487:
forward inboard corner to the rear outboard corner. Anti-drag wires prevent the wings from moving forward when the aircraft stops and run the opposite direction to the drag wires. Both of these are usually hidden within the wings, and if the structure is sufficiently stiff otherwise, may be omitted in some designs. Indeed many early aircraft relied on the fabric covering of the wing to provide this rigidity, until higher speeds and forces made this inadequate. Externally, lift wires prevent the wings from folding up, and run from the underside of the outer wing to the lower wing root. Conversely, landing wires prevent the wings from sagging, and resist the forces when an aircraft is landing, and run from the upper wing centre section to outboard on the lower wings. Additional drag and anti-drag wires may be used to brace the cabane struts which connect the fuselage to the wings, and interplane struts, which connect the upper and lower wings together.
614:
211:
non-cantilevered monoplanes are at a much sharper angle, thus providing less tension to ensure stiffness of the outer wing. On a biplane, since the angles are closer to the ideal of being in direct line with the forces being opposed, the overall structure can then be made stiffer. Because of the reduced stiffness, wire braced monoplanes often had multiple sets of flying and landing wires where a biplane could easily be built with one bay, with one set of landing and flying wires. The extra drag from the wires was not enough to offset the aerodynamic disadvantages from having two airfoils interfering with each other however. Strut braced monoplanes were tried but none of them were successful, not least due to the drag from the number of struts used.
45:
622:
439:
496:
897:
394:
409:
602:
789:
454:
424:
261:
195:
148:
978:
678:"Monoplane Ban" when all monoplanes in military service were grounded, while the French also withdrew most monoplanes from combat roles and relegated them to training. Figures such as aviation author Bruce observed that there was an apparent prejudice held even against newly-designed monoplanes, such as the
1050:
glided, and perhaps even flew, on four wings, which may have been configured in a staggered sesquiplane arrangement. This was made possible by the presence of flight feathers on both forelimbs and hindlimbs, with the feathers on the forelimbs opening to a greater span. It has been suggested that the
214:
The structural forces acting on the spars of a biplane wing tend to be lower as they are divided between four spars rather than two, so the wing can use less material to obtain the same overall strength and is therefore lighter. A given area of wing also tends to be shorter, reducing bending moments
740:
As the available engine power and speed increased, the drag penalty of external bracing increasingly limited aircraft performance. To fly faster, it would be necessary to reduce external bracing to create an aerodynamically clean design; however, early cantilever designs were either too weak or too
244:
Biplanes suffer aerodynamic interference between the two planes when the high pressure air under the top wing and the low pressure air above the lower wing cancel each other out. This means that a biplane does not in practice obtain twice the lift of the similarly-sized monoplane. The farther apart
129:
486:
developed airfoil section wire named RAFwire in an effort to both increase the strength and reduce the drag. Four types of wires are used in the biplane wing structure. Drag wires inside the wings prevent the wings from being folded back against the fuselage, running inside a wing bay from the
136:
In a biplane aircraft, two wings are placed one above the other. Each provides part of the lift, although they are not able to produce twice as much lift as a single wing of similar size and shape because the upper and the lower are working on nearly the same portion of the atmosphere and thus
210:
is its ability to combine greater stiffness with lower weight. Stiffness requires structural depth and where early monoplanes had to have this provided with external bracing, the biplane naturally has a deep structure and is therefore easier to make both light and strong. Rigging wires on
276:
or, more often, simply stagger. It can increase lift and reduce drag by reducing the aerodynamic interference effects between the two wings by a small degree, but more often was used to improve access to the cockpit. Many biplanes have staggered wings. Common examples include the
97:
monoplane designs: they permit lighter wing structures, low wing loading and smaller span for a given wing area. However, interference between the airflow over each wing increases drag substantially, and biplanes generally need extensive bracing, which causes additional drag.
