1416:
1901:
408:"women," spurring straight-acting gay men to have negative attitudes toward feminine-acting gay men (Clarkson, 2006; Payne, 2007;Ward, 2000). This is called sissyphobia (Bergling, 2001). Kimmel (1996) supports that "masculinity has been (historically) defined as the flight from women and the repudiation of femininity" (p. 123). Thus, sissyphobia plays as the communication strategy for straight-acting gay men to justify and empower their masculinity. (p. 38).
1890:
1073:
Other children called them 'sissy.' ...Our boys would have preferred being girls. They liked to dress in girls' or women's clothes. They preferred Barbie dolls to trucks. Their playmates were girls. When they played 'mommy-daddy' games, they were mommy. And they avoided rough-and-tumble play and
231:
was "ubiquitous" among delinquent
American youth of the 1930s; the term was used to provoke boys to join gangs, demean boys who violated group norms, force compliance with the mandates of masculinity, and justify violence (including sexual violence) against younger and weaker children. Good students
285:
Men who display feminine characteristics are sometimes perceived as threats to masculine power. For example, in 2018, official
Chinese state media derided "sissy pants" young men (who use makeup, are slender, and wear androgynous clothing) as part of a "sickly" culture that threatened the future of
338:
compared two groups of boys: one group was conventionally masculine; the other group, who Green called "feminine boys" and other children called "sissy", engaged in doll play and other behavior typical for girls. In his 15-year longitudinal study, Green looked at cross-gender behavior in boys who
407:
The discourse of straight-acting produces and reproduces anti-femininity and homophobia (Clarkson. 2006). For example, feminine gay men are often labeled "fem," "bitchy," "pissy," "sissy," or "queen" (e.g., Christian, 2005; Clarkson, 2006; Payne, 2007). They are perceived as if they perform like
1633:
347:, and psychological behavior, using tests, questionnaires, interviews, and follow-ups. He also looked at the influence of parental relationships and reaction to atypical behavior. Later follow-ups found that, ultimately,
339:
later turned out to be transgender, or homosexual as well as a control group, and analyzed such features as interest in sports, playroom toy preferences, doll-play fantasy, physical behavior ("acting like a girl" vs
412:
Eguchi added, "I wonder how 'sissyphobia' particularly plays into the dynamic of domestic violence processes in the straight-acting and effeminate-acting male same-sex coupling pattern." (p. 53).
244:
was "the ultimate slur" used to tease and taunt other boys, as a rationalization for violence against rivals, and as an excuse for not observing the dicta of middle-class decorum and morality.
120:(a girl with masculine traits or interests), but carries more strongly negative connotations. Research published in 2015 suggests that the terms are asymmetrical in their power to stigmatize:
895:
290:
issued guidelines for the "cultivation of students' masculinity" to "prevent the feminization of male adolescents" through sports, physical education, and "health education" in schools.
660:
357:
of the feminine or "sissy" boys developed into gay or bisexual men, whereas only one of the control group did. Analysis of the nature/nurture issue was inconclusive.
128:
rarely causes as much concern but also elicits pressure to conform to social expectations. In some communities, especially ones whose members are prominently part of
227:" and the word was widely used by American football coaches and sports writers to disparage rival teams and encourage ferocious player behavior. The use of the word
169:
has historically been used among school children as a "relentlessly negative" insult, implying immaturity and gender or sexual deviance. It has been identified as
983:
1755:
273:; in the episode, a restroom initially designated for use by transgender students is later re-designated as "the cissy bathroom" for use by transphobic
887:
1478:
1002:
1450:
1320:
212:
in its original meaning of "sister" entered
American English around 1840–1850 and acquired its pejorative meaning around 1885–1890; the verb
151:. Its usage as a diminutive for Cecilia dates back to at least the late 19th century. Its usage is explicitly called out in Charles Dickens'
1284:
Eguchi, S. (2011). "Negotiating
Sissyphobia: A Critical/Interpretive Analysis of One "Femme" Gay Asian Body in the Heteronormative World".
