Polish Americans - Knowledge

649: 622: 1307:

those that followed them found employment in the industries of these two cities as well as Linden which housed oil refineries and auto manufacturing. Initial settlements were in Newark, primarily the "Ironbound" section, where St. Stanislaw Roman Catholic Church, followed by Casimir's Parish were the first parish churches founded and built by the communities there. In Elizabeth, the first parish serving the Polish community is St. Adalbert's Roman Catholic Church. All these parishes are over 100 years old, dating from the late 1800s, with churches constructed in the early 20th century. Post-war prosperity allowed many Polish Americans to disperse from the original core in New Jersey's industrial areas to the surrounding suburban communities. Documentation of their early history may be found on individual parish websites. Other significant centers of Polish settlement in New Jersey included Garfield, New Jersey, Manville in Somerset County, Trenton, New Jersey, and Camden, New Jersey.

2026: 1627: 3330:

B&M, St. James (Cragin), St. Ladislaus, St. Constance, St. Mary of Perpetual Help, St. Barbara, SS. Peter & Paul, St. Joseph (Back of the Yards), Five Holy Martyrs, St. Pancratius, St. Bruno, St. Camillus, St. Michael (South Chicago), Immaculate Conception (South Chicago), St. Mary Magdalene, St. Bronislava, St. Thecla, St. Florian, St. Mary of Częstochowa (Cicero), St. Simeon (Bellwood), St. Blase (Summit), St. Glowienke (Downers Grove), St. John the Fisherman (Lisle), St. Isidore the Farmer (Blue Island), St. Andrew the Apostle (Calumet City) and St. John the Baptist (Harvey), as well as St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital, on the

1506: 920:

changed their names each year. Language proficiency in Polish is rare in Polish-Americans, as 91.3% speak "English only." In 1979, the 8 million respondents of Polish ancestry reported that only 41.5 percent had single ancestry, whereas 57.3% of Greeks, 52% of Italians and Sicilians, and 44% of Ukrainians had done so (clarification needed). Polish-Americans tended to marry exogamously in the postwar era in high numbers, and tended to marry within the Catholic population, often to persons of German (17%), Italian (10%), East European (8%), Irish (5%), French (4%), Spanish-speaking (2%), Lithuanian (2%), and English (1%) ancestry.

1048: 4219: 59: 3268: 1850: 916:

entering the US from 1795 to 1917, when Poland did not exist, did not identify themselves as ethnic Poles and instead identified themselves as either German, Austrian or Russian (this pertained to the nations occupying Poland from 1795 to 1917). Therefore, the actual number of Americans of at least partial Polish ancestry, could be well over 10 million. In the 2011 United States Census Bureau's Population Estimates, there are between 9,365,239 and 9,530,571 Americans of Polish descent, with over 500,000 being foreign-born.

1491:

church. Most of these settlers came from the Polish lands that had been taken by Prussia during the Partitions, with a sub-group coming from Silesia. The Kaszub minority, from Poland's Baltic coast, was also strongly represented among Polish immigrants to Minnesota, most notably in Winona. Despite relative isolation from Poland and larger urban Polonian communities, due to strong community integration these communities continued speaking Polish into the 1970s in some cases and continue to have a strong Polish identity.

2293: 2246: 49: 4364: 3338: 3241: 437:, aided the Americans in the Revolutionary War. Casimir Pulaski created and led the Pulaski Legion of cavalry. Tadeusz Kosciuszko designed and oversaw the construction of state-of-the-art fortifications, including those at West Point, New York. Both are remembered as American heroes. Overall, around 2.2 million Poles and Polish subjects immigrated into the United States between 1820 and 1914, chiefly after national insurgencies and famine. They included former Polish citizens of 2986: 2825: 1410: 4231: 2547: 3172: 2731: 1770: 2848: 3983: 3009: 2963: 2940: 2616: 2200: 3524:, the U.S. Census estimates that 42.5% have bachelor's degrees or higher, whereas the American population as a whole is 32.0%. The median household income for Americans of Polish descent is estimated by the U.S. Census as $ 73,452, with no statistically significant differences from other Slavic-American groups, Czech, Slovak, and Ukrainian. The median household income for those of Russian ancestry has been reported as higher on the U.S. Census, at $ 80,554. 2777: 3148: 2754: 2154: 372: 2478: 3032: 2593: 3195: 2639: 2177: 3420:” and “a filial confidence in her patronage," more explicitly, “to be . . . a true daughter to the immaculate Virgin Mary." The Marianism that was taught in Polish parish schools in the United States was done independent of the Catholic Church, and demonstrated autonomy on the part of the nuns who taught Polish American youths. It is notable that there was a concurrent movement in Poland that eventually led to a separatist Catholic church, the 3124: 2894: 2801: 2685: 2570: 2524: 2455: 2363: 2223: 2131: 900: 3218: 3101: 2662: 2386: 2269: 2108: 2062: 2085: 2317: 2917: 2708: 2432: 2501: 2340: 701:. The Poles, particularly Polish Jews, came in family groups, settled in and/or blended into largely Polish neighborhoods and other Slavic bastions, and aspired to earn wages that were higher than what they could earn back in Europe and so many took the ample job opportunities for unskilled manual labor in industry and mining. The main Ethnically-Polish-American organizations were founded because of high Polish interest in the 3055: 861:(1976) argues that Poles differed from most other ethnic groups in America in several ways. They did not plan to remain permanently and become "Americanized." Instead, they came temporarily to earn money, invest, and wait for the right opportunity to return. Their intention was to ensure a desirable social status in the old world for themselves. However, many of the temporary migrants decided to become permanent Americans. 42: 4378: 3078: 2871: 2409: 3373:(1873), Sacred Heart (1888–2010) Immaculate Heart of Mary (1894), St. John Cantius (Westside Poles), St. Barbara (closed), Sts Peter and Paul Church (1927) in Garfield Heights, Saint Therese (1927) Garfield Heights, Marymount Hospital (1948) Garfield Heights, and Saint Monica Church (1952) Garfield Heights. Also, the Polish Community created the Our Lady of Częstochowa Shrine on the campus of Marymount Hospital. 1033: 1020: 1007: 994: 981: 968: 955: 4042: 1096: 4074: 3916:

Hop" and the waltz. The musicians, as well as the guests, were expected to enjoy ample amounts of both food and drink. Foods, such as Polish sausage, sauerkraut, pierogi and kluski were common. Common drinks were beer, screwdrivers and highballs. Many popular Polish foods became a fixture in the American cuisine of today, including

1567:, which is slowly emerging as the major center of Polish American activities in the state. An increase in new immigration from Poland is helping to bolster the parish community of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and a host of Polish American civic organizations, located within the city of Wyandotte. Also, the Detroit suburb of 4053:

in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which is a popular annual festival, takes place at the Henry Maier Festival Park. It is also the largest Polish festival in the United States. It attracts Polish Americans from all over Wisconsin and nearby Chicago, who come to celebrate Polish culture through music, food and

3515:

The typical Polish American male was born in the United States, spoke Polish in his home when he was a child, but speaks English now, is 38.7 years old (female: 40.9), and is married to a Polish wife. If he is between 25 and 34 years of age, he completed 12.7 years of school, and if he is over 35,

3365:

in Virginia; St. Mary in Częstochowa; St. Wojciech (Adalbert) in Silver Lake; Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Opole; Our Lady of Lourdes in Little Falls; St. Stanislaus B&M in Sobieski; St. Stanislaus Kostka in Bowlus; St. Hedwig in Holdingford; Sacred Heart in Flensburg; Holy Cross in North Prairie;

3329:

Poles founded the following churches: St. Stanislaus Kostka, Holy Trinity, St. John Cantius, Holy Innocents, St. Helen, St. Fidelis, St. Mary of the Angels, St. Hedwig, St. Josaphat, St. Francis of Assisi (Humboldt Park), St. Hyacinth Basilica, St. Wenceslaus, Immaculate Heart of Mary, St. Stanislaus

1074:

Historian John Bukowczyk noted that Polish immigrants in America were highly mobile, and 40 to 60 percent were likely to move from any given urban neighborhood within 10 years. The reasons for this are very individualistic; Bukowczyk's theory is that many immigrants with agricultural backgrounds were

915:

and descendants of non-ethnic Poles, such as Jews or Ukrainians, who were born in the territory of Poland and considered themselves Polish nationals. Therefore, some say, of the 10 million Polish Americans, only a certain portion are of Polish ethnic descent. On the other hand, many ethnic Poles when

712:

During the third stage from 1914 to present, the United States has seen mass emigration from Poland, and the coming of age of several generations of fully assimilated Polish Americans. Immigration from Poland has continued into the early 2000s and began to decline after Poland had joined the European

4316:

Early Polish immigrants built houses with high-pitched roofs in the United States. The high-pitched roof is necessary in a country subject to snow, and is a common feature in Northern and Eastern European architecture. In Panna Maria, Texas, Poles built brick houses with thick walls and high-pitched

3443:

was founded in 1897 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Polish parishioners founded the church to assert independence from the Catholic Church in America. The split was in rebellion from the church leadership, then dominated by Irish bishops and priests, and lacking Polish speakers and Polish church leaders.

3424:, which greatly expanded the veneration of the Virgin Mary in its doctrine. In Poland, the Virgin Mary was believed to serve as a mother of mercy and salvation for Catholics, and throughout the Middle Ages, Polish knights prayed to her before battle. Polish American churches featured replicas of the 3415:

for instance, took to Marianism as the cornerstone of their spiritual development, and Polish churches in the U.S. were seen as "cult-like" in their veneration of Mary. Religious catechism and writings from convents found that Polish nuns in the Felician Sisters and The Sisters of the Holy Family of

3410:

in the United States. Replicas of the painting are common in Polish American churches and parishes, and many churches and parishes are named in her honor. The veneration of the Virgin Mary in Polish parishes is a significant difference between Polish Catholicism and American Catholicism; Polish nuns

1490:

represent a different type of settlement with significant Polish communities having been established in rural areas. Historian John Radzilowski estimates that up to a third of Poles in Minnesota settled in rural areas, where they established 40 communities, that were often centered around a Catholic

672:

The history of Polish immigration to the United States can be divided into three stages, beginning with the first stage in the colonial era down to 1870, small numbers of Poles and Polish subjects came to America as individuals or in small family groups, and they quickly assimilated and did not form

4326:

that was created by these roofs was a popular living space for the Polish Texans, who spent much of their time there to escape the hot temperatures of subtropical Texas. The Poles in Texas added porches to these verandas, often in the southward windy side, which is an alteration to traditional folk

3693:

found that Polish Americans are 36% Democrats, 33% Independents, and 26% are Republicans as of 2008. Ideologically, they were categorized as being in the more conservative wing of the Democratic Party, and demonstrated a much stronger inclination for third-party candidates in presidential elections

457:

between the late 18th and early 20th century. Complicating the U.S. Census figures further is the high proportion of Polish Americans who married people of other national descent. In 1940, about 50 percent married other American ethnics and a study in 1988 found that 54% of Polish Americans were of

3915:

suburbs, such as Whiting, Hammond and East Chicago, always occurred on Saturdays. The receptions were typically held in a large hall, such as a VFW Hall. A polka band of drums, a singer, accordion, and trumpet, entertained the people, as they danced traditional dances, such as the oberek, "Polish

1306:

In the early part of the 20th century, up to and immediately following the second World War, Newark, New Jersey and Elizabeth, New Jersey were the primary, historic centers of 'Polonia' as Polish-Americans of that era thought of themselves. Castle Garden and Ellis Island generation immigrants and

919:

Historically, Polish-Americans have assimilated very quickly to American society. Between 1940 and 1960, only 20 percent of the children of Polish-American ethnic leaders spoke Polish regularly, compared to 50 percent for Ukrainians. In the early 1960s, 3,000 of Detroit's 300,000 Polish-Americans

3738:

won a majority of the Polish vote in 1960, owing in part to his Catholicism and connection to ethnic communities and the labor movement. Since then, Polish voters have been tied to the more conservative wing of the Democratic Party, but shifted away from the Democrats over social issues such as

2013:, where an estimated 30,000 residents claim Polish heritage. Visitors can do an entire day's business completely in Polish including banking, shopping, dining, legal consultations, and even dance lessons. The area has retained its Polish character since 1890. There is also a Polish community in 3356:

in St. Paul; Holy Cross, St. Philip, St. Hedwig (Jadwiga Slaska) and All Saints, in Minneapolis; Our Lady Star of the Sea, St. Casimir's, and SS. Peter and Paul in Duluth; and St. Kazimierz (Casimir) and St. Stanislaw Kostka in Winona. A few of the parishes of particular note, founded by Poles

910:

The U.S. Census asked Polish immigrants to specify Polish as their native language beginning in Chicago in 1900, allowing the government to enumerate them as an individual nationality when there was no Polish nation-state. No distinction is made in the American census between

4331:

on their roofs until the early 1900s, another European influence. The first house built by a Pole in Panna Maria is the John Gawlik House, constructed in 1858. The building still stands and is visited as a historical attraction in the cultural history of Texas. In 2011, the

1547:

on the east side of Detroit, the neighborhoods along Michigan Avenue from 23rd street into east Dearborn, the west side of Delray, parts of Warrendale and several sections of Wyandotte downriver. The northern part of Poletown was cleared of residents, to make way for the

1075:

eager to migrate because they were finally freed from the local plots of land they had owned in Poland. Others ventured into business and entrepreneurship, and the majority of them opened small retail shops such as bakeries, butcher shops, saloons, and print shops.