818:. Its low stall speed and inherently tough design made it ideal for operations even in the often severe mid-Atlantic weather conditions. By the end of the conflict, the Swordfish held the distinction of having caused the destruction of a greater tonnage of
252:, thick cantilever wings with inherently lower drag and higher wing loading became practical, which in turn made monoplanes more attractive as it helped solve the structural problems associated with monoplanes, but offered little improvement for biplanes.
554:, which had also copied the general layout from Nieuport, similarly provided the backbone of the German forces during the First World War. The Albatros sesquiplanes were widely acclaimed by their aircrews for their maneuverability and high rate of climb.
292:
Alternatively, the lower wing can instead be moved ahead of the upper wing, giving negative stagger, and similar benefits. This is usually done in a given design for structural reasons, or to improve visibility. Examples of negative stagger include the
682:, that caused even those with relatively high performance attributes to be overlooked in favour of 'orthodox' biplanes, and there was an allegedly widespread belief held at that time that monoplane aircraft were inherently unsafe during combat.
769:, several air forces still had biplane combat aircraft in front line service but they were no longer competitive, and most were used in niche roles, such as training or shipboard operation, until shortly after the end of the war. The British
685:
Between the years of 1914 and 1925, a clear majority of new aircraft introduced were biplanes; however, during the latter years of the First World War, the
Germans had been experimenting with a new generation of monoplanes, such as the
837:
role throughout the Second World War. In the case of the Po-2, production of the aircraft continued even after the end of the conflict, not ending until around 1952. A significant number of Po-2s were fielded by the
542:(the German Inspectorate of flying troops) requested their aircraft manufacturers to produce copies, an effort which was aided by several captured aircraft and detailed drawings; one of the most famed copies was the
363:
fighter, while appearing to be a two bay biplane, has only one bay, but has the midpoints of the rigging braced with additional struts; however, these are not structurally contiguous from top to bottom wing. The
760:
By the 1930s, biplanes had reached their performance limits, and monoplanes become increasingly predominant, particularly in continental Europe where monoplanes had been increasingly common from the end of
721:
was a particularly successful aircraft, using straightforward design to could carry six passengers on busy routes, such as London-Paris services. During early August 1934, one such aircraft, named
226:, combining both large wing area with light weight. Obtaining a large enough wing area without the wings being long, and thus dangerously flexible was more readily accomplished with a biplane.
593:
also featured a somewhat unusual sesquiplane arrangement, possessing a more substantial lower wing with two spars that eliminated the flutter problems encountered by single-spar sesquiplanes.
215:
on the spars, which then allow them to be more lightly built as well. The biplane does however need extra struts to maintain the gap between the wings, which add both weight and drag.
725:, performed the first non-stop flight between the Canadian mainland and Britain in 30 hours 55 minutes, although the intended target for this long distance flight had originally been
749:
aluminum for all flying surfaces, with a minimum of struts; however, it was relatively easy to damage the thin metal skin and required careful handling by ground crews. The 1918
511:
is a type of biplane where one wing (usually the lower) is significantly smaller than the other. The word, from Latin, means "one-and-a-half wings". The arrangement can reduce
482:
structures, they require rigging wires to maintain their rigidity. Early aircraft used simple wire (either braided or plain), however during the First World War, the
British
1302:
J. A. D. Ackroyd; "Sir George Cayley: The
Invention of the Aeroplane near Scarborough at the Time of Trafalgar", Journal of Aeronautical History, Paper No. 2011/6, 2011.
90:
than a monoplane wing. Improved structural techniques, better materials and higher speeds made the biplane configuration obsolete for most purposes by the late 1930s.
