37:
780:. Later that year, they were able to catch Umur off guard and launch a surprise attack on Smyrna, in which they recaptured the harbour fortress and harbour on the first assault. Though the allies were not able to capture the acropolis, Umur Bey's prestige had received a severe blow and he was forced to mount attacks by land. News of the victory were quickly brought back via Venice to pope Clement who spread the news to the kings of France and England in early 1345.
783:
In the meantime, the Latins fortified their positions while fending off
Turkish attacks. They build a wall and moat around a shoreline suburb where a money exchange and shops were established. On 17 January 1345, having returned from what was likely a foray to secure supplies, patriarch Henry of Asti
808:
but
Humbert did little more at Smyrna than sortie against the Turks and refortify the Christian section of the city. The next five years were occupied by Clement VI with attempts to negotiate a truce with the Turks, who kept Smyrna in a constant state of siege by land and direct financial and
784:
decided against the advice of the other leaders to celebrate mass in the former cathedral of Smyrna, which lay outside of the suburb. In the middle of the service Umur Bey swept down on the congregation and the leaders of the crusade were killed, including the
Patriarch,
771:
According to plan, twenty galleys fitted by the
Cypriots, Hospitallers, Venetians and the papacy were to gather at Negroponte on the feast of All Saints on 1 November 1343. On 13 May next year, the united forces defeated a substantially larger Turkish fleet in the
707:
who had used it since 1326-1329 as base for piracy in the southeastern
Mediterranean sea. By the early 1340s the Aydinids and other Turkish beyliks had forced several Aegean islands to pay tributes and had devastated the surrounding coastal regions.
384:
809:
military aid to the city. Although
Clement's concern with the Crusade ended abruptly in September 1351, the city of Smyrna remained in Christian hands until the
777:
800:
The precarious situation of the
Crusaders in Asia Minor spurred the Pope to organise a second expedition in 1345. In November, under the command of
1100:
1090:
240:
1095:
695:. The crusade was mostly successful in restricting piracy and leading to Umur's death and Smyrna remained in Latin hands until 1402.
1085:
1013:
985:
975:
1110:
462:
392:
270:
233:
1044:
740:
559:
362:
1075:
226:
649:
639:
1065:
804:, the second Smyrniote crusade set out from Venice. In February 1346, it won a victory over the Turks at
571:
564:
467:
743:, to organise a league against the Turks, who had increased their piracy in the Aegean in recent years.
1105:
1070:
372:
36:
1003:
789:
751:
joined, and on 2 November 1342, the Pope sent letters to engage the men and ships of Venice. The
599:
160:
801:
604:
532:
188:
1002:
Savvides, Alexios G. C. (30 August 2006). "Smyrna
Crusade (1344)". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.).
634:
537:
527:
1080:
8:
748:
644:
629:
579:
437:
407:
119:
1036:
The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The
Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
731:
there to defend
Christian shipping, but starting in the 1340s, Clement endeavoured with
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732:
554:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
457:
452:
425:
347:
275:
265:
115:
963:
Carr, Mike. 2014. "Humbert of Viennois and the Crusade of Smyrna: A Reconsideration".
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981:
773:
744:
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506:
397:
302:
184:
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377:
307:
280:
197:
176:
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164:
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42:
1034:
810:
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519:
420:
357:
352:
327:
312:
297:
1030:
614:
514:
367:
332:
317:
41:
19th-century representation of the death of the crusade's leaders in 1345, by
1059:
736:
342:
337:
322:
292:
148:
735:
aid to expand this effort into a full military expedition. He commissioned
724:
609:
430:
131:
655:
447:
127:
752:
716:
712:
692:
1039:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. pp. 184–223.