314:
294:
173:
in guidance issued to schools in the United
Kingdom and described as "just as unacceptable as racist and homophobic language." The terms
1528:
682:
366:
denotes a negative cultural reaction against "sissy boys" thought prevalent in 1974. Sissyphobia has more recently been used in some
1957:
921:
1740:
1366:
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1942:
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was used in
British English, at least prior to the mid 1970s. In the United States, the Comedy Central television series
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136:" (feminine boy), a term which aims to provide a way to refer to effeminate males without negative connotations.
104:
behavior (e.g., using hair products, hydrating products, or displaying limp wrists), being unathletic or being
845:
1807:
1802:
1436:
801:
1745:
325:
1420:
1952:
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Gotta Have An
Effeminate Heart: The Politics of Effeminacy and Sissyness in a Nostalgic Israeli TV Musica
1391:
Radical
Sissies and Stereotyped Fairies in Laurie Lynd's The Fairy Who Didn't Want To Be A Fairy Anymore
638:
1031:
335:
297:
of China added a ban on "sissy men and other abnormal esthetics" to its rules using the offensive term
1947:
1927:
998:
205:(literally "flower boy") are also polite terms for a man or boy with gentle or feminine attributes.
157:. However, it has since fallen out of favor, coinciding with the rise in its usage as a pejorative.
1623:
1328:
917:
232:
were taunted as sissies and clothing styles associated with higher social classes were demeaned as
888:"China's 'sissy pants phenomenon': Beijing fears negative impact of 'sickly culture' on teenagers"
445:, compounding the male bottom's humiliation by restricting the size and access to their genitals.
1937:
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680:"Opening Doors: A guide to good practice in countering gender stereotyping in schools"
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868:"Everything You Need to Know About the Debate Over Transgender People and Bathrooms"
1967:
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321:
922:"To fight K-pop's influence in China, a club teaches young boys to be alpha males"
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849:(1976 Edition), Chicago, IL, Doubleday & Company, Inc., pp. 376 and 1951.
1921:
1618:
1566:
1546:
1498:
1400:
Jana Katz, Martina Kock, Sandra
Ortmann, Jana Schenk and Tomka Weiss (2011).
1354:
Random House
Dictionary of the English Language - Second Edition - Unabridged
1061:
733:
578:
531:
516:
430:
367:
105:
560:
The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English
147:
is also a term of endearment used as a diminutive for the female given name
1894:
1781:
1704:
1513:
1483:
1358:
776:
King Football: Sport and Spectacle in the Golden Age of Radio and Newsreels
129:
96:. A man might also be considered a sissy for being interested in typically
85:
1864:
1230:
536:
496:
385:
65:
27:
1415:
1297:
661:"New guidelines released to 'counter gender stereotyping' in UK schools"
189:
1771:
1591:
1503:
825:
The Arena of Masculinity: Sports, Homosexuality, and the Meaning of Sex
486:
476:
400:
261:
101:
61:
590:
an effeminate boy or man, especially a homosexual; a coward. US, 1879.
1671:
999:"China bans 'sissy' and 'effeminate' men under new macho media rules"
300:
274:
266:
199:
223:
By the 1930s, "there was no more damning insult than to be called a
1664:
1659:
1573:
396:
97:
93:
1088:
Clinical sexuality: a manual for the physician and the professions
1719:
1628:
1428:
237:
148:
73:
124:
is almost always pejorative and conveys greater severity, while
100:
hobbies or employment (e.g., being fond of fashion), displaying
1859:
1582:
703:
521:
511:
170:
133:
116:
89:
40:
185:
have been suggested as polite alternatives. The Japanese word
1580:
1152:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p.
1038:
The "Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality
795:
793:
332:
The "Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality
220:
is approximately three centuries older, dating to 1545–1555.