781:
sesquiplane fighters were all still operational after 1939. According to aviation author Gianni
Cattaneo, the CR.42 was able to achieve success in the defensive
1563:
1274:
1322:
Die
Flugzeuge von Otto Lilienthal. Technik - Dokumentation - Rekonstruktion. (The airplanes of Otto Lilienthal. Technique - Documentation - Reconstruction)
272:
The default design for a biplane has the wings positioned directly one above the other. Moving the upper wing forward relative to the lower one is called
965:
of which over 20,000 were built, with the Po-2 being the direct replacement for the Soviet copy of the Avro 504. Both were widely used as trainers. The
613:
245:
the wings are spaced the less the interference, but the spacing struts must be longer, and the gap must be extremely large to reduce it appreciably.
218:
The low power supplied by the engines available in the first years of aviation limited aeroplanes to fairly low speeds. This required an even lower
854:
was lost while slowing down to 161 km/h (100 mph) – below its stall speed – during an intercept in order to engage the low flying Po-2.
534:
which formed the backbone of the Allied air forces between 1915 and 1917. The performance of the
Nieuport sesquiplanes was so impressive that the
661:
including biplanes and concluded that the externally braced biplane offered better prospects for powered flight than the monoplane. In 1903, the
182:
positioned symmetrically on either side of the fuselage and bracing wires to keep the structure from flexing, where the wings are not themselves
178:, while flaps are more usually positioned on the lower wing. Bracing is nearly always added between the upper and lower wings, in the form of
1022:
992:
are monoplanes, the low speeds and simple construction involved have inspired a small number of biplane ultralights, such as Larry Mauro's
690:, that might have ended the biplane's advantages earlier had the conflict not ended when it had. The French were also introducing the
733:. Despite its relative success, British production of the Dragon was quickly ended when in favour of the more powerful and elegant
515:
and weight while retaining the biplane's structural advantages. The lower wing may have a significantly shorter span, or a reduced
423:
453:
2076:
1026:
438:
1856:
1329:
137:
interfere with each other's behaviour. In a biplane configuration with no stagger from the upper wing to the lower wing, the
589:
was a sesquiplane with the upper wing smaller than the lower, which was a much rarer configuration than the reverse. The
393:
2043:
1875:
1771:
1051:
hind limbs could not have opened out sideways but in flight would have hung below and slightly behind the fore limbs.
698:, although the type was quickly relegated to the advanced trainer role following the resolution of structural issues.
408:
2061:
2027:
1957:
1938:
1915:
1900:
1837:
1821:
1789:
1560:
368:
has a W shape cabane, however as it does not connect the wings to each other, it does not add to the number of bays.
2085:
233:. Following World War I, this helped extend the era of the biplane and, despite the performance disadvantages, most
1271:
814:
role until the end of the conflict, largely due to their ability to operate from the relatively compact decks of
653:
in 1895, though he is better known for his monoplanes. By 1896 a group of young men in the United States, led by
847:
645:
adopted the idea for his steam-powered test rig, which lifted off but was held down by safety rails, in 1894.
2116:
44:
2121:
893:, and with crop dusting, where its compactness worked well at low levels, where it had to dodge obstacles.
882:
839:
621:
889:. In later civilian use in the US, the Stearman became particularly associated with stunt flying such as
375:
biplanes often needed still more bays to provide sufficient strength. These are sometimes referred to as
1975:
1633:
915:
with the competition aerobatics role and format for such a biplane well-defined by the mid-1930s by the
581:, all serving across a large number of air forces. In the general aviation sector, aircraft such as the
886:
734:
117:
17:
1496:
939:
473:
737:, which had been specifically designed to be a faster and more comfortable successor to the Dragon.
1065:
870:
792:
670:
Throughout the pioneer years, both biplanes and monoplanes were common, but by the outbreak of the
606:
582:
1908:
The Great Book of
Bombers: The World's Most Important Bombers from World War I to the Present Day
1605:
998:(1975–). Mauro also made a version powered with solar cells driving an electric motor called the
862:
757:
fully cantilevered biplane, but its arrival had come too late to see combat use in the conflict.
