9011:
9007:
8859:
8760:Common sense
8738:A posteriori
8737:
8729:
8691:Reductionism
8680:
8585:
8536:Gilbert Ryle
8406:Fred Dretske
8391:Keith DeRose
8335:Epistemology
8285:
8271:
7942:
7933:Postcritique
7923:Kyoto School
7882:Posthumanism
7862:Hermeneutics
7717: /
7658:Contemporary
7634:Newtonianism
7597:Cartesianism
7556:Reductionism
7550:
7392:Conservatism
7387:Collectivism
7325:
7053:SarvÄstivadÄ
7031:Anekantavada
6956:Neoplatonism
6924:Epicureanism
6857:Pythagoreans
6796:Confucianism
6762:Contemporary
6752:Early modern
6656:Anti-realism
6610:Universalism
6567:Subjectivism
6363:Epistemology
6053:
6045:
6037:
6029:
6021:
6013:
6005:
5997:
5989:
5981:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5949:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5845:
5837:
5829:
5821:
5813:
5805:
5789:Science wars
5587:Epistemology
5518:Reflectivism
5478:Hermeneutics
5330:Declinations
5306:Antihumanism
5299:Perspectives
5287:
5215:
5193:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5136:8 (16):1â42.
5133:
5126:
5122:x (xx):1â32.
5119:
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4668:
4663:
4655:
4639:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4592:
4587:
4579:
4574:
4566:"Positivism"
4560:
4543:
4538:
4492:
4483:
4475:
4470:
4458:. Retrieved
4449:
4412:
4407:
4399:
4394:
4382:
4374:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4330:
4302:
4284:
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4247:
4241:
4231:
4226:
4211:Harding 1976
4206:
4196:
4188:
4174:
4169:
4150:
4130:
4124:
4115:
4109:
4085:
4070:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4034:
4027:Alan Bullock
4022:
4013:
4007:
3998:
3991:. Retrieved
3987:the original
3977:
3968:
3961:. Retrieved
3933:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3903:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3840:
3812:
3799:
3789:
3779:
3759:
3752:
3732:
3722:
3702:
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3675:
3642:
3620:
3614:
3605:
3593:. Retrieved
3569:
3562:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3514:. Retrieved
3505:
3495:
3486:
3480:
3473:Grand Milieu
3472:
3469:Grand FĂ©tish
3468:
3464:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3420:
3412:
3396:
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3371:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3327:
3307:. Retrieved
3304:openstax.org
3303:
3294:
3260:
3254:
3214:
3209:
3200:
3185:
3181:Egan, Kieran
3175:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3131:
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3102:
3093:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3028:
3023:
3001:
2987:Physics envy
2952:Cliodynamics
2935:
2927:
2922:
2882:teleological
2864:
2847:rather than
2845:quantitative
2842:
2834:
2799:
2795:
2499:Hermeneutics
2431:
2387:Quantitative
2256:
2252:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2209:
2204:David Harvey
2201:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2109:
2091:
2085:
2077:quantitative
2073:quantitative
2049:
2038:
2033:impossible.
2026:Pierre Duhem
2015:
1996:
1994:
1971:hermeneutics
1969:philosophy,
1951:Georg Simmel
1916:
1890:
1871:
1863:
1859:reductionism
1856:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1817:Otto Neurath
1814:
1786:Café Central
1783:
1769:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1703:
1693:
1662:
1645:
1638:Raymond Aron
1619:
1615:Georg Iggers
1608:
1581:
1553:
1549:institutions
1541:social facts
1534:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1492:
1390:Bibliography
1304:
1232:
1231:
1218:
1184:Mathematical
1164:Ethnographic
1144:Quantitative
829:Architecture
788:
767:Perspectives
739:Social power
572:
556:
547:George Eliot
528:
520:
516:
512:
503:called the '
494:
485:
480:'s national
457:
454:Emile Littré
451:
446:Porto Alegre
431:
427:
412:
399:
395:metaphysical
393:
387:
385:
370:
363:
352:
346:
313:
307:
301:
296:
289:
271:of thought.