1479:, through music, food and entertainment. Polonia in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul is centered on Holy Cross Church in the Northeast Neighborhood of Minneapolis, where a vibrant Polish ministry continues to care for the Polish Roman Catholic Faithful. 3720:(PAC) in 1944 to create strong leadership and represent Polish interests during World War II. FDR met with the PAC and assured Poles of a peaceful and independent Poland following the war. When this did not come to fruition, and with the publication of 4017:, founded in 1977. It features displays of folk art, costumes, historical artifacts and paintings, as well as bilingual research library with particular focus on achievements of the people of Polish heritage in America. There is also the 1555:

plant. Today it contains some of the most opulent Polish churches in America like St. Stanislaus, Sweetest Heart of Mary, St. Albertus, St. Josephat and St. Hyacinthe. Michigan as a state has Polish populations throughout. In addition to

4321:

is subject to less than 1 inch of snow and a meteorological study conducted 1960-1990 found the lowest one-day temperature ever recorded was 5 degrees Fahrenheit on January 21, 1986, highly unlikely to support much snow. The shaded

1299:, has become heavily first-generation Polish in recent years. 15.6% of the residents five years old and above in the city of Linden primarily speak Polish at home and a variety of Polish-speaking establishments may be found by the 4209:

Polish Americans carried on celebrations of Constitution Day throughout their time in the United States without political suppression. In Poland, from 1940 to 1989, the holiday was banned by Nazi and Soviet occupiers.

1335:

contains the state's highest percentage of Polish Americans and one of the highest percentages in the United States, at over 40%. However, within New Jersey, Polish populations are additionally increasing rapidly in

685:

as skilled craftsmen as early as 1608. Some Jews from Poland even assimilated into cities which were Polish (and also other Slavic and sometimes additionally Jewish) bastions to conceal their Jewish identities.

3510:

In 1969, the median family income was $ 8,849 for Polish Americans. The median family income for all families in the United States in 1968 was $ 7,900. Leonard F. Chrobot summarizes the Census data for 1969:

5744:

Ubriaco, Robert. Jr. "Giving Credit where credit is due: Cold War political culture, Polish American politics, the Truman Doctrine, and the Victory Thesis." The Polish Review. Vol LI. No. 3-4. 2006; 263-281.

3459:. Small groups of both of these groups also immigrated to the United States. One of the most celebrated painters of religious icons in North America today is a Polish American Eastern Orthodox priest, Fr. 1560:, Grand Rapids, Bay City, Alpena and the surrounding area, the thumb of Michigan, Manistee, and numerous places in northern lower Michigan and south-central Michigan also have sizable Polish populations. 5589:

Mary the Messiah: Polish Immigrant Heresy and the Malleable Ideology of the Roman Catholic Church, 1880-1930. John J. Bukowczyk. Journal of American Ethnic History. Vol. 4, No. 2 (Spring, 1985), pp. 5-32

1280:

also contain vibrant Polish communities. In 2014, the New York metropolitan area surpassed Chicago as the metropolitan area attracting the most new legal immigrants to the United States from Poland.

3904:

Even in long-integrated communities, remnants of Polish culture and vocabulary remain. Roman Catholic churches built by Polish American communities often serve as a vehicle for cultural retention.

4327:

architecture. According to oral histories recorded from descendants, the verandas were used for "almost all daily activities from preparing meals to dressing animal hides." The Poles in Texas put

3290:. Historically, less than 5% of Americans who identified as Polish would state any other religion but Roman Catholic. Jewish immigrants from Poland, largely without exception, self identified as " 1163: 5697: 5086: 4977: 5216: 4947: 4617: 4033:, the Polish Museum of Winona features exhibits pertaining to Winona's Kashubian Polish culture and hosts a wide range of events celebrating America's Polish-American heritage in general. 3766:, a politically involved network of Polish organizations, has created a political platform and convention, and has shared its agenda with politicians, both at the state and federal level. 1224:. The community has played a role as a staunch supporter of the Democratic machine, and has been rewarded with several congressional seats. The leading representative has been Congressman 5352: 6163: 1741:

in 1938. After seeing fellow Poles discriminated against by Cleveland's banks, Ben Stefanski formed Third Federal. Today the Stefanski family still controls the bank. Unlike Cleveland's

5173:"Supplemental Table 2. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2014" 3940: 4095:

in the Jefferson Park area. The Polish Festival in Portland, Oregon is reported to be the largest in the Western United States. One of the newest and most ambitious festivals is the

5264: 1738: 3685:

that make issues important to Polish-Americans more likely to be heard by presidential candidates. According to John Kromkowski, Polish-Americans make up an "almost archetypical

5541: 3516:

he completed 10.9 years. His median family income is $ 8,849. The male works as a craftsman, foreman, or kindred occupation, and his wife is employed as a clerical worker.

2009:

In 2007, at the urging of Attorney Adrian Baron and the local Polonia Business Association, New Britain, Connecticut officially designated its Broad Street neighborhood as

4308:

have also influenced the adoption of such distinctive rites like the blessing of the baskets before Easter in many areas of the United States by fellow Roman Catholics.

4463: 1844: 5128:

The Polish Community in Metro Chicago:A Community Profile of Strengths and Needs, A Census 2000 Report, published by the Polish American Association June 2004, p. 18

3810:

The cultural contributions of Polish Americans span a broad spectrum, including in media, in the publishing industry, in religion, art, food, museums, and festivals.

3701:

courted Poles through his promises of Polish autonomy. They gave strong support to the wet Catholic Al Smith in 1928. They gave even more enthusiastic support to the

4458: 7041: 4018: 4289:

Polish Americans have also contributed to altering the physical landscape of the cities they have inhabited, erecting monuments to Polish-American heroes such as

458:

mixed ancestry from three generations or longer. The Polish American Cultural Center places a figure of Americans who have some Polish ancestry at 19–20 million.

4592:"Detailed Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for Persons 5 Years and Over --50 Languages with Greatest Number of Speakers: United States 1990" 6987: 1452: 3697:

Historically, Polish-American voters have swung from the Democratic and Republican parties depending on economic and social politics. In the 1918 election,

8226: 7338: 7037: 5463: 4705: 3362: 648: 7831: 7816: 7570: 5090: 621: 6045: 5931: 4985: 4955: 4625: 3884: 5701: 5360: 8631: 6171: 4679: 4647: 3878: 3432:

and holds national and religious significance because of its connection to a victorious military defense in 1655. Several towns in America are named

1719: 7023: 1500: 5220: 5194: 465:

as the language spoken at home, which is about 1.4% of the census groups who speak a language other than English or 0.25% of the U.S. population.

8755: 8044: 5965: 4498: 4349: 4087:

in Syracuse's Clinton Square has become the largest cultural event in the history of the Polish community in Central New York. There's also the

4066:. NYPFF is the only annual presentation of Polish films in New York City and the largest festival promoting and presenting Polish films on the 6962:: English translations of 120,000 pages of newspaper articles from Chicago's foreign-language press from 1855 to 1938, many from Polish papers 6081: 4849: 449:

or other minority descent. Exact immigration figures are unknown. Many immigrants were classified as "Russian", "German" or "Austrian" by the

8745: 5629: 3358: 3353: 3341: 1456: 4978:"Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" 7241: 3751:

seized Polish voters through his expansion of NATO. The relevance of the Polish-American vote has been in question in recent elections, as

1680:

has even recently been designated a Polish Village commercial district. Farther out, other members of Cleveland's Polish community live in

1572: 1159: 1757:

neighborhood. Third Federal Savings and Loan is in the top 25 saving and loan institutions in the United States. In 2003, they acquired a

8709: 5272: 3521: 450: 8648: 1591:

with historically Polish roots, sponsors a popular annual Polish County Fair that bills itself as "America's Largest High School Fair."

8750: 7075: 6980: 6112: 8393: 8115: 7670: 4348:

were organized to memorialize the Polish contribution to the American military. Those who contributed to the Polish military created

474: 3852: 713:

Union in 2004. The income levels have gone up from well below average, to above average. Poles became active members of the liberal

6318: 717:

from the 1930s to the 1960s, but since then, many have moved to the suburbs, and have become more conservative and vote less often

5898: 5723: 5545: 3370: 1693: 1631: 1126:

is a city sprawling with Polish culture, billing itself as the largest Polish city outside of Poland, with approximately 185,000

5991: 868:

and the heavy industries (steel mills, iron foundries, slaughterhouses, oil and sugar refineries), of the Great Lakes cities of

4006: 3392: 3271: 1139: 6466: 6461:

Gurnack, Anne M., and James M. Cook. "Polish Americans, Political Partisanship and Presidential Elections Voting: 1972-2020."

6350: 8211: 6973: 6398: 6140: 5007: 4730: 4336:

financed a replacement of the building's roof, identifying it as a "historically and architecturally significant building."

8609: 4092: 1715: 1711: 1296: 1228:, one of the most powerful members of Congress (1959 to 1995), especially on issues of taxation, before he went to prison. 689:

In the second stage from 1870 to 1914, Poles and Polish subjects formed a significant part of the wave of immigration from

657:

was a Polish nobleman and military commander who fought in the American Revolution, he is credited with saving the life of

310: 6812:

Tentler, Leslie Woodcock. “Who Is the Church?: Conflict in a Polish Immigrant Parish in Late Nineteenth-Century Detroit.”

1606:

retains a large Polish presence, and is home to a Polish Art Center, as well as an annual polka festival. The counties of

8716: 8037: 7874: 6885:

Radzialowski, Thaddeus C. "The View From a Polish Ghetto. Some Observations on the First One Hundred Years in Detroit"

5599: 4621: 4345: 4195: 3657: 2025: 5488:

in regards to name changes, self-identification, &c. as pertaining to Jewish and other immigrants at Ellis Island.

5485: 8161: 7016: 6838: 6778: 6702: 6610: 6571: 6544: 6408: 6388:(Kennikat Press, 1975); focus on demography and social mobility of Germans, Poles, and other Catholics in South Bend 6367: 6328: 6297: 6281: 5952: 5439: 4256: 3675: 1873: 403: 3306:" when inside the United States, and faced a historical trajectory far different from that of the Polish Catholics. 8231: 7977: 7234: 5137:

Tomasz Inglot, and John P. Pelissero. "Ethnic Political Power in a Machine City Chicago's Poles at Rainbow's End."

4333: 3763: 722: 718: 1626: 8695: 8347: 4436: 4406: 4067: 3440: 3381: 3352:

Poles established approximately 50 Roman Catholic parishes in Minnesota. Among them: St. Wojciech (Adalbert) and

148: 5455: 3888:

in Detroit, not to mention the Ohio University Press Series in Polish American Studies, Przeglad Polski Online,

3407: 3380:, founded four parishes: St. Hedwig Parish (1877), St. Casimir Parish (1898), St. Stanislaus Parish (1907), and 8030: 7970: 7068: 6455: 4825: 4077: 1970:, is the only county in the United States where a plurality of residents state their ancestry as Polish. (See: 1078: 1056: 63:

Americans with Polish ancestry by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2019

4890: 4049:

There are a number of unique festivals, street parties and parades held by the Polish American community. The

8579: 8108: 7964: 6953: 6895:

Walaszek, Adam. "Has the" Salt-Water Curtain" Been Raised Up? Globalizing Historiography of Polish America."

6869:

Jaroszynska-Kirchmann, Anna D., "The Polish American Historical Association: Looking Back, Looking Forward,"

6720:

Pula, James S. (1996). "Image, Status, Mobility and Integration in American Society: The Polish Experience".

5928: 4490: 4283: 4059: 3843: 2037:, the distribution of Polish Americans across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table: 1611: 1563:

The Polish influence is still felt throughout the entire metropolitan Detroit area, especially the suburb of

343: 7887: 6677: 4282:. Some of these Polish foods were tweaked and reinvented in the new American environment, such as Chicago's 1071:, attracted by jobs in industry. The minority, by some estimates, only ten percent, settled in rural areas. 8001: 5172: 4189: 4096: 1963: 1252:, is home to the second-largest community of Polish Americans in the nation, and is now closely behind the 1216:

weekend. Nearly 3 million people of Polish descent live in the area between Chicago and Detroit, including

144: 5307:"National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame Artifacts on Display at the American Polish Cultural Center" 4662: 8702: 8418: 8008: 7227: 6634:

Pacyga, Dominic A. "To live amongst others: Poles and their neighbors in industrial Chicago, 1865-1930."

6472:

Jackson, David J. (2003). "Just Another Day in a New Polonia: Contemporary Polish-American Polka Music".

5459: 5046: 4981: 4951: 4925: 4897: 4683: 4648:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2011" 4595: 4570: 4494: 4160: 1971: 1635: 1300: 1143: 411: 5456:"Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, All States" 4111:

is home to a large Polish population and for the last 31 years, All Saints Parish has hosted Polski Day

402:. There are an estimated 8.81 million self-identified Polish Americans, representing about 2.67% of the 8311: 8150: 3799: 1975: 1552: 1237: 1193: 1100: 678: 96: 4591: 3907:

During the 1950s–1970s, the Polish wedding was often an all-day event. Traditional Polish weddings in

3464: 1664:, as part of its Warszawa Section. Poles from this part of Cleveland migrated to the suburbs, such as 1170:

has more than one million people that are of Polish descent, the third largest ethnic group after the

8614: 8604: 8260: 8166: 7934: 7798: 7772: 7328: 7061: 6016: 4148: 4014: 3911:, in areas such as the southeast side of Chicago, inner suburbs like Calumet City and Hegewisch, and 3908: 3326: 2034: 1967: 1603: 1584: 1379: 1253: 1221: 726: 422: 407: 6088: 5754: 1303:, which is a direct line to Manhattan. St. Theresa's Roman Catholic Church offers masses in Polish. 8760: 8599: 8495: 8413: 8101: 4856: 4817: 4566: 4453: 3998: 3987: 3762:

In modern politics, the Polish-American vote continues to have influence in the United States. The

3717: 3679: 1877: 1505: 1448: 1413: 1292: 1185: 1151: 1147: 1135: 738: 153: 6566:. Ohio University Press Polish and Polish-American studies series. Athens: Ohio University Press. 6056: 5637: 7912: 4524: 4177: 3671: 3667: 3456: 3396: 3331: 1987: 1689: 1607: 1265: 1209: 1197: 858: 4266:

The Polish culture left also culinary marks in the United States – the inclusion of traditional

3429: 1652:

is home to more than 440,000 people of Polish descent, their presence felt most strongly in the

7985: 7821: 5151: 4431: 4298: 4010: 3827: 3310: 2003: 1983: 1979: 1703:, located on Cleveland's west side. The home parishes are St. John Cantius and St. John Kanty. 1665: 1615: 1588: 1444: 1328: 1269: 7905: 6924: 6130: 8674: 8643: 8528: 8248: 7898: 7744: 7687: 7585: 7478: 7383: 7152: 6588:

Mello, Caitlin. "Polish Immigration to Chicago and the Impact on Local Society and Culture."

