Slate industry in Wales

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section allocated to them. The men would therefore be paid an extra sum of "poundage" per pound's worth of slate produced. "Bargains" were let by the setting steward, who would agree a price for a certain area of rock. If the rock in the bargain allocated to a gang was poor, they would be paid a higher poundage, while good rock meant a lower poundage. The first Monday of every month was "bargain letting day" when these agreements were made between men and management. The men had to pay for their ropes and chains, for tools and for services such as sharpening and repairing. Subs (advances) were paid every week, everything being settled up on the "day of the big pay". If conditions had not been good, the men could end up owing the management money. This system was not finally abolished until after the Second World War.

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350,000 tons a year by the end of the 1860s. Of this total, over 100,000 tons came from the Bethesda area, mainly from the Penrhyn Quarry. Blaenau Ffestiniog produced almost as much, and the Dinorwig Quarry alone produced 80,000 tons per year. The Nantlle Valley quarries produced 40,000 tons, while the remainder of Wales outside these areas produced only about 20,000 tons per year. By the late 1870s, Wales was producing 450,000 tons of slate per year, compared with just over 50,000 tons for the rest of the United Kingdom, which then included Ireland. In 1882, 92% of the United Kingdom's production was from Wales with the quarries at Penrhyn and Dinorwig producing half of this between them. Alun Richards comments on the importance of the slate industry:

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industry which led to reductions in pay and job losses. New techniques in tile manufacture had reduced costs, making tiles more competitive. In addition, several countries had placed tariffs on the import of British slate, while a slump in the home building trade had reduced domestic demand; finally French slate producers had increased their exports to the United Kingdom. All of this led to a prolonged decline in demand for Welsh slate. Eight Ffestiniog quarries closed between 1908 and 1913, and the Oakley dismissed 350 men in 1909. R. Merfyn Jones comments:

162: 774:. The number of men employed in the slate industry in North Wales dropped from 7,589 in 1939 to 3,520 by the end of the war. In 1945, total production was only 70,000 tons a year, and fewer than 20 quarries were still open compared with 40 before the war. The Nantlle Valley had been particularly hard hit, with only 350 workers employed in the entire district, compared with 1,000 in 1937. Demand for slate was dropping as tiles were increasingly used for roofing, and imports from countries such as 290:

estate, John Paynter, in 1738 complains that competition from Cilgwyn was affecting the sales of Penrhyn slates. The Cilgwyn slates could be extracted more cheaply and sold at a higher price. Penrhyn introduced larger sizes of slate between 1730 and 1740, and gave these sizes the names which became standard. These ranged from "Duchesses", the largest at 24 inches (610 mm) by 12 inches (300 mm), through "Countesses", "Ladies" and "Doubles" to the smallest "Singles".

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In 1979, after a long struggle, the government recognised silicosis as an industrial disease meriting compensation. There was an increase in demand for slate in the 1980s, and although this came too late for many quarries there was still some production in the Blaenau Ffestiniog area at the Oakeley, Llechwedd and Cwt-y-Bugail quarries, though the bulk of roofing slate production was at the Penrhyn Quarry. Further mechanisation was introduced, with a computerised

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employed in the industry. A second lock-out or strike at the Penrhyn Quarry began on 22 November 1900 and lasted for three years. The causes of the dispute were complex, but included the extension of a system of contracting out parts of the quarry. The quarrymen, instead of arranging their own bargains, would find themselves working for a contractor. The union's funds for

323:. In 1782, the men working quarries on the estate were bought out or ejected, and Pennant appointed James Greenfield as agent. The same year, Lord Penrhyn opened a new quarry at Caebraichycafn near Bethesda, which as Penrhyn Quarry would become the largest slate quarry in the world. By 1792, this quarry was employing 500 men and producing 15,000 683:

were inadequate, and there was a great deal of hardship among the 2,800 workers. Lord Penrhyn reopened the quarry in June 1901, and about 500 men returned to work, to be castigated as "traitors" by the remainder. Eventually the workers were forced to return to work in November 1903 on terms laid down

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There were several different categories of worker in the quarries. The quarrymen proper, who made up just over 50% of the workforce, worked the slate in partnerships of three, four, six or eight, known as "bargain gangs". A gang of four typically consisted of two "rockmen" who would blast the rock to

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in the Nantlle Valley dates from the 12th century, and is thought to be the oldest in Wales. The first record of slate quarrying in the neighbourhood of the later Penrhyn Quarry was in 1413, when a rent-roll of Gwilym ap Griffith records that several of his tenants were paid 10 pence each for working

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is still producing slate, though at a much reduced capacity from its heyday at the end of the 19th century. In 1995, it accounted for almost 50% of UK production. It is currently owned and operated by Welsh Slate Ltd (part of the Breedon Group). It was previously owned by the Lagan Group, which also

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The effects of this depression on the quarrying districts were deep and painful. Unemployment and emigration became constant features of the slate communities; distress was widespread. In the quarries there was short-time working, closures and reductions in earnings. Between 1906 and 1913 the number

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I well remember the time when I was myself a child of bondage; when my father and neighbours, as well as myself, had to rise early, to walk five miles (8 km) before six in the morning, and the same distance home after six in the evening; to work hard from six to six; to dine on cold coffee, or a cup

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Wales was by now producing more than half the United Kingdom's output of slate, 26,000 tons out of a total UK production of 45,000 tons in 1793. In July 1794, the government imposed a 20% tax on all slate carried coastwise, which put the Welsh producers at a disadvantage compared to inland

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Until the late 18th century, slate was extracted from many small pits by small partnerships of local men, who did not own the capital to expand further. The quarrymen usually had to pay a rent or royalty to the landlord, though the quarrymen at Cilgwyn did not. A letter from the agent of the Penrhyn

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For many years, the quarry owners had denied that slate dust was the cause of the high levels of silicosis suffered by quarrymen. From 1909, they had been responsible for all accidents and illnesses caused by the work, but had managed to persuade successive governments that slate dust was harmless.

