1770:) in mainland China, so it is also sometimes called the Huizhou dialect. Since there are many Hakka dialects in Taiwan, when Taiwanese Hakkas interact with each other, there may be influences from other dialects, forming a dialect between the Sixian and Hailu dialects called the Si-Hai dialect (or Hai-Si dialect). The Sihai dialect is not a particular accent, but is just formed because of the interaction between different Hakka groups. Taiwanese Hakka can generally be classified under the Yue-Tai dialects, which are also called the Si-Hai dialects.
2386:
4405:
670:
spoken in northern Taiwan (called
Northern Sixian or Miaoli dialect) and in Liudui of southern Taiwan (called Southern Sixian). Because of the differences between the two varieties of Sixian, the recitation contests in the National Language Competition separate the contest into the two accents of (Northern) Sixian and Southern Sixian. Alternatively, Sixian may include Xingning and Changle, but because these two counties were formerly a part of Huizhou
1661:
5055:
483:
475:
638:) dialects. Among these, the Sixian and Changle dialects originate in Jiaying Prefecture, Guangdong, established in 1733 during the Qing dynasty under the rule of Yongzheng Emperor. Historically, the Jiaying Prefecture governed five counties. The Sixian dialect comes from the four counties of Chengxiang (now
1646:
In compounds, if a dark-level tone is followed by a dark-level, light-entering or departing tone, the dark-level tone (24) changes to the light-level tone (11). In
Southern Sixian, if a light-level tone (11) is not in the end of a compound, it is changed to the dark-level tone (33 in Meinong). In the
2126:
669:
of mainland China since the majority of immigrants from
Jiaying Prefecture are from Zhenping County, which is present-day Jiaoling County, so the Sixian dialect is closer to the Jiaoling dialect of mainland China. There are also differences in vocabulary and phonology between the Sixian dialect
1780:, Fujian, consider themselves to be from Yuedong (Guangdong). Therefore, there is a parallel between "Yuedong Hakkas" and "Minnan Hoklos". Taiwanese Hakka dialects from Fujian include the Yongding, Zhao'an and Tingzhou dialects. The Yongding dialect originates in the
662:). Currently, speakers of the Yongding and Changle dialects have basically left their own accent families, so only the Sixian, Hailu, Dabu, Raoping and Zhao'an dialects remain in use in Taiwan. In Taiwan, the only widely used Hakka dialects are Sixian and Hailu.
2143:
1647:
Dalukuan and
Guangfu Village accents, there are seven tone sandhi rules: the "low" dark-level and light-level tones mostly become a mid tone (33) or a high rising tone (35); thus, the tones of these two areas sound higher than the other areas in Liudui.
1745:
Counties. However, in Taiwan, speakers of the Dabu and
Fengshun dialects are still traditionally considered to be Chaozhou Hakkas. Other than the Dabu and Fengshun dialects, the Raoping dialect is also from Chaozhou, specifically the
1737:. Historically, other than the Sixian and Changle dialects, the Dabu and Fengshun dialects were also brought to Taiwan from areas presently governed by Meizhou in China. The Fengshun dialect mainly originates in
1757:
In Taiwan, the Sixian dialect is the most spoken dialect spoken by the Hakkas, and following is the Hailu dialect (Sixian Hakka
Romanization System: hoiˋ liug kiongˊ). The Hailu dialect originates in Huizhou
2798:
2789:
3283:
533:, being used in Hakka broadcasting in many public occasions. The Sixian dialect is generally spoken in northern and southern Taiwan, with main representative regions being
3828:
599:
3790:
1773:
The Sixian, Hailu, Changle, Dabu and
Raoping dialects all come from Guangdong, China, so Taiwanese Hakkas trace back their origins to Guangdong. Even Hakkas from
4530:
3312:
4337:
4327:
591:
4332:
4091:
3639:
4246:
2183:
1809:
5549:
611:
5089:
4413:
3651:
2055:
3040:
3615:
3603:
1271:
3627:
3119:
2085:
4711:
3950:
2101:
4761:
1843:. The Zhao'an and Tingzhou dialects are quite different from the Yue-Tai (Si-Hai) dialects, making them unique in Taiwan.
4603:
2176:
904:
879:
833:
5082:
1796:. Its phonology is close to Yuedong dialects (e.g. Sixian and Dabu dialects). The Tingzhou dialect originates in the
1708:
1690:
2385:
4683:
2910:
1682:
1059:
858:
3390:
3033:
2169:
2035:
1686:
963:) published by the Taiwanese Ministry of Education, the rhymes can be split into three categories: yin rhymes (
499:
386:
298:
5579:
4999:
4453:
1038:
507:
400:
312:
5704:
5075:
5058:
4969:
4493:
2968:
2915:
2571:
1068:
872:
865:
819:
741:
672:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
937:
5370:
5170:
4974:
4846:
4771:
4428:
2961:
2616:
2538:
2254:
1031:
888:
225:
5016:
4989:
4866:
4778:
4525:
4505:
1781:
1082:
911:
778:
764:
651:
4568:
3266:
3026:
2861:
2308:
2229:
515:
213:
4942:
4927:
4917:
4631:
2942:
2545:
2358:
1671:
1045:
5247:
4954:
3193:
2936:
2722:
2606:
1675:
794:
156:
151:
4947:
4796:
5709:
5405:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5106:
4888:
4731:
3329:
2982:
2975:
2755:
2689:
2192:
117:
2067:
5683:
4883:
4806:
4520:
4498:
3253:
3086:
2925:
2875:
2431:
896:
734:
727:
230:
1866:
is pronounced as ien (PFS: yen) in
Northern Sixian and as ian (PFS: yan) in Southern Sixian.
