548:
534:
372:
477:
The period from 1989 to 1993 is described as the period of democracy and independence and resulted in the Second Slovak
Republic in 1993 with a new constitution and flag. Termed the Velvet Divorce, the period marked Western influences and a new autonomy for the Slovak Republic with separate national
428:
was concluded by representatives of Czechs and
Slovaks at a meeting of the American branch of the Czechoslovak National Council in Pittsburgh. The agreement endorsed a program for the struggle for a common state of Czecho-Slovakia and agreed that the new state would be a democratic republic in which
411:
to attend the consecration of the village church that he had helped to build, but the ecclesiastical authorities would not permit it. On the day of the consecration, the people tried to stop the Magyar clergy, who came to Černová and the security forces fired into the crowd and killed nine people on
423:
and the Slovak League of
America signed the Cleveland Agreement in which they pledged to co-operate for the common goal of independent statehood for the Czechs and Slovaks. The agreement's five articles laid out the basics of a future joint state for the two nationalities. Three years later, the
391:
Denied a voice in politics and the use of their native Slovak language in public places by the ruling
Magyars in Hungary, Slovaks in America became socially and politically active, establishing self-help societies and fraternal organizations (such as Sokol, the Slovak League of America and First
298:
Another Slovak fought in the
American Revolution; Major Jan Polerecky, who trained at the French Royal Military Academy of St. Cyr, came to America from France to fight with George Washington's army in the War for Independence. He was in the company of the 300 "Blue Hussars" to whom the British
399:
In 1910, Slovak and other ethnic leaders in the United States successfully petitioned federal authorities to classify a person by their language, rather than country of origin. On the president's orders, new forms replaced the old ones, and
Slovaks were no longer classified as "Austrians" or
343:, it is impossible to determine the exact number of Slovak immigrants who entered the United States. Between 1880 and the mid-1920s, approximately 500,000 Slovaks immigrated to the United States. More than half of Slovak immigrants settled in Pennsylvania. Other popular destinations included
252:, to serve as a teacher and a preacher. Šaroši apparently returned to Europe after two years. In 1754, Andreas Jelky, an ethnic German from the village of Baja, left the Kingdom of Hungary to train as a tailor. After some travel in Europe, he eventually reached South American shores, via the
323:
approved a request to organize a military company named the "Lincoln
Riflemen of Slavonic Origin." This first volunteer unit from Chicago, which included many Slovaks, fought in the Civil War and was eventually incorporated into the
510:, and Illinois. Most Slovaks settled in places where there were already Slovaks residing. In fact, between 1908 and 1910, the percentage of Slovaks who settled in places already inhabited by family and friends was 98.4 percent.
464:
and post-war political figures. Another wave of Slovak immigration was fueled by the Soviet Union's invasion of
Czechoslovakia in 1968, the Soviet response to the cultural and political liberalization of the
748:
478:
standards and ratings for education, the economy, and other government functions. It was only in 2002 that
Slovakia was invited, along with six other Central European Nations, to join
452:
In 1970, the Slovak World
Congress was founded in New York. It became the leading organization of Slovaks living abroad and represented associations, institutions, and individuals.
392:
Catholic Slovak Union), founding newspapers (such as SlovenskĂ˝ dennĂk, 'Daily Slovak', and Jednota, 'Unity'), and lobbying the government of the United States, especially President
416:, to denounce Budapest's policies towards the nationalities in his book "Racial Problems in Hungary," which he published under the pseudonym Scotus Viator in 1908.
494:. For this reason, the majority of Slovaks settled in the Eastern United States (with special attention to Pennsylvania) where more than half of them settled in
653:
482:. The historian Stanislav Kinselbaum, born in Prague and Western-educated, noted that first free postcommunist elections in Slovakia were held in June 1990.
676:
1260:
1753:
1738:
1492:
2137:
756:
888:
RieÄŤanska, Eva. "Contemporary Ethnicity, Maintenance of Ethnic Culture and Ethnic Change: The Case of the Slovak Americans in Western Pennsylvania."