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had been an important source of income. Cilgwyn, the oldest quarry in Wales, closed in 1914, though it later reopened. In 1917, slate quarrying was declared a non-essential industry and a number of quarries were closed for the remainder of the war. The demand for new houses after the end of the war

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were slow to develop. There were grievances however, including unfairness in setting bargains and disputes over days off. The North Wales Quarrymen's Union (NWQMU) was formed in 1874, and the same year there were disputes at Dinorwig and then at Penrhyn. Both these disputes ended in victory for the

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The virtues of slate as a building and roofing material have been recognised since the Roman period. The Roman fort at Segontium, Caernarfon, was originally roofed with tiles, but the later levels contain numerous slates, used for both roofing and flooring. The nearest deposits are about five miles

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dominated the economy of north-west Wales during the second half of the 19th century, but was on a much smaller scale elsewhere. In 1898, a work force of 17,000 men produced half a million tons of slate. A bitter industrial dispute at the Penrhyn Quarry between 1900 and 1903 marked the beginning of

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The Welsh slate industry was essentially a Welsh-speaking industry. Most of the workforce in the main slate-producing areas of North Wales were drawn from the local area, with little immigration from outside Wales. The industry had a considerable influence on the culture of the area and on that of

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The bad rockmen and rubbish men were usually paid by the ton of material removed, but the quarrymen were paid according to a more complicated system. Part of the payment was determined by the number of slates the gang produced, but this could vary greatly according to the nature of the rock in the

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to distribute their product. There was no tax on slates sent overseas, and exports to the United States gradually increased. The Penrhyn Quarry continued to grow, and in 1799 Greenfield introduced the system of "galleries", huge terraces from 9 metres to 21 metres in depth. In 1798, Lord

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Up to the end of the 18th century, slate was extracted on a small scale by groups of quarrymen who paid a royalty to the landlord, carted slate to the ports, and then shipped it to England, Ireland and sometimes France. Towards the close of the century, the landowners began to operate the quarries

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brought back a measure of prosperity; in the slate mines of Blaenau Ffestiniog production was almost back to 1913 levels by 1927, but in the quarries the output was still well below the pre-war level. The Great Depression in the 1930s led to cuts in production, with exports particularly hard hit.

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running along the building and bringing together operations such as sawing, planing and dressing. In 1859, John Whitehead Greaves invented the Greaves sawing table to produce blocks for the splitter, then in 1856 introduced a rotary machine to dress the split slate. The splitting of the blocks to

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Methusalem Jones, previously a quarryman at Cilgwyn, began to work the Diffwys quarry at Blaenau Ffestiniog in the 1760s, which became the first large quarry in the area. The large landowners were initially content to issue "take notes", allowing individuals to quarry slates on their lands for a

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in Europe, to explore this former slate mine and learn how slate was extracted and processed and about the lives of the miners. The Braichgoch slate mines at Corris have been converted into a tourist attraction named "King Arthur's Labyrinth" where visitors are taken underground by boat along a

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There was an upturn in trade in 1892, heralding another period of growth in the industry. This growth was mainly at Blaenau Ffestiniog and in the Nantlle Valley, where the workforce at Penyrorsedd reached 450. Slate production in Wales peaked at over half a million tons in 1898, with 17,000 men

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would usually be a boy learning his trade, who would wander around the galleries offering assistance to the gangs. Sometimes a gang would give him a block of slate to split. Other groups were the "bad rockmen" who usually worked in crews of three, removing unworkable rock from the face, and the

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was gradually introduced to make most aspects of the industry more efficient, particularly at Blaenau Ffestiniog where the Ordovician slate was less brittle than the Cambrian slate further north, and therefore easier to work by machine. The slate mill evolved between 1840 and 1860, powered by a

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The loss of production at Penrhyn led to a temporary shortage of slates and kept prices high, but part of the shortfall was made up by imports. French exports of slate to the UK increased from 40,000 tons in 1898 to 105,000 tons in 1902. After 1903 there was a depression in the slate

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100,000, and the Dinorwig Quarry £70,000 a year. From 1860 onwards slate prices rose steadily. Quarries expanded and the population of the quarrying districts increased, for example the population of Ffestiniog parish increased from 732 in 1801 to 11,274 in 1881. Total Welsh production reached

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is located in some of the quarry workshops. The museum has displays including Victorian slate-workers' cottages that once stood at Tanygrisiau near Blaenau Ffestiniog. The museum has a working water wheel, and a restored incline formerly used to carry slate waggons uphill and downhill.

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produce roofing slates proved resistant to mechanisation, and continued to be done with a mallet and chisel. An extra source of income from the 1860s was the production of "slab", thicker pieces of slate which were planed and used for many purposes, for example flooring, tombstones and

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in 1885, and in 1886 appointed E. A. Young as chief manager. A more stringent management regime was introduced, and relations with the workforce deteriorated. This culminated in the suspension of 57 members of the union committee and 17 other men in September 1896, leading to a

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owned and carried out some operations at the Oakeley quarry at Blaenau Ffestiniog, the Pen yr Orsedd quarry in the Nantlle Vale, and the Cwt-y-Bugail quarry. In March 2010 the company announced its decision to mothball the Oakeley quarry because of subsidence at the site.

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closed in 1955 after almost two centuries of operation. North Wales was dependent upon slate quarrying and quarry closures led to a growth in unemployment in 1959. The nearby Votty and Bowydd quarries also closed in 1963 and in 1969, 300 quarrymen lost their jobs when the

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Splitting of the slate blocks with hammer and chisel to produce roofing slates requires great skill. This process was not mechanised until the second half of the 20th century, and some slate is still produced in this way. These quarrymen are working at the

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by Lord Penrhyn. Many of the men considered to have been prominent in the union were not re-employed, and many of those who had left the area to seek work elsewhere did not return. The dispute left a lasting legacy of bitterness in the Bethesda area.

742:. The work was also dangerous in other ways, with the blasting operations responsible for many deaths. A government enquiry in 1893 found that the death rate for underground workers in the slate mines was 3.23 per thousand, higher than the rate for 778:, France and Italy were increasing. There was some increased demand for slates to repair bombed buildings after the end of the war, but the use of slate for new buildings was banned, apart from the smallest sizes. This ban was lifted in 1949. 528:

It dominated the economy of the north-west of Wales, where, by the middle of the 19thC. it accounted for almost half the total revenues from trade, industry and the professions, and in Wales as a whole, its output value compared with that of

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Strictly speaking, most of the slate produced in the Blaenau Ffestiniog area was mined from underground workings rather than quarried. These workings are frequently called "quarries" in the industry, and many began as surface

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may have started operating as a slate mine as early as the 14th century. The earliest confirmed date of operating dates from the early 16th century when the local house Plas Aberllefenni was roofed in slates from this quarry.