246:
202:
194:
185:compared to
183:positive law
158:
156:
147:reductionism
111:sociological
104:
67:a posteriori
66:
49:
48:
10754:Definitions
10500:theories of
10485:and society
10481:Technology
10475:transitions
10465:determinism
10460:convergence
10435:Technocracy
10217:controversy
10203:Scientific
10187:post-normal
10132:Metascience
10102:Consilience
10087:Antiscience
9952:Neo-Luddism
9947:Fuzzy logic
9771:Ian Hacking
9756:Thomas Kuhn
9741:Karl Popper
9721:C. D. Broad
9638:Roger Bacon
9566:Non-science
9508:Linguistics
9488:Archaeology
9383:Rationalism
9373:Determinism
9360:Physicalism
9325:Fallibilism
9275:Coherentism
9205:Testability
9158:Observation
9153:Objectivity
9114:alternative
9045:Correlation
9035:Consilience
8840:Proposition
8810:Objectivity
8696:Reliabilism
8686:Rationalism
8631:Fallibilism
8606:Coherentism
8551:Ernest Sosa
8526:Thomas Reid
8511:James Pryor
8481:G. E. Moore
8471:David Lewis
8461:Saul Kripke
8456:Peter Klein
8436:Susan Haack
8366:Robert Audi
7928:Objectivism
7867:Neo-Marxism
7829:Continental
7739:Meta-ethics
7719:Coherentism
7624:Hegelianism
7561:Rationalism
7521:Natural law
7501:Materialism
7427:Historicism
7397:Determinism
7288:Navya-NyÄya
7063:SautrÄntika
7058:Pudgalavada
6994:Vaisheshika
6847:Presocratic
6747:Renaissance
6686:Physicalism
6671:Materialism
6577:Normativity
6562:Objectivism
6547:Emergentism
6537:Behaviorism
6486:Metaphysics
6452:Determinism
6391:Rationalism
6144:Objectivity
6113:Karl Popper
6103:Thomas Kuhn
6083:Mario Bunge
5834:(1879â1884)
5769:(1909â1959)
5503:Metaphysics
5483:Historicism
5398:Demarcation
5393:Consilience
5316:Rationalism
4795:Bevir, Mark
4460:24 February
4213:, p. X
4193:Karl Popper
3916:18 February
3638:Munz, Peter
3376:Dover Books
2967:Determinism
2938:Karl Popper
2849:qualitative
2810:reliability
2572:Ethnography
2472:Methodology
2427:Fallibilism
2375:Qualitative
2345:Referencing
2269:reliability
2261:meta-theory
2144:technocrats
2081:qualitative
2035:Thomas Kuhn
2003:Karl Popper
1967:neo-Kantian
1939:ideal types
1825:metaphysics
1790:World War I
1779:rationalism
1740:natural law
1664:Historicist
1634:Blue Flower
1536:sui generis
1395:Terminology
1364:Baudrillard
1240:Tocqueville
1154:Comparative
1149:Qualitative
1119:Victimology
949:Immigration
934:Generations
849:Criminology
419:rationalism
389:theological
318:mathematics
265:metaphysics
204:Kieran Egan
187:natural law
164:positivisme
10826:Positivism
10820:Categories
10788:Quotations
10732:Positivism
10700:Philosophy
10638:Technology
10590:science of
10585:history of
10470:revolution
10378:disruptive
10368:Innovation
10363:Hype cycle
10308:Technology
10279:ecological
10252:skepticism
10242:misconduct
10227:enterprise
10045:scientific
9972:Positivism
9942:Empiricism
9924:Philosophy