703:
Smyrna had been conquered at the beginning of the 14th century by the
720:
814:
805:
704:
684:
680:
672:
250:
193:
136:
70:
28:
75:
728:
688:
79:
66:
839:
788:, commander of the Papal galleys and the Venetian commander,
218:
856:
854:
878:
687:
which had as their principal target the coastal city of
931:
929:
851:
941:
101:
Latin reconquest of Smyrna which they hold until 1402
926:
902:
711:The first Smyrniote crusade was the brainchild of
1008:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 1116–1118.
1005:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia [4 volumes]
914:
890:
866:
827:
759:and authorising its preaching throughout Europe,
1057:
234:
996:Le pape Clément VI et les affaires d'Orient
977:Merchant Crusaders in the Aegean, 1291-1352
241:
227:
35:
1001:
860:
845:
1101:Wars involving the Knights Hospitaller
1058:
1029:
947:
935:
908:
884:
715:. The threat of Turkish piracy in the
1091:Wars involving the Republic of Venice
222:
1096:Wars involving the Kingdom of Cyprus
973:
920:
896:
872:
833:
795:
719:had induced Clement's predecessors,
766:
13:
763:, was published on 30 September.
287:In the Holy Land (1095–1291)
271:Military order (religious society)
14:
1122:
1086:Wars involving the Papal States
727:, to maintain a fleet of four
393:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399
1:
820:
698:
248:
7:
741:patriarch of Constantinople
10:
1127:
957:
761:Insurgentibus contra fidem
1111:Military history of İzmir
261:Ideology and institutions
258:
142:
109:
48:
34:
26:
21:
980:. Boydell & Brewer.
776:, the western prong of
848:, pp. 1116, 1118.
802:Humbert II of Viennois
189:Humbert II of Viennois
143:Commanders and leaders
671:(1343–1351) were two
16:14th-century crusades
1076:14th century in Asia
778:Chalcidice peninsula
128:Dauphiné of Viennois
974:Carr, Mike (2015).
887:, pp. 189–190.
749:Knights Hospitaller
645:Crusade of the Poor
120:Knights Hospitaller
1066:Smyrniote crusades
1031:Setton, Kenneth M.
994:Gay, Jules. 1904.
757:Crusade indulgence
669:Smyrniote crusades
572:Against Christians
276:Crusade indulgence
266:Crusading movement
116:Republic of Venice
22:Smyrniote crusades
1015:978-1-57607-863-1
987:978-1-84383-990-3
796:Second expedition
774:Battle of Pallene
745:Hugh IV of Cyprus
664:
663:
650:Shepherds' (1320)
640:Shepherds' (1251)
624:(1096–1320)
574:(1209–1588)
509:(1147–1410)
387:(1291–1717)
217:
216:
213:
207:
185:Hugh IV of Cyprus
124:Kingdom of Cyprus
105:
104:
1118:
1050:
1026:
1024:
1022:
991:
951:
945:
939:
933:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
849:
843:
837:
831:
786:Martino Zaccaria
767:First expedition
378:Fall of Outremer
281:Papal income tax
253:
243:
236:
229:
220:
219:
211:
205:
202:
181:
173:Martino Zaccaria
169:
157:
91:Crusader victory
50:
49:
43:Giuseppe Gatteri
39:
19:
18:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1106:1340s conflicts
1071:Medieval Smyrna
1056:
1055:
1047:
1020:
1018:
1016:
988:
960:
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954:
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919:
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903:
895:
891:
883:
879:
871:
867:
863:, p. 1116.
859:
852:
844:
840:
832:
828:
823:
811:Siege of Smyrna
798:
769:
739:, the Catholic
701:
681:Beylik of Aydin
677:Pope Clement VI
665:
660:
630:People's (1096)
254:
249:
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210:
208:
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187:
183:
177:
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159:
153:
137:Beylik of Aydin
130:
126:
122:
118:
97:
83:
73:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1124:
1114:
1113:
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1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1027:
1014:
999:
992:
986:
971:
959:
956:
953:
952:
950:, p. 192.
940:
938:, p. 191.