855:. The final large-scale underground working to close was Maenofferen, associated with the Llechwedd tourist mine, in 1999: part of this site, now effectively amalgamated with Votty / Bowydd, is still worked by untopping. The 241:(8 km) away in the Cilgwyn area, indicating that the slates were not used merely because they were available on-site. During the mediaeval period, there was small-scale quarrying of slate in several areas. The 335:, took the management of the quarry into his own hands. The Cilgwyn quarries were taken over by a company in 1800, and the scattered workings at all three locations were amalgamated into a single quarry. The first 4203: 618:

The Penrhyn Slate Quarry, seen here c. 1900, was one of the two largest quarries in Wales. Together with the Dinorwig Quarry, it usually produced as many slates as every other quarry in Wales put together.

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at the top of an incline housed the winding gear used to lower the loaded slate waggons down the slope. The weight of the loaded waggons would pull up empty waggons. This drumhouse is at Dinorwig Quarry

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workers, and by May 1878, the union had 8,368 members. One of the founders of the union, Morgan Richards, described in 1876 the conditions when he started work in the quarries forty years before:

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announced their closure. Oakeley at Blaenau Ffestiniog closed in 1971, but was later reopened by another company. By 1972, fewer than 1,000 men were employed in the North Wales slate industry.

575:"rubbish men" who cleared the waste rock from the galleries and built the tips of waste which surrounded the quarry. Only about a tenth, or less, of the rock extracted became finished product. 2141:"Untopping" involves recovering slate from former slate mines by digging from the surface to remove the pillars which formerly separated the chambers. These pillars usually contain good slate. 5206: 408:

line was constructed between 1833 and 1836 to transport slate from Blaenau Ffestiniog to the coastal town of Porthmadog, where it was loaded onto ships. The railway was graded so that loaded

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at Blaenau Ffestiniog was the largest slate mine in the world. Slate is mainly used for roofing, but is also produced as thicker slab for a variety of uses including flooring, worktops and

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increased at a number of coastal locations, particularly at Porthmadog, where 201 ships were built between 1836 and 1880. Engineering companies were set up to supply the quarries, notably

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which lasted eleven months. The men were eventually obliged to go back to work, essentially on the management's terms, in August 1897. This strike became known as "The Penrhyn Lockout".

2094: 1135:, the daughter of a quarryman, give a picture of the area around Rhosgadfan, where the slate industry was on a smaller scale and many of the quarrymen were also smallholders. Her novel 541:

at Caernarfon. In 1870, De Winton built and equipped an entire workshop for the Dinorwig Quarry, with machinery powered by overhead shafting that in its turn was driven by the largest

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of buttermilk, and a slice of bread and butter; and to support (as some of them had to do) a family of perhaps five, eight or ten children on wages averaging from 12s to 16s a week.

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opened as the horse-worked Corris, Machynlleth & River Dovey Tramroad in 1859, connecting the slate quarries around Corris and Aberllefenni with wharves on the estuary of the

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uses waste slate in many different colours in its design: purple slate from Penrhyn, blue from Cwt-y-Bugail, green from Nantlle, grey from Llechwedd, and black from Corris.

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who started their working lives as slate quarrymen, compared to only four owners, though obviously there was also a distinct disparity in the numbers of the two groups.

924:. A number of the railways which carried the slates to the ports have been restored as tourist attractions, for example the Ffestiniog Railway and the Talyllyn Railway. 5031: 3019: 1074:, the cabin where the quarrymen gathered for their lunch break, was often the scene of wide-ranging discussions, which were often formally minuted. A surviving set of 448:

In 1843, the Padarn Railway became the first quarry railway to use steam locomotives, and the transport of slate by train rather than by ship was made easier when the

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Quarries which had their own rail link to a port had a great advantage. Here the finished slates are being loaded into slate waggons at the Penrhyn Quarry c. 1913.

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of men at work in the quarries of the Ffestiniog district shrank by 28 per cent, in Dyffryn Nantlle the number at work fell even more dramatically by 38 per cent.

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were worsened by differences in language, religion and politics between the two sides. The owners and top managers at most of the quarries were English-speaking,

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were housed at the Anglesey barracks during the week. They would get up at 3 a.m. on Monday morning to walk to the ferry, and return home on Saturday afternoon.

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The question of whether the dispute was a lock-out or a strike can still arouse strong feelings in the Bethesda area a century later. See Richards 1995 p. 146.

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and is thought to date from the 16th century. By the second half of the 16th century, there was a small export trade of slates to Ireland from ports such as

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could be run by gravity downhill all the way from Blaenau Ffestiniog to the port. The empty waggons were hauled back up by horses, which travelled down in

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Transport problems meant that the slate was usually used fairly close to the quarries. There was some transport by sea. A poem by the 15th century poet

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was built in 1828 and was operated using horse-power to carry slate from several slate quarries in the Nantlle Valley to the harbour at Caernarfon.

205:; these deposits were quarried in the Penrhyn and Dinorwig quarries and in the Nantlle Valley. There are smaller outcrops elsewhere, for example on 5236: 4686: 4659: 4256: 3716: 3251: 3058: 1149:("The Quarryman") produced in 1935 was the first Welsh-language film. It showed various aspects of a slate quarryman's life at Blaenau Ffestiniog. 851:

The Greaves Welsh Slate Company produces roofing slates and other slate products from Llechwedd, and work also continues at the Berwyn Quarry near

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following closure. Waste was often dumped into chambers which were no longer in use as it reduced the amount that had to be hauled to the surface.

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and a royalty on the slates produced. The first landowner to take over the working of slates on his land was the owner of the Penrhyn estate,

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have been converted into a visitor attraction. Visitors can travel on the Miners' Tramway or descend into the Deep Mine, via the steepest

4711: 674:"There is no traitor in this house". These signs were put up in the windows of houses in the Bethesda area during the 1900–1903 dispute. 339:

to be used in the slate industry was a pump installed at the Hafodlas quarry in the Nantlle Valley in 1807, but most quarries relied on

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and Caernarfon. Slate exports from the Penrhyn estate are recorded from 1713 when 14 shipments totalling 415,000 slates were sent to

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Penrhyn constructed the horse-drawn Llandegai Tramway to transport slates from Penrhyn Quarry, and in 1801 this was replaced by the

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themselves, on a larger scale. After the government abolished slate duty in 1831, rapid expansion was propelled by the building of

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which lasted until the 1890s. Management responded by tightening rules and making it more difficult for the men to take time off.