345:
278:
1356:
851:
811:
570:
566:
562:
483:
302:
219:
1392:
365:
1761:
912:
543:
512:
1711:
931:
850:
bases. The Po-2 is also the only biplane to be credited with a documented jet-kill, as one
174:, although other arrangements have been used. Either or both of the main wings can support
785:
role against RAF bombers that were striking industrial targets throughout northern Italy.
141:
is reduced by 10 to 15 percent compared to that of a monoplane using the same airfoil and
8:
1060:
989:
750:
718:
561:, the sesquiplane configuration continued to be popular, with numerous types such as the
459:
399:
380:
142:
87:
63:
1715:
1700:"Biplane wing planform and flight performance of the feathered dinosaur Microraptor gui"
710:, offered lower drag than a conventional biplane while being stronger than a monoplane.
359:, the extra bay being necessary as overlong bays are prone to flexing and can fail. The
1734:
1699:
1070:
1042:
916:
858:
691:
675:
674:
biplanes had gained favour after several monoplane structural failures resulted in the
495:
322:
282:
273:
105:
arrangements, where the wings are placed forward and aft, instead of above and below.
2126:
2094:
2057:
2039:
2023:
2008:
1992:
1987:
1953:
1934:
1911:
1896:
1871:
1852:
1833:
1817:
1801:
1785:
1767:
1739:
1325:
981:
770:
695:
638:
152:
1510:
896:
601:
38:
1729:
1719:
1417:", Wings, Granada Hills, California, August 1974, Volume 4, Number 4, pages 45, 48.
1340:
927:
dominated aerobatics for many years after World War II and is still in production.
804:
788:
774:
626:
516:
342:
329:
with one set of such struts connecting the wings on each side of the aircraft is a
314:
234:
179:
159:
138:
2089:
1567:
1278:
1046:
1030:
1014:
962:
900:
866:
830:
714:
671:
646:
558:
334:
294:
286:
48:
746:
2007:(Aircraft in Profile 212). Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications, 1971.
1704:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1094:
F. H. Norton, The effect of staggering a biplane, NACA TN-70, Table, 1 p.3 1921
951:
920:
878:
815:
807:
707:
654:
586:
547:
2100:
78:, used a biplane wing arrangement, as did many aircraft in the early years of
2110:
1996:
924:
834:
826:
800:
782:
687:
51:
1724:
27:
Airplane wing configuration with two vertically stacked main flying surfaces
1743:
1357:"Machine That Flies / What the Wright Brothers' Invention Has Accomplished"
1007:
966:
935:
890:
766:
702:
types, which were biplanes with abbreviated lower wings such as the French
663:
630:
551:
444:
352:
338:
223:
199:
171:
170:, while the upper wing is raised above the fuselage with an arrangement of
156:
75:
2082:
2012:
1561:"Soviet Polikarpov U-2 bomber, trainer; Polikarpov Po-2 bomber, trainer."
1018:
999:
874:
819:
762:
742:
703:
699:
679:
658:
650:
642:
617:
1909 Voisin biplane, with "curtains" connecting the upper and lower wings
590:
531:
527:
500:
429:
414:
360:
265:
249:
194:
102:
31:
1851:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 606.
1672:. Aircraft in Profile no. 49. Leatherhead, Surrey: Profile Publications.
1805:
994:
908:
843:
574:
479:
298:
238:
230:
183:
94:
877:, which saw service postwar in the French and Belgian Air Forces. The
147:
943:
754:
333:. This provided sufficient strength for smaller aircraft such as the
260:
207:
83:
71:
1796:
Dommasch, Daniel O.; Sherby, Sydney S.; Connolly, Thomas F. (1961).
977:
633:
interplane struts which reduced the work needed in rigging a biplane
128:
958:
947:
578:
523:
326:
167:
82:. While a biplane wing structure has a structural advantage over a
79:
2020:
Albatros Aces of World War I Part 2 (Aircraft of the Aces No. 77).