2174:
412:
the spot with a total of 15 dead by the end of the day. More than 60 people were wounded. The event encouraged a British journalist and academic,
2184:
1966:
699:
328:. Slovak immigrant, Samuel Figuli, fought in the Civil War, owned a plantation in Virginia, and later joined an exploratory expedition to the
2179:
576:
1163:
339:
policies of the Hungarian government. Because U.S. immigration officials did not keep separate records for each ethnic group within the
997:
2037:
1592:
429:
Slovakia would have its own administration, legislature, and courts. On October 18, 1918, the primary author of the agreement,
898:
Stein, Howard F. "Envy and the evil eye among Slovak-Americans: An essay in the psychological ontogeny of belief and ritual."
841:
edited by David C. Hammack, John J. Grabowski, and Diane L. Grabowski, (Western Reserve Historical Society, 2003) pp 249–306.
601:
490:
Most Slovaks emigrated to cities, especially to those where industries were expanding and felt the need to acquire cheap and
295:. He died in Madagascar in 1786, but his wife, Zuzana Honsch, stayed in the United States from 1784 until her death in 1815.
832:
639:
581:
1959:
1796:
966:
947:
918:
879:
846:
233:
903:
1899:
1156:
661:
684:
571:
325:
17:
2065:
1952:
1892:
990:
502:
in the state's western region. Today, almost half of all Slovak Americans reside in Pennsylvania (233,160) and
2075:
2030:
1886:
1809:
1923:
1930:
1149:
375:
396:'s administration, to press for greater freedom for Slovaks who were suffering under Magyar oppression.
379:
284:
204:
932:
460:
Communists took control of Czechoslovakia's government in 1948, leading to a mass migration of Slovak
1856:
1720:
1694:
1250:
983:
75:
707:
2023:
519:
249:
237:
1834:
420:
340:
799:
1907:
1743:
1827:
784:
1820:
1666:
1609:
1507:
1400:
1305:
1074:
404:
147:
1728:
1604:
1497:
1433:
1415:
1325:
1310:
1069:
1018:
636:
June Granatir Alexander, "Slovak Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,
553:
425:
8:
1989:
1814:
1789:
1472:
1420:
1405:
1355:
1245:
1231:
1110:
1059:
1033:
413:
228:
Isaacus Ferdinand Šaroši was the first known immigrant from the territory of present-day
176:
859:
Laurence, Patricia Ondek. "The Garden in the Mill: The Slovak Immigrant's View of Work"
2153:
2100:
2090:
2080:
2070:
2060:
1748:
1614:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1541:
1512:
1502:
1482:
1462:
1376:
1335:
1300:
1216:
1186:
1172:
1089:
1064:
561:
499:
430:
335:
Large scale Slovak immigration to the United States began in the 1870s with the forced
316:
272:
268:
2095:
2085:
2004:
1912:
1759:
1709:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1619:
1599:
1587:
1572:
1536:
1522:
1517:
1477:
1467:
1446:
1426:
1410:
1386:
1381:
1345:
1330:
1320:
1279:
1237:
1223:
1130:
1084:
1079:
1054:
1049:
1023:
962:
943:
914:
875:
842:
772:
442:
300:
292:
264:
184:
87:
1441:
612:
445:
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was elected the first president of an independent
2116:
1984:
1846:
1701:
1674:
1640:
1562:
1371:
1340:
1315:
1255:
1196:
1115:
507:
386:
360:
352:
172:
123:
119:
91:
722:
A consultation visit to the former Czechoslovakia, now Czech and Slovak Republics.
2046:
1994:
1783:
1767:
1714:
1660:
1528:
1487:
1350:
1284:
1191:
1105:
1028:
959:
Streetcar Parishes: Slovak Immigrants Build Their Nonlocal Communities, 1890–1945
566:
539:
491:
320:
288:
168:
164:
143:
131:
1733:
1266:
1120:
839:
Identity, Conflict, and Cooperation: Central Europeans in Cleveland, 1850–1930,
461:
446:
438:
393:
304:
208:
180:
2168:
893:
466:
408:
336:
280:
407:. On October 27, 1907, parishioners in the Slovak village of Černová wanted
1209:
506:(137,343). Other important areas where Slovaks settled include New Jersey,
241:
71:
831:
edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 209–221.
253:
151:
79:
1944:
356:
329:
276:
260:
245:
107:
95:
864:
403:
Slovaks in America were outraged and spurred to greater action by the
1804:
1141:
495:
434:
299:
formally surrendered their weapons after the defeat of Cornwallis at
196:
638:
edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 209-221.
1862:
1680:
1392:
975:
348:
229:
99:
2015:
927:
Stolarik, M. Mark. "Slovak-Americans in the Great Steel Strike."