5587:
4651:
4619:
4448:
3573:
3068:
2737:
2583:
2529:
8:
5678:
5666:
5346:
5098:
4895:
4861:
4696:
4663:
4510:
4438:
4355:
4196:
4191:
3945:
3755:
3261:
2920:
2510:
2337:
2268:
852:
840:
826:
811:
801:
785:
771:
647:
5661:
5559:
5431:
5265:
5183:
5124:
5115:
5011:
4878:
4841:
4726:
4624:
4558:
4553:
4443:
4433:
4059:
4037:
3930:
3738:
3733:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3608:
3132:
2761:
2370:
2236:
1410:
Checked rhymes end with a stop consonant (/p̚/,/t̚/,/k̚/) and a short vowel before it.
1252:
748:
699:
2107:
519:
451:
363:
276:
269:
262:
209:
5646:
5641:
5603:
5463:
5414:
5379:
5292:
5232:
4922:
4912:
4791:
4756:
4611:
4563:
4515:
4282:
4135:
4069:
3925:
3910:
3581:
3558:
3512:
3437:
3363:
3243:
3211:
3165:
3104:
3094:
3059:
2869:
2829:
2807:
2772:
2766:
2731:
2669:
2663:
2643:
2437:
2425:
2408:
2316:
2262:
2242:
2097:
2031:
1821:
758:
714:
704:
122:
5619:
5423:
5338:
5302:
5287:
5282:
5275:
5260:
5028:
4548:
4423:
4287:
4277:
4262:
4208:
4130:
4081:
4042:
3991:
3905:
3857:
3841:
3721:
3681:
3676:
3563:
3517:
3463:
3458:
3448:
3442:
3271:
3216:
3201:
3077:
3049:
2890:
2850:
2820:
2794:
2744:
2702:
2611:
2588:
2481:
2461:
2418:
2343:
2206:
1974:
1833:
1813:
1797:
1785:
694:
654:, giving it the name Sixian (four counties); the Changle dialect originates in its
639:
423:
335:
127:
2468:
5651:
5554:
5534:
5468:
5351:
5328:
5323:
5297:
5188:
5178:
5137:
5132:
4979:
4959:
4856:
4816:
4801:
4540:
4390:
4380:
4360:
4317:
4312:
4178:
4142:
4125:
4115:
4054:
3872:
3808:
3750:
3698:
3693:
3595:
3491:
3486:
3395:
3342:
3337:
3317:
3302:
3297:
3238:
3233:
3223:
3206:
3178:
3150:
3127:
2882:
2836:
2695:
2577:
2516:
2350:
2297:
2288:
2274:
1961:
721:
709:
666:
643:
619:
546:
534:
530:
109:
83:
75:
2087:
Bù biān bǎn Kèjiāyǔ fēnjí jiàocái dì-liù cè xuéshēng yòng shū (Nán Sìxiàn qiāng)
5656:
5511:
5318:
5270:
5227:
5217:
5160:
5142:
5033:
5023:
4994:
4984:
4701:
4673:
4385:
4370:
4272:
4223:
4218:
4203:
4086:
3968:
3940:
3920:
3867:
3836:
3813:
3803:
3798:
3760:
3743:
3688:
3553:
3535:
3453:
3427:
3368:
3288:
3276:
3228:
3183:
3173:
3099:
2952:
2930:
2844:
2813:
2749:
2709:
2683:
2657:
2634:
2557:
2503:
2475:
2444:
2322:
2248:
1829:
1805:
1801:
1747:
1266:
927:
202:
87:
4404:
5698:
5673:
5544:
5526:
5491:
5387:
5356:
5255:
5237:
4834:
4646:
4641:
4213:
4157:
4152:
4120:
4107:
3983:
3935:
3862:
3818:
3708:
3545:
3468:
3307:
3155:
3142:
2676:
2598:
2364:
2329:
2281:
1825:
1789:
1751:
1013:
579:
444:
356:
146:
97:
71:
3011:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
1913:
In some southern accents, syllables beginning with /i-/ are read as /j(i)-/。
5634:
5455:
4706:
4656:
4032:
3915:
3888:
3432:
3422:
2650:
2566:
2522:
2451:
659:
430:
342:
100:
486:
Liudui in
Kaohsiung and Pingtung, the area where Southern Sixian is spoken
5503:
5478:
5446:
4851:
4825:
4721:
4691:
4668:
4636:
4375:
4365:
4169:
4064:
4049:
4012:
3960:
3781:
3772:
3668:
3507:
3382:
3109:
2996:
2211:
1774:
1722:
1276:
1025:
1008:
140:
133:
2161:
2057:
Bù biān bǎn Kèjiāyǔ fēnjí jiàocái dì-èr cè jiàoshī shǒucè (Sìxiàn qiāng)
1904:
writes it as . It is written as ng(i)- in the Hakka
Romanization System.
5629:
5486:
4267:
4241:
4007:
3973:
3478:
3405:
1076:
1018:
5067:
5624:
5436:
4716:
4467:
4458:
4186:
4076:
3728:
3716:
3527:
3358:
2989:
2630:
2395:
2202:
1978:
1837:
1053:
542:
255:
243:
79:
1733:
have been combined with the former Jiaying Prefecture, establishing
1660:
5006:
4592:
4233:
3414:
3018:
1738:
1726:
50:
41:
5038:
4905:
4585:
4472:
4301:
3897:
2491:
1767:
1763:
1742:
1734:
522:: Si-yen-khiông / Si-yan-khiông), is a dialect of Hakka used by
482:
4964:
4766:
2404:
2219:
655:
538:
526:
523:
61:
4477:
2400:
2215:
474:
995:
Yin rhymes are rhymes with a pure vowel or a complex vowel.