9658:David Hume
9631:Precursors
9513:Psychology
9493:Economicsâ
9387:Empiricism
9378:Pragmatism
9365:Positivism
9355:Naturalism
9225:scientific
9109:Hypothesis
9072:Experiment
8941:Discussion
8931:Task Force
8850:Simplicity
8830:Perception
8706:Skepticism
8681:Positivism
8656:Infinitism
8621:Empiricism
8476:John Locke
8441:David Hume
8431:Anil Gupta
8426:Paul Grice
8401:John Dewey
8371:A. J. Ayer
8227:Amerindian
8134:Australian
8073:Vietnamese
8053:Indonesian
7602:Kantianism
7551:Positivism
7541:Pragmatism
7516:Naturalism
7496:Liberalism
7474:Subjective
7412:Empiricism
7316:Avicennism
7261:Bhedabheda
7145:East Asian
7068:Madhyamaka
7048:Abhidharma
6914:Pyrrhonism
6681:Nominalism
6676:Naturalism
6605:Skepticism
6595:Relativism
6585:Absolutism
6514:Naturalism
6424:Deontology
6396:Skepticism
6381:Naturalism
6371:Empiricism
6335:Aesthetics
6239:Philosophy
5924:Ernst Mach
5919:Ernst Laas
5894:A. J. Ayer
5882:Proponents
5701:Philosophy
5498:Humanities
5442:Antitheses
5311:Empiricism
5288:Positivism
5221:Positivism
5194:positivism
4748:References
4611:42:97â111.
4502:New York:
4037:, London:
3963:7 November
3953:lc96004399
3595:7 November
3300:"OpenStax"
2957:CientĂfico
2859:See also:
2838:empiricism
2747:Statistics
2742:Simulation
2680:Simulation
2621:Interviews
2584:Experiment
2552:Case study
2524:Pragmatism
2442:Pragmatism
2432:Positivism
2422:Empiricism
2156:postmodern
2045:worldviews
1931:subjective
1866:G. B. Vico
1833:synthetic
1775:empiricism
1696:psychology
1566:, such as
1533:objective
1530:psychology
1526:Protestant
1420:By country
1174:Historical
1099:Technology
1039:Punishment
1024:Philosophy
999:Mathematic
989:Literature
954:Industrial
944:Historical
869:Demography
789:Positivism
714:Popularity
669:Key themes
575:Ămile Zola
392:, (2) the
234:) and the
212:philosophy
199:Background
159:positivism
123:psychology
86:, such as
50:Positivism
10545:Factor 10
10373:diffusion
10212:consensus
10207:community
10172:education
10012:Sociology
9987:Scientism
9866:Economics
9498:Geography
9466:Chemistry
9425:Scientism
9220:ladenness
9040:Construct
9018:Causality
8805:Knowledge
8790:Induction
8740:knowledge
8732:knowledge
8106:Pakistani
8068:Taiwanese
8015:Ethiopian
7988:By region
7974:By region
7789:Scientism
7784:Systemics
7644:Spinozism
7571:Socialism
7506:Modernism
7469:Objective
7377:Anarchism
7311:Averroism
7200:Christian
7152:Neotaoism
7123:Zurvanism
7113:Mithraism
7108:Mazdakism
6879:Cyrenaics
6806:Logicians
6439:Free will
6401:Solipsism
6348:Formalism
6165:Verstehen
6151:Phronesis
6139:Knowledge
6123:Max Weber
5943:Criticism
5691:Sociology
5629:Modernism
5607:pluralism
5592:anarchism
5488:Historism
5408:Induction
5321:Scientism
5219:article "
4624:35:75â92.
4181:Routledge
4179:, p. 256
3825:Routledge
3555:Durkheim.