976:"关于政协十三届全国委员会第三次会议第4404号（教育类410号）提案答复的函 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站"
422:
286:
the nation by undermining its militaristic image. In 2021,
1401:
951:"China promotes education drive to make boys more 'manly'"
802:
The Boy Problem: Educating Boys in Urban America 1870-1970
790:
68:
traits, and shows possible signs of fragility. Generally,
1404:. Queer Performance. thealit FRAUEN.KULTUR.LABOR, Bremen.
805:. Johns Hopkins University Press, New York, pp. 143-144.
601:
Compton, D. and Knox, E. (2015), "Sissies and tomboys."
563:. London, New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 885.
403:. Communication scholar Shinsuke Eguchi (2011) stated:
1669:
1598:
1571:
1148:
A Passion to Preserve: Gay Men as Keepers of Culture
456:
is a man who likes to play the role of a baby girl.
280:
16:
Pejorative slur used against effeminate boys and men
1257:
Heterosexuality: A Feminism & Psychology Reader
1253:
1222:
1145:
1116:
1074:sports, the usual reasons for the epithet 'sissy.'
1035:
603:The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality,
395:wrote that sissyphobia arises as a combination of
370:; other authors in this latter area have proposed
195:(literally "beautiful youth") and the Korean word
1919:
886:Kilbride, Jack; Xiao, Bang (14 September 2018).
313:"Sissyphobia" redirects here. For the book, see
1479:Bibliography of works on wartime cross-dressing
1254:Wilkinson, Sue; Kitzinger, Celia (1993-02-08).
265:inverted its meaning in a 2014 episode titled "
216:appeared in 1900–1905. In comparison, the word
64:term for a boy or man who does not demonstrate
892:ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
187:
132:, highly effeminate males are referred to as "
1589:
1444:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
308:
298:
271:transgender students' use of school restrooms
1119:Sissyphobia: Gay Men and Effeminate Behavior
885:
315:Sissyphobia: Gay Men and Effeminate Behavior
295:National Radio and Television Administration
197:
26:"Sissies" redirects here. For the band, see
1182:Bailey, Michael (1995). "Gender Identity",
955:BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation)
723:. February 22, 2011. Retrieved 10-Mar-2016.
595:
550:
1529:Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries
1451:
1437:
1186:, p. 71–93. New York: Harcourt Brace.
1184:The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals
1017:
139:
1612:Contemporary organizations and gatherings
1279:
1277:
642:. Rutgers University Press, pp. 115-116.
1318:
1195:
1114:
416:
269:", which lampooned the controversy over
114:is, approximately, the male converse of
1143:
996:
614:
556:
441:. Another common theme is the use of a
255:for themselves. The spelling variation
1920:
1378:Padva, Gilad and Talmon, Miri (2008).
1283:
1274:
1220:
1085:
997:Elliott, Josh K. (September 3, 2021).
779:. University of North Carolina Press.
1432:
1030:
1005:from the original on 15 November 2021
948:
916:
639:Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School
247:By the late 1980s, some men began to
1198:Sexual Deceit: The Ethics of Passing
160:
437:may be called a sissy as a form of
13:
1870:List of transgender-related topics
1458:
1372:
1312:
986:from the original on Nov 30, 2022.
240:, Michigan youth gang in 1938–39,
14:
1979:
1408:
898:from the original on Jan 24, 2019
281:As threats to masculine dominance
1900:
1899:
1888:
1875:List of transgender publications
1414:
1319:Taormino, Tristan (2002-08-13).
949:Allen, Kerry (4 February 2021).
1958:Pejorative terms for effeminacy
1247:
1214:
1200:. Lexington Books. p. 10.
1189:
1176:
1137:
1108:
1079:
990:
968:
942:
910:
879:
860:
838:
828:, New York, St Martin's Press.