925:
913:
911:, p. 190.
901:
889:
877:
865:
850:
838:
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819:
797:
794:
768:
765:
700:
697:
662:
661:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
618:
617:
615:Spanish Armada
612:
607:
602:
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410:
405:
400:
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385:Later Crusades
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1046:0-87169-114-0
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1000:
998:. PhD thesis.
997:
993:
989:
983:
979:
978:
972:
969:
966:
962:
961:
949:
944:
937:
932:
930:
923:, p. 75.
922:
917:
910:
905:
899:, p. 74.
898:
893:
886:
881:
875:, p. 50.
874:
869:
862:
861:Savvides 2006
857:
855:
847:
846:Savvides 2006
842:
836:, p. 52.
835:
830:
826:
818:
816:
812:
807:
803:
793:
791:
787:
781:
779:
775:
764:
762:
758:
755:granting the
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:Henry of Asti
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
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373:Lord Edward's
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149:Henry of Asti
147:
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138:
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117:
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108:
100:
95:
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90:
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81:
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68:
63:
60:
59:
55:
52:
51:
47:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1053:
1035:
1019:. Retrieved
1004:
995:
976:
970:(1): 237–51.
967:
964:
943:
916:
904:
892:
880:
868:
841:
829:
799:
782:
770:
760:
725:Benedict XII
710:
702:
679:against the
668:
666:
654:
620:
619:
570:
569:
505:
504:
448:Holy Leagues
402:
383:
382:
286:
285:
260:
199:
178:
166:
154:
132:Papal States
110:Belligerents
74:(modern-day
27:Part of the
1021:1 September
948:Setton 1976
936:Setton 1976
909:Setton 1976
885:Setton 1976
790:Pietro Zeno
656:Reconquista
605:Despenser's
580:Albigensian
408:Alexandrian
212:(1348–1351)
206:(1343–1348)
161:Pietro Zeno
96:Territorial
1060:Categories
821:References
753:Papal bull
717:Aegean Sea
713:Clement VI
699:Background
693:Asia Minor
658:(722–1492)
635:Children's
555:Lithuanian
921:Carr 2015
897:Carr 2015
873:Carr 2015
834:Carr 2015
817:in 1402.
721:John XXII
590:Stedinger
438:Nicopolis
403:Smyrniote
398:Aragonese
303:Norwegian
209:Hızır Beg
56:1343–1351
1081:Aydınids
1033:(1976).
965:Crusades
815:Timurids
806:Mytilene
747:and the
733:Venetian
705:Aydinids
685:Umur Bey
675:sent by
673:Crusades
600:Bohemian
585:Drenther
550:Prussian
545:Livonian
524:Swedish
507:Northern
417:Barbary
413:Savoyard
308:Venetian
251:Crusades
194:Umur Beg
71:Anatolia
61:Location
29:Crusades
958:Sources
813:by the
729:galleys
622:Popular
610:Hussite
595:Bosnian
560:Russian
520:Wendish
363:Catalan
353:Seventh
348:Barons'
200:†
179:†
167:†
155:†
98:changes
65:Around
1043:
1012:
984:
689:Smyrna
683:under
515:Kalmar
368:Eighth
333:Fourth
318:Second
196:
175:
163:
151:
88:Result
80:Turkey
67:Smyrna
565:Tatar
443:Varna
343:Sixth
338:Fifth
323:Third
293:First
76:İzmir
1041:ISBN
1023:2024
1010:ISBN
982:ISBN
723:and
667:The
538:1293
533:1249
528:1150
498:1717
493:1684
488:1594
483:1571
478:1538
473:1535
468:1526
463:1511
458:1495
453:1332
431:1399
426:1398
421:1390
358:1267
328:1197
313:1129
298:1101
53:Date
691:in
1062::
968:13
928:^
853:^
792:.
78:,
69:,
1049:.
1025:.
990:.
242:e
235:t
228:v
82:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