3411:Giddens,
3341:Giddens,
3113:2 October
3084:143761151
3029:Sociology
2380:Art-based
2265:scientism
2220:Christian
2136:scientism
2112:Karl Marx
2110:Although
1947:verstehen
1935:Max Weber
1882:historism
1878:knowledge
1853:Criticism
1794:Hans Hahn
1717:economics
1512:monograph
1236:Martineau
1179:Interview
1104:Terrorism
1084:Sociology
1029:Political
969:Knowledge
889:Education
631:Sociology
330:chemistry
322:astronomy
179:positīvus
153:Etymology
143:scientism
127:economics
88:intuition
64:âmeaning
10665:Scholars
10660:Journals
10650:Category
10624:Portals
10505:transfer
10495:dynamics
10445:feminist
10247:priority
10232:literacy
10192:rhetoric
10158:Science
10122:Logology
9793:Category
9445:Vitalism
9268:Theories
9242:Variable
9163:Paradigm
9050:function
9008:A priori
8997:Analysis
8990:Concepts
8926:Category
8745:Analysis
8730:A priori
8721:Concepts
8661:Innatism
8598:Theories
8292:Category
8247:Yugoslav
8237:Romanian
8144:Scottish
8129:American
8058:Japanese
8038:Buddhist
8020:Africana
8010:Egyptian
7852:Feminist
7774:Rawlsian
7769:Quietism
7667:Analytic
7619:Krausism
7526:Nihilism
7491:Kokugaku
7454:Absolute
7449:Idealism
7437:Humanism
7225:Occamism
7192:European
7137:Medieval
7083:Yogacara
7043:Buddhist
7036:SyÄdvÄda
6919:Stoicism
6884:Cynicism
6872:Sophists
6867:Atomists
6862:Eleatics
6801:Legalism
6742:Medieval
6666:Idealism
6620:Ontology
6600:Nihilism
6504:Idealism
6262:Branches
6251:Branches
6186:Category
5602:nihilism
5597:idealism
5527:Related
5403:Evidence
5025:(1982).
4550:Archived
4530:15379872
4522:78095963
4454:Archived
4398:Schunk,
4387:Suhrkamp
4094:Archived
4075:Archived
3957:Archived
3910:Archived
3869:Archived
3847:Archived
3817:Archived
3787:(1946).
3730:(2017).
3673:(1997).
3640:(1993).
3589:Archived
3510:Archived
3280:Archived
3244:Archived
3217:London:
3183:(1997).
3169:positive
3107:Archived
3070:(4): 9.
2962:Charvaka
2946:See also
2814:validity
2547:Analysis
2340:Argument
2300:Research
2292:a series
2290:Part of
2273:validity
2236:a priori
2216:Platonic
2167:reifying
2140:ideology
1835:a priori
1829:ontology
1721:de facto
1676:ethology
1654:inferred
1630:Romantic
1522:Catholic
1415:Timeline
1400:Journals
1368:Bourdieu
1360:Habermas
1356:Luhmann
1352:Foucault
1296:Mannheim
1276:Durkheim
1049:Religion
1009:Military
974:Language
959:Internet
914:Feminist
898:Jealousy
884:Economic
879:Disaster
874:Deviance
817:Branches
695:Identity
552:altruism
472:writer,
448:, Brazil
400:positive
366:(1898),
357:â
82:. Other
62:positive
10724:Science
10712:Society
10686:Portals
10628:Science
10310:studies
10222:dissent
10162:citizen
10079:studies
10077:Science
10024:Social
9889:History
9503:History
9471:Physics
9461:Biology
9259:more...
9247:control
9143:Inquiry
8861:more...
8641:Fideism
8587:more...
8242:Russian
8211:Spanish
8206:Slovene
8196:Maltese
8191:Italian
8171:Finland
8139:British
8121:Western
8111:Turkish
8096:Islamic
8091:Iranian
8043:Chinese
8030:Eastern
7997:African
7944:more...