911:
Where is My Home? Slovak Immigration to North America (1870-2010)
212:
200:
103:
387:
Organization, political activism, and creation of Czechoslovakia
1687:
1202:
940:
A Guide to Slavic Collections in the United States and Canada
371:
469:. Many members of this wave belonged to the intelligentsia.
503:
479:
449:
in 1920. However, he broke his promise of Slovak autonomy.
344:
211:
ethnic groups. There are currently about 790,000 people of
83:
363:
was founded in 1894 by the Slovak Colonization Company.
207:, Slovak Americans made up the third-largest portion of
283:
came to America and fought with American troops in the
455:
529:
307:, where he served in a number of public positions.
827:Alexander, June Granatir. "Slovak Americans." in
2166:
937:
303:. When the war was over, Polerecky settled in
2031:
1960:
1157:
991:
700:"Slovak Emigration Travel before World War I"
472:
275:whose origin is regarded as a mix of Slovak,
236:. Šaroši arrived in the religious colony of
829:Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,
263:and bearing letters of recommendation from
2038:
2024:
1967:
1953:
1164:
1150:
998:
984:
706:. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from
683:. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from
660:. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from
577:Hungarian Slovak Roma in the United States
1974:
602:"Ancestry: 2000 : Census 2000 Brief"
908:
869:
854:Slovaks in America: A Bicentennial Study
370:
2175:American people of Czechoslovak descent
938:Urbanic, Allan; Feinberg, Beth (2004).
724:Rome, NY: Community and Policy Studies.
310:
14:
2185:European diaspora in the United States
2167:
1171:
956:
856:(Middletown, PA: Jednota Press, 1978).
837:Kopanic, Michael J. “The Slovaks.” In
400:"Hungarians" in the 1910 U.S. Census.
2019:
1948:
1145:
979:
797:
737:Toronto, Canada: The Scarecrow Press.
433:, whose father was Slovak and mother
378:of Slovak Americans according to the
223:
215:descent living in the United States.
2180:Slovak diaspora in the United States
1005:
366:
66:Regions with significant populations
27:Americans of Slovak birth or descent
2045:
697:
674:
651:
518:For a more comprehensive list, see
456:Communist control of Czechoslovakia
291:'s cavalry corps and fought in the
24:
821:
746:
259:After being proclaimed emperor in
25:
2196:
913:. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.
513:
961:. Susquehanna University Press.
582:Slovakia–United States relations
546:
532:
749:"American FactFinder - Results"
733:Kinselbaum, Stanley J. (2006).
572:Slovak National Catholic Church
437:, declared the independence of
326:24th Illinois Infantry Regiment
267:and funds from a descendant of
791:
740:
727:
714:
691:
668:
645:
630:
594:
13:
1:
1224:German Mennonites from Russia
942:. Haworth Information Press.
872:Czechs and Slovaks in America
852:Krajsa, Joseph, et al., eds.
587:
485:
874:. East European Monographs.
863:10#2 (1983), pp. 57–68
419:In 1915, the leaders of the
7:
870:RechcĂgl, Miloslav (2005).
525:
256:, on a Dutch trading ship.
10:
2201:
1821:Alabama Creoles and Cajuns
909:Stolarik, M. Mark (2012).
517:
473:Democracy and independence
285:American Revolutionary War
218:
59:0.24% of the US population
2146:
2130:
2109:
2053:
1980:
1879:
1797:White Hispanic and Latino
1776:
1628:
1550:
1455:
1364:
1293:
1179:
1098:
1042:
1011:
720:Racino, Julie A. (2014).
162:
157:
142:
137:
118:
113:
70:
65:
52:
47:
38:
1744:Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots
520:List of Slovak Americans
250:Francis Daniel Pastorius
957:Zecker, Robert (2010).
735:The A to Z of Slovakia.
421:Czech National Alliance
341:Austro-Hungarian Empire
931:64.3 (1997): 407–418.
753:Factfinder2.census.gov
704:Slovak Studies Program
681:Slovak Studies Program
658:Slovak Studies Program
414:Robert W. Seton-Watson
383:
1975:West Slavic Americans
747:Bureau, U.S. Census.