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The Cilgwyn Quarry, the oldest in Wales, was one of the most important producers of slate in the 18th century. The quarry was on

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replacing steam and water as a power source. The Llechwedd quarry introduced its first electrical plant in 1891, and in 1906, a

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In 1831 slate duty was abolished, and this helped to produce a rapid expansion in the industry, particularly since the duty on

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Because of this arrangement, the men tended to see themselves as independent contractors rather than employees on a wage, and

4701: 4243: 4228: 4185: 4016: 3703: 1098:, with the Oakley band particularly famous. Burn calculates that there are around fifty men judged worthy of an entry in the 328: 428:, who had been running the Votty quarry since 1833, took a lease on the land between this quarry and the main Ffestiniog to 5379: 5231: 4972: 4395: 3162: 2071: 1294:

Lindsay p. 18. Slate flagstones were also used at the smaller fort of Caer Llugwy between Capel Curig and the Conwy Valley.

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In July 2021, after development of a bid for over 10 years, the slate landscape of Northwest Wales was inscribed as a

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In 1879, a period of twenty years of almost uninterrupted growth came to an end, and the slate industry was hit by a

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led to a demand for slate for rebuilding, and Germany became an important market, particularly for Ffestiniog slate.

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Total production of slate in Wales declined from 54,000 tons in 1958 to 22,000 tons in 1970. The

348: 1145:(2002), gives a vivid picture of the struggles of a quarrying family in the period between 1880 and 1914. 1111:

have drawn on the lives of the quarrymen for their material, for example the novels of T. Rowland Hughes.

754: 416:. This helped expansion at the Blaenau Ffestiniog quarries, which had previously had to cart the slate to 5353: 5307: 5083: 4797: 4654: 4615: 4441: 4376: 4361: 367:

was opened in 1824 as a tramway for the Dinorwig Quarry, and converted to a railway in 1843. It ran from

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of slate per year. At Dinorwig, a single large partnership took over in 1787, and in 1809 the landowner,

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For example the pack-horses carrying Penrhyn slate were usually tended by girls; see Richards 1999 p. 19

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to the estuary, where it was transferred to larger vessels. There was further expansion at Blaenau when

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led to the closure of many smaller quarries, and competition from other roofing materials, particularly

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Part of the Dinorwig Slate Quarry is now within the Padarn Country Park, and the other part houses the

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The First World War hit the slate industry badly, particularly in Blaenau Ffestiniog where exports to

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until the late 19th century, at which time the most important slate producing areas were in northwest

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The quarries and mines made increasing use of mechanisation from the start of the 20th century, with

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The prosperity of the slate industry led to the growth of a number of other associated industries.

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Cwm Gwyrfai : the quarries of the North Wales narrow gauge and the Welsh Highland railways.

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produce blocks, a splitter, who would split the blocks with hammer and chisel, and a dresser. A

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subterranean river and walk through the caverns to see audiovisual presentations of the

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were held, poetry composed and discussed and most of the larger quarries had their own

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built branches to connect Port Penrhyn and Port Dinorwic to the main line in 1852. The

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road. After years of digging he struck the famous Old Vein in 1846 in what became the

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On 28 July 2021, the slate landscape of northwest Wales was awarded the status of a

5216: 5162: 5129: 4851: 4622: 4279: 4261: 4144: 4139: 4064: 3796: 3744: 3722: 3564: 3545: 3355: 3171: 2911: 2847: 2812: 2807: 2787: 1058: 731: 461: 433: 230: 124: 2315: 161: 5221: 4904: 4577: 3626: 3621: 3513: 3415: 3365: 3231: 3181: 3068: 2965: 2852: 2425: 2403: 1082:

at the Llechwedd mine at Blaenau Ffestiniog for 1908–1910 records discussions on

1022: 807: 803: 627: 505: 376: 316: 259: 95:. Penrhyn and Dinorwig were the two largest slate quarries in the world, and the 72: 68: 24: 3420: 3395: 2694: 2381: 762:

The outbreak of World War II in 1939 led to a severe drop in trade. Part of the

5198: 4837: 4825: 4552: 4513: 4284: 4204:

Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales

4129: 4089: 4026: 3751: 3574: 3498: 3334: 3176: 3034: 2995: 2980: 2970: 2921: 2867: 2857: 2837: 2827: 2777: 2293: 2032: 1128: 1026: 1014: 844: 811: 639: 520: 453: 364: 359:, one of the earliest railway lines. The slates were transported to the sea at 255: 242: 115: 96: 88: 80: 64: 5368: 5302: 5294: 4989: 4518: 4043: 3675: 3584: 3541: 3390: 3107: 3083: 2877: 2758: 1174: 1087: 927: 904: 719: 664: 546: 495: 320: 263: 226: 170: 36: 1353: 274:. The wreck of a wooden ship carrying finished slates was discovered in the 4994: 4842: 4275: 4069: 3972: 3932: 3801: 3740: 3664: 3441: 3261: 3097: 2822: 1050: 1018: 786: 771: 763: 707: 534: 469: 429: 421: 413: 409: 360: 336: 306:, and the quarrymen did not have to pay a royalty to a landlord until 1745. 275: 210: 128: 2236: 2006:

Problems, United States Congress Senate Committee on Unemployment (1960).

4664: 4134: 4084: 3579: 2842: 2699: 2316:"Penrhyn Slate Quarry and Bethesda, and the Ogwen Valley to Port Penrhyn" 917: 909: 743: 727: 631: 591: 542: 465: 372: 368: 234: 123:

saw a great reduction in the number of men employed in the industry. The

120: 2426:"Bryneglwys Slate Quarry, Abergynolwyn Village and the Talyllyn Railway" 4933: 3845: 3688: 3320: 3217: 3093: 2975: 2936: 2882: 2709: 2539: 1675: 1211: 1095: 1091: 1042: 1038: 852: 711: 680: 614: 516: 500: 457: 340: 303: 214: 194: 178: 174: 52: 2271: 985: 4785: 4433: 4033: 3589: 3049: 954: 880: 781: 739: 623: 538: 488: 417: 202: 100: 76: 4375: 3989: 3607: 2607:

The Slate Industry of North Wales: statement of the case for a plan

879:

is housed in some of the buildings of the old Dinorwig Quarry near

775: 562: 557: 476:

was opened in 1873, partly to carry slate traffic, and enabled the

312: 267: 218: 206: 198: 190: 166: 2704: 2064:"Quarry firm Welsh Slate sold as part of multi-million pound deal" 710:

once used for tipping waste stands abandoned in a slate mine near

4984: 4979: 4208: 4181:

Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales

2752: 2689: 1075: 860: 735: 670: 271: 266:

to send him a shipload of slates from Aberogwen, near Bangor, to

2382:"Gorseddau and Prince of Wales Slate Quarries, Railway and Mill" 392: 298: 3271: 1010: 819: 766:

at Blaenau Ffestiniog was used to store art treasures from the

515:

estimated in 1859 that the Penrhyn quarries produced an annual

477: 332: 283: 222: 189:

The slate deposits of Wales belong to three geological series:

139: 92: 3483: 2526:

Slates from Abergynolwyn: the story of Bryneglwys Slate Quarry

2177: 1119:(1954), has the Penrhyn Quarry dispute as a background, while 586:

The signal for blasting is blown at the Penrhyn Quarry c.1913.