665:
The Sixian dialect of Taiwan is slightly different from the
1255:
nasals or nuclei (pure or complex vowel) with nasal codas.
2066:(in Chinese). Jiaoyubu. 2011. pp. VI. Archived from
1964:(/k/, /kʰ/, /ŋ/), /t͡ɕ/, /h/, /j/ or a zero consonant.
435:
347:
2030:] (in Chinese). 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. pp. 123–124.
1946:
The Handbook for Using the Hakka Romanization System
1902:
The Handbook for Using the Hakka Romanization System
456:
368:
1251:Yang rhymes end in a nasal consonant. They can be
5696:
953:Handbook for Using the Hakka Romanization System
2860:
2307:
1729:Counties originally belonging to the Chaozhou
541:in the north, as well as the Liudui Region in
478:Jiaoling County (yellow) in Meizhou, Guangdong
5083:
3034:
2177:
1973:In some areas speaking Southern Sixian (e.g.
1861:
931:
405:
391:
317:
303:
4833:
2721:
1960:Seen in Southern Sixian when the onset is a
2096:(in Chinese). Jiaoyubu. 2012. p. III.
1689:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
676:, they may be closer to the Hailu dialect.
5090:
5076:
5054:
4824:
3041:
3027:
2184:
2170:
1284:
2191:
2124:
2084:
2002:
1990:
1934:
1922:
1889:
1709:Learn how and when to remove this message
1650:
2054:
2006:
1956:
1954:
1876:
1820:. The Zhao'an dialect originates in the
481:
473:
5114:
5097:
4749:
1857:
1855:
529:, and it is the most spoken dialect of
5697:
5413:
5378:
2028:Introduction to Taiwan Hakka Phonetics
49:
40:
5071:
3022:
2165:
2128:Kèjiāyǔ pīnyīn fāng'àn shǐyòng shǒucè
2018:
1951:
3048:
1967:
1852:
1687:adding citations to reliable sources
1654:
940:), is not listed in the table above.
13:
1258:
14:
5721:
1405:
1095:
1081:
1067:
1058:
1044:
1037:
1030:
910:
903:
887:
878:
871:
864:
857:
839:
832:
825:
818:
800:
793:
784:
777:
770:
763:
747:
740:
733:
726:
518:: Xi ien kiongˊ / Xi ian kiongˊ;
5053:
4531:Literary and colloquial readings
4403:
2384:
1875:For vocabulary differences, see
1659:
552:Taiwanese Hakka is often called
2136:Hakka Pinyin Scheme User Manual
2012:
1996:
1984:
457:
369:
2047:
1939:
1928:
1916:
1907:
1895:
1882:
1879:, pp. 6, 16, 22, 31, etc.
1869:
1641:
1246:
998:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
635:
631:
627:
623:
607:
603:
587:
583:
575:
571:
566:
561:
557:
511:
503:
436:
406:
392:
348:
318:
304:
27:
1:
990:
684:
658:, the county of Changle (now
5059:List of varieties of Chinese
2142:(in Chinese), archived from
1556:
1539:
1074:
1051:
1023:
679:
570:), referring to the Sixian (
7:
2125:Jiaoyubu (November 2012b),
10:
5726:
5017:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
2019:Zhong, Rongfu 鍾榮富 (2004).
863:
856:
838:
831:
824:
817:
799:
792:
783:
776:
769:
762:
51:[ɕi˥i̯an˥kʰi̯oŋ˨˦]
42:[ɕi˥i̯en˥kʰi̯oŋ˨˦]
5612:
5596:
5578:
5525:
5502:
5477:
5454:
5445:
5422:
5404:
5369:
5337:
5311:
5246:
5169:
5153:
5123:
5105:
5051:
4935:
4904:
4815:
4740:
4682:
4602:
4577:
4539:
4486:
4412:
4401:
4348:
4300:
4255:
4232:
4177:
4168:
4106:
4025:
4000:
3982:
3959:
3896:
3887:
3850:
3827:
3789:
3780:
3771:
3707:
3667:
3594:
3572:
3544:
3526:
3500:
3477:
3413:
3404:
3381:
3351:
3328:
3252:
3192:
3164:
3141:
3118:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3056:
3006:
2951:
2903:
2788:
2629:
2597:
2555:
2490:
2393:
2382:
2200:
2021:Táiwān Kèjiā yǔyīn dǎolùn
1862:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1534:Using and as examples:
1017:
946:
932:
917:
909:
902:
900:
884:
877:
870:
845:
815:
790:
746:
739:
732:
725:
708:
703:
698:
693:
615:
595:
567:Sì Hǎi Yǒng Lè Dà Píng Ān
554:Si Hai Yong Le Da Ping An
516:Hakka Romanization System
468:
450:
443:
429:
422:
417:
413:
399:
385:
380:
362:
355:
341:
334:
329:
325:
311:
297:
293:
288:
253:
241:
236:
224:
219:
214:Hakka Romanization System
199:
184:
106:
93:
67:
57:
33:
26:
21:
2130:
2090:部編版客家語分級教材 第六冊學生用書（南四縣腔）
2089:
2059:
2023:
1981:), the tone value is 33.
