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271:, the absorption of solar radiation by roads and buildings in the city and the storage of this heat in the building material and its subsequent re-radiation. Plant surfaces however, as a result of transpiration, do not rise more than 4–5 °C (7–9 °F) above the ambient and are sometimes cooler." This then translates into a cooling of the environment between 3.6–11.3 °C (6.5–20.3 °F), depending on the area on earth (in hotter areas, the environmental temperature will cool more). The study was performed by the University of Cardiff.
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401:, although the two terms are often used interchangeably. The term roof garden is well suited to roof spaces that incorporate recreation, and entertaining and provide additional outdoor living space for the building's residents. It may include planters, plants, dining and lounging furniture, outdoor structures such as pergolas and sheds, and automated irrigation and lighting systems.
307:
and paved roads. Storm water run-off and combined sewage overflow events are now major problems for many cities in North
America. A key solution is to reduce peak flow by delaying (e.g., control flow drain on roofs) or retaining run-off (e.g., rain detention basins). Rooftop gardens can delay peak flow and retain the run-off for later use by the plants.”
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is active in green urban development. "Roof gardens present possibilities for carrying the notions of nature and open space further in tall building development." When surveyed, 80% of
Singapore residents voted for more roof gardens to be implemented in the city's plans. Recreational reasons, such
79:
of a building. Besides the decorative benefit, roof plantings may provide food, temperature control, hydrological benefits, architectural enhancement, habitats or corridors for wildlife, recreational opportunities, and in large scale it may even have ecological benefits. The practice of cultivating
412:
Green roofs may be extensive or intensive. The terms are used to describe the type of planting required. The panels that comprise a green roof are generally no more than a few centimeters up to 30 cm (a few inches up to a foot) in depth, since weight is an important factor when covering an entire
306:
Aside from rooftop gardens providing resistance to thermal radiation, rooftop gardens are also beneficial in reducing rain run off. A roof garden can delay run off; reduce the rate and volume of run off. “As cities grow, permeable substrates are replaced by impervious structures such as buildings
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The planters on a roof garden may be designed for a variety of functions and vary greatly in depth to satisfy aesthetic and recreational purposes. These planters can hold a range of ornamental plants: anything from trees, shrubs, vines, or an assortment of flowers. As aesthetics and recreation are
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and other alternative methods can expand the possibilities of roof top gardening by reducing, for example, the need for soil or its tremendous weight. Plantings in containers are used extensively in roof top gardens. Planting in containers prevents added stress to the roof's waterproofing. One
278:
showed the differences between roofs with gardens and roofs without gardens against temperature. The study shows temperature effects on different layers of each roof at different times of the day. Roof gardens are obviously very beneficial in reducing the effects of temperature against roofs
364:(vertical gardening) can be a solution. These use much less space than traditional gardening. These also encourage environmentally responsible practices, eliminating tilling, reducing or eliminating pesticides, and weeding, and encouraging the recycling of wastes through composting.
337:“In an accessible rooftop garden, space becomes available for localized small-scale urban agriculture, a source of local food production. An urban garden can supplement the diets of the community it feeds with fresh produce and provide a tangible tie to food production.” At
404:
Although they may provide aesthetic and recreational benefits a green roof is not necessarily designed for this purpose. A green roof may not provide any recreational space and be constructed with an emphasis on improving the insulation or improving the overall
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or other shallow-rooted plants that will tolerate the hot, dry, windy conditions that prevail in most rooftop gardens. With a green roof, "the plants' layer can shield off as much as 87% of solar radiation while a bare roof receives 100% direct exposure".
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as leisure and relaxation, beautifying the environment, and greenery and nature, received the most votes. Planting roof gardens on the tops of buildings is a way to make cities more efficient.
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could be lowered by 0.11–0.84 °C (0.20–1.51 °F) if 50% of all available rooftop space were planted with greenery. This would lead to savings of approximately 100 million yen.
267:. Plants have the ability to reduce the overall heat absorption of the building which then reduces energy consumption for cooling. "The primary cause of heat build-up in cities is
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Becoming green is a high priority for urban planners. The environmental and aesthetic benefits to cities are the prime motivation. It was calculated that the temperature in
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Available gardening areas in cities are often seriously lacking, which is likely the key impetus for many roof gardens. The garden may be on the roof of an
1335:
2015:
1256:
Wong, Nyuk Hien; Tay, Su Fen; Wong, Raymond; Ong, Chui Leng; Sia, Angelia (March 2003). "Life cycle cost analysis of rooftop gardens in
Singapore".