18: 827: 789:, is dominated by the large waste heaps surrounding the town. 702: 460:. The Ffestiniog Railway converted to steam in 1863, and the 60: 40: 749: 604: 483: 145:, whilst as early as 2018 Welsh slate was designated by the 5211: 4165: 2656:

The Slate Regions of North and Mid Wales and Their Railways

2211: 635: 582: 401: 132: 44: 2690:

The slate industry of North and Mid Wales, by Dave Sallery

2581:. Snowdonia National Park Study Centre, Plas Tan y Bwlch. 2567:(Studies in Welsh history; 4.) University of Wales Press. 928:

Slate landscape of Northwest Wales - World Heritage status

201:. The Cambrian deposits run south-west from Conwy to near 443: 324: 830:

beam being used to aid the sawing of the slate blocks.

229:. The Silurian deposits are mainly further east in the 225:

area, with a few outcrops in south-west Wales, notably

4357:

Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles

2549:

Jones, Gwynfor Pierce & Alun John Richards. 2004.

1508: 1506: 1717:, Alun John Richards, Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 1991. p.13 734:

plant was opened in Cwm Dyli, on the lower slopes of

4214:

953:

Dinorwig Power Station - A former slate quarry near

654:

lasting until February 1886. At the Penrhyn Quarry,

511:

The larger quarries could be highly profitable. The

438:

fire which destroyed a large part of Hamburg in 1842

4332:

Federation of Archaeological Managers and Employers

4317:

Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979

2294:"Wales' slate landscape wins World Heritage status" 1503: 165:The most important slate deposits in Wales are the 4257:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd 3717:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd 480:quarry in Pembrokeshire to grow to employ 80 men. 387: 1947: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1734: 1732: 838: 420:to be loaded onto small boats and taken down the 5366: 2506:"Slate Mining in Wales and Cause of Its Decline" 2012:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1696. 1197: 1195: 1013:. The areas included in the nomination include 2095:"Blaenau Ffestiniog jobs blow as quarry shuts" 1942: 1930: 1918: 1729: 891:in caverns under the old quarry workings. The 382: 209:. The Ordovician deposits run south-west from 4449: 3861: 3469: 2725: 2466:"National Screen and Sound Archive for Wales" 2101:. Trinity Mirror North West & North Wales 1875: 1873: 1854: 1852: 1668:"Welsh Slate Museum website: The Water Wheel" 1352:. Port Penrhyn Port Authority. Archived from 1192: 363:which had been constructed in the 1790s. The 4219:National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors 3817:Town of St George and Related Fortifications 5292: 2593:A History of the North Wales Slate Industry 2577:Lewis, M.J.T. & Williams, M. C. 1987. 4456: 4442: 3868: 3854: 3485:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom 3476: 3462: 2732: 2718: 2705:Mine Explorer – A mine exploration website 2338:"Dinorwig Slate Quarry Mountain Landscape" 1870: 1849: 947: 147:International Union of Geological Sciences 750:End of large-scale production (1939–2005) 605:Industrial unrest and decline (1879–1938) 4150:Welsh artefacts in museums outside Wales 3875: 3613:Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites 3532:Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape 2739: 2501:. Quarry Tours Ltd., Blaenau Ffestiniog. 2005: 1210:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales; 1131:of a young quarryman. Several novels by 870: 780: 753: 701: 687: 669: 613: 581: 556: 482: 391: 297: 160: 17: 4347:Mining archaeology in the British Isles 2360:"Nantlle Valley Slate Quarry Landscape" 5395:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales 5367: 4463: 4297:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales 3765:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales 2695:Slatesite: a website about Welsh slate 2092: 1715:A Gazeteer of the Welsh Slate Industry 1064: 866: 444:Mechanization and increased production 111:to transport the slates to the ports. 4437: 3849: 3457: 2713: 758:Foty Quarry, Blaenau Ffestiniog, 1950 293: 4396:Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust 2565:The North Wales Quarrymen, 1874–1922 1212:https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1633/ 833: 656:George Sholto Gordon Douglas-Pennant 545:in the United Kingdom, over 50 4171:Cambrian Archaeological Association 4100:Kendrick's Cave Decorated Horse Jaw 2642:The Slate Quarries of Pembrokeshire 2595:. David and Charles, Newton Abbot. 2154:. SPG Media Limited. Archived from 1228:IUGS Subcommission: Heritage Stones 785:Blaenau Ffestiniog, seen here from 371:near Llanberis to Port Dinorwic at 13: 4342:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician 4224:National Monuments Record of Wales 3835:Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City 3635: 2510:The Engineering and Mining Journal 2121:"Quarry losses hit Snowdonia town" 933:Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales 609: 404:was not abolished until 1833. The 14: 5406: 4628:fossiliferous stratigraphic units 4352:Monmouth in the Mesolithic period 2683: 2672:. Shire Publications, Aylesbury. 2237:"King Arthur's Labyrinth website" 922:Centre for Alternative Technology 561:At Dinorwig Quarry, workers from 270:to roof a house at Henllan, near 5349: 5348: 5331:Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil 4418: 4417: 4386:Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust 3435: 2458: 2449: 2440: 2418: 2396: 2374: 464:was opened in 1866 to serve the 450:London and North Western Railway 4476:Geography of the United Kingdom 4337:Festival of British Archaeology 4327:Council for British Archaeology 4292:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal 3760:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal 2352: 2330: 2308: 2286: 2260: 2251: 2229: 2204: 2195: 2178:"National Museum Wales website" 2170: 2144: 2135: 2113: 2093:Trewyn, Hywel (18 March 2010). 2086: 2070:. 17 April 2018. Archived from 2056: 2047: 2025: 2016: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1861: 1840: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1750: 1741: 1720: 1708: 1699: 1690: 1660: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1524: 1515: 1494: 1485: 1476: 1467: 1458: 1449: 1440: 1431: 1422: 1413: 1404: 1395: 1386: 1377: 1368: 1342: 1333: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1297: 806:closed. The following year the 388:Expansion at Blaenau Ffestiniog 4367:Royal Archaeological Institute 4252:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape 3712:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape 2270:. Llechi Cymru. Archived from 1879:Engineering and Mining Journal 1288: 1279: 1270: 1246: 1216: 1204: 1167: 1158: 839:Quarries still producing slate 151:Global Heritage Stone Resource 57:Industrial Revolution in Wales 1: 5264:Social geography and identity 3670:Frontiers of the Roman Empire 3551:Frontiers of the Roman Empire 2491: 2239:. King Arthur's Labyrinth Ltd 2212:"Llechwedd Deep Mine website" 2099:Caernarfon and Denbigh Herald 1115:, translated into English as 1101:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 660:Edward Gordon Douglas-Pennant 156: 5207:General forms of place-names 4401:Gwynedd Archaeological Trust 3888:History of the British Isles 3790:British Overseas Territories 2579:Pioneers of Ffestiniog Slate 1969:Richards 1995 pp. 183, 220–1 1090:and other political topics. 468:quarry above the village of 347:producers who could use the 7: 5380:Industrial history of Wales 5308:Little England beyond Wales 4377:Welsh Archaeological Trusts 4362:Portable Antiquities Scheme 2654:Richards, Alun John. 1999. 2640:Richards, Alun John. 1998. 2626:Richards, Alun John. 1995. 2612:Richards, Alun John. 1994. 2605:Pritchard, D. Dylan. 1946. 2546:. Gwynedd Archives Service. 899:In Blaenau Ffestiniog, the 638:, while the quarrymen were 383:Peak production (1831–1878) 63:. These sites included the 10: 5411: 4391:Dyfed Archaeological Trust 4234:Sites and monuments record 2700:Welsh Slate Museum website 2528:Gwynedd Archives Service. 2512:: 145–148. 18 January 1908 940:UNESCO World Heritage Site 658:took over from his father 552: 5344: 5318: 5256: 5197: 5145: 4958: 4949: 4885: 4811: 4484: 4471: 4413: 4309: 4242: 4194: 4158: 4052: 3908: 3883: 3825: 3789: 3773: 3702: 3684:Heart of Neolithic Orkney 3646: 3633: 3580:Kew Royal Botanic Gardens 3506:Great Spa Towns of Europe 3491: 3429: 3348: 3319: 3270: 3215: 3161: 3092: 3048: 3009: 2935: 2876: 2747: 2614:Slate Quarrying at Corris 2470:National Library of Wales 2152:"Wales Millennium Centre" 991: 981: 971: 961: 946: 937: 248:Aberllefenni Slate Quarry 221:, quarried mainly in the 5227:Welsh Place-Name Society 4095:Dog Stone, Mynydd Varteg 3570:Jodrell Bank Observatory 3257:Rhiw-goch (Denbighshire) 2803:Fron-Boeth and Pant-Mawr 2668:Williams, Merfyn. 1991. 2628:Slate Quarrying in Wales 2563:Jones, R. Merfyn. 1981. 2296:. BBC News. 28 July 2021 2009:Readings in Unemployment 1152: 5375:Slate industry in Wales 4322:Archaeologia Cambrensis 4110:Llyn Cerrig Bach Plaque 2616:. Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. 