1846:
1529:
387:Traditional Chinese
381:Alternative Chinese name
299:Traditional Chinese
2060:部編版客家語分級教材 第二冊教師手冊（四縣腔）
1285:Nuclei with nasal codas
979:), and checked rhymes (
401:Simplified Chinese
313:Simplified Chinese
16:Hakka dialect of Taiwan
1651:Related Hakka dialects
487:
479:
273: Liudui-Pingtung
5684:Yilan Creole Japanese
2911:Central Tibeto-Burman
1816:Counties of Tingzhou
1792:Counties of Tingzhou
485:
477:
280: Taoyuan-Miaoli
231:Hakka Affairs Council
5588:Taiwan Sign Language
1683:improve this section
494:, also known as the
5705:Languages of Taiwan
5099:Languages of Taiwan
2969:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
500:traditional Chinese
5432:Taiwanese Mandarin
5012:Cantonese Bopomofo
4879:Chinese characters
4807:Written Sichuanese
3391:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
2962:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
2904:Proposed groupings
642:), Zhengping (now
508:simplified Chinese
488:
480:
5692:
5691:
5604:Taiwanese Braille
5574:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5521:
5520:
5464:Taiwanese Hokkien
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5371:Malayo-Polynesian
5365:
5364:
5065:
5064:
5047:
5046:
4874:
4873:
4792:Written Cantonese
4787:
4786:
4569:Classical grammar
4564:Cantonese grammar
4399:
4398:
4296:
4295:
4102:
4101:
4021:
4020:
3883:
3882:
3590:
3589:
3377:
3376:
3267:Chengdu–Chongqing
3060:Sinitic languages
3016:
3015:
2899:
2898:
2784:
2783:
2625:
2624:
2380:
2379:
2103:978-986-02-8660-1
1892:, pp. 3, 5–6
1719:
1718:
1711:
1637:
1636:
1527:
1526:
1403:
1402:
1282:
1281:
1244:
1243:
1093:
1092:
951:According to the
923:
922:
472:
471:
464:
463:
424:Standard Mandarin
376:
375:
336:Standard Mandarin
284:
283:
226:Regulated by
5717:
5452:
5451:
5420:
5419:
5411:
5410:
5376:
5375:
5121:
5120:
5112:
5111:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5069:
5068:
5057:
5056:
5029:Taiwanese Hangul
4918:Mainland Chinese
4831:
4830:
4822:
4821:
4747:
4746:
4424:Standard Chinese
4407:
4175:
4174:
3894:
3893:
3787:
3786:
3778:
3777:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3411:
3410:
3083:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3050:Chinese language
3043:
3036:
3029:
3020:
3019:
2858:
2857:
2719:
2718:
2553:
2552:
2388:
2305:
2304:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2106:. Archived from
2095:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2042:
2041:
2016:
2010:
2003:Jiaoyubu (2012a)
2000:
1994:
1991:Jiaoyubu (2012b)
1988:
1982:
1975:Meinong District
1971:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1935:Jiaoyubu (2012b)
1932:
1926:
1923:Jiaoyubu (2012b)
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1890:Jiaoyubu (2012b)
1886:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1663:
1655:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1537:
1536:
1413:
1412:
1289:
1288:
1263:
1262:
1100:
1099:
1085:
1071:
1062:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1003:
1002:
986:
982:
978:
974:
971:), yang rhymes (
970:
966:
962:
958:
939:
935:
934:
914:
907:
891:
882:
875:
868:
861:
843:
836:
829:
822:
804:
797:
788:
781:
774:
767:
751:
744:
737:
730:
689:
688:
637:
633:
629:
625:
617:
609:
605:
597:
589:
585:
577:
573:
568:
563:
559:
513:
505:
460:
459:
439:
438:
415:
414:
409:
408:
395:
394:
372:
371:
351:
350:
327:
326:
321:
320:
307:
306:
286:
285:
279:
272:
265:
246:
205:
112:
53:
48:
44:
39:
29:
19:
18:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5613:Other languages
5608:
5592:
5566:
5535:Taiwanese Hakka
5517:
5514:(Wuqiu dialect)
5498:
5473:
5469:Teochew dialect
5441:
5392:
5361:
5333:
5307:
5242:
5165:
5149:
5101:
5096:
5066:
5061:
5043:
4980:Tongyong Pinyin
4960:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
4948:Dungan Cyrillic
4931:
4900:
4870:
4811:
4802:Written Hokkien
4783:
4742:
4736:
4712:Middle Mandarin
4678:
4598:
4573:
4535:
4482:
4415:
4408:
4395:
4344:
4292:
4251:
4228:
4164:
4098:
4017:
3996:
3978:
3955:
3879:
3846:
3823:
3767:
3703:
3663:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3586:
3568:
3540:
3522:
3496:
3473:
3400:
3373:
3347:
3324:
3248:
3188:
3160:
3137:
3114:
3063:
3052:
3047:
3017:
3012:
3002:
2953:Proto-languages
2947:
2895:
2862:Greater Siangic
2856:
2793:
2780:
2717:
2621:
2593:
2551:
2495:
2486:
2398:
2389:
2376:
2309:Greater Magaric
2303:
2230:West Himalayish
2210:
2196:
2190:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2093:
2091:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2007:Jiaoyubu (2011)
2005:, p. III;
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1972:
1968:
1962:velar consonant
1959:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1877:Jiaoyubu (2011)