4223: 4218: 3971: 3781: 3726: 3706: 3445: 3345: 1994:

coal in the region. Polish influences are still common today, in the form of church bazaars,

1957: 1945: 1941: 1398: 1370:, stores, and St. Isidore's R.C. Church, and Polish Town hosts an annual summer Polish Fair. 1205: 1052: 1047: 6800: 6685:"Of Patriots and Presidents: America's Polish Diaspora and U.S. Foreign Policy since 1917," 6386:

Immigrants and the city: Ethnicity and mobility in a nineteenth century Midwestern community

4491:"Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 627: 434: 8270: 7806: 7682: 7575: 7511: 7493: 7403: 7388: 7147: 7096: 6345:

Erdmans, Mary Patrice. "Immigrants and ethnics: Conflict and identity in Chicago Polonia."

4441: 4369: 4318: 4260: 4100: 3791: 3651: 3499: 3468: 3444:

It exists today with 25,000 parishioners and remains independent from the authority of the

2298: 1832: 1783:, was founded by Upper Silesian settlers on Christmas Eve in 1854. Some people still speak 1557: 1345: 1257: 1189: 662: 639: 454: 8543: 8533: 6674:

For your freedom through ours : Polish-American efforts on Poland's behalf, 1863-1991

4009:. The Museum Library ranks as one of the best outside of Poland. Equally ambitious is the 654: 58: 8: 8723: 8653: 8626: 8594: 8589: 8564: 8523: 8408: 8067: 7892: 7867: 7550: 7498: 7483: 7433: 7323: 7309: 7188: 7137: 7111: 4396: 4142: 4108: 3377: 3322: 1937: 1913: 1746: 1564: 1544: 1371: 1351: 1337: 1324: 635: 418: 351: 8538: 8093: 6828: 6391:

PhD version University of Notre Dame ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1972. 7216267.

4918: 3739:

abortion. Poland's liberation from Soviet occupation during the 1980s was championed to

8669: 8507: 8321: 7826: 7692: 7660: 7655: 7645: 7635: 7619: 7590: 7580: 7560: 7540: 7454: 7413: 7378: 7294: 7264: 7250: 7167: 7142: 6600: 6533: 6505: 6437: 6357: 6255: 6247: 5948: 5515: 4805: 4391: 3702: 3609: 3267: 3153: 1917: 1909: 1808: 1780: 1750: 1731: 1685: 1443:

inhabitants. Nevertheless, the city's once numerous Polish community built a number of

1429: 1387: 1288: 714: 682: 674: 399: 5906: 4301:

of architecture became part and parcel of the areas where Polish settlement occurred.

4230: 8619: 8480: 8465: 8450: 8445: 8265: 8206: 8082: 7990: 7837: 7787: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7713: 7697: 7677: 7665: 7650: 7614: 7600: 7595: 7555: 7545: 7524: 7504: 7488: 7464: 7459: 7423: 7408: 7398: 7357: 7315: 7301: 7208: 7162: 7157: 7132: 7127: 7101: 6935: 6908: 6844: 6834: 6824: 6784: 6774: 6737: 6729: 6708: 6698: 6682: 6670: 6665: 6658: 6616: 6606: 6577: 6567: 6550: 6540: 6509: 6497: 6489: 6451: 6446: 6414: 6404: 6373: 6363: 6334: 6324: 6303: 6293: 6259: 6239: 6136: 6106: 5755:"PL - polsko-amerykański dwujęzyczny miesięcznik / Polish-American bilingual monthly" 5519: 5435: 4831: 4821: 4801: 4726: 4699: 4411: 4305: 4238: 4022: 3912: 3866: 3831: 3744: 3721: 3583: 3460: 3275: 1949: 1865: 1849: 1800: 1788: 1726:

and the Slavic Village Harvest Festival, celebrating with Polish food, customer, and

1681: 1673: 1653: 1595: 1540: 1476: 1277: 1068: 881: 706: 658: 363: 7519: 6748:

Pula, James S. "Polish-American Catholicism: A Case Study in Cultural Determinism",

1130:

speakers, making Polish the third most spoken language in Chicago. The influence of

8574: 8559: 8502: 8455: 8398: 8352: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8275: 8255: 8243: 8238: 8216: 8201: 8196: 8156: 8077: 7924: 7779: 7752: 7718: 7640: 7449: 7418: 7393: 7352: 7274: 7203: 7009: 6481: 6422: 6231: 5969: 5507: 5327: 4658: 4426: 4416: 4252: 4234: 4119: 4088: 3819: 3795: 3731: 3544: 3491: 3421: 3412: 2806: 2251: 1893: 1858: 1796: 1792: 1528: 1425: 1261: 1225: 1217: 1201: 1181: 1131: 1090: 631: 359: 289: 285: 100: 6593: 5698:"Romney hopes Polish visit can pay dividends in swing states – Political Hotsheet" 5011: 1769: 1723: 8475: 8470: 8460: 8403: 8372: 8357: 8331: 8326: 8316: 8124: 8072: 7861: 7845: 7792: 7738: 7606: 7565: 7428: 7362: 7269: 7183: 7106: 6996: 6876: 5995: 5935: 5429: 5306: 4720: 4242: 4002: 3967: 3752: 3735: 3690: 3596: 3439:

Though the majority of Polish Americans remained loyal to the Catholic Church, a

3303: 3287: 1824: 1707: 1700: 1657: 1599: 1580: 1440: 1375: 1273: 1171: 1127: 1081:

is an event in October by Polish American communities, first celebrated in 1981.

889: 702: 698: 694: 638:. He designed and oversaw the construction of fortifications, including those at 462: 430: 383: 355: 339: 297: 6539:. Ethnic groups in American life series. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 6518:

The exile mission: The Polish political diaspora and Polish Americans, 1939-1956

6485: 6042:

The Golden Age of Polish Philosophy: Kazimierz Twardowski's Philosophical Legacy

4401: 8584: 8569: 8377: 8367: 8362: 7811: 7344: 7198: 7030: 6965: 6830:

The Polish Peasant in Europe and America: A Classic Work in Immigration History

5408:"The Cleveland Society of Poles | Polish Foundation | Cleveland Ohio" 4891:"Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,00 or more persons: 1980" 4421: 4267: 3959: 3955: 3944: 3698: 3570: 3299: 2991: 2830: 1999: 1905: 1820: 1812: 1804: 1784: 1754: 1661: 1568: 1549: 1341: 1175: 1155: 1114:

One of the most notable in size of the urban Polish American communities is in

438: 347: 6697:. Twayne's immigrant heritage of America series. New York: Twayne Publishers. 6662:

PNA: A Centennial History of the Polish National Alliance of the United States

6646:

Polish immigrants and industrial Chicago: Workers on the south side, 1880-1922

5242: 4850:"Waclaw Kruszka, Historya Polska w Ameryce, Milwaukee 1905, p. 65 (in Polish)" 4835: 3932:, and, especially around the time of Ash Wednesday and the beginning of Lent, 3433: 1618:

also have a large percentage and population of families of Polish immigrants.

1439:'s Polish population has always been overshadowed by the city's more numerous 8739: 8128: 6848: 6788: 6741: 6733: 6501: 6493: 6441: 6338: 6243: 5498:

Radzilowski, John (2009). "A Social History of Polish-American Catholicism".

5407: 4809: 4383: 4170: 4063: 4055: 3951: 3872: 3740: 3452: 3425: 3417: 3295: 3283: 3246: 3177: 2736: 2552: 1925: 1889: 1816: 1332: 1316: 1245: 1060: 442: 426: 395: 318: 132: 48: 8636: 6712: 6620: 6581: 6418: 6400:

Princes, Peasants, and Other Polish Selves: Ethnicity in American Literature

6377: 6307: 5607: 4680:"Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970" 4290: 4154: 3337: 1722:. Outside of annual church festivals, other major city celebrations include 1535:. Polish Americans make up 8.6% of Michigan's total population. The city of 8423: 7287: 6939: 6820: 6753: 6554: 5523: 4279: 4255:

in various ways. Most prominent among these is that Jefferson drafting the

4115: 3921: 3847: 3775: 3748: 3710: 3475: 3014: 2968: 2945: 2853: 1990:. Many of the immigrants were drawn to this area, because of the mining of 1901: 1885: 1828: 1409: 1367: 1363: 1249: 912: 893: 865: 205: 140: 4005:; founded in 1935, the largest ethnic museum in the U.S. sponsored by the 3713:. FDR consistently won over 90% of the Polish vote during his four terms. 3479: 3406:

Polish Americans preserved their longstanding tradition of venerating the

2006:, has one of the fastest growing Polish communities in the United States. 1692:. Many of these Poles return to their Polish roots by attending masses at 1142:(the oldest Polish American fraternal organization in the United States), 8485: 6912: 5382: 4747: 4294: 4050: 3982: 3963: 3823: 3682: 3663: 3388: 3318: 3314: 2621: 2205: 1953: 1921: 1897: 1881: 1774: 1677: 1669: 1576: 1460: 1355: 1119: 124: 8022: 6857:

Our Way: Family, Parish, and Neighborhood in a Polish-American Community

6763: 6639: 6564:

Traitors and True Poles: Narrating a Polish-American Identity, 1880–1939

6527:

edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 477–492.

6251: 6220:"The Polish Army Veterans Association of America (A Historical Outline)" 6219: 5899:"Polish American Historical Association - Resources and Supported Links" 5674: 5662: 5350: 5039: 4880:

Polish Americans, Status in an ethnic Community. by Helena Lopata, p. 89

4567:"Appendix Table 2. Languages Spoken at Home: 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2007" 4275: 3798:, and early 20th century worries about being overrun by immigrants from 6919:

Zurawski, Joseph W. "Out of Focus: The Polish American Image in Film,"

5567: 5511: 4775: 4166: 4136: 4030: 3850:. There are also Polish American newspapers and magazines, such as the 3686: 2782: 2759: 2159: 1991: 1933: 1594:

Outside of Metro Detroit, Polish Americans retain a strong presence in

1524: 1320: 873: 709:, and local community affairs. Relatively few were politically active. 249: 225: 108: 6758:

Radzilowski, John. "A Social History of Polish-American Catholicism",

6057:"Intellicast - Panna Maria Historic Weather Averages in Texas (78144)" 5527: 4183: 3950:

Among the many Polish American writers are a number of poets, such as

8221: 7882: 7219: 6629:

A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage

6235: 4328: 3835: 3200: 3037: 2598: 2483: 2014: 1639: 1575:

has over 200 artifacts on display from over 100 inductees, including

1523:'s Polish population of more than 850,000 is the third-largest among 1483: 1468: 1436: 1421: 1417: 1213: 1178:. The Chicago area has many Polish delis, restaurants, and churches. 899: 885: 391: 371: 189: 173: 6320:

Polish Americans and Their History: Community, Culture, and Politics

5871: 4084: 3933: 2029:

Distribution of Americans claiming Polish Ancestry by county in 2018

1467:

festival in the United States, where Polish Americans from all over

8143: 7940: 7758: 7470: 7053: 6890: 6797:

Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit

6359:

Opposite Poles: Immigrants and Ethnics in Polish Chicago, 1976–1990

6193: 4787: 4091:

festival held in Chicago every Labor Day weekend since 1979 at the

3925: 3917: 3487: 3129: 2899: 2690: 2644: 2575: 2529: 2460: 2368: 2228: 2182: 2136: 1791:

is regarded as either a dialect of Polish, or a distinct language.

1532: 1520: 1514: 1487: 1241: 1167: 1134:

is demonstrated by the numerous Polish-American organizations: the

1108: 273: 241: 213: 165: 157: 116: 6290:

And My Children Did Not Know Me: A History of the Polish-Americans

6164:"mySouTex.com - Grant will replace roof of 1858 Panna Maria house" 1656:

area, where half of Ohio's Polish population resides. The city of

1362:, where many Polish immigrants have continued to settle since the 4778:'s paternal grandfather, a non-Polish subject who immigrated to 4323: 4271: 4201: 4123: 3991: 3929: 3756: 3223: 3106: 2667: 2391: 2274: 2113: 2067: 1929: 1854: 1758: 1742: 1539:

has a very large Polish community, which historically settled in

1536: 1510: 1472: 1123: 1115: 1104: 1095: 904: 877: 869: 690: 417:

The first eight Polish immigrants to British America came to the

326: 265: 257: 197: 6956:, immigration records to United States between 1834 through 1897 4686:. March 9, 1999. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019 4026: 1455:. Many Polish residents and businesses are still located in the 7765: 5800: 5217:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2" 5195:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Supplemental Table 2" 5152:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2" 4919:"1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States" 4783: 4779: 4771: 4545:

One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society

4104: 4062:, an annual film festival showcasing current and past films of 3786: 3495: 3483: 3291: 2922: 2713: 2437: 2322: 2090: 1869: 1464: 1391: 1383: 630:

was a Polish military engineer and statesman who served in the

233: 41: 6932:

Polish American History and Culture: A Classified Bibliography

6653:

American Warsaw: the rise, fall, and rebirth of Polish Chicago

5779: 1864:

Other industrial cities with major Polish communities include

7280: 5872:"Progress for Poland - Chicago: Fakty, Wiadomości, Opinie..." 5846: 5825: 5758: 4520: 3755:

have assimilated to U.S. society and increased their rate of

3416:

Nazareth were taught to have "a sound appreciation of Mary's

3060: 2506: 2345: 1995: 1727: 1327:

houses New Jersey's largest Polish American community, while

6959: 6362:. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press. 4222:

Polish Army Veterans' Association in America, Branch #57 in

4041: 3369:

Poles in Cleveland established St. Hyacinth's (now closed),

3357:

elsewhere in Minnesota, include: St. John Cantius in Wilno;

1283: 6627:

Pacyga, Dominic A. "Poles," in Elliott Robert Barkan, ed.,

6535:

Polish Americans: Status Competition in an Ethnic Community

4112: 3839: 3400: 3083: 2876: 2414: 1649: 1643: 446: 221: 181: 4464:

List of U.S. cities with large Polish-American populations

3730:

in 1947, Polish-Americans came to feel that they had been

3366:

Holy Cross in Harding; and St. Isadore in Moran Township.