2216:Llechwedd Slate Caverns 1630:Richards 1995 pp. 115–6 1419:Richards 1995 pp. 16–17 1285:Richards 1995 pp. 10–11 1084:Church Disestablishment 977:Cultural: (ii)(iv) 920:is now the site of the 901:Llechwedd Slate Caverns 857:Wales Millennium Centre 33:slate industry in Wales 5299:(Welsh-speaking areas) 5293: 4867:Habitats of importance 3943:Prehistoric structures 3916:Archaeological museums 3640: 3242:Deeside and Moelfferna 1350:"Port Penrhyn website" 1141:(1936), translated as 1070:Wales as a whole. The 889:Dinorwig power station 884: 790: 759: 715: 700: 675: 619: 602: 587: 566: 531: 492: 426:John Whitehead Greaves 397: 357:Penrhyn Quarry Railway 307: 186: 87:, where the slate was 35:is attested since the 28: 5288:Anglo–Welsh relations 5037:by population in 1971 4872:Marine Character Area 4616:Temperate rainforests 4075:Cantiorix Inscription 4060:Banc Tynddol sun-disc 3797:Gorham's Cave Complex 3639: 3595:Palace of Westminster 2658:Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. 2644:Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. 2630:Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. 2591:Lindsay, Jean. 1974. 2553:Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. 2497:Burn, Michael. 1972. 2182:National Slate Museum 1224:"Designation of GHSR" 893:National Slate Museum 877:National Slate Museum 874: 784: 757: 705: 695: 688:Decline in production 673: 617: 597: 585: 560: 526: 486: 395: 329:Thomas Assheton Smith 311:yearly rent of a few 301: 164: 119:its decline, and the 109:narrow gauge railways 21: 5326:Geography of Cardiff 5237:in the United States 4862:Environmental issues 4565:Reservoir management 4244:World Heritage Sites 4186:World Heritage Sites 4080:Capel Garmon Firedog 4002:Hill-slope enclosure 3928:Archaeological sites 3877:Archaeology of Wales 3603:St Margaret's Church 3537:Derwent Valley Mills 3523:St Augustine's Abbey 3519:Canterbury Cathedral 2741:Welsh slate quarries 2538:Hughes, Emrys & 2524:Holmes, Alan. 1986. 2274:on 29 September 2021 2201:Richards 1995 p. 188 2123:. BBC. 17 March 2010 2053:Richards 1995 p. 191 1996:Richards 1995 p. 185 1960:Richards 1995 p. 182 1819:Richards 1995 p. 146 1810:Richards 1995 p. 145 1756:Quoted in Burn p. 10 1639:Richards 1995 p. 123 1621:Richards 1995 p. 122 1127:(1969), follows the 343:to drive machinery. 27:, Wales, about 1910. 4660:Mountains and hills 4560:Dams and reservoirs 4509:Border with England 4229:Scheduled monuments 4120:Maen Achwyfan Cross 4017:Scheduled monuments 3893:Prehistoric Britain 3807:Inaccessible Island 3381:Frongoch (Aberdyfi) 2257:Richards 1999 p. 14 2035:. Breedon Group PLC 2033:"About Welsh slate" 1585:Richards 1995 p. 95 1512:Richards 1999 p. 15 1356:on 18 February 2006 1321:Richards 1995 p. 13 1276:Richards 1995 p. 97 1234:on 24 February 2019 1065:Cultural influences 1007:World Heritage Site 934: 867:Visitor attractions 143:World Heritage Site 31:The existence of a 5269:North–South divide 5244:Standardised Welsh 5232:In other countries 5084:Preserved counties 5032:1844–1974 exclaves 4857:Conservation areas 4465:Geography of Wales 4196:Heritage registers 4115:Llywelyn's coronet 3656:Edinburgh Old Town 3641: 3618:Studley Royal Park 3590:Maritime Greenwich 3527:St Martin's Church 2863:Votty & Bowydd 2749:Blaenau Ffestiniog 2670:The Slate Industry 2074:on 8 November 2018 1978:Richards pp. 183–4 1678:on 13 January 2007 1672:Welsh Slate Museum 1648:Richards 1995 p. 8 1603:Williams pp. 16–19 1594:Williams pp. 15–16 1437:Richards pp. 21–22 1266:on 30 August 2021. 1138:Traed mewn cyffion 1117:Out of their night 1055:Bryn Eglwys quarry 1047:Ffestiniog Railway 932: 885: 799:Blaenau Ffestiniog 791: 760: 716: 676: 620: 588: 567: 493: 406:Ffestiniog Railway 398: 308: 294:Growth (1760–1830) 233:valley and around 187: 183:Blaenau Ffestiniog 169:deposits south of 85:Blaenau Ffestiniog 29: 5362: 5361: 5336:Lammas Ecovillage 5252: 5251: 5012:Historic counties 4900:Natural resources 4793:Extinct volcanoes 4431: 4430: 4409: 4408: 4305: 4304: 4267:Caernarfon Castle 4125:Moel Hebog shield 4105:Llanllyfni lunula 3898:Prehistoric Wales 3843: 3842: 3754: 3747: 3736: 3730:Caernarfon Castle 3725: 3678: 3599:Westminster Abbey 3559: 3508: 3451: 3450: 3330:Dandderwen quarry 3143:Rhiw-goch (Conwy) 3020:Bryn Hafod-y-Wern 2476:on 2 October 2006 2158:on 9 October 2007 2022:Lindsay pp. 305–6 1792:Lindsay pp. 264–5 1783:Jones pp. 149–160 1500:Lindsay pp. 49–50 1383:Lindsay pp. 29–30 1003: 1002: 914:Llwyngwern quarry 834:Welsh slate today 816:Braichgoch quarry 5402: 5352: 5351: 5298: 5048:Local districts 4968:Local government 4956: 4955: 4786:for military-use 4458: 4451: 4444: 4435: 4434: 4421: 4420: 4373: 4372: 4262:Beaumaris Castle 4192: 4191: 4145:St Brynach Cross 4140:Rhos Rydd Shield 4065:Bryn Gwyn stones 4012:Protected wrecks 3963:Industrial sites 3948:Bronze Age sites 3870: 3863: 3856: 3847: 3846: 3812:Henderson Island 3781:Giant's Causeway 3774:Northern Ireland 3750: 3739: 3728: 3723:Beaumaris Castle 3721: 3674: 3638: 3565:Ironbridge Gorge 3555: 3503: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3442:Wales portal 3440: 3439: 3438: 3138:Prince Llewellyn 3001:Rhiw'r Gwreiddyn 2734: 2727: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2544:Porthmadog Ships 2521: 2519: 2517: 2499:The Age of Slate 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2472:. Archived from 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2268:"The Nomination" 2264: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1940: 1937: 1928: 1925: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1868: 1867:Lindsay p. 256–7 1865: 1859: 1856: 1847: 1846:Jones pp. 210–66 1844: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1801:Jones pp. 186–95 1799: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1674:. Archived from 1664: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1576:Holmes pp. 9, 11 1574: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1473:Lindsay pp. 91–2 1471: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1392:Lindsay pp, 36–7 1390: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1259:. Archived from 1258: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1230:. Archived from 1220: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1175:"Story of Slate" 1171: 1165: 1162: 1123:, translated as 1059:Talyllyn Railway 1057:, including the 1045:, including the 951: 941: 935: 931: 843:As of 2022, the 768:National Gallery 628:Labour relations 474:Cardigan Railway 462:Talyllyn Railway 434:Llechwedd quarry 181:deposits around 129:Second World War 125:Great Depression 5410: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5385:Mining in Wales 5365: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5340: 5314: 5248: 5193: 5141: 5120:Electoral wards 5096:Principal areas 5044:Poor law unions 4945: 4939:Slate quarrying 4881: 4807: 4759:Nature reserves 4739:Protected areas 4578:Desert of Wales 4480: 4467: 4462: 4432: 4427: 4405: 4371: 4301: 4238: 4190: 4154: 4048: 4039:Treasure troves 3904: 3879: 3874: 3844: 3839: 3821: 3785: 3769: 3698: 3642: 3636: 3631: 3627:Tower of London 3622:Fountains Abbey 3514:Blenheim Palace 3487: 3482: 3452: 3447: 3436: 3434: 3425: 3386:Frongoch (Bala) 3344: 3340:LLangolman Farm 3315: 3266: 3211: 3157: 3118:Clogwyn y Fuwch 3100: 3088: 3044: 3005: 2931: 2881: 2872: 2773:Bwlch y Slaters 2756: 2743: 2738: 2686: 2515: 2513: 2504: 2494: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2091: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906:Pritchard p. 24 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774:Jones pp. 49–71 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612:Jones pp. 121–1 1611: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1067: 1035:Prince of Wales 1023:Dinorwic quarry 957: 939: 930: 869: 841: 836: 808:Dorothea quarry 804:Dinorwic quarry 752: 690: 612: 610:Labour disputes 607: 555: 506:billiard tables 446: 414:'dandy' waggons 390: 385: 377:Nantlle Railway 317:Richard Pennant 296: 159: 121:First World War 73:Dinorwic Quarry 25:Dinorwic Quarry 12: 11: 5: 5408: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5300: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5127: 5125:Built-up areas 5122: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5059: 