726:
537:
175:
109:
907:
Modern biplane designs still exist in specialist roles such as
372:
1925:
1619:
950:
engines respectively. Some older biplane designs, such as the
1976:"Report on the Junker Armoured Two-Seater Biplane, Type J.1."
778:
1755:(in French). France: FAREWO (French Aviation Research Work).
1349:
957:
The two most produced biplane designs were the 1913 British
1888:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
1694:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
1687:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
954:
are available in upgraded versions with turboprop engines.
930:
The vast majority of biplane designs have been fitted with
730:
305:. However, positive (forward) stagger is much more common.
113:
70:
stacked one above the other. The first powered, controlled
67:
717:, numerous biplane airliners were introduced. The British
237:
were biplanes as late as the mid-1930s. Specialist sports
1969:
The de
Havilland Rapide: Profile Publications Number 144
1697:
1256:
503:
has smaller chord, but similar span, than the upper wing
1784:
Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1991.
1013:
Other biplane ultralights include the Belgian-designed
667:
biplane became the first successful powered aeroplane.
383:
have no interplane struts and are referred to as being
1952:. London: Putnam & Company Ltd. pp. 125–130.
1795:
1664:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1965.
1910:. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 2002.
1886:
The de Havilland Tiger Moth: Aircraft Profile No. 132
1468:
1438:
969:
was very successful too, with more than 18000 built.
903:, of which over 20,000 were built by the Soviet Union
810:
from its aircraft carriers, and used the type in the
93:
Biplanes offer several advantages over conventional
1985:Riding, Richard (June 1980). "The Black Dragons".
1753:Nieuport 17 Analyse détaillée des premières series
846:, inflicting serious damage during night raids on
1363:. Newark, Ohio, U.S. 28 December 1903. p. 7.
609:in Lichterfelde (near Berlin) on October 19, 1895
2108:
1971:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications.
961:of which 11,303 were built, and the 1928 Soviet
1816:. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
189:
1782:Sopwith Fighters in Action (Aircraft No. 110).
1515:Armando François: Biplane fighter aces Italy."
1991:. Vol. 8, no. 6. pp. 284–290.
1685:The Bristol M.1 (Aircraft in Profile no. 193)
1106:
833:were used with relative success in the night
637:The stacking of wing planes was suggested by
1893:British Civil Aircraft since 1919: Volume II
1868:The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary Cambridge
1832:. Hertfordshire, UK: Albatros Publications.
1698:Chatterjee S, Templin RJ (30 January 2007).
1692:The Fiat CR.42 (Aircraft in Profile no. 170)
535:
206:The primary advantage of the biplane over a
1931:British Racing and Record-Breaking Aircraft
1450:
1196:
1187:
1139:
1121:
795:PT-13D biplane trainer from the 30s and 40s
1870:. Cambridge University Press. p. 34.
1814:B-29 Superfortress units of the Korean War
1640:
1595:, Air Force Association, June 2011, p. 57.
1210:
1208:
1178:
1169:
1130:
379:. A small number of biplanes, such as the
241:biplanes are still made in small numbers.
166:The lower wing is usually attached to the
2083:Bird wings evolved from biplane dinosaurs
2054:Swordfish: The Story of the Taranto Raid.
1733:
1723:
1420:
1249:
1247:
822:shipping than any other Allied aircraft.
2056:London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003.
1750:
1545:
1148:
976:
895:
787:
649:designed and flew two different biplane
620:
612:
600:
494:
432:single-bay biplane with auxiliary struts
259:
248:As engine power and speeds rose late in
229:The smaller biplane wing allows greater
193:
146:
127:
43:
1865:
1846:
1830:Dornier D.I Windsock Mini datafile # 12
1759:
1667:
1527:
1480:
1376:
1367:
1324:. Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam, 2016.
1217:
1205:
885:(USAAF) while the US Navy operated the
753:fighter was an all-metal stressed-skin
14:
2109:
1984:
1947:
1923:Fighter Aircraft of the 1914-1918 War.