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148:, which had an elevated terrace where plants were grown. A roof garden has also been discovered around an audience hall in Roman-Byzantine
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Commercial greenhouses on rooftops have existed at least since 1969, when
Terrestris rooftop nursery opened on 60th st. in New York City.
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in the early 11th century described as rising up to 14 stories, with roof gardens on the top story complete with ox-drawn
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Yuen, Belinda; Nyuk Hien, Wong (December 2005). "Resident perceptions and expectations of rooftop gardens in
Singapore".
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283:, which would decrease smog episodes, problems associated with heat stress and further lower energy consumption.”
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341:, there is currently a working rooftop garden which provides food to the student café and local citizens.
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Ong, Boon Lay (May 2003). "Green plot ratio: an ecological measure for architecture and urban planning".
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136:(4th millennium BC–600 BC) had plantings of trees and shrubs on aboveground terraces. An example in
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1169:"What to Consider When Designing and Building Your Own Rooftop or Balcony Garden – Projex Group"
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the priority they may not provide the environmental and energy benefits of a green roof.
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822:"World's Largest Rooftop Farm Documents Incredible Growth High Above Brooklyn"
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are often depicted as tall structures holding vegetation; even immense trees.
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high-profile example of a building with a roof garden is
Chicago City Hall.
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Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John
Montague (1983).
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Inari
Daimyojin on the roof of Hankyu Department Stores Umeda main store
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without gardens. “If widely adopted, rooftop gardens could reduce the
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1070:"Energy efficiency and environmental benefits of rooftop gardens"
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New York 1900: Metropolitan
Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915
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composed a song named "Roof Garden", released on his 1981 album.
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roof surface. The plants that go into a green roof are usually
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and reducing the cooling and heating costs within a building.
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food on the rooftop of buildings is sometimes referred to as
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has a rooftop garden visited by Paul McCartney and his wife.
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2010:
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Louise
Lundberg Scandinavian Green Roof Institute (2009).
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Herb garden of National Museum of Nature and Science Tokyo
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For those who live in small apartments with little space,
1938:
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198:, the American Theater on Eighth Avenue, the garden atop
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875:, Theodore Osmundson, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999,
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pp. 112–115, chapter 2, "Roof gardens through history",
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853:. City Farmer, Canada's Office of Urban Agriculture
1075:. National Research Council Canada. Archived from
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724:, designer of The Rockefeller Center Roof Gardens
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1121:
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913:
1236:"Extensive or Intensive? Green Roofs Explained"
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873:Roof gardens: history, design, and construction
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27:Planted area on the top covering of a building
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348:which takes care of its own water and waste.
111:The roof terrace of the Casa Grande hotel in
2205:List of organic gardening and farming topics
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240:View of ACROS Fukuoka designed by architect
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397:A roof garden can be distinguished from a
1309:article about rooftop garden in Manhattan
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360:, or (when even less space is available)
206:, and the Paradise Roof Garden opened by
194:large rooftop gardens built included the
950:. New York: Rizzoli. pp. 267, 269.
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106:
84:. Rooftop farming is usually done using
50:
38:
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14:
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1039:"Cooling percentages by 'Green roofs'"
1037:Catherine Brahic (28 September 2007).
717:Metropolitan Museum of Art Roof Garden
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263:Roof gardens are most often found in
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1122:Trent University (30 October 2009).
978:
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1001:
276:National Research Council of Canada
24:
851:"Urban Agriculture on the Rooftop"
177:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
25:
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1221:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.08.001
769:"The benefits of Rooftop Gardens"
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914:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992),
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30:For the song by Al Jarreau, see
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677:Building-integrated agriculture
333:A rooftop farm in New York City
216:In the 2010s, large commercial
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454:'s 1990 television miniseries
220:rooftop farms were started by
13:
1:
1278:10.1016/S0360-1323(02)00131-2
1024:10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00191-3
916:Islamic Architecture in Cairo
754:
563:roof at Urban Deli, Stockholm
1201:Landscape and Urban Planning
1004:Landscape and Urban Planning
368:Importance to urban planning
7:
2236:Index of pesticide articles
979:Lyon, Lilla (12 May 1969).
849:Michelle Nowak (May 2004).