816:
767:
755:
743:
726:
709:
696:
672:
653:
630:
608:
1:
1808:Social construction of gender
1803:Causes of gender incongruence
1419:The dictionary definition of
543:
288:China's Ministry of Education
1581:
1524:Trousers as women's clothing
1286:The Journal of Men's Studies
326:Gender dysphoria in children
7:
1670:
1599:
1572:
624:Hard Times: For These Times
459:
299:
198:
188:
154:Hard Times: For These Times
10:
1984:
1943:Gender-related stereotypes
1346:
618:(June 2021). "Chapter IX,
319:
312:
309:In gender and LGBT studies
25:
18:
1933:Male gender nonconformity
1883:
1847:
1816:
1795:
1764:
1733:
1682:
1642:
1611:
1537:
1466:
846:The World Book Dictionary
1624:Kottankulangara Festival
1196:Harrison, Kelby (2013).
1086:Oliven, John F. (1974).
740:. Retrieved 10-Mar-2016.
1824:Lists of cross-dressers
1715:Hip and buttock padding
1695:Female urination device
762:Random House Dictionary
750:Random House Dictionary
482:Feminization (activity)
334:(1987), the sexologist
140:Affectionate diminutive
1829:Wartime cross-dressers
1741:In film and television
1590:
1384:Feminist Media Studies
1221:Serano, Julia (2007).
1144:Fellows, Will (2004).
1115:Bergling, Tim (2001).
866:Steinmetz, K. (2015).
734:"About Tom Girl Movie"
717:"My son, the pink boy"
678:Institute of Physics,
557:Dalzell, Tom (2009) .
450:paraphilic infantilism
410:
389:as alternative terms.
21:Sissy (disambiguation)
1787:Transvestic fetishism
1389:Padva, Gilad (2005).
1260:. SAGE. p. 164.
1044:Yale University Press
507:Queer heterosexuality
472:Cuckoldry as a fetish
417:In sexual subcultures
405:
341:rough-and-tumble play
1710:Cleavage enhancement
822:Pronger, B. (1990),
738:www.tomgirlmovie.com
732:Jeremy Asher Lynch.
704:"Raising My Rainbow"
19:For other uses, see
1834:List of drag queens
1650:Crossplay (cosplay)
1552:Theatrical travesti
1539:Cross-gender acting
1509:Cross dressing ball
1361:, New York (1987).
1298:10.3149/jms.1901.37
773:Oriard, M. (2001),
636:Thorne, B. (1993).
427:forced feminization
236:Among members of a
1953:LGBT-related slurs
1839:List of drag kings
1756:In animated series
1751:In music and opera
1683:Passing techniques
1321:"Still in Diapers"
799:Grant, J. (2014),
702:Duron, L. (2013),
685:2020-02-14 at the
669:, 19 October 2015.
502:Pinafore eroticism
439:erotic humiliation
72:implies a lack of
1915:
1914:
1700:Packing (phallus)
1643:Subcultural slang
1494:Womanless wedding
1367:978-0-3945-0050-8
1053:978-0-300-03696-1
927:Los Angeles Times
855:978-0-5290-5326-8
811:978-1-4214-1259-7
648:978-0-8135-1923-4
570:978-0-415-37182-7
527:Toxic masculinity
161:History and usage
1975:
1948:Homophobic slurs
1928:LGBT terminology
1903:
1902:
1895:LGBTQ portal
1893:
1892:
1891:
1848:Related articles
1765:Sexual practices
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1327:. Archived from
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1090:(3rd ed.).
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616:Dickens, Charles
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393:Gregory M. Herek
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322:Gender dysphoria
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1725:Gaff (clothing)
1678:
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1533:
1474:History of drag
1462:
1457:
1411:
1375:
1373:Further reading
1349:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1331:on Aug 31, 2012
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1409:External links
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1032:Green, Richard
1016:
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941:
920:(2019-04-26).