1874:
1870:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1715:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1680:
1664:
1653:
1644:
1578:
1532:
1408:
1287:
1261:
1259:Syllabic nasals
1249:
1098:
1001:
993:
949:
687:
682:
667:Meixian dialect
630:) and Zhao'an (
531:Taiwanese Hakka
275:
274:
268:
267:
261:
242:
220:Official status
212:
206:
201:
193:Southern Sixian
190:Northern Sixian
180:
113:
110:Language family
108:
84:Pingtung County
46:
45:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5723:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5531:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5512:Putian dialect
5508:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5460:
5458:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5417:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5384:
5382:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5118:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5072:
5063:
5062:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5024:Taiwanese kana
5021:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4995:Lessing-Othmer
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4797:Written Dungan
4794:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4753:
4751:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4702:Middle Chinese
4699:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4669:Wubi (Wang Ma)
4666:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4420:
4418:
4410:
4409:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4386:Xiangnan Tuhua
4383:
4378:
4373:
4371:Shaozhou Tuhua
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4183:
4181:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3284:Renshou–Fushun
3281:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3194:Central Plains
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2943:Tibeto-Kanauri
2940:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:Kuki-Chin–Naga
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2804:
2802:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2637:
2635:Southeast Asia
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2572:Angami–Pochuri
2569:
2563:
2561:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2497:
2496:Burmese border
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2414:
2412:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2223:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2122:
2102:
2082:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2011:
1995:
1983:
1966:
1950:
1938:
1927:
1925:, pp. 5–6
1915:
1906:
1894:
1881:
1868:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1721:In China, the
1717:
1716:
1667:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1407:
1406:Checked rhymes
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1096:Complex vowels
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1000:
997:
992:
989:
948:
945:
942:
941:
928:zero consonant
921:
920:
918:
916:
908:
901:
899:
893:
892:
885:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
814:
808:
807:
805:
798:
791:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
755:
754:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
686:
683:
681:
678:
549:in the south.
492:Sixian dialect
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
454:
448:
447:
441:
440:
433:
427:
426:
420:
419:
418:Transcriptions
411:
410:
403:
397:
396:
389:
383:
382:
378:
377:
374:
373:
366:
360:
359:
353:
352:
345:
339:
338:
332:
331:
330:Transcriptions
323:
322:
315:
309:
308:
301:
295:
294:
291:
290:
289:Sixian dialect
282:
281:
259:
251:
250:
247:
239:
238:
237:Language codes
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
217:
216:
207:
203:Writing system
200:
197:
196:
195:
194:
191:
186:
182:
181:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
162:Sixian dialect
116:
114:
107:
104:
103:
95:
91:
90:
88:Huatung Valley
69:
65:
64:
59:
58:Native to
55:
54:
35:
31:
30:
24:
23:
22:Sixian dialect
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5722:
5711:
5710:Hakka Chinese
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5493:
5492:Matsu dialect
5490:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5088:
5086:
5081:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5060:
5050:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4943:Cyrillization
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4835:Script styles
4832:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4406:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2983:Proto-Karenic
2980:
2978:
2977:
2976:Proto-Loloish
2973:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2937:Tibeto-Burman