1845:

List of U.S. cities with large Polish American populations

1571:

is home to the American Polish Cultural Center, where the

8189: 8123: 5676: 5041: 4459:

List of place names of Polish origin in the United States

4073: 6128: 3818:

Among the most notable Polish American media groups are

461:

In 2000, 667,414 Americans over five years old reported

4855:. The Polish-American Liturgical Center. Archived from 1761:

banking company and have branches in Florida and Ohio.

5984: 5219:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 3251: 3228: 3205: 3182: 3159: 3134: 3111: 3088: 3065: 3042: 3019: 2996: 2973: 2950: 2927: 2904: 2881: 2858: 2835: 2812: 2787: 2764: 2741: 2718: 2695: 2672: 2649: 2626: 2603: 2580: 2557: 2534: 2511: 2488: 2465: 2442: 2419: 2396: 2373: 2350: 2327: 2304: 2279: 2256: 2233: 2210: 2187: 2164: 2141: 2118: 2095: 2072: 3997:

Among the best known Polish American museums are the

1660:

has a large Polish community, especially in historic

6805:

Swastek, Joseph. "The Poles in South Bend to 1914."

5826:"Polsko Amerykański portal - Polish American portal" 5657:Leonard F. Chrobot, "The Elusive Polish American." 5428:

Simich, Jerry L.; Wright, Thomas C. (7 March 2005).

4359: 4293:

and Pulaski. Distinctive cultural phenomena such as

4213: 1737:

Poles in Cleveland were instrumental in forming the

5296:

St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 2005. p. 6

5026: 1952:. There is a relatively large Polish population in 725:and Democratic politics, politics such as those of 6880:Too Long Ago: A Childhood Memory. A Vanished World 6590:Language, Culture, Politics. International Journal 6532: 6323:. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press. 6135:. University of North Texas Press. pp. 132–. 1067:The vast majority of Polish immigrants settled in 864:Many found manual labor jobs in the coal mines of 375:The language spread of Polish in the United States 6217: 5953:If you're thinking of living in:; Port Washington 5585: 5583: 5209: 5187: 5165: 1960:in addition to the area's many German-Americans. 455:German, Austrian-Hungarian and Russian occupation 8737: 6995: 6124: 6122: 4704:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3846:(formerly Radio Polonia); Polonia Today and the 3822:(founded by Polish American George Blagowidow); 1501:History of the Polish Americans in Metro Detroit 453:as many former territories of Poland were under 6819: 3794:. This prejudice was partially associated with 1835:were either founded or populated by the Poles. 928:Polish-born population in the U.S. since 2010: 729:have heavily involved Polish-Jewish Americans. 6447:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 6403:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. 6270: 5675:Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). 5600:"Serbian Monastery of New Gracanica – History" 5580: 5431:The Peoples Of Las Vegas: One City, Many Faces 5351:Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). 5309:. National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame 5040:Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). 4814:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 8109: 8038: 7235: 7069: 6981: 6752:Volume 27, #3 Summer 2009, pp. 1–19; in 6458:. (Harvard University Press, 1980) pp 787–803 6119: 5448: 4774:. Additionally, refer to the similar case of 4122:with many more attractions other than Polish 4045:Polish-American parade in New York City, 2017 3780:The Polish community was long the subject of 3709:. In World War II they were fiercely against 2042:Estimated Polish American population by state 1753:, Third Federal is on Broadway Avenue in the 1231: 85:U.S. Census ACS 2021 estimates, self-reported 6863: 6762:– Volume 27, #3 Summer 2009, pp. 21–43 6218:LACHOWICZ, TEOFIL; Juszczak, Albert (2010). 5427: 4350:Polish Army Veterans' Association in America 4237:who fought in the Blue Army. Image taken in 3144: 1573:National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame 1160:Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America 673:separate communities, with the exception of 29: 6882:, Scotia (NY): Church and Reid Books, 2020. 6525:Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, 5780:"Ohio University Press & Swallow Press" 5497: 4259:was inspired by religious tolerance of the 451:U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service 8116: 8102: 8045: 8031: 7242: 7228: 7076: 7062: 6988: 6974: 6814:Comparative Studies in Society and History 6598: 6463:European Journal of Transformation Studies 6132:Publications of the Texas Folklore Society 6129:Francis Edward Abernathy (1 August 2000). 5716: 4311: 4263:, which guaranteed freedom of conscience. 4029:." Formally established in 1979 by Father 3436:, in commemoration of the town in Poland. 2797: 1428:style of church architecture found in the 1404: 57: 16:Ethnic group; Americans of Polish ancestry 8052: 6768: 6316: 6292:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 6287: 4793: 4739: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4317:roofs. Meteorological and soil data show 3896:, and Progress for Poland, among others. 2289: 1696:, on East 65th Street and Baxter Avenue. 1284:Linden, Elizabeth, and Newark, New Jersey 923: 475:History of the Poles in the United States 6929: 6833:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 6561: 5801:"Welcome to the Polish American Journal" 5690: 5486:"Jewish Surnames (Supposedly) Explained" 5271:. St. Paul Pioneer Press. Archived from 4725:. American Institute of Polish Culture. 4229: 4217: 4072: 4040: 3981: 3966:(poet and editor), along with novelists 3939:Polish American cultural groups include 3732:betrayed by the United States government 3336: 3266: 2024: 1848: 1768: 1625: 1504: 1408: 1094: 1046: 898: 603: 421:colony in 1608, twelve years before the 370: 75:8,810,275 (2.7%) alone or in combination 8710:Polish population transfers (1944–1946) 6905:Poles in American History and Tradition 6902: 6859:(University of Notre Dame Press, 1979). 6471: 6396: 6355: 5893: 5891: 5568:"A History of Polish Hill and the PHCA" 4712: 4126:, and the Wisconsin Dells Polish Fest. 4114:. And last, but not least, there's the 1699:Cleveland's other Polish section is in 609: Foreign-born white population only 8756:European diaspora in the United States 8738: 7249: 6530: 6523:Jones, J. Sydney. "Polish Americans." 6111:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5738: 5700:. CBS News. 2012-08-01. Archived from 5262: 5197:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security 5175:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security 5154:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security 4799: 4501:from the original on December 12, 2022 4476: 4007:Polish Roman Catholic Union of America 1164:Polish Genealogical Society of America 1140:Polish Roman Catholic Union of America 8097: 8026: 7223: 7057: 6969: 6960:Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey 6934:. Chicago: Polish Museum of America. 6695:Polish Americans: An Ethnic Community 5966:"Święto polskiego kina w Nowym Jorku" 4718: 3418:role in the mystery of the Redemption 8746:Polish diaspora in the United States 7083: 6799:(Princeton University Press, 2005). 6719: 6692: 6655:(University of Chicago Press, 2019). 6648:(University of Chicago Press, 2003). 5888: 5560: 5544:. Marymount Hospital. Archived from 4745: 4513: 4093:Copernicus Cultural and Civic Center 4019:Polish Cultural Institute and Museum 3899: 3676:3.2% of the United States population 3451:Poland is also home to followers of 1297:Newark Liberty International Airport 677:founded in the 1850s. For instance, 605: 484:Polish speakers in the United States 91:Regions with significant populations 6773:. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press. 5941: 5921: 5010:. Flps.newberry.org. Archived from 3674:parties. Polish Americans comprise 1749:, which have their headquarters in 1710:churches in Cleveland city include 1509:Houses in a Polish neighborhood in 1358:, contains a neighborhood known as 746:(self-reported) as per U.S. Census 13: 6769:Silverman, Deborah Anders (2000). 6722:Journal of American Ethnic History 6664:(Columbia University Press, 1984) 6636:Journal of American Ethnic History 5724:"No Polish jokes on Romney's tour" 5466:from the original on March 6, 2023 4622:United States Bureau of the Census 4346:Polish Legion of American Veterans 4196:Feast of the Immaculate Conception 4099:organized in conjunction with the 3662:Polish-Americans comprise a large 3482:region, helped co-found the first 2020: 1184:was concentrated along the city's 14: 8772: 8751:American people of Polish descent 8162:Polish occupation zone in Germany 6947: 6531:Lopata, Helena Znaniecka (1976). 6278:A history of the Polish Americans 6017:"May 3rd Polish Constitution Day" 5992:"Polish Festival - Press Release" 5661:30#1 (1973), pp. 54-59 at p. 58 4257:Constitution of the United States 4251:Polish-Americans have influenced 4214:Contributions to American culture 3309:Polish Americans built dozens of 3236: 398:ancestry, or are citizens of the 394:who either have total or partial 6903:Wytrwal, Joseph Anthony (1969). 5757:. Plmagazine.net. Archived from 5542:"Our Lady of Czestochowa Shrine" 5328:"Polish Art Center - Contact Us" 4376: 4362: 4334:San Antonio Conservation Society 3941:Polish American Arts Association 3769: 3764:American Polish Advisory Council 3678:but are concentrated in several 3505: 3471:, over the span of three years. 3278:, the city's first Polish parish 3239: 3216: 3193: 3170: 3146: 3122: 3099: 3076: 3053: 3030: 3007: 2984: 2961: 2938: 2915: 2892: 2869: 2846: 2823: 2799: 2775: 2752: 2729: 2706: 2683: 2660: 2637: 2614: 2591: 2568: 2545: 2522: 2499: 2476: 2453: 2430: 2407: 2384: 2361: 2338: 2315: 2291: 2267: 2244: 2221: 2198: 2175: 2152: 2129: 2106: 2083: 2060: 1730:music. Cleveland is home to the 1032: 1031: 1019: 1018: 1006: 1005: 993: 992: 980: 979: 967: 966: 954: 953: 647: 620: 47: 40: 8717:Repatriation of Poles (1955–59) 8696:Colonization attempts by Poland 6605:. New York: Perennial Library. 6516:Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Anna D. 6211: 6186: 6156: 6074: 6049: 6034: 6009: 5958: 5864: 5839: 5818: 5793: 5772: 5747: 5668: 5651: 5622: 5592: 5534: 5491: 5478: 5421: 5400: 5375: 5353:"American FactFinder - Results" 5344: 5320: 5299: 5286: 5256: 5235: 5144: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5087:"American FactFinder - Results" 5079: 5070: 5061: 5000: 4970: 4940: 4911: 4883: 4874: 4842: 4764: 4618:"Language Spoken at Home: 2000" 4437:Polish-American organized crime 4407:Polish American Football League 3528:Socioeconomic indicators: 2017 3382:St. Adalbert Parish, South Bend 903:Polish-American grocery, 1922, 732: 6816:vol. 25 (April 1983): 241-276. 6520:(Ohio University Press, 2004). 6356:Erdmans, Mary Patrice (1998). 5383:"Polish Village In Parma Ohio" 4719:Waldo, Arthur Leonard (1977). 4672: 4640: 4610: 4584: 4559: 4550: 4538: 4078:Polish Constitution Day Parade 3658:Poland–United States relations 3428:, which was on feature at the 3282:As in Poland, the majority of 1974:) This includes the cities of 1739:Third Federal Savings and Loan 1453:St. Stanislaus Catholic Church 1310: 1204:festival is celebrated at the 1079:Polish American Heritage Month 1042: 1: 7302:German Mennonites from Russia 5008:"About the Population Census" 4746:Obst, Peter J. (2012-07-20). 4284:Maxwell Street Polish Sausage 4060:New York Polish Film Festival 3844:Polish Radio External Service 3716:Polish-Americans founded the 3463:, who singlehandedly painted 2002:. It is widely believed that 1457:Lincoln Village neighborhood. 1447:, among them the magnificent 80:2,744,941 (0.8%) Polish alone 6930:Zurawski, Joseph W. (1975). 6907:. Detroit: Endurance Press. 5726:. Phillytrib.com. 2012-08-05 5636:. 1937-11-15. Archived from 4469: 4190:General Pulaski Memorial Day 4097:Seattle Polish Film Festival 4036: 3387:Circa 1897, in Pittsburgh's 3272:St. Stanislaus Kostka Church 1773:Polish American recruitment 1026: 1013: 1000: 987: 974: 961: 948: 940: 7: 8703:Ethnic minorities in Poland 6486:10.1080/0300776032000144986 6474:Popular Music & Society 6436:Greene, Victor. "Poles" in 6397:Gladsky, Thomas S. (1992). 6317:Bukowczyk, John J. (1996). 6288:Bukowczyk, John J. (1986). 6286:first edition published as 6271:Sources and further reading 6044:. Springer. 2009. pp. 2-3. 5460:United States Census Bureau 5263:Gauper, Beth (2007-05-27). 5047:United States Census Bureau 4982:United States Census Bureau 4952:United States Census Bureau 4926:United States Census Bureau 4898:United States Census Bureau 4752:Poles in America Foundation 4684:United States Census Bureau 4661:. p. 3. Archived from 4596:United States Census Bureau 4571:United States Census Bureau 4495:United States Census Bureau 4355: 4339: 4129: 4027:The Polish Museum of Winona 3753:Americans of Polish descent 3645: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3232: 3227: 3209: 3204: 3186: 3181: 3163: 3158: 3138: 3133: 3115: 3110: 3092: 3087: 3069: 3064: 3046: 3041: 3023: 3018: 3000: 2995: 2977: 2972: 2954: 2949: 2931: 2926: 2908: 2903: 2885: 2880: 2862: 2857: 2839: 2834: 2816: 2811: 2791: 2786: 2768: 2763: 2745: 2740: 2722: 2717: 2699: 2694: 2676: 2671: 2653: 2648: 2630: 2625: 2607: 2602: 2584: 2579: 2561: 2556: 2538: 2533: 2515: 2510: 2492: 2487: 2469: 2464: 2446: 2441: 2423: 2418: 2400: 2395: 2377: 2372: 2354: 2349: 2331: 2326: 2308: 2303: 2283: 2278: 2260: 2255: 2237: 2232: 2214: 2209: 2191: 2186: 2168: 2163: 2145: 2140: 2122: 2117: 2099: 2094: 2076: 2071: 1972:Maps of American ancestries 1853:Marker of immigration from 1494: 1264:in Brooklyn is home to the 1144:Polish American Association 913:ethnically Polish Americans 744:Number of Polish Americans 10: 8777: 8190:Central and Eastern Europe 7899:Alabama Creoles and Cajuns 6923:(2013) 70#1 pp. 5–35 6889:1#2 (July 1974): 125-150. 6873:, 65 (Spring 2008), 57–76. 6599:Nowakowski, Jacek (1989). 6280:(2nd ed. Routledge, 2017) 4556:Polonia amerykańska, p. 40 3977: 3805: 3800:Central and Eastern Europe 3773: 3694:than the American public. 3655: 3649: 1842: 1553:Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly 1498: 1424:exemplifies the so-called 1386:borough of New York City, 1238:New York metropolitan area 1232:New York metropolitan area 1200:, respectively. Chicago's 1182:Chicago's Polish community 1132:Chicago's Polish community 1088: 1084: 736: 472: 468: 8687: 8662: 8552: 8516: 8438: 8386: 8340: 8284: 8182: 8175: 8167:Poles in the Soviet Union 8135: 8058: 7957: 7875:White Hispanic and Latino 7854: 7706: 7628: 7533: 7442: 7371: 7257: 7176: 7120: 7089: 7004: 6864:Memory and historiography 6825:Znaniecki, Florian Witold 5955:Published: August 8, 1982 5903:Polishamericanstudies.org 4149:Feast of the Annunciation 4145:March (Illinois regional) 4015:Port Washington, New York 3909:Chicago metropolitan area 3892:, the Polish News Online, 3666:sought after by both the 3441:breakaway Catholic church 2035:American Community Survey 1968:northeastern Pennsylvania 1838: 1459:The city is also home to 1380:JFK International Airport 1366:era; the town has Polish 1254:Chicago metropolitan area 1222:Chicago metropolitan area 936: 933: 842: 828: 814: 800: 786: 772: 758: 753: 750: 727:Agudath Israel of America 602: 481: 429:. Two Polish volunteers, 408:American Community Survey 337: 332: 308: 303: 290:American English dialects 284: 279: 95: 90: 73: 68: 56: 38: 27: 8151:Polish-Lithuanian people 7822:Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots 6771:Polish American Folklore 6562:Majewski, Karen (2003). 5141:(1993) 28#4 pp: 526-543. 4818:Harvard University Press 4722:True Heroes of Jamestown 4454:List of Polish Americans 4447: 4304:Poles' cultural ties to 3999:Polish Museum of America 3988:Polish Museum of America 3813: 3718:Polish American Congress 3494:, in 1907, and later, a 3393:Immaculate Heart of Mary 1764: 1720:Immaculate Heart of Mary 1449:Basilica of St. Josaphat 1414:Basilica of St. Josaphat 1268:of New York City, while 1152:Polish National Alliance 1148:Polish American Congress 1136:Polish Museum of America 739:List of Polish Americans 406:, according to the 2021 6921:Polish American Studies 6897:Polish American Studies 6871:Polish American Studies 6807:Polish American Studies 6760:U.S. Catholic Historian 6750:U.S. Catholic Historian 6693:Pula, James S. (1995). 6689:68 (Spring 2011), 5–17. 6687:Polish American Studies 5659:Polish American Studies 5500:U.S. Catholic Historian 4800:Greene, Victor (1980). 4748:"Jamestown 1608 Marker" 4525:University of Minnesota 4344:Organizations like the 4312:Architectural influence 4241:(1955) and featured in 4178:Our Lady of Czestochowa 4025:, known informally as " 3890:Polish American Journal 3478:, originating from the 3465:New Gračanica Monastery 3457:Eastern Orthodox Church 3371:Saint Stanislaus Church 3354:St. Kazimierz (Casimir) 1857:into Texas, located in 1621: 1405:Wisconsin and Minnesota 1120:its surrounding suburbs 1051:A Polish coal miner in 8348:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6349:36.1 (1995): 175-195. 6347:Sociological Quarterly 5929:Polish American Museum 5927:Smithsonian Magazine, 5410:. Clevelandsociety.com 5357:Factfinder2.census.gov 4432:Polish Cathedral style 4299:Polish Cathedral style 4248: 4227: 4081: 4046: 4011:Polish American Museum 3994: 3894:Am-Pol Eagle Newspaper 3828:Polsat 2 International 3633:Total U.S. Population 3522:educational attainment 3518: 3349: 3279: 2030: 2004:Boothwyn, Pennsylvania 1861: 1777: 1646: 1585:St. Mary's Preparatory 1517: 1433: 1401:is based in New York. 1256:'s Polish population. 