712:Low-flow irrigation systems
606:
196:Hotel Astor (New York City)
10:
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1380:Climate-friendly gardening
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181:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
128:atop structures since the
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29:
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2256:Plant disease forecasting
2218:
2210:Vegan organic agriculture
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2060:Genetically modified tree
1947:
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1258:Building and Environment
894:Byzantine garden culture
472:by throwing her off the
702:Kensington Roof Gardens
2793:Architectural elements
2195:Biodynamic agriculture
2132:Postharvest physiology
2080:Landscape architecture
1777:Indonesian home garden
1149:Cite journal requires
1103:Cite journal requires
802:Cite journal requires
460:, the main character,
439:Apu Nahasapeemapetilon
380:
334:
326:
325:Palais de Tokyo, Paris
260:
245:
142:Villa of the Mysteries
116:
64:
48:
2607:Air conditioning unit
1442:Historic conservation
1301:at Wikimedia Commons
474:Palace of Westminster
468:, murders journalist
431:American jazz singer
379:roof garden, ca. 1904
375:
358:square foot gardening
332:
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251:
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204:Madison Square Garden
172:for irrigating them.
110:
54:
42:
32:Breakin' Away (album)
2808:Sustainable building
2372:Gardening portal
2271:Aquamog weed remover
2246:List of insecticides
707:List of garden types
692:Green infrastructure
462:Member of Parliament
232:Environmental impact
1270:2003BuEnv..38..499W
1213:2005LUrbP..73..263Y
1016:2003LUrbP..63..197O
983:. New York Magazine
827:The Huffington Post
781:on 28 November 2016
621:Architecture portal
346:autonomous building
255:at Sands Sky Park,
208:Oscar Hammerstein I
57:20 Fenchurch Street
2241:List of fungicides
2006:Companion planting
1307:The New York Times
1175:. 17 November 2017
830:. 12 February 2014
476:'s rooftop garden.
426:In popular culture
381:
335:
327:
265:urban environments
261:
253:Infinity edge pool
246:
124:Humans have grown
117:
65:
63:financial district
49:
45:Rockefeller Center
2798:Urban agriculture
2770:
2769:
2417:
2416:
2289:Community orchard
2115:drought tolerance
1297:Media related to
1234:Zimmerman, Greg.
1124:"Rooftop Gardens"
981:"The City Garden"
748:Wildlife corridor
738:Urban green space
600:Canal City Hakata
407:energy efficiency
317:Urban agriculture
311:Urban agriculture
281:urban heat island
190:between 1880 and
154:medieval Egyptian
102:container gardens
16:(Redirected from
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2532:Half-hipped roof
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2346:Plant collecting
2282:Related articles
2219:Plant protection
1400:French intensive
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1082:on 12 March 2014
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774:. Archived from
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635:Gardening portal
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466:Francis Urquhart
339:Trent University
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259:Hotel, Singapore
257:Marina Bay Sands
160:had a number of
113:Santiago de Cuba
59:in the historic
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18:Skyrise greenery
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2331:List of gardens
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43:Roof garden of
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2783:Roof gardens
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2662:Hanging beam
2557:Rhombic roof
2547:Mansard roof
2527:Gambrel roof
2502:Conical roof
2406:
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2266:Weed control
2155:horticulture
2085:Olericulture
2065:Hydroculture
2055:Fruticulture
2033:Floriculture
1962:Permaculture
1949:Horticulture
1838:
1345:Horticulture
1306:
1299:Roof gardens
1291:
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1239:. Retrieved
1229:
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1177:. Retrieved
1173:Projex Group
1172:
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1142:cite journal
1130:. Retrieved
1117:
1096:cite journal
1084:. Retrieved
1077:the original
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795:cite journal
783:. Retrieved
776:the original
762:
663:Trees portal
587:Tokyo Plaza
558:
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444:The Simpsons
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47:in Manhattan
36:
2757:Weathervane
2732:Roof window
2702:Roof garden
2697:Roof batten
2627:Collar beam
2582:Tented roof
2567:Saddle roof
2562:Ridged roof
2522:Gablet roof
2482:Bochka roof
2472:Barrel roof
2467:Arched roof
2459:Roof shapes
2408:WikiProject
2177:Monoculture
2172:Viticulture
2150:agriculture
2110:propagation
2050:Hügelkultur
1972:sustainable
1957:Agriculture
1899:Therapeutic
1879:Shakespeare
1690:Renaissance
1482:Xeriscaping
1477:Sustainable
1472:Square foot
1462:Proplifting
1427:Garden tool
1395:Foodscaping
672:Agrivoltaic
546:roof garden
506:Villa Arson
494:Villa Arson
377:Hotel Astor
362:green walls
350:Hydroponics
192:Prohibition
134:Mesopotamia
132:of ancient
100:systems or
90:hydroponics
69:roof garden
2777:Categories
2762:Wind brace
2727:Roof truss
2722:Roof tiles
2712:Roof ridge
2692:Ridge vent
2652:Green roof
2542:Onion dome
2517:Gable roof
2497:Clerestory
2477:Board roof
2070:Indigenous
1967:stock-free
1939:Zoological
1819:Pollinator
1712:Greenhouse
1655:Sharawadgi
1643:Vietnamese
1604:East Asian
1512:Australian
1467:Raised bed
1432:Green wall
1241:17 January
755:References
743:Urban park
433:Al Jarreau
399:green roof
269:insolation
226:Lufa Farms
218:hydroponic
175:Among the
94:aeroponics
86:green roof
2577:Shed roof
2512:Flat roof
2341:Perennial
2304:Floristry
2251:Pesticide
2231:Herbicide
2226:Fungicide
2120:hardiness
1884:Shrubbery
1864:Sculpture
1685:landscape
1614:Cantonese
1589:Container
1584:Community
1552:Byzantine
1547:Butterfly
1537:Botanical
1437:Guerrilla
1385:Community
1375:Butterfly
1370:Arboretum
1365:Allotment
1357:Gardening
1349:gardening
728:Roof deck
682:Cool roof
391:Singapore
210:in 1900.