7629:Marxism
7459:British
7402:Dualism
7298:Islamic
7256:Advaita
7246:Vedanta
7220:Scotism
7215:Thomism
7157:Tiantai
7100:Persian
7088:Tibetan
7078:ĆĆ«nyatÄ
7019:CÄrvÄka
7009:ÄjÄ«vika
7004:MÄ«mÄáčsÄ
6984:Samkhya
6899:Academy
6852:Ionians
6826:Yangism
6783:Chinese
6774:Ancient
6737:Western
6732:Ancient
6691:Realism
6648:Reality
6638:Process
6519:Realism
6499:Dualism
6494:Atomism
6376:Fideism
6066:Critics
5791:(1990s)
5785:(1980s)
5779:(1960s)
5759:(1890s)
5612:realism
5544:(1830s)
5532:in the
4819:2709863
4728:2095839
3993:30 June
3516:6 March
3378:, 1968
3309:9 April
2828:called
2626:Mapping
2541:Methods
2447:Realism
2335:Writing
2011:falsify
1927:symbols
1815:It was
1788:before
1672:physics
1668:history
1517:Suicide
1372:Giddens
1370:·
1366:·
1358:·
1346:·
1344:Goffman
1340:Schoeck
1326:·
1318:·
1294:·
1292:Du Bois
1290:·
1282:·
1278:·
1270:·
1264:Tönnies
1262:·
1248:Spencer
1246:·
1224:·
1137:Methods
1114:Utopian
1059:Science
1004:Medical
994:Marxist
984:Leisure
894:Emotion
859:Culture
675:Society
654:Outline
649:History
565:terms.
519:). The
334:biology
326:physics
269:history
267:in the
191:Chaucer
170:positif
10522:Policy
10455:change
10388:system
10237:method
10177:normal
9215:choice
9210:Theory
9148:Nature
9077:design
8755:Belief
8651:Holism
8201:Polish
8181:German
8176:French
8161:Danish
8151:Canada
8101:Jewish
8063:Korean
8048:Indian
7590:People
7511:Monism
7464:German
7432:Holism
7365:Modern
7343:Jewish
7266:Dvaita
7239:Indian
7162:Huayan
7014:Ajñana
6971:Indian
6836:Greco-
6821:Taoism
6811:Mohism
6757:Modern
6724:By era
6713:By era
6628:Action
6509:Monism
6429:Virtue
6411:Ethics
6058:(1986)
6050:(1980)
6042:(1978)
6034:(1968)
6026:(1964)
6018:(1963)
6010:(1962)
6002:(1960)
5994:(1951)
5986:(1942)
5978:(1936)
5970:(1934)
5962:(1923)
5954:(1909)
5874:(2001)
5866:(1959)
5858:(1936)
5850:(1927)
5842:(1886)
5826:(1869)
5818:(1848)
5810:(1830)
5746:Method
5619:Holism
5550:(1927)
5191:about
4817:
4726:
4528:
4520:
4510:
4419:
4337:
4309:
4262:
4157:
4069:p. 13
3951:
3941:
3767:
3740:
3710:
3683:
3650:
3581:
3395:Mill,
3382:
3354:Mill,
3193:
3167:s. v.
3144:
3082:
2687:Survey
1973:, and
1961:, and
1923:values
1684:method
1545:anomie
1410:People
1348:Bauman
1328:Nisbet
1324:Merton
1316:Gehlen
1312:Adorno
1305:1900s:
1280:Addams
1272:Simmel
1268:Veblen
1260:Pareto
1252:Le Bon
1233:1800s:
1226:SieyĂšs
1219:1700s:
1199:Survey
1124:Visual
1034:Public
939:Health
929:Gender
919:Fiscal
909:Family
585:, and
525:Darwin
521:system
517:system
490:Poland
478:Brazil
314:Course
228:German
216:poetry
72:reason
10805:Texts
10771:Media
8936:Stubs
8855:Truth
8501:Plato
8232:Aztec
8186:Greek
8166:Dutch
8156:Czech
8005:Bantu
7442:Anti-
6989:Nyaya
6979:Hindu
6839:Roman
6633:Event
6275:Logic
6158:Truth
5214:1911
4815:JSTOR
4724:JSTOR
4547:p. 51
4423:p. 68
4402:, 315
4056:Opere
3887:, in
3866:p. 28
3844:p. 14
3241:p. 27
3080:S2CID
3015:Notes
1919:norms
1383:Lists
1332:Mills
1308:Fromm
1300:Elias
1288:Weber
1222:Comte
1109:Urban
1094:Sport
1089:Space
1054:Rural
1014:Music
964:Jewry
864:Death
824:Aging
659:Index
482:motto
208:Plato
175:Latin
119:logic
94:, or
78:from
76:logic
52:is a
10393:user
10296:STEM
10197:wars
9119:null
9089:Fact
9010:and
7333:Sufi
7167:Chan
7026:Jain
6999:Yoga
6529:Mind
6469:Hard
6457:Hard
4526:OCLC
4518:LCCN
4508:ISBN
4462:2012
4417:ISBN
4335:ISBN
4307:ISBN
4260:ISBN
4217:help
4155:ISBN
4029:and
4000:etc.