1111: 1064: 924:Polish-born population 907: 387: 376: 30: 8053:West Slavic Americans 6821:Thomas, William Isaac 6592:1.5 (2020): 183-193. 6384:Esslinger, Dean R. . 5677:"U.S. Census website" 5245:. LOT POLISH AIRLINES 5243:"POLISH AIRLINES LOT" 5042:"U.S. Census website" 4770:See the reference to 4233: 4224:Elizabeth, New Jersey 4221: 4076: 4044: 3985: 3972:Suzanne Strempek Shea 3862:Polish Weekly Chicago 3784:in America. The word 3782:anti-Polish sentiment 3727:I Saw Poland Betrayed 3707:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3656:Further information: 3513: 3446:Roman Catholic Church 3346:Saint Paul, Minnesota 3342:Church of St. Casimir 3340: 3270: 2028: 1958:Saint Louis, Missouri 1946:western Massachusetts 1852: 1772: 1694:St. Stanislaus Church 1632:St. Stanislaus Church 1629: 1508: 1412: 1399:Kosciuszko Foundation 1354:, located on eastern 1206:Copernicus Foundation 1098: 1050: 902: 374: 333:Related ethnic groups 8649:United Arab Emirates 7512:Norwegian Minnesotan 6809:2.3/4 (1945): 79–88. 6602:Polish-American Ways 5332:www.polartcenter.com 5223:on December 22, 2014 5139:Urban Affairs Review 4820:. pp. 787–803. 4786:-Austrian Hungarian 4668:on 8 September 2019. 4628:on February 12, 2020 4442:Polish-American vote 4370:United States portal 4319:that region in Texas 4261:Warsaw Confederation 4101:Polish Film Festival 3652:Polish-American vote 3539:College degrees (%) 3469:Third Lake, Illinois 3430:Jasna Góra Monastery 3397:St. Peter's Basilica 3363:St. John the Baptist 2252:District of Columbia 1558:metropolitan Detroit 1475:, come to celebrate 663:Battle of Brandywine 640:West Point, New York 8724:Polish Diaspora Day 7868:Non-Hispanic whites 6954:PolishMigration.org 6899:73.1 (2016): 47-67. 6651:Pacyga, Dominic A. 6644:Pacyga, Dominic A. 6638:16#1 (1996): 55-73. 6465:9.2 (2021): 30-39. 6438:Thernstrom, Stephan 6276:Bukowczyk, John J. 5875:Progress for Poland 5640:on November 2, 2007 5630:"Religion: Ramadan" 5610:on 21 February 2009 5363:on 12 February 2020 5294:Poles in Minnesota. 5269:MidwestWeekends.com 5014:on 11 December 2014 4958:on 12 February 2020 4928:. 18 September 1992 4806:Thernstrom, Stephan 4397:Kashubian Americans 4143:Casimir Pulaski Day 4109:Kansas City, Kansas 4085:The Polish Festival 3757:exogamous marriages 3622:White non-Hispanic 3529: 3426:Lady of Częstochowa 3408:Lady of Czestochowa 3378:South Bend, Indiana 3323:Mid-Atlantic States 3321:regions and in the 2044: 1938:South Bend, Indiana 1914:Rochester, New York 1747:National City Corp. 1587:, a high school in 1372:LOT Polish Airlines 1352:Riverhead, New York 747: 388:Polonia amerykańska 362: • 358: • 354: • 352:Kashubian Americans 350: • 346: • 342: • 31:Polonia amerykańska 24: 7893:French Louisianian 7295:Pennsylvania Dutch 7251:European Americans 6683:Pienkos, Donald E. 6671:Pienkos, Donald E. 6659:Pienkos, Donald E. 5949:the New York Times 5938:at Smithsonian.com 5934:2008-09-26 at the 5847:"The Am-Pol Eagle" 5512:10.1353/cht.0.0018 5292:John Radzilowski. 5265:"Polish for a day" 5119:Bukowczyk, pg. 36. 5110:Bukowczyk, pg. 35. 5076:Bukowczyck, p. 109 5067:Bukowczyck, p. 108 4988:on 18 January 2015 4412:Polish Australians 4402:Kashubian Diaspora 4392:European Americans 4249: 4228: 4082: 4047: 3995: 3920:(Polish sausage), 3853:Dziennik Związkowy 3703:New Deal Coalition 3527: 3359:St. Jozef (Joseph) 3350: 3280: 2040: 2031: 1918:Syracuse, New York 1910:Erie, Pennsylvania 1862: 1781:Panna Maria, Texas 1778: 1751:Downtown Cleveland 1732:Polka Hall of Fame 1647: 1518: 1434: 1430:Great Lakes region 1289:Linden, New Jersey 1112: 1069:metropolitan areas 1065: 908: 743: 715:New Deal Coalition 675:Panna Maria, Texas 628:Tadeusz Kościuszko 435:Tadeusz Kościuszko 412:U.S. Census Bureau 400:Republic of Poland 377: 256: Growing in 22: 8733: 8732: 8683: 8682: 8434: 8433: 8129:Polish minorities 8091: 8090: 8020: 8019: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7991:White Southerners 7980: 7973: 7948: 7943: 7927: 7920: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7877: 7870: 7840: 7801: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7747: 7609: 7514: 7507: 7505:Norwegian Dakotan 7473: 7347: 7318: 7316:Hungarian Ohioans 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7217: 7216: 7051: 7050: 6224:The Polish Review 6142:978-1-57441-092-1 6040:Sandra Lapointe. 5782:. Ohioswallow.com 5548:on 6 October 2010 5524:Project MUSE 4782:and passed for a 4732:978-1-881284-11-6 4417:Polish Brazilians 4306:Roman Catholicism 4239:Detroit, Michigan 4023:Winona, Minnesota 4001:in Chicago's old 3913:Northwest Indiana 3900:Cultural identity 3867:Super Express USA 3838:; TV4U New York; 3832:TVN International 3745:George H. W. Bush 3722:Arthur Bliss Lane 3643: 3642: 3536:Household Income 3474:A small group of 3461:Theodore Jurewicz 3311:Polish Cathedrals 3276:Chicago, Illinois 3260: 3259: 1950:Duluth, Minnesota 1866:Buffalo, New York 1690:Broadview Heights 1654:Greater Cleveland 1596:Northern Michigan 1527:, behind that of 1445:Polish Cathedrals 1348:, Bergen County. 1040: 1039: 905:Detroit, Michigan 856: 855: 707:parochial schools 659:George Washington 655:Kazimierz Pułaski 636:Revolutionary War 614: 613: 410:conducted by the 369: 368: 364:Sorbian Americans 311:Roman Catholicism 149:Lackawanna County 8768: 8187: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8157:Great Emigration 8118: 8111: 8104: 8095: 8094: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8024: 8023: 8007: 8000: 7995: 7976: 7969: 7946: 7939: 7925:Creoles of color 7923: 7918: 7913:Louisiana Creole 7911: 7904: 7897: 7873: 7866: 7836: 7797: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7743: 7605: 7534:Southeast Europe 7510: 7503: 7469: 7343: 7314: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7221: 7220: 7084:Slavic Americans 7078: 7071: 7064: 7055: 7054: 6997:Polish Americans 6990: 6983: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6943: 6916: 6877:Pietrusza, David 6852: 6795:Sugrue, Thomas. 6792: 6745: 6716: 6631:(1999) pp 428–45 6624: 6585: 6558: 6538: 6513: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6421:. Archived from 6381: 6342: 6311: 6264: 6263: 6236:10.2307/27920674 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6170:. Archived from 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6126: 6117: 6116: 6110: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6093: 6087:. Archived from 6086: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6053: 6047: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5994:. Archived from 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5970:Wirtualna Polska 5962: 5956: 5945: 5939: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5905:. Archived from 5895: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828:. Polishnews.Com 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5805:Polamjournal.com 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5751: 5745: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5704:on July 29, 2012 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5672: 5666: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5606:. Archived from 5604:Newgracanica.com 5596: 5590: 5587: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5359:. Archived from 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5303: 5297: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5148: 5142: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5089:. Archived from 5083: 5077: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5037: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4984:. Archived from 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4954:. Archived from 4948:"Ancestry: 2000" 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4923: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4797: 4791: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4703: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4659:US Census Bureau 4652: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4624:. Archived from 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4487: 4427:Polish Canadians 4386: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4253:American culture 4235:Polish-Americans 4161:Constitution Day 4120:Whiting, Indiana 4089:Taste of Polonia 4080:in Chicago, 1985 3885:The Polish Times 3876:in New York and 3820:Hippocrene Books 3796:anti-Catholicism 3530: 3526: 3486:organization in 3422:Mariavite Church 3361:in Browerville; 3253: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3230: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3207: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3184: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3136: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3113: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3090: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3067: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3044: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3021: 3013: 3011: 3010: 2998: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2975: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2952: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2929: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2906: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2883: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2860: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2837: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2789: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2766: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2743: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2720: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2697: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2674: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2651: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2628: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2605: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2582: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2559: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2536: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2513: 2505: 2503: 2502: 2490: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2467: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2444: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2421: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2398: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2375: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2352: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2329: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2281: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2258: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2235: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2212: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2189: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2166: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2143: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2120: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2097: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2074: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2045: 2043: 2039: 1894:Portland, Oregon 1859:Indianola, Texas 1666:Garfield Heights 1426:Polish Cathedral 1378:service between 1226:Dan Rostenkowski 1220:, a part of the 1218:Northern Indiana 1202:Taste of Polonia 1101:Milwaukee Avenue 1099:Polish shops at 1091:Poles in Chicago 1035: 1034: 1022: 1021: 1009: 1008: 996: 995: 983: 982: 970: 969: 957: 956: 931: 930: 851: 850: 837: 836: 823: 822: 809: 808: 795: 794: 781: 780: 767: 766: 748: 742: 651: 632:Continental Army 624: 610: 479: 478: 380:Polish Americans 360:Slovak Americans 86: 69:Total population 61: 52: 51: 45: 44: 33: 25: 23:Polish Americans 21: 8776: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8761:Polish diaspora 8736: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8679: 8658: 8548: 8512: 8430: 8382: 8341:Southern Europe 8336: 8285:Northern Europe 8280: 8171: 8131: 8125:Polish diaspora 8122: 8092: 8087: 8054: 8051: 8021: 8016: 7953: 7935:French Canadian 7862:White Americans 7855:Other Europeans 7850: 7799:Irish Traveller 7702: 7629:Southern Europe 7624: 7529: 7443:Northern Europe 7438: 7367: 7329:Liechtensteiner 7253: 7248: 7218: 7213: 7172: 7116: 7085: 7082: 7052: 7047: 7000: 6994: 6950: 6866: 6841: 6781: 6705: 6613: 6574: 6547: 6428: 6426: 6411: 6370: 6331: 6300: 6273: 6268: 6267: 6216: 6212: 6202: 6200: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6174:on 29 June 2013 6162: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6127: 6120: 6104: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6082:"Archived copy" 6080: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6061:Intellicast.com 6055: 6054: 6050: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6001: 5999: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5946: 5942: 5936:Wayback Machine 5926: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5785: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5764: 5762: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5705: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5673: 5669: 5656: 5652: 5643: 5641: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5426: 5422: 5413: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5349: 5345: 5336: 5334: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5312: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5291: 5287: 5278: 5276: 5261: 5257: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5157: 5155: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5096: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5038: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4862:on 4 March 2016 4859: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4828: 4798: 4794: 4769: 4765: 4756: 4754: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4717: 4713: 4697: 4696: 4689: 4687: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4489: 4488: 4477: 4472: 4450: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4342: 4329:straw thatching 4314: 4216: 4207: 4132: 4058:is home to the 4054:entertainment. 