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834:978-0312062934
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785:978-0807855454
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715:Hoffman, Sara
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373:effeminiphobia
345:cross-dressing
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38:(derived from
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59:
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42:
37:
36:
29:
22:
1904:
1782:Petticoating
1777:Feminization
1705:Breast forms
1514:Casa Susanna
1484:Transvestism
1421:
1394:
1390:
1386:8(1), 69–84.
1383:
1379:
1359:Random House
1352:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1324:
1314:
1289:
1285:
1256:
1249:
1229:. Berkeley:
1224:
1216:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1167:. Retrieved
1147:
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1072:
1065:. Retrieved
1037:
1007:. Retrieved
992:
979:
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958:. Retrieved
954:
944:
932:. Retrieved
925:
918:Dixon, Robyn
912:
900:. Retrieved
891:
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605:pp 1115–1354
602:
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582:. Retrieved
559:
552:
453:
447:
425:practice of
420:
411:
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391:
384:
381:femmephobia,
380:
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130:Generation Z
125:
121:
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111:
110:
86:testosterone
82:coordination
69:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
33:
32:
1865:Transgender
1601:Shirabyōshi
1009:15 November
691:www.iop.org
537:Transphobia
497:Molly house
433:undergoing
429:, the male
386:effemimania
378:femiphobia,
363:sissyphobia
58:sissy pants
28:The Sissies
1922:Categories
1504:Hybristica
1489:In wartime
1402:Sissy Boyz
1335:2012-02-10
1231:Seal Press
1169:2012-02-10
1092:Lippincott
980:moe.gov.cn
752:, p. 1787.
544:References
487:Girly girl
477:Effeminacy
454:sissy baby
401:homophobia
320:See also:
277:students.
262:South Park
234:sissified.
106:homosexual
102:effeminate
62:pejorative
46:sissy baby
1672:Otokonoko
1519:Breeching
1306:147257629
1292:: 37–56.
1062:898802573
930:. Beijing
579:758181675
360:The term
301:niang pao
275:cisgender
267:The Cissy
251:the term
208:The word
200:kkonminam
165:The term
66:masculine
54:sissy man
50:sissy boy
1906:Category
1796:Theories
1665:En homme
1660:En femme
1574:Onnagata
1067:21 March
1034:(1987).
1003:Archived
984:Archived
896:Archived
764:p. 1993.
683:Archived
584:19 March
460:See also
397:misogyny
190:bishōnen
179:pink boy
98:feminine
94:stoicism
78:strength
44:), also
1968:Sisters
1720:Tucking
1655:Passing
1629:Tri-Ess
1467:History
1347:Sources
693:, 2015.
421:In the
352:⁄
330:In his
249:reclaim
238:Detroit
214:sissify
183:tomgirl
149:Cecilia
134:femboys
88:, male
74:courage
1860:Femboy
1817:People
1772:Femdom
1583:Khawal
1365:
1304:
1264:
1237:
1204:
1160:
1127:
1098:
1060:
1050:
960:21 Feb
934:1 July
902:1 July
853:
832:
809:
783:
646:
577:
567:
522:Tomboy
512:Sexism
431:bottom
218:tomboy
181:, and
171:sexist
126:tomboy
117:tomboy
92:, and
90:libido
41:sister
1734:Media
1634:ABGLT
1592:Köçek
1422:sissy
1302:S2CID
721:Salon
257:cissy
253:sissy
242:sissy
229:sissy
225:sissy
210:sissy
167:sissy
145:Sissy
122:sissy
112:Sissy
70:sissy
35:Sissy
1557:Drag
1363:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1069:2017
1058:OCLC
1048:ISBN
1011:2021
962:2021
936:2019
904:2019
873:Time
851:ISBN
830:ISBN
807:ISBN
781:ISBN
644:ISBN
586:2017
575:OCLC
565:ISBN
452:, a
423:BDSM
399:and
324:and
1382:l.
1294:doi
1154:280
622:".
448:In
383:or
343:),
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