3995:2012
3965:2015
3949:LCCN
3939:ISBN
3918:2015
3806:and
3765:ISBN
3738:ISBN
3708:ISBN
3681:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3597:2015
3579:ISBN
3518:2017
3380:ISBN
3311:2021
3191:ISBN
3142:ISBN
3115:2008
2812:and
2271:and
2079:and
2054:and
2024:and
1989:and
1831:and
1682:and
1674:and
1640:and
1604:bias
1524:and
1336:Bell
1320:Aron
1284:Mead
1256:Ward
1244:Marx
924:Food
844:Body
598:and
554:").
541:and
470:Whig
255:and
214:and
137:and
115:laws
74:and
7607:Neo
7172:Zen
5102:doi
4807:doi
4716:doi
4252:doi
4033:,
3415:, 9
3399:, 4
3345:, 1
3286:in
3165:OED
3072:doi
2253:not
2218:or
1884:of
1808:'s
1734:, "
1730:In
1715:In
1694:In
1678:in
1624:in
1582:In
979:Law
834:Art
527:'s
404:God
244:).
60:or
10822::
5100:.
4813:.
4803:54
4801:.
4763:36
4761:.
4722:.
4712:52
4710:.
4698:^
4647:^
4629:^
4600:^
4524:.
4516:.
4452:.
4448:.
4428:^
4381:,
4356:,
4321:^
4293:^
4283:.
4258:.
4195:,
4139:^
4054:,
3997:.
3967:.
3955:.
3947:.
3908:.
3857:^
3832:^
3823:,
3810:,
3662:^
3629:^
3587:.
3573:.
3526:^
3508:.
3504:.
3404:^
3370:,
3319:^
3302:.
3269:^
3226:^
3199:.
3140:.
3138:11
3105:.
3101:.
3078:.
3068:55
3066:.
2808:,
2294:on
2257:is
2238:.
2020:.
2001:,
1957:,
1953:,
1925:,
1921:,
1514:,
1362:·
1342:·
1338:·
1334:·
1330:·
1322:·
1314:·
1298:·
1286:·
1274:·
1266:·
1258:·
1254:·
1250:·
1238:·
707:/
703:/
610:.
589:.
581:,
577:,
492:.
484:,
383:.
362:,
332:,
328:,
324:,
320:,
251:,
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145:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
102:.
90:,
10740::
10688::
9850:e
9843:t
9836:v
8975:e
8968:t
8961:v
8327:e
8320:t
8313:v
6231:e
6224:t
6217:v
5280:e
5273:t
5266:v
5108:.
5104::
5031:.
4991:.
4821:.
4809::
4730:.
4718::
4568:.
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4464:.
4343:.
4315:.
4287:.
4268:.
4254::
4219:)
4163:.
4100:(
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3773:.
3746:.
3716:.
3689:.
3656:.
3599:.
3520:.
3386:)
3358:3
3313:.
3150:.
3117:.
3088:.
3086:.
3074::
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1061:(
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896:(
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705:4
701:3
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