4039: 4003:Polish Downtown 3980: 3968:Leslie Pietrzyk 3902: 3879:Tygodnik Polski 3842:Radio Chicago; 3816: 3808: 3778: 3772: 3736:John F. Kennedy 3691:Piast Institute 3660: 3654: 3648: 3508: 3348:, built in 1904 3304:Austrian Jewish 3286:immigrants are 3265: 3240: 3238: 3217: 3215: 3194: 3192: 3171: 3169: 3147: 3145: 3123: 3121: 3100: 3098: 3077: 3075: 3054: 3052: 3031: 3029: 3008: 3006: 2985: 2983: 2962: 2960: 2939: 2937: 2916: 2914: 2893: 2891: 2870: 2868: 2847: 2845: 2824: 2822: 2800: 2798: 2776: 2774: 2753: 2751: 2730: 2728: 2707: 2705: 2684: 2682: 2661: 2659: 2638: 2636: 2615: 2613: 2592: 2590: 2569: 2567: 2546: 2544: 2523: 2521: 2500: 2498: 2477: 2475: 2454: 2452: 2431: 2429: 2408: 2406: 2385: 2383: 2362: 2360: 2339: 2337: 2316: 2314: 2292: 2290: 2268: 2266: 2245: 2243: 2222: 2220: 2199: 2197: 2176: 2174: 2153: 2151: 2130: 2128: 2107: 2105: 2084: 2082: 2061: 2059: 2041: 2033:As of the 2021 2023: 2021:By state totals 1847: 1841: 1767: 1708:Polish language 1658:Cleveland, Ohio 1630:Inside view of 1624: 1604:Leelanau County 1581:Mike Krzyzewski 1503: 1497: 1441:German American 1407: 1376:non-stop flight 1313: 1286: 1234: 1190:Southwest Sides 1176:Irish Americans 1166:. In addition, 1093: 1087: 1057:McDowell County 1045: 926: 852: 848: 847: 838: 834: 833: 824: 820: 819: 810: 806: 805: 796: 792: 791: 782: 778: 777: 768: 764: 763: 745: 741: 735: 703:Catholic church 699:Austria Hungary 695:Imperial Russia 683:Virginia Colony 679:Polish settlers 670: 669: 668: 667: 666: 652: 644: 643: 625: 598: 588: 578: 568: 558: 548: 538: 528: 518: 508: 498: 493: 486: 477: 471: 431:Casimir Pulaski 404:U.S. population 356:Czech Americans 348:Texan Silesians 152: 84: 82: 77: 64: 46: 39: 34: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8774: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8629: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8499: 8498: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8419:United Kingdom 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8390: 8388: 8387:Western Europe 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8241: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8214: 8212:Czech Republic 8209: 8204: 8199: 8193: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8147: 8139: 8137: 8133: 8132: 8121: 8120: 8113: 8106: 8098: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8049: 8042: 8035: 8027: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8005: 7998: 7988: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7974: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7932: 7931: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7921: 7909: 7902: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7871: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7790: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7707:Western Europe 7704: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7508: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7375: 7373: 7372:Eastern Europe 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7272: 7267: 7261: 7259: 7258:Central Europe 7255: 7254: 7247: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7224: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7058: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7013: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6993: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6957: 6949: 6948:External links 6946: 6945: 6944: 6927: 6917: 6900: 6893: 6883: 6874: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6855:Wrobel, Paul. 6853: 6839: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6793: 6779: 6766: 6756: 6746: 6717: 6703: 6690: 6680: 6668: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6632: 6625: 6611: 6596: 6586: 6572: 6559: 6545: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6480:(4): 529–540. 6469: 6459: 6442:Handlin, Oscar 6440:; Orlov, Ann; 6434: 6409: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6382: 6368: 6353: 6343: 6329: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6298: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6230:(4): 437–439. 6210: 6194:"PLAV History" 6185: 6155: 6141: 6118: 6073: 6048: 6033: 6021:Ampoleagle.com 6008: 5983: 5957: 5947:James Barron, 5940: 5920: 5887: 5863: 5851:Ampoleagle.com 5838: 5817: 5792: 5771: 5746: 5737: 5715: 5689: 5667: 5650: 5621: 5591: 5579: 5559: 5533: 5490: 5477: 5447: 5440: 5420: 5399: 5374: 5343: 5319: 5298: 5285: 5255: 5234: 5208: 5186: 5164: 5143: 5130: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5078: 5069: 5060: 5025: 4999: 4969: 4939: 4910: 4882: 4873: 4841: 4826: 4810:Handlin, Oscar 4808:; Orlov, Ann; 4792: 4763: 4738: 4731: 4711: 4671: 4639: 4609: 4583: 4558: 4549: 4537: 4512: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4422:Polish British 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4373: 4357: 4354: 4341: 4338: 4313: 4310: 4268:Polish cuisine 4215: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4174: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4137:Kosciuszko Day 4133: 4131: 4128: 4038: 4035: 3979: 3976: 3960:Cecilia Woloch 3956:John Guzlowski 3945:Polish Falcons 3901: 3898: 3815: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3790:has become an 3774:Main article: 3771: 3768: 3705:and President 3699:Woodrow Wilson 3650:Main article: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3507: 3504: 3413:Felician Order 3332:Near West Side 3300:Russian Jewish 3288:Roman Catholic 3264: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3109: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3040: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3017: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2994: 2992:South Carolina 2980: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2925: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2856: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2831:North Carolina 2819: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2739: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2670: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2532: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2486: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2440: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2371: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2325: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2302: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2162: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2139: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2022: 2019: 2000:Polish cuisine 1964:Luzerne County 1906:Columbus, Ohio 1843:Main article: 1840: 1837: 1785:Texas Silesian 1766: 1763: 1755:Slavic Village 1662:Slavic Village 1636:Slavic Village 1623: 1620: 1598:. The town of 1550:General Motors 1496: 1493: 1477:Polish Culture 1463:, the largest 1406: 1403: 1344:as well as in 1342:Passaic County 1312: 1309: 1301:Linden station 1285: 1282: 1233: 1230: 1210:Jefferson Park 1198:Archer Avenues 1156:Polish Falcons 1089:Main article: 1086: 1083: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1003: 999: 998: 990: 986: 985: 977: 973: 972: 964: 960: 959: 951: 947: 946: 943: 939: 938: 935: 925: 922: 854: 853: 846: 844: 840: 839: 832: 830: 826: 825: 818: 816: 812: 811: 804: 802: 798: 797: 790: 788: 784: 783: 776: 774: 770: 769: 762: 760: 756: 755: 752: 734: 731: 653: 646: 645: 626: 619: 618: 617: 616: 615: 612: 611: 600: 599: 596: 594: 590: 589: 586: 584: 580: 579: 576: 574: 570: 569: 566: 564: 560: 559: 556: 554: 550: 549: 546: 544: 540: 539: 536: 534: 530: 529: 526: 524: 520: 519: 516: 514: 510: 509: 506: 504: 500: 499: 496: 494: 491: 488: 487: 482: 473:Main article: 470: 467: 439:Roman Catholic 367: 366: 335: 334: 330: 329: 309:Predominantly 306: 305: 301: 300: 282: 281: 277: 276: 232: Some in 145:Luzerne County 93: 92: 88: 87: 71: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 36: 35: 28: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8773: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8726: 8725: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8707: 8705: 8704: 8700: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8551: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8491:United States 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8119: 8114: 8112: 8107: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8048: 8043: 8041: 8036: 8034: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8010: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7979: 7978:San Francisco 7975: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7956: 7945: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7926: 7922: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7807:Luxembourgian 7805: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7608: 7607:Alaskan Serbs 7604: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7240: 7238: 7233: 7231: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7079: 7074: 7072: 7067: 7065: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7043: 7042:Stevens Point 7039: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7006: 7003: 6998: 6991: 6986: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6867: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6840:0-252-06484-4 6836: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6780:0-252-02569-5 6776: 6772: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6704:0-8057-8427-6 6700: 6696: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6612:0-06-096336-0 6608: 6604: 6603: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6573:0-8214-1470-4 6569: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6546:0-13-686436-8 6542: 6537: 6536: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6425:on 2011-01-11 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6410:0-87023-775-6 6406: 6402: 6401: 6395: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6369:0-271-01735-X 6365: 6361: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6330:0-8229-3953-3 6326: 6322: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6299:0-253-30701-5 6295: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6125: 6123: 6114: 6108: 6094:on 2009-03-21 6090: 6083: 6077: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6043: 6037: 6022: 6018: 6012: 5998:on 2011-12-30 5997: 5993: 5987: 5971: 5968:(in Polish). 5967: 5961: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5924: 5909:on 2017-11-25 5908: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5876: 5873: 5867: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5827: 5821: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5781: 5775: 5761:on 2012-10-13 5760: 5756: 5750: 5741: 5725: 5719: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5586: 5584: 5569: 5563: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5443: 5441:9780874176513 5437: 5433: 5432: 5424: 5409: 5403: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5308: 5302: 5295: 5289: 5275:on 2008-08-28 5274: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5244: 5238: 5227:September 11, 5222: 5218: 5212: 5201:September 11, 5196: 5190: 5179:September 11, 5174: 5168: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5093:on 2020-02-14 5092: 5088: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4927: 4920: 4914: 4899: 4892: 4886: 4877: 4858: 4851: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4475: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4384:Poland portal 4374: 4371: 4360: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4309: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4211: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4171:Easter Monday 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4157:(Fat Tuesday) 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4064:Polish cinema 4061: 4057: 4056:New York City 4052: 4043: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3952:Hedwig Gorski 3948: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3873:Nowy Dziennik 3869: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3770:Anti-Polonism 3767: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3741:Ronald Reagan 3737: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3525: 3523: 3517: 3512: 3506:Social status 3503: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3453:Protestantism 3449: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3403:was founded. 3402: 3398: 3395:, modeled on 3394: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296:German Jewish 3293: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3248: 3247:United States 3237: 3225: 3214: 3213: 3202: 3191: 3190: 3179: 3178:West Virginia 3168: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3142: 3131: 3120: 3119: 3108: 3097: 3096: 3085: 3074: 3073: 3062: 3051: 3050: 3039: 3028: 3027: 3016: 3005: 3004: 2993: 2982: 2981: 2970: 2959: 2958: 2947: 2936: 2935: 2924: 2913: 2912: 2901: 2890: 2889: 2878: 2867: 2866: 2855: 2844: 2843: 2832: 2821: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2795: 2784: 2773: 2772: 2761: 2750: 2749: 2738: 2737:New Hampshire 2727: 2726: 2715: 2704: 2703: 2692: 2681: 2680: 2669: 2658: 2657: 2646: 2635: 2634: 2623: 2612: 2611: 2600: 2589: 2588: 2577: 2566: 2565: 2554: 2553:Massachusetts 2543: 2542: 2531: 2520: 2519: 2508: 2497: 2496: 2485: 2474: 2473: 2462: 2451: 2450: 2439: 2428: 2427: 2416: 2405: 2404: 2393: 2382: 2381: 2370: 2359: 2358: 2347: 2336: 2335: 2324: 2313: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2287: 2276: 2265: 2264: 2253: 2242: 2241: 2230: 2219: 2218: 2207: 2196: 2195: 2184: 2173: 2172: 2161: 2150: 2149: 2138: 2127: 2126: 2115: 2104: 2103: 2092: 2081: 2080: 2069: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2038: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2011:Little Poland 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926:San Francisco 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1833:Chappell Hill 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1771: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1402: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1333:Bergen County 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317:Hudson County 1308: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266:Little Poland 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246:New York City 1243: 1239: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1062: 1061:West Virginia 1058: 1054: 1049: 1030: 1027: 1017: 1014: 1004: 1001: 991: 988: 978: 975: 965: 962: 952: 949: 944: 941: 932: 929: 921: 917: 914: 906: 901: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 860: 859:Helena Lopata 845: 841: 831: 827: 817: 813: 803: 799: 789: 785: 775: 771: 761: 757: 749: 740: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 684: 680: 676: 664: 660: 656: 650: 641: 637: 633: 629: 623: 608: 607: 601: 595: 592: 591: 585: 582: 581: 575: 572: 571: 565: 562: 561: 555: 552: 551: 545: 542: 541: 535: 532: 531: 525: 522: 521: 515: 512: 511: 505: 502: 501: 495: 490: 489: 485: 480: 476: 466: 464: 459: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 427:Massachusetts 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 373: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 336: 331: 328: 324: 320: 319:Protestantism 316: 312: 307: 302: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 133:Massachusetts 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 89: 83: 81: 76: 72: 67: 60: 55: 50: 43: 37: 32: 26: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8644:Turkmenistan 8529:South Africa 8490: 8424:White Polish 8249:Transnistria 8149: 8142: 8062: 7745:Jersey Dutch 7333: 7288:German Texan 7193: 7153:Montenegrins 7121:South Slavic 6931: 6920: 6904: 6896: 6886: 6879: 6870: 6856: 6829: 6813: 6806: 6796: 6770: 6759: 6754:Project MUSE 6749: 6728:(1): 74–95. 6725: 6721: 6694: 6686: 6673: 6661: 6652: 6645: 6635: 6628: 6601: 6589: 6563: 6534: 6524: 6517: 6477: 6473: 6462: 6445: 6427:. Retrieved 6423:the original 6399: 6385: 6358: 6346: 6319: 6289: 6277: 6227: 6223: 6213: 6201:. Retrieved 6197: 6188: 6176:. Retrieved 6172:the original 6168:Mysoutex.com 6167: 6158: 6146:. Retrieved 6131: 6096:. Retrieved 6089:the original 6076: 6064:. Retrieved 6060: 6051: 6041: 6036: 6024:. Retrieved 6020: 6011: 6000:. Retrieved 5996:the original 5986: 5974:. Retrieved 5972:. 6 May 2009 5960: 5943: 5923: 5911:. Retrieved 5907:the original 5902: 5878:. Retrieved 5874: 5866: 5854:. Retrieved 5850: 5841: 5830:. Retrieved 5820: 5808:. Retrieved 5804: 5795: 5784:. Retrieved 5774: 5763:. Retrieved 5759:the original 5749: 5740: 5728:. Retrieved 5718: 5708:30 September 5706:. Retrieved 5702:the original 5692: 5680:. Retrieved 5670: 5658: 5653: 5642:. Retrieved 5638:the original 5633: 5624: 5612:. Retrieved 5608:the original 5603: 5594: 5571:. Retrieved 5562: 5550:. Retrieved 5546:the original 5536: 5506:(3): 21–43. 5503: 5499: 5493: 5480: 5468:. Retrieved 5450: 5430: 5423: 5412:. Retrieved 5402: 5390:. Retrieved 5387:Facebook.com 5386: 5377: 5365:. Retrieved 5361:the original 5356: 5346: 5335:. Retrieved 5331: 5322: 5311:. Retrieved 5301: 5293: 5288: 5277:. Retrieved 5273:the original 5268: 5258: 5247:. Retrieved 5237: 5225:. Retrieved 5221:the original 5211: 5199:. Retrieved 5189: 5177:. Retrieved 5167: 5156:. Retrieved 5146: 5138: 5133: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5095:. Retrieved 5091:the original 5081: 5072: 5063: 5051:. Retrieved 5045: 5016:. Retrieved 5012:the original 5002: 4990:. Retrieved 4986:the original 4972: 4960:. Retrieved 4956:the original 4942: 4930:. Retrieved 4913: 4901:. Retrieved 4885: 4876: 4864:. Retrieved 4857:the original 4844: 4813: 4795: 4766: 4755:. Retrieved 4751: 4741: 4721: 4714: 4688:. Retrieved 4674: 4663:the original 4654: 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4626:the original 4612: 4600:. Retrieved 4586: 4574:. Retrieved 4561: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4528:. Retrieved 4515: 4503:. Retrieved 4343: 4315: 4303: 4295:Polish flats 4288: 4265: 4250: 4243: 4208: 4116:Pierogi Fest 4083: 4048: 3996: 3974:and others. 