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2723:Burmo-Qiangic
2720:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2617:Jingpho–Luish
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:Baram–Thangmi
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2149:on 2016-09-15
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2113:on 2013-10-04
2109:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2073:on 2016-04-12
2069:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1762:(present-day
1761:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1713:
1710:
1702:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1668:This section
1666:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1538:
1535:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:
996:
988:
961:《客家语拼音方案使用手册》
957:《客家語拼音方案使用手冊》
954:
944:
929:
925:
924:
919:
913:
906:
898:
895:
894:
890:
886:
881:
874:
867:
860:
854:
851:
850:
847:
842:
835:
828:
821:
813:
810:
809:
806:
803:
796:
787:
780:
773:
766:
760:
757:
756:
753:
750:
743:
736:
729:
723:
720:
719:
716:
713:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
690:
677:
675:
674:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
621:
613:
601:
593:
581:
569:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
509:
501:
497:
496:Sixian accent
493:
484:
476:
467:
458:Si-yen-khiông
455:
453:
449:
446:
442:
434:
432:
428:
425:
421:
416:
412:
404:
402:
398:
390:
388:
384:
379:
367:
365:
361:
358:
354:
346:
344:
340:
337:
333:
328:
324:
316:
314:
310:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
278:
271:
266: Sixian
264:
260:
258:
257:
252:
248:
245:
240:
235:
232:
229:
227:
223:
218:
215:
211:
208:
204:
198:
192:
189:
188:
187:
183:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
142:
138:
137:
135:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
115:
111:
105:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:Miaoli County
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
43:
36:
34:Pronunciation
32:
25:
20:
5635:Shanghainese
5580:Japonic Sign
5539:
5406:Sino-Tibetan
5107:Austronesian
4965:Hanyu Pinyin
4955:Romanization
4862:Semi-cursive
4707:Old Mandarin
4664:Stroke count
4591:
4584:
4506:Old National
4349:Unclassified
4147:
3254:Southwestern
3087:Northeastern
3069:Major groups
3058:
3008:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2935:
2881:
2874:
2849:
2835:
2828:
2819:
2812:
2771:
2756:Lolo-Burmese
2754:
2730:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2576:
2544:
2537:
2528:
2521:
2509:
2502:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2424:
2417:
2369:
2363:
2349:
2342:
2328:
2321:
2296:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2261:
2247:
2235:
2228:
2193:Sino-Tibetan
2151:, retrieved
2144:the original
2135:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2108:the original
2086:
2075:. Retrieved
2068:the original
2056:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2009:, p. VI
1998:
1986:
1969:
1945:
1941:
1930:
1918:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1884:
1871:
1840:
1836:Counties of
1817:
1793:
1776:
1772:
1759:
1756:
1730:
1720:
1705:
1696:
1681:Please help
1669:
1645:
1638:
1533:
1409:
1250:
994:
952:
950:
943:
671:
664:
565:
553:
551:
495:
491:
489:
431:Hanyu Pinyin
343:Hanyu Pinyin
254:
161:
118:Sino-Tibetan
5034:Xiao'erjing
4896:Punctuation
4889:Traditional
4842:Oracle bone
4826:Logographic
4722:Proto-Hakka
4697:Eastern Han
4692:Old Chinese
4554:Classifiers
4521:Northern Wu
4449:Singaporean
3655: [
3643: [
3631: [
3619: [
3607: [
2997:Proto-Hakka
2926:Mahakiranti
2432:East Bodish
2212:Uttarakhand
2131:客家語拼音方案使用手冊
2048:Works cited
1993:, p. 3
1699:August 2017
1642:Tone sandhi
1574:Tone value
1557:Dark/Light
1247:Yang rhymes
999:Pure vowels
897:Approximant
520:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
452:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
437:Sìxiànqiāng
364:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
210:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
5699:Categories
5679:Vietnamese
5667:Indonesian
5487:Fuzhounese
5347:Kanakanavu
4985:Wade–Giles
4884:Simplified
4779:Vernacular
4772:in Vietnam
4625:Simplified
4612:Biaoxingma
4559:Honorifics
4494:Historical
4439:Philippine
4429:Sichuanese
4356:Badong Yao
4060:Shao–Jiang
3931:Philippine
3739:Xiangxiang
3734:Shuangfeng
3479:Taizhou Wu
3262:Sichuanese
2891:Idu–Taraon
2845:Miju–Meyor
2738:Gyalrongic
2584:Tangkhulic
2359:Raji–Raute
2153:2016-05-15
2117:2013-09-15
2077:2016-05-15
2037:9571134759
1754:Counties.
1577:24 (N, S)
1549:Departing
991:Yin rhymes
930:, like in
926:Note: The
685:Consonants
5662:Malaysian
5625:Cantonese
5597:Auxiliary
5266:Ketagalan
5184:Favorlang
4923:Taiwanese