500:coal mining districts
374:
158:Related ethnic groups
1434:Norwegian Minnesotan
929:Pennsylvania History
618:on 20 September 2004
554:United States portal
426:Pittsburgh Agreement
311:19th century century
287:. He joined General
41:SlovenskĂ AmeriÄŤania
1790:Non-Hispanic whites
759:on 12 February 2020
232:, then part of the
183: •
179: •
177:Kashubian Americans
175: •
171: •
167: •
35:
1815:French Louisianian
1217:Pennsylvania Dutch
1173:European Americans
902:2.1 (1974): 15–46.
800:"Slovak Americans"
783:has generic name (
710:on 10 August 2018.
687:on 10 August 2018.
664:on 10 August 2018.
562:European Americans
384:
317:American Civil War
273:Maurice Benyovszky
269:Ferdinand Magellan
234:Kingdom of Hungary
224:Eighteenth century
76:Greater Pittsburgh
33:
2162:
2161:
2013:
2012:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1913:White Southerners
1902:
1895:
1870:
1865:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1799:
1792:
1762:
1723:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1669:
1531:
1436:
1429:
1427:Norwegian Dakotan
1395:
1269:
1240:
1238:Hungarian Ohioans
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1139:
1138:
892:1 (1998): 68–84.
798:Alexander, June.
698:Votruba, Martin.
675:Votruba, Martin.
654:"Isaacus Saroshi"
652:Votruba, Martin.
443:Independence Hall
367:Twentieth century
293:siege of Savannah
265:Benjamin Franklin
190:
189:
185:Sorbian Americans
148:Greek Catholicism
144:Roman Catholicism
88:Greater Cleveland
61:
16:(Redirected from
2192:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2017:
2016:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1898:
1891:
1868:
1861:
1847:Creoles of color
1845:
1840:
1835:Louisiana Creole
1833:
1826:
1819:
1795:
1788:
1758:
1719:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1665:
1527:
1456:Southeast Europe
1432:
1425:
1391:
1265:
1236:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1006:Slavic Americans
1000:
993:
986:
977:
976:
972:
953:
924:
885:
815:
814:
812:
810:
804:Everyculture.com
795:
789:
788:
782:
778:
776:
768:
766:
764:
755:. Archived from
744:
738:
731:
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718:
712:
711:
695:
689:
688:
672:
666:
665:
649:
643:
634:
628:
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625:
623:
617:
611:. Archived from
606:
598:
556:
551:
550:
549:
542:
537:
536:
535:
441:on the steps of
405:Černová massacre
361:Slovak, Arkansas
203:descent. In the
193:Slovak Americans
173:Polish Americans
124:American English
57:
48:Total population
36:
34:Slovak Americans
32:
21:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2142:
2126:
2105:
2049:
2047:Slovak diaspora
2044:
2014:
2009:
1976:
1973:
1943:
1938:
1875:
1857:French Canadian
1784:White Americans
1777:Other Europeans
1772:
1721:Irish Traveller
1624:
1551:Southern Europe
1546:
1451:
1365:Northern Europe
1360:
1289:
1251:Liechtensteiner
1175:
1170:
1140:
1135:
1094:
1038:
1007:
1004:
969:
950:
921:
882:
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822:Further reading
819:
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779:
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741:
732:
728:
719:
715:
696:
692:
677:"Andreas Jelky"
673:
669:
650:
646:
635:
631:
621:
619:
615:
604:
600:
599:
595:
590:
567:List of Slovaks
552:
547:
545:
540:Slovakia portal
538:
533:
531:
528:
523:
516:
492:unskilled labor
488:
475:
458:
389:
369:
321:Abraham Lincoln
313:
226:
221:
181:Texan Silesians
169:Czech Americans
150:
56:
43:
31:
28:
23:
22:
18:Slovak American
15:
12:
11:
5:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
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2078:
2076:Czech Republic
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1854:
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1793:
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1629:Western Europe
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1294:Eastern Europe
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1180:Central Europe
1177:
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1002:
995:
988:
980:
974:
973:
968:978-1575911359
967:
954:
949:978-0789022493
948:
935:
925:
920:978-3034311694
919:
906:
896:
886:
881:978-0880335737
880:
867:
857:
850:
847:978-0911704556
835:
823:
820:
817:
816:
790:
739:
726:
713:
690:
667:
644:
629:
592:
591:
589:
586:
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584:
579:
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558:
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524:
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514:Notable people
512:
487:
484:
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462:intelligentsia
457:
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447:Czechoslovakia
439:Czechoslovakia
394:Woodrow Wilson
388:
385:
368:
365:
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1043:South Slavic
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809:February 28,
807:. Retrieved
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761:. Retrieved
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620:. Retrieved
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376:Distribution
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242:Pennsylvania
227:
192:
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127:
72:Pennsylvania
58:
53:
40:
30:Ethnic group
1893:Los Angeles
1610:Sammarinese
1593:before 1880
1508:Montenegrin
1401:Greenlandic
1306:Azerbaijani
1099:West Slavic
1070:Macedonians
1019:Belarusians
1012:East Slavic
781:|last=
380:2000 census
315:During the
254:West Indies
205:1990 Census
152:Lutheranism
80:Coal Region
2169:Categories
1887:California
1605:Portuguese
1498:Macedonian
1416:Lithuanian
1326:Circassian
1311:Belarusian
1111:Kashubians
1060:Bulgarians
1034:Ukrainians
609:Census.gov
588:References
486:Demography
357:New Jersey
330:North Pole
261:Madagascar
238:Germantown
108:California
96:New Jersey
2154:Australia
2138:Argentina
1990:Kashubian
1924:Louisiana
1880:By region
1805:Melungeon
1760:Wisconsin
1473:Bulgarian
1421:Norwegian
1406:Icelandic
1356:Ukrainian
1246:Kashubian
1232:Hungarian
1121:Silesians
1090:Yugoslavs
1065:Croatians
763:7 October
622:7 October
496:milltowns
277:Hungarian
248:preacher
246:Mennonite
197:Americans
114:Languages
2066:Bulgaria
1931:Maryland
1918:Arkansas
1749:Scottish
1702:Huguenot
1695:Canadian
1615:Sicilian
1583:Galician
1578:Corsican
1568:Canarian
1558:Asturian
1542:Yugoslav
1513:Romanian
1503:Moldovan
1483:Croatian
1463:Albanian
1377:Estonian
1336:Georgian
1301:Armenian
1261:Silesian
1187:Austrian
1131:Sorbians
1085:Slovenes
1080:Serbians
1055:Bosnians
1050:Bosniaks
1024:Russians
773:cite web
526:See also
508:New York
435:Moravian
359:. Also,
353:New York
349:Illinois
301:Yorktown
230:Slovakia
138:Religion
100:Illinois
92:New York
2147:Oceania
2101:Ukraine
2091:Romania
2081:Hungary
2071:Croatia
2061:Austria
2005:Sorbian
1863:Acadian
1828:Isleños
1754:Walloon
1739:Occitan
1710:Frisian
1681:Acadian
1656:English
1651:Cornish
1646:British
1636:Belgian
1620:Spanish
1600:Maltese
1588:Italian
1573:Catalan
1537:Turkish
1523:Serbian
1518:Slovene
1493:Kosovan
1478:Cypriot
1468:Bosnian
1447:Swedish
1411:Latvian
1393:Findian
1387:Finnish
1382:Faroese
1346:Russian
1331:Cossack
1321:Chechen
1280:Sorbian
1126:Slovaks
289:Pulaski
219:History
165:Slovaks
126:)
120:English
104:Indiana
54:790,000
2117:Canada
2096:Serbia
2086:Poland
2054:Europe
2000:Slovak
1985:Polish
1908:Hawaii
1675:French
1641:Breton
1563:Basque
1372:Danish
1341:Kalmyk
1316:Lezgin
1275:Slovak
1256:Polish
1197:German
1106:Czechs
1029:Rusyns
965:
946:
933:online
917:
904:online
894:online
878:
865:online
845:
833:online
640:online
281:Polish
213:Slovak
209:Slavic
201:Slovak
163:Other
132:Slovak
128:·
1995:Czech
1869:Cajun
1841:Cajun
1810:MĂ©tis
1768:Welsh
1715:Irish
1688:Cajun
1661:Dutch
1488:Greek
1351:Rusyn
1285:Swiss
1267:Texas
1203:Amish
1192:Czech
1116:Poles
900:Ethos
861:MELUS
616:(PDF)
605:(PDF)
130:
1734:Manx
1442:Sámi
963:ISBN
944:ISBN
915:ISBN
876:ISBN
843:ISBN
811:2007
785:help
765:2017
624:2017
504:Ohio
498:and
480:NATO
355:and
345:Ohio
279:and
195:are
84:Ohio
199:of
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