3949: 3938: 3906: 3903: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848:Warsaw Voice 3817: 3809: 3785: 3779: 3776:Antipolonism 3761: 3749:Bill Clinton 3725: 3715: 3711:Nazi Germany 3696: 3683:swing states 3661: 3557: 3520:In 2017, by 3519: 3514: 3509: 3500:still in use 3476:Lipka Tatars 3473: 3450: 3438: 3405: 3386: 3375: 3368: 3351: 3308: 3281: 3015:South Dakota 2969:Rhode Island 2946:Pennsylvania 2854:North Dakota 2032: 2010: 2008: 1976:Wilkes-Barre 1962: 1902:Philadelphia 1863: 1779: 1736: 1705: 1698: 1686:Independence 1648: 1612:Presque Isle 1593: 1589:Orchard Lake 1562: 1519: 1481: 1435: 1396: 1368:architecture 1364:World War II 1359: 1350: 1314: 1305: 1293:Union County 1287: 1270:Williamsburg 1250:North Jersey 1240:, including 1235: 1180: 1113: 1077: 1073: 1066: 927: 918: 909: 866:Pennsylvania 863: 857: 733:Demographics 711: 688: 681:came to the 671: 604: 483: 460: 416: 379: 378: 322: 314: 293: 269: 261: 253: 245: 237: 229: 217: 209: 206:North Dakota 201: 193: 185: 177: 169: 161: 141:Pennsylvania 136: 128: 120: 112: 104: 79: 78: 74: 19:Ethnic group 8675:New Zealand 8610:Philippines 8414:Netherlands 8271:Switzerland 7971:Los Angeles 7688:Sammarinese 7671:before 1880 7586:Montenegrin 7479:Greenlandic 7384:Azerbaijani 7177:West Slavic 7148:Macedonians 7097:Belarusians 7090:East Slavic 7036:Wisconsin ( 6999:by location 5682:29 December 5053:29 December 4992:30 November 4962:30 November 4932:30 November 4903:30 November 4530:October 12, 4521:"IPUMS USA" 4204:December 24 4051:Polish Fest 4013:located in 3964:Mark Pawlak 3936:doughnuts. 3824:TVP Polonia 3792:ethnic slur 3664:voting bloc 3498:, which is 3434:Częstochowa 3389:Polish Hill 3319:New England 3315:Great Lakes 2622:Mississippi 2206:Connecticut 2054:Percentage 1998:music, and 1954:Kansas City 1922:Los Angeles 1898:Minneapolis 1882:Connecticut 1878:New Britain 1809:New Waverly 1716:St. Barbara 1712:St. Casimir 1682:Brecksville 1674:Seven Hills 1577:Stan Musial 1525:U.S. states 1482:Wisconsin, 1471:and nearby 1461:Polish Fest 1360:Polish Town 1356:Long Island 1311:Other areas 1043:Communities 634:during the 425:arrived in 344:Polish Jews 125:Connecticut 8740:Categories 8654:Uzbekistan 8637:Polonezköy 8627:Tajikistan 8595:Kyrgyzstan 8590:Kazakhstan 8565:Azerbaijan 8409:Luxembourg 8394:after 2004 8227:after WWII 8136:Historical 7965:California 7683:Portuguese 7576:Macedonian 7494:Lithuanian 7404:Circassian 7389:Belarusian 7189:Kashubians 7138:Bulgarians 7112:Ukrainians 7029:Nebraska ( 7022:Michigan ( 7015:Maryland ( 7008:Illinois ( 6456:0674375122 6429:2017-09-08 6098:2013-04-10 6002:2016-02-08 5832:2012-09-10 5786:2012-09-10 5765:2012-09-10 5644:2010-05-22 5573:2006-12-22 5552:14 October 5414:2012-09-10 5337:2022-03-01 5313:2009-02-23 5279:2008-01-11 5249:2012-11-17 5158:2012-11-02 5097:2018-04-23 4866:2 November 4836:1038430174 4827:0674375122 4776:John Kerry 4757:2019-08-03 4655:census.gov 4291:Kościuszko 4198:December 8 4192:October 11 4167:Dyngus Day 4155:Pączki Day 4139:February 4 4107:, Poland. 4068:East Coast 4031:Paul Breza 3860:magazine, 3687:swing vote 3680:Midwestern 3672:Republican 3668:Democratic 3533:Ethnicity 3154:Washington 2783:New Mexico 2760:New Jersey 2160:California 1992:Anthracite 1934:Pittsburgh 1801:Falls City 1724:Dyngus Day 1499:See also: 1329:Wallington 1321:New Jersey 1258:Greenpoint 1162:, and the 874:Pittsburgh 737:See also: 723:Republican 721:. Outside 719:Democratic 443:Protestant 250:California 226:Sioux City 109:New Jersey 8670:Australia 8508:Venezuela 8446:Argentina 8322:Lithuania 8222:Ruhrpolen 8068:Kashubian 8002:Louisiana 7958:By region 7883:Melungeon 7838:Wisconsin 7551:Bulgarian 7499:Norwegian 7484:Icelandic 7434:Ukrainian 7324:Kashubian 7310:Hungarian 7199:Silesians 7168:Yugoslavs 7143:Croatians 7038:Milwaukee 7017:Baltimore 6887:Ethnicity 6849:477221814 6827:(1996) . 6789:237414611 6742:212041643 6734:0278-5927 6510:194105509 6502:363770952 6494:0300-7766 6339:494311843 6260:254449436 6244:0032-2970 6203:28 August 5913:28 August 5856:28 August 5810:28 August 5730:2 October 5614:28 August 5520:161664866 5392:28 August 4690:August 6, 4632:August 8, 4576:August 6, 4470:Citations 4247:magazine. 4186:September 4180:August 26 4176:Feast of 4037:Festivals 3836:Polvision 3636:$ 60,336 3625:$ 65,845 3614:$ 75,674 3610:Ukrainian 3601:$ 73,093 3588:$ 79,135 3575:$ 71,663 3562:$ 73,452 3549:$ 80,554 3480:Białystok 3376:Poles in 3327:Chicago's 3252:8,810,275 3201:Wisconsin 3038:Tennessee 2599:Minnesota 2484:Louisiana 2015:Las Vegas 1988:Nanticoke 1874:Baltimore 1797:Kosciusko 1793:Cestohowa 1640:Cleveland 1565:Wyandotte 1545:Hamtramck 1484:Minnesota 1469:Wisconsin 1437:Milwaukee 1422:Wisconsin 1418:Milwaukee 1374:provides 1278:Ridgewood 1214:Labor Day 1194:Milwaukee 1186:Northwest 890:Cleveland 886:Milwaukee 849:8,810,275 835:9,569,207 821:8,977,444 807:9,366,106 793:8,228,037 779:5,105,000 765:1,903,000 517:1,077,392 419:Jamestown 392:Americans 280:Languages 190:Minnesota 174:Wisconsin 97:Northeast 8688:See also 8620:Buryatia 8605:Pakistan 8544:Zimbabwe 8534:Tanzania 8481:Paraguay 8466:Colombia 8439:Americas 8266:Slovakia 8207:Bulgaria 8176:Diaspora 8144:Lechites 8009:Maryland 7996:Arkansas 7827:Scottish 7780:Huguenot 7773:Canadian 7693:Sicilian 7661:Galician 7656:Corsican 7646:Canarian 7636:Asturian 7620:Yugoslav 7591:Romanian 7581:Moldovan 7561:Croatian 7541:Albanian 7455:Estonian 7414:Georgian 7379:Armenian 7339:Silesian 7265:Austrian 7209:Sorbians 7163:Slovenes 7158:Serbians 7133:Bosnians 7128:Bosniaks 7102:Russians 6925:in JSTOR 6713:30544009 6621:20130171 6582:51895984 6419:24912598 6378:37245940 6308:59790559 6252:27920674 6198:Plav.org 6178:17 March 6148:10 April 6107:cite web 6066:17 March 6026:17 March 5976:12 March 5932:Archived 5880:17 March 5470:March 6, 5464:Archived 5367:17 March 5018:17 March 4812:(eds.). 4788:Catholic 4700:cite web 4602:July 22, 4547:, p. 120 4505:March 6, 4499:Archived 4356:See also 4340:Military 4276:kiełbasa 4270:such as 4184:Dozhinki 4151:March 25 4130:Holidays 3943:and the 3926:kaszanka 3918:kiełbasa 3646:Politics 3492:New York 3488:Brooklyn 3455:and the 3384:(1910). 3263:Religion 3130:Virginia 2900:Oklahoma 2807:New York 2691:Nebraska 2645:Missouri 2576:Michigan 2530:Maryland 2461:Kentucky 2369:Illinois 2229:Delaware 2183:Colorado 2137:Arkansas 1984:Hazleton 1980:Pittston 1825:Anderson 1789:Silesian 1541:Poletown 1533:Illinois 1529:New York 1521:Michigan 1515:Michigan 1495:Michigan 1488:Nebraska 1346:Garfield 1262:New York 1242:Brooklyn 1212:, every 1192:, along 1168:Illinois 1109:Illinois 1036:418,775 1023:424,928 1010:419,332 997:424,460 984:432,601 971:440,312 958:461,618 945:475,503 497:Speakers 423:Pilgrims 304:Religion 274:Colorado 242:Missouri 214:Nebraska 166:Illinois 158:Michigan 117:Maryland 101:New York 8663:Oceania 8600:Lebanon 8575:Georgia 8560:Armenia 8524:Senegal 8503:Uruguay 8399:Belgium 8353:Croatia 8312:Ireland 8307:Iceland 8302:Finland 8297:Estonia 8292:Denmark 8276:Ukraine 8256:Romania 8244:Moldova 8239:Hungary 8217:Germany 8202:Belarus 8197:Austria 8083:Sorbian 7941:Acadian 7906:Isleños 7832:Walloon 7817:Occitan 7788:Frisian 7759:Acadian 7734:English 7729:Cornish 7724:British 7714:Belgian 7698:Spanish 7678:Maltese 7666:Italian 7651:Catalan 7615:Turkish 7601:Serbian 7596:Slovene 7571:Kosovan 7556:Cypriot 7546:Bosnian 7525:Swedish 7489:Latvian 7471:Findian 7465:Finnish 7460:Faroese 7424:Russian 7409:Cossack 7399:Chechen 7358:Sorbian 7204:Slovaks 7024:Detroit 7010:Chicago 6940:1993061 6676:(1991) 6555:1959615 6444:, eds. 4802:"Poles" 4324:veranda 4297:or the 4280:gołąbki 4272:pierogi 4202:Wigilia 4124:pierogi 3992:Chicago 3978:Museums 3930:pierogi 3806:Culture 3689:". The 3584:Serbian 3545:Russian 3411:in the 3313:in the 3302:," or " 3224:Wyoming 3206:481,126 3160:126,400 3135:151,996 3107:Vermont 3066:287,928 2951:757,627 2882:414,587 2836:148,987 2813:866,242 2765:470,082 2668:Montana 2604:236,895 2581:784,200 2558:283,050 2535:172,300 2397:197,807 2392:Indiana 2374:825,037 2305:108,837 2299:Georgia 2280:478,483 2275:Florida 2211:240,390 2188:133,378 2165:452,019 2119:153,023 2114:Arizona 2068:Alabama 2051:Number 1942:central 1930:Seattle 1890:Houston 1855:Silesia 1821:Bremond 1813:Brenham 1805:Polonia 1759:Florida 1743:KeyBank 1701:Tremont 1537:Detroit 1511:Detroit 1473:Chicago 1382:in the 1338:Clifton 1325:Bayonne 1295:, near 1274:Maspeth 1124:Chicago 1116:Chicago 1105:Chicago 1085:Chicago 937:Number 882:Buffalo 878:Detroit 870:Chicago 754:Number 691:Germany 661:at the 597:607,531 587:667,414 577:723,483 567:820,647 557:419,912 547:581,936 537:801,680 527:965,899 507:943,781 469:History 327:Judaism 292:) 286:English 266:Florida 258:Arizona 244:) 228:) 198:Indiana 154:Midwest 8632:Turkey 8615:Russia 8580:Israel 8539:Uganda 8517:Africa 8476:Mexico 8456:Canada 8451:Brazil 8404:France 8373:Serbia 8358:Greece 8332:Sweden 8327:Norway 8317:Latvia 8261:Russia 8183:Europe 8078:Slovak 8063:Polish 7986:Hawaii 7753:French 7719:Breton 7641:Basque 7450:Danish 7419:Kalmyk 7394:Lezgin 7353:Slovak 7334:Polish 7275:German 7184:Czechs 7107:Rusyns 6938: 6911: 6891:online 6847: 6837: 6801:online 6787: 6777: 6764:online 6740: 6732: 6711: 6701: 6678:online 6666:online 6640:online 6619: 6609: 6594:online 6580: 6570: 6553: 6543: 6508: 6500: 6492: 6467:online 6454: 6417: 6407: 6376: 6366: 6351:online 6337: 6327: 6306: 6296: 6282:online 6258: 6250: 6242: 6139: 5663:online 5528:364512 5526: 5518: 5438: 4834: 4824: 4780:Boston 4772:Anusim 4729: 4598:. 1990 4226:, 1928 4105:Gdynia 3962:, and 3934:pączki 3924:cake, 3864:, the 3787:Polack 3747:, but 3597:Slovak 3558:Polish 3496:mosque 3484:Muslim 3292:Jewish 3284:Polish 3256:2.67% 3244: 3233:1.69% 3221: 3210:8.19% 3198: 3187:1.57% 3183:28,241 3175: 3164:1.66% 3151: 3139:1.77% 3127: 3116:3.62% 3112:23,234 3104: 3093:0.79% 3089:25,477 3081: 3070:1.00% 3058: 3047:1.08% 3043:74,289 3035: 3024:1.54% 3020:13,600 3012: 3001:1.47% 2997:74,893 2989: 2978:3.33% 2974:36,411 2966: 2955:5.84% 2943: 2932:1.64% 2928:68,963 2923:Oregon 2920: 2909:0.75% 2905:29,735 2897: 2886:3.52% 2874: 2863:2.07% 2859:16,032 2851: 2840:1.44% 2828: 2817:4.31% 2804: 2792:0.95% 2788:20,065 2780: 2769:5.09% 2757: 2746:3.93% 2742:53,939 2734: 2723:1.72% 2719:52,563 2714:Nevada 2711: 2700:3.17% 2696:61,910 2688: 2677:1.75% 2673:18,912 2665: 2654:1.59% 2650:97,813 2642: 2631:0.40% 2627:11,882 2619: 2608:4.18% 2596: 2585:7.79% 2573: 2562:4.05% 2550: 2539:2.80% 2527: 2516:2.21% 2512:30,038 2504: 2493:0.45% 2489:20,842 2481: 2470:0.91% 2466:40,899 2458: 2447:1.27% 2443:37,188 2438:Kansas 2435: 2424:1.23% 2420:38,951 2412: 2401:2.93% 2389: 2378:6.43% 2366: 2355:1.20% 2351:21,739 2343: 2332:0.89% 2328:12,894 2323:Hawaii 2320: 2309:1.02% 2296: 2284:2.24% 2272: 2261:2.24% 2257:15,330 2249: 2238:4.00% 2234:39,254 2226: 2215:6.67% 2203: 2192:2.33% 2180: 2169:1.15% 2157: 2146:0.76% 2142:22,785 2134: 2123:2.16% 2111: 2100:1.86% 2096:13,693 2091:Alaska 2088: 2077:0.57% 2073:28,557 2065: 2048:State 1986:, and 1948:; and 1886:Dallas 1870:Boston 1839:Others 1831:, and 1817:Marlin 1718:, and 1706:Other 1614:, and 1608:Alpena 1486:, and 1465:Polish 1392:Warsaw 1388:Newark 1384:Queens 1248:, and 1172:German 1128:Polish 1063:, 1938 1053:Capels 894:Toledo 892:, and 697:, and 463:Polish 447:Jewish 396:Polish 390:) are 384:Polish 338:Other 323:· 321: 315:· 313: 298:Polish 294:· 272: 270:· 268: 264: 262:· 260: 254:· 252: 248: 246:· 240: 238:· 236: 234:Kansas 230:· 220: 218:· 216: 212: 210:· 208: 204: 202:· 200: 196: 194:· 192: 188: 186:· 184: 180: 178:· 176: 172: 170:· 168: 164: 162:· 160: 137:· 135: 129:· 127: 121:· 119: 113:· 111: 105:· 103: 8585:Japan 8570:China 8471:Haiti 8461:Chile 8378:Spain 8368:Malta 8363:Italy 8073:Czech 7947:Cajun 7919:Cajun 7888:Métis 7846:Welsh 7793:Irish 7766:Cajun 7739:Dutch 7566:Greek 7429:Rusyn 7363:Swiss 7345:Texas 7281:Amish 7270:Czech 7194:Poles 7031:Omaha 6913:29523 6506:S2CID 6256:S2CID 6248:JSTOR 6092:(PDF) 6085:(PDF) 5516:S2CID 4922:(PDF) 4894:(PDF) 4860:(PDF) 4853:(PDF) 4804:. In 4784:Czech 4666:(PDF) 4651:(PDF) 4448:Lists 4163:May 3 3922:babka 3814:Media 3639:32.0 3628:35.8 3617:52.2 3604:44.8 3591:46.0 3578:45.4 3571:Czech 3565:42.5 3552:60.4 3229:9,752 3061:Texas 2507:Maine 2346:Idaho 1996:polka 1966:, in 1829:Bryan 1765:Texas 1728:Polka 1678:Parma 1670:Parma 1616:Huron 1600:Cedar 1208:, in 1028:2017 1015:2016 1002:2015 989:2014 976:2013 963:2012 950:2011 942:2010 934:Year 843:2020 829:2010 815:2000 801:1990 787:1980 773:1970 759:1900 751:Year 340:Poles 325: 317: 296: 139: 131: 123: 115: 107: 8553:Asia 8496:list 8486:Peru 8232:list 8127:and 7812:Manx 7520:Sámi 6936:OCLC 6909:OCLC 6845:OCLC 6835:ISBN 6785:OCLC 6775:ISBN 6738:OCLC 6730:ISSN 6709:OCLC 6699:ISBN 6617:OCLC 6607:ISBN 6578:OCLC 6568:ISBN 6551:OCLC 6541:ISBN 6498:OCLC 6490:ISSN 6452:ISBN 6415:OCLC 6405:ISBN 6374:OCLC 6364:ISBN 6335:OCLC 6325:ISBN 6304:OCLC 6294:ISBN 6240:ISSN 6205:2017 6180:2015 6150:2013 6137:ISBN 6113:link 6068:2015 6028:2015 5978:2012 5915:2017 5882:2015 5858:2017 5812:2017 5732:2012 5710:2012 5684:2018 5634:Time 5616:2017 5554:2010 5484:See 5472:2023 5436:ISBN 5394:2017 5369:2015 5229:2016 5203:2016 5181:2016 5055:2018 5020:2015 4994:2012 4964:2012 4934:2012 4905:2012 4868:2015 4832:OCLC 4822:ISBN 4727:ISBN 4706:link 4692:2012 4634:2012 4604:2012 4578:2012 4532:2022 4507:2023 4244:Life 3986:The 3882:and 3870:and 3840:WEUR 3743:and 3670:and 3401:Rome 3317:and 3298:," " 3294:," " 3084:Utah 2877:Ohio 2415:Iowa 1956:and 1745:and 1688:and 1672:and 1650:Ohio 1644:Ohio 1622:Ohio 1579:and 1569:Troy 1543:and 1531:and 1451:and 1397:The 1390:and 1276:and 1236:The 1196:and 1188:and 1174:and 1118:and 593:2011 583:2000 573:1990 563:1980 553:1970 543:1960 533:1940 523:1930 513:1920 503:1910 492:Year 433:and 222:Iowa 182:Ohio 147:and 6482:doi 6232:doi 5508:doi 4118:in 4103:in 4021:of 3990:in 3724:'s 3467:in 3399:in 3344:in 3274:in 1775:WWI 1638:in 1634:in 1602:in 1416:in 1331:in 1315:In 1291:in 1244:in 1103:in 414:. 8742:: 7040:, 6843:. 6823:; 6783:. 6736:. 6726:16 6724:. 6707:. 6615:. 6576:. 6549:. 6504:. 6496:. 6488:. 6478:26 6476:. 6450:. 6413:. 6372:. 6333:. 6302:. 6254:. 6246:. 6238:. 6228:55 6226:. 6222:. 6196:. 6166:. 6121:^ 6109:}} 6105:{{ 6059:. 6019:. 5951:, 5901:. 5890:^ 5849:. 5803:. 5632:. 5602:. 5582:^ 5522:. 5514:. 5504:27 5502:. 5462:. 5458:. 5434:. 5385:. 5355:. 5330:. 5267:. 5044:. 5028:^ 4980:. 4950:. 4924:. 4896:. 4830:. 4816:. 4750:. 4702:}} 4698:{{ 4682:. 4657:. 4653:. 4620:. 4594:. 4569:. 4523:. 4497:. 4493:. 4478:^ 4352:. 4286:. 4278:, 4274:, 4070:. 3970:, 3958:, 3954:, 3947:. 3928:, 3858:PL 3856:, 3834:; 3830:; 3826:; 3802:. 3759:. 3734:. 3502:. 3490:, 3448:. 3391:, 3334:. 3325:. 2017:. 1982:, 1978:, 1940:; 1936:; 1932:; 1928:; 1924:; 1920:; 1916:; 1912:; 1908:; 1904:; 1900:; 1896:; 1892:, 1888:, 1884:; 1880:, 1876:; 1872:; 1868:; 1827:, 1823:, 1819:, 1815:, 1811:, 1807:, 1803:, 1799:, 1795:, 1787:. 1734:. 1714:, 1684:, 1676:. 1668:, 1642:, 1610:, 1583:. 1513:, 1420:, 1394:. 1340:, 1323:, 1319:, 1272:, 1260:, 1158:, 1154:, 1150:, 1146:, 1138:, 1122:. 1107:, 1059:, 1055:, 896:. 888:, 884:, 880:, 876:, 872:, 705:, 693:, 606:^a 445:, 441:, 386:: 151:)) 8117:e 8110:t 8103:v 8046:e 8039:t 8032:v 7243:e 7236:t 7229:v 7077:e 7070:t 7063:v 7044:) 7033:) 7026:) 7019:) 7012:) 6989:e 6982:t 6975:v 6942:. 6915:. 6851:. 6791:. 6744:. 6715:. 6623:. 6584:. 6557:. 6512:. 6484:: 6432:. 6380:. 6341:. 6310:. 6262:. 6234:: 6207:. 6182:. 6152:. 6115:) 6101:. 6070:. 6030:. 6005:. 5980:. 5917:. 5884:. 5860:. 5835:. 5814:. 5789:. 5768:. 5734:. 5712:. 5686:. 5665:. 5647:. 5618:. 5576:. 5556:. 5530:. 5510:: 5474:. 5444:. 5417:. 5396:. 5371:. 5340:. 5316:. 5282:. 5252:. 5231:. 5205:. 5183:. 5161:. 5100:. 5057:. 5022:. 4996:. 4966:. 4936:. 4907:. 4870:. 4838:. 4790:. 4760:. 4735:. 4708:) 4694:. 4636:. 4606:. 4580:. 4534:. 4509:. 4173:) 4169:( 1944:/ 1432:. 665:. 642:. 382:( 288:( 224:( 156:( 143:( 99:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index