4913:Cantonese
4757:Classical
4717:Proto-Min
4652:Microsoft
4511:Cantonese
4487:Phonology
4468:Cantonese
4459:Singdarin
4444:Malaysian
4434:Taiwanese
4338:Rongjiang
4328:Yongjiang
4324:Southern
4309:Northern
4283:Luo–Guang
4192:Hong Kong
4187:Guangzhou
4143:Taiwanese
4136:Changting
4070:Zhanjiang
3984:Zhongshan
3951:Malaysian
3946:Singapore
3911:Zhangzhou
3863:Zhongshan
3756:Yong–Quan
3652:Jing-Zhan
3582:Xuancheng
3559:Jiangshan
3438:Changzhou
3359:Junjiahua
3212:Guanzhong
3095:Changchun
2990:Proto-Min
2921:Macro-Bai
2799:Arunachal
2792:(possible
2607:Boro–Garo
2511:Kuki-Chin
2494:and Indo-
2409:Arunachal
2396:Himalayas
2371:Tandrange
2338:Chepangic
2269:Dhimalish
2203:Himalayas
1979:Kaohsiung
1838:Zhangzhou
1814:Liancheng
1798:Changting
1786:Shanghang
1775:Tingzhou
1670:does not
1552:Entering
1466:i̯ăt̚ (S)
1342:i̯an (S)
1162:i̯ai̯ (S)
853:Fricative
812:Affricate
680:Phonology
543:Kaohsiung
524:Taiwanese
514:; Sixian
370:Si-yen-fa
349:Sìxiànhuà
256:Glottolog
244:ISO 639-3
98:Taiwanese
94:Ethnicity
80:Kaohsiung
47:Southern:
38:Northern:
5647:Japanese
5642:Filipino
5456:Southern
5424:Mandarin
5312:Southern
5293:Sakizaya
5233:Saisiyat
5171:Northern
5125:Atayalic
5116:Formosan
5007:Bopomofo
4936:Phonetic
4928:Two-cell
4857:Clerical
4767:in Japan
4762:Adoption
4750:Official
4741:Literary
4616:Boshiamy
4593:Xiehouyu
4549:Numerals
4526:Mandarin
4454:Standard
4414:Standard
4288:Qin–Lian
4278:Yong–Xun
4263:Gao–Yang
4209:Jiujiang
4197:Malaysia
4131:Tingzhou
4082:Wenchang
4043:Jianyang
4033:Northern
3992:Sanxiang
3906:Quanzhou
3889:Southern
3858:Manjiang
3722:Changsha
3682:Nanchang
3677:Chang–Du
3574:Xuanzhou
3564:Qingtian
3518:Wencheng
3464:Jiangyin
3459:Jinxiang
3449:Shaoxing
3443:Hangzhou
3423:Shanghai
3364:Qinjiang
3272:Minjiang
3244:Xinjiang
3202:Dongping
3166:Jiaoliao
3105:Shenyang
3078:Mandarin
2795:isolates
2762:Mondzish
2690:Cai–Long
2438:Tshangla
2394:Eastern
2237:Tamangic
2207:Himachal
2201:Western
2195:branches
2024:臺灣客家語音導論
1782:Yongding
1739:Fengshun
1727:Fengshun
1632:t͡sʰŏk̚˥
1627:t͡sʰŏk̚˨
1253:syllabic
700:Alveolar
652:Pingyuan
648:Xingning
644:Jiaoling
592:Yongding
547:Pingtung
277:taoy1234
270:liud1234
263:sanh1239
185:Dialects
5620:English
5560:Zhao'an
5555:Raoping
5504:Pu-Xian
5479:Eastern
5415:Sinitic
5380:Batanic
5303:Taivoan
5288:Qauqaut
5283:Makatao
5276:Luilang
5261:Kavalan
4906:Braille
4867:Cursive
4817:Scripts
4684:History
4674:ZhengMa
4620:Cangjie
4586:Chengyu
4541:Grammar
4516:Hokkien
4473:Hokkien
4381:Waxiang
4361:Danzhou
4333:Guandao
4318:Younian
4313:Tongdao
4302:Pinghua
4242:Taishan
4158:Raoping
4126:Huizhou
4116:Meixian
4092:Banqiao
4065:Leizhou
4055:Pu–Xian
4050:Central
4038:Jian'ou
4013:Longyan
3961:Teochew
3898:Hokkien
3873:Nanlang
3829:Fu–Ning
3809:Changle
3791:Houguan
3782:Eastern
3729:Loushao
3717:Changyi
3699:Da–Tong
3694:Ying–Yi
3640:Yanzhou
3508:Wenzhou
3501:Oujiang
3492:Tiantai
3487:Taizhou
3396:Zhi–Yan
3343:Nantong
3338:Nanjing
3313:Gui–Liu
3303:Nanping
3298:Kunming
3224:Luoyang
3179:Qingdao
3151:Tianjin
3128:Beijing
3120:Beijing
3009:Italics
2870:Siangic
2851:Songlin
2830:Kho-Bwa
2808:Hrusish
2790:Dubious
2773:Loloish
2767:Burmish
2732:Qiangic
2703:Longjia
2670:Karenic
2664:Nungish
2644:Sinitic
2530:Hkongso
2492:Myanmar
2462:Gongduk
2426:Tibetic
2344:Chepang
2317:Magaric
2263:Kiranti
2243:Newaric
1830:Nanjing
1822:Zhao'an
1806:Qingliu
1802:Ninghua
1768:Shanwei
1764:Huizhou
1748:Raoping
1743:Jieyang
1735:Meizhou
1691:removed
1676:sources
1617:t͡sʰo˧˩
1603:t͡sʰo˨˦
1579:33 (S)
1546:Rising
1014:Central
759:Plosive
715:Glottal
705:Palatal
640:Meixian
620:Raoping
600:Changle
562:四海永乐大平安
558:四海永樂大平安
535:Taoyuan
152:Yue-Tai
128:Chinese
123:Sinitic
76:Taoyuan
5652:Korean
5540:Sixian
5437:Junhua
5352:Saaroa
5339:Tsouic
5329:Puyuma
5324:Paiwan
5298:Siraya
5222:Kaxabu
5206:Arikun
5201:Hoanya
5196:Papora
5189:Taokas
5179:Babuza
5154:Rukaic
5138:Seediq
5133:Atayal
4975:Postal
4970:MPS II
4847:Bronze
4727:Ba–Shu
4647:Google
4642:Pinyin
4578:Idioms
4391:Yeheni
4273:Wu–Hua
4268:Goulou
4247:Xinhui
4224:Dapeng
4219:Weitou
4204:Xiguan
4179:Yuehai
4148:Sixian
4087:Haikou
4077:Hainan
4008:Zhenan
3974:Haklau
3969:Swatow
3941:Penang
3926:Taiwan
3921:Chawan
3868:Longdu
3837:Ningde
3814:Gutian
3804:Fuqing
3799:Fuzhou
3761:Qiyang
3744:Wugang
3689:Yi–Liu
3616:Xiu-Yi
3604:Ji-She
3554:Quzhou
3546:Chu–Qu
3536:Jinhua
3528:Wuzhou
3513:Rui'an
3454:Ningbo
3428:Suzhou
3318:Wuming
3289:Zigong
3277:Leshan
3239:Lanyin
3234:Dungan
3229:Xuzhou
3207:Gangou
3184:Weihai
3174:Dalian
3133:Taiwan
3100:Harbin
2883:Milang
2837:Puroik
2821:Mijiic
2745:Ersuic
2696:Caijia
2612:Konyak
2578:Meitei
2482:Chamdo
2419:Bodish
2405:Bhutan
2351:Bhujel
2298:Lepcha
2289:Lhokpu
2275:Dhimal
2220:Sikkim
2138:]
2100:
2034:
1948:uses .