5054: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4964: 4962: 4953: 4951:Administrative 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4927:re-forestation 4919: 4918: 4917: 4907: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4817: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4744:National parks 4736: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4667: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4594:Extreme points 4591: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4461: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4382: 4380: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4285:Harlech Castle 4282: 4273: 4264: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4130:Mold gold cape 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4090:Cross of Neith 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4027:Gorsedd stones 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3953:Iron Age sites 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3873: 3872: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3752:Harlech Castle 3748: 3737: 3726: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3667: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3575:Jurassic Coast 3572: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3557:Hadrian's Wall 3548: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3421:Whitland Abbey 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3335:Gilfach quarry 3332: 3326: 3324: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3311:Tyddyn-Sieffre 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3291:Cyfannedd Fawr 3288: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3163:Nantlle Valley 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3014: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2897:Coed y Chwarel 2894: 2888: 2886: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2833:Nyth-y-Gigfran 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2798:Diphwys Casson 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2745: 2744: 2737: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2684:External links 2682: 2681: 2680: 2666: 2652: 2638: 2624: 2610: 2603: 2589: 2575: 2561: 2547: 2536: 2522: 2502: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2487: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2428:. Llechi Cymru 2417: 2406:. Llechi Cymru 2395: 2384:. Llechi Cymru 2373: 2362:. Llechi Cymru 2351: 2340:. Llechi Cymru 2329: 2318:. Llechi Cymru 2307: 2285: 2259: 2250: 2228: 2203: 2194: 2169: 2143: 2134: 2112: 2085: 2055: 2046: 2024: 2015: 1998: 1989: 1987:Lindsay p. 303 1980: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1951:Lindsay p. 298 1941: 1939:Williams p. 30 1929: 1927:Williams p. 19 1917: 1915:Lindsay p. 294 1908: 1899: 1897:Lindsay p. 260 1890: 1881: 1869: 1860: 1848: 1839: 1830: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1738:Williams p. 27 1728: 1726:Jones pp. 81–2 1719: 1707: 1698: 1696:Jones pp. 72–3 1689: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1632: 1623: 1614: 1605: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1569: 1560: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1523: 1521:Lindsey p. 117 1514: 1502: 1493: 1491:Williams p. 10 1484: 1475: 1466: 1457: 1455:Williams p. 16 1448: 1439: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1303:Lindsay p. 314 1296: 1287: 1278: 1269: 1245: 1215: 1203: 1201:Lindsay p. 133 1191: 1166: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1143:Feet in chains 1129:apprenticeship 1066: 1063: 1027:Nantlle Valley 1015:Penrhyn quarry 1001: 1000: 993: 989: 988: 983: 979: 978: 975: 969: 968: 967:United Kingdom 965: 959: 958: 952: 944: 943: 929: 926: 868: 865: 845:Penrhyn Quarry 840: 837: 835: 832: 812:Nantlle Valley 751: 748: 732:hydro-electric 689: 686: 640:Welsh-speaking 611: 608: 606: 603: 554: 551: 513:Mining Journal 454:Corris Railway 445: 442: 389: 386: 384: 381: 365:Padarn Railway 295: 292: 246:5,000 slates. 243:Cilgwyn quarry 158: 155: 116:slate industry 83:quarries, and 81:Nantlle Valley 65:Penrhyn Quarry 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5407: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5355: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5303:Landsker Line 5301: 5297: 5296: 5295:Y Fro Gymraeg 5291: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5180:with Brittany 5178: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4877:Precipitation 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4548:Coastal paths 4546: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4454: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4424: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4022:Stone circles 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3985:Monmouthshire 3983: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3676:Antonine Wall 3673: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3585:Lake District 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3542:Durham Castle 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3444: 3443: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3306:Tan-y-dderwen 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3202:Pen-yr-Orsedd 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101:valleys areas 3099: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 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2573:0-7083-0776-0 2570: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2559:0-86381-897-8 2556: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2534:0-901337-42-0 2531: 2527: 2523: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2427: 2421: 2405: 2399: 2383: 2377: 2361: 2355: 2339: 2333: 2317: 2311: 2295: 2289: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2254: 2238: 2232: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2198: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2138: 2122: 2116: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2050: 2034: 2028: 2019: 2011: 2010: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1874: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1843: 1834: 1825: 1816: 1807: 1798: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1723: 1716: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1627: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1527: 1518: 1509: 1507: 1497: 1488: 1482:Lindsay p. 99 1479: 1470: 1464:Williams p. 5 1461: 1452: 1443: 1434: 1428:Lindsay p. 45 1425: 1416: 1407: 1401:Lindsay p. 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The 333:Vaynol 284:Dublin 264:Bangor 223:Corris 171:Bangor 140:UNESCO 79:, the 71:, the 51:, now 5319:Other 5170:Towns 4995:lords 4838:Flora 4826:Fauna 4781:Vales 4754:SSSIs 4749:AONBs 4712:P600s 4665:3000s 4645:Lakes 4538:Caves 4310:Other 4176:Heneb 4044:Tumps 3995:Atlas 3909:Sites 3704:Wales 3262:Wynne 3098:Conwy 3094:Lledr 2885:areas 2823:Manod 2761:areas 1264:(PDF) 1257:(PDF) 1153:Notes 1080:caban 1072:caban 916:near 828:laser 818:near 708:truck 529:coal. 402:tiles 149:as a 133:tiles 89:mined 75:near 67:near 61:Wales 41:slate 5217:Llan 5212:Caer 5113:list 5101:list 5077:1973 5025:1891 5020:1831 4934:Gold 4915:tips 4492:Bays 4278:and 4269:and 4166:Cadw 3743:and 3732:and 3658:and 3620:and 3597:and 3544:and 3525:and 3499:Bath 3323:Area 3274:area 3220:area 3165:area 3148:Rhos 3128:Foel 3096:and 3052:area 3013:area 2939:area 2880:and 2843:Parc 2757:and 2674:ISBN 2660:ISBN 2646:ISBN 2632:ISBN 2618:ISBN 2597:ISBN 2583:ISBN 2569:ISBN 2555:ISBN 2530:ISBN 2518:2020 2482:2006 2434:2021 2412:2021 2390:2021 2368:2021 2346:2021 2324:2021 2302:2021 2280:2021 2245:2021 2223:2021 2189:2021 2164:2010 2129:2010 2107:2010 2080:2018 2041:2022 1684:2006 1362:2006 1240:2019 1186:2023 1096:band 1053:and 1041:and 1033:and 986:1633 875:The 646:and 636:Tory 634:and 547:feet 487:The 436:. 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Slate industry in Wales

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