162:high-rise
130:ziggurats
2737:Skylight
2707:Roofline
2642:Flashing
2617:Catslide
2537:Hip roof
2487:Bow roof
2384:Category
2294:Features
2200:Grafting
2160:forestry
2142:Tropical
2127:Pomology
2100:cuttings
2095:breeding
1929:Wildlife
1909:Tropical
1859:Scottish
1809:Pleasure
1797:Paradise
1792:Charbagh
1762:Monastic
1757:Medieval
1667:Floating
1621:Japanese
1572:Communal
1562:Colonial
1527:Biblical
1492:Types of
1457:Parterre
1132:12 March
1086:12 March
1068:Liu, K.
1050:12 March
892:p. 219,
857:12 March
834:12 March
785:12 March
697:Greening
607:See also
542:A small
202:'s 1890
156:city of
150:Caesarea
2622:Chimney
2396:Commons
2309:Ikebana
2261:Pruning
2187:Organic
2137:Roguing
2023:Cutting
1914:Victory
1889:Spanish
1869:Sensory
1814:Prairie
1782:Persian
1772:Orchard
1737:Kitchen
1732:Keyhole
1727:Italian
1722:Islamic
1717:Hanging
1676:French
1662:Fernery
1650:English
1609:Chinese
1594:Cottage
1522:Baroque
1494:gardens
1447:History
1266:Bibcode
1209:Bibcode
1012:Bibcode
987:6 April
966:9829395
481:Gallery
152:. The
146:Pompeii
120:History
75:on the
2742:Soffit
2687:Rafter
2682:Purlin
2657:Gutter
2632:Dormer
2146:Urban
2043:Taiwan
2038:Canada
2001:Botany
1994:Saikei
1989:Bonsai
1934:Winter
1919:Walled
1854:School
1849:Sacred
1804:Physic
1767:Mughal
1747:Market
1702:German
1680:formal
1672:Flower
1638:Korean
1557:Cactus
1542:Bottle
1502:Alpine
1452:Native
1405:Garden
1390:Forest
1179:23 May
964:
954:
926:
900:
879:
179:, The
158:Fustat
126:plants
73:garden
2803:Roofs
2752:Spire
2667:Joist
2647:Gable
2637:Eaves
2612:Attic
2451:Roofs
2090:Plant
2028:Flora
1977:urban
1924:Water
1904:Trial
1874:Shade
1834:Roman
1707:Greek
1697:Front
1599:Dutch
1567:Color
1127:(PDF)
1080:(PDF)
1073:(PDF)
779:(PDF)
772:(PDF)
560:Sedum
464:(MP)
415:sedum
385:Tokyo
138:Roman
71:is a
2677:Loft
2507:Dome
2011:Crop
1844:Rose
1839:Roof
1829:Rock
1824:Rain
1787:Bāgh
1752:Mary
1742:Knot
1626:Roji
1517:Back
1347:and
1243:2017
1181:2018
1155:help
1134:2014
1109:help
1088:2014
1052:2014
989:2022
962:OCLC
952:ISBN
924:ISBN
898:ISBN
877:ISBN
859:2014
836:2014
808:help
787:2014
77:roof
1894:Tea
1631:Zen
1532:Bog
1274:doi
1217:doi
1020:doi
544:Zen
452:BBC
450:In
186:In
144:in
96:or
2779::
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