1834:Hua'an
1826:Pinghe
1810:Guihua
1790:Wuping
1752:Huilai
1622:t͡sʰo˥
1612:t͡sʰo˩
1607:t͡sʰo˧
1569:Light
1563:Light
1543:Level
1487:u̯ĕt̚
1185:i̯ui̯
947:Rhymes
938:/an˧˩/
936:(IPA:
695:Labial
656:eponym
539:Miaoli
527:Hakkas
510::
502::
157:Meihui
139:Hakka–
132:Hakka–
68:Region
62:Taiwan
5657:Malay
5545:Hailu
5527:Hakka
5319:Bunun
5271:Basay
5228:Kulon
5218:Pazeh
5161:Rukai
5143:Truku
5039:Nüshu
4743:forms
4657:Sogou
4604:Input
4478:Hakka
4416:forms
4256:Other
4214:Shiqi
4153:Hailu
4121:Wuhua
4108:Hakka
4026:Other
4001:Other
3936:Pedan
3851:Other
3842:Fu'an
3819:Matsu
3751:Ji–Xu
3709:Xiang
3659:]
3647:]
3635:]
3628:Qi-De
3623:]
3611:]
3469:Shadi
3415:Taihu
3369:Gyami
3352:Other
3308:Wuhan
3217:Xi'an
3156:Jinan
2814:Hruso
2710:Luren
2684:Kathu
2658:Tujia
2546:Taman
2517:Mruic
2504:Karbi
2445:Basum
2401:Tibet
2323:Magar
2249:Newar
2216:Nepal
2147:(PDF)
2140:(PDF)
2134:[
2111:(PDF)
2094:(PDF)
2071:(PDF)
2064:(PDF)
2026:[
1847:Notes
1566:Dark
1560:Dark
1540:Tone
1530:Tones
1521:u̯ăk̚
1512:i̯ŭk̚
1509:i̯ŏk̚
1504:i̯ăk̚
1484:u̯ăt̚
1475:i̯ŭt̚
1472:i̯ŏt̚
1469:i̯ĕt̚
1434:i̯ĕp̚
1431:i̯ăp̚
1363:u̯en
1179:i̯oi̯
1171:i̯eu̯
1165:i̯au̯
1026:Close
1009:Front
722:Nasal
710:Velar
660:Wuhua
580:Hailu
445:Hakka
357:Hakka
147:Hakka
101:Hakka
5674:Thai
5550:Dabu
5388:Yami
5357:Tsou
5256:Amis
5248:East
5238:Thao
5211:Lloa
5000:Yale
4990:EFEO
4852:Seal
4637:Dayi
4234:Siyi
3916:Amoy
3433:Wuxi
3330:Huai
3143:Jilu
2931:Rung
2876:Koro
2750:Naic
2677:Gong
2633:and
2631:East
2589:Zeme
2558:Naga
2476:Tani
2469:ʼOle
2365:Dura
2330:Kham
2282:Toto
2098:ISBN
2032:ISBN
1888:See
1832:and
1812:and
1788:and
1766:and
1750:and
1741:and
1725:and
1723:Dabu
1674:any
1672:cite
1599:IPA
1460:ɨ̆t̚
1425:ɨ̆p̚
1397:u̯aŋ
1388:i̯uŋ
1385:i̯oŋ
1380:i̯aŋ
1360:u̯an
1351:i̯un
1348:i̯on
1345:i̯en
1310:i̯em
1307:i̯am
1222:u̯ai
1077:Open
1019:Back
915:(S)
841:t͡ɕʰ
827:t͡sʰ
650:and
612:Dabu
545:and
537:and
490:The
5447:Min
4732:Gan
4632:CKC
4499:Old
4376:She
4366:Mai
4170:Yue
3773:Min
3669:Gan
3596:Hui
3445:(?)
3383:Jin
3110:Taz
2797:) (
2651:Bai
2599:Sal
2539:Pyu
2523:Mru
2452:Nam
1685:by
1588:55
1585:31
1582:11
1518:ŭk̚
1515:ŏk̚
1495:ăk̚
1492:-k
1481:ŭt̚
1478:ŏt̚
1463:ĭt̚
1457:ĕt̚
1454:ăt̚
1451:-t
1428:ĭp̚
1422:ĕp̚
1419:ăp̚
1416:-p
1368:-ŋ
1339:in
1327:-n
1292:-m
1230:u̯i
1225:u̯e
1219:u̯a
1216:u-
1203:oi̯
1190:o-
1182:i̯u
1176:i̯o
1168:i̯e
1159:i̯a
1156:i-
1149:eu̯
1130:e-
1123:au̯
1116:ai̯
1103:a-
1054:Mid
987:).
985:入声韵
981:入聲韻
977:阳声韵
973:陽聲韻
969:阴声韵
965:陰聲韻
834:t͡ɕ
820:t͡s
742:n̠ʲ
646:),
618:),
610:),
598:),
590:),
578:),
512:四县腔
504:四縣腔
407:四县腔
393:四縣腔
319:四县话
305:四縣話
141:She
134:Gan
28:四縣腔
5701::
5630:Wu
3657:zh
3645:zh
3633:zh
3621:zh
3609:zh
3406:Wu
2567:Ao
2407:,
2403:,
2218:,
2214:,
1977:,
1953:^
1854:^
1841:fu
1828:,
1824:,
1818:fu
1808:,
1804:,
1800:,
1794:fu
1784:,
1777:fu
1760:fu
1731:fu
1605:/
1594:5
1591:2
1394:uŋ
1391:oŋ
1371:aŋ
1357:un
1354:on
1336:ɨn
1333:en
1330:an
1304:im
1301:ɨm
1298:em
1295:am
1277:ŋ̍
1272:n̩
1267:m̩
983:;
975:;
967:;
959:;
802:kʰ
786:tʰ
772:pʰ
673:fu
636:诏安
634:;
632:詔安
628:饶平
626:;
624:饒平
616:大埔
608:长乐
606:;
604:長樂
596:永定
588:海陆
586:;
584:海陸
576:四县
574:;
572:四縣
564:;
560:;
506:;
86:;
82:;
78:;
74:;
5091:e
5084:t
5077:v
3042:e
3035:t
3028:v
2801:)
2560:"
2556:"
2455:?
2411:)
2399:(
2368:–
2222:)
2209:,
2205:(
2185:e
2178:t
2171:v
2156:.
2120:.
2080:.
2040:.
1863:縣
1712:)
1706:(
1701:)
1697:(
1693:.
1679:.
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