1895:. London:Putnam, Second edition 1973.
1459:
1444:
1334:
1290:
1284:
1244:
972:
108:The term is also occasionally used in
2033:
1950:Saunders and Saro Aircraft since 1917
1928:
1827:
1536:
1088:
585:proved to be relatively popular. The
2103:, Octave Chanute biplane hang glider
1966:
1554:
1162:
1160:
474:Bracing (aeronautics) § Rigging
222:speed, which in turn required a low
1800:(3rd ed.). Pitman Publishing.
1497:"Polikarpov I-153 Chaika (Seagull)"
984:electric-powered ultralight biplane
24:
1036:
478:Because most biplanes do not have
123:
25:
2138:
2069:
2022:Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2007.
1341:"From Lilienthal to the Wrights."
1157:
37:For biplanes in mathematics, see
1662:Profile No 17: The SPAD XIII C.1
452:
437:
422:
407:
392:
101:Biplanes are distinguished from
1653:
1626:
1612:
1598:
1591:Grier, Peter. "15 April 1953".
1585:
1576:
1503:
1489:
1429:
1407:
1385:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1265:
1235:
1226:
522:Examples include the series of
313:The space enclosed by a set of
2005:The Fairey Swordfish Mks. I-IV
1849:Cambridge Aerospace dictionary
1606:"Larry Mauro and Bill Lishman"
1097:
490:
13:
1:
1076:
462:four-bay or multi-bay biplane
325:is used), hence a biplane or
1646:Chatterjee, 2007, pp.1576–80
1573:Retrieved: 30 November 2012.
1272:FAA Registry Search for Waco
1081:
1006:was used by "Father Goose",
883:United States Army Air Force
190:Advantages and disadvantages
39:Block design § Biplanes
7:
1760:Coggins, Edward V. (2000).
1113:"The Beechcraft Biplanes".
1054:
605:Otto Lilienthal flying his
526:military aircraft—from the
10:
2143:
1524:. Retrieved: 22 July 2009.
1346:Retrieved: 8 January 2012.
887:Naval Aircraft Factory N3N
873:(RCAF) and others and the
735:de Havilland Dragon Rapide
596:
471:
467:
255:
36:
29:
2075:Historical Collection of
1361:The Newark Daily Advocate
1262:VanWyngarden 2007, p. 19.
940:WSK-Mielec M-15 Belphegor
934:. Exceptions include the
840:Korean People's Air Force
132:1920s biplane hang glider
2034:Wragg, David W. (1974).
1277:17 February 2012 at the
1066:Multiplane (aeronautics)
871:Royal Canadian Air Force
793:Boeing-Stearman Model 75
583:Waco Custom Cabin series
30:Not to be confused with
1967:Moss, Peter W. (1966).
1751:Chassard, Marc (2018).
1725:10.1073/pnas.0609975104
1668:Andrews, C. F. (1966).
1518:surfcity.kund.dalnet.se
1344:Otto Lilienthal Museum.
1241:Andrews 1966, pp. 3, 7.
881:was widely used by the
863:de Havilland Tiger Moth
346:de Havilland Tiger Moth
308:
279:de Havilland Tiger Moth
1948:London, Peter (1988).
1866:Gunston, Bill (2004).
1847:Gunston, Bill (2009).
1477:18 March 1920, p. 317.
1426:Lamberton 1960, p. 84.
1415:Fokker's Flying Razors
1393:"Bristol M1 Monoplane"
1281:accessed 12 June 2009.
1253:Andrews 1966, pp. 7–8.
1145:Andrews 1965, pp. 6–7.
1136:Jackson 1966, pp. 3–4.
985:
904:
852:Lockheed F-94 Starfire
812:anti-submarine warfare
796:
634:
618:
610:
563:Nieuport-Delage NiD 42
536:
504:
499:The lower wing of the
484:Royal Aircraft Factory
417:single-bay sesquiplane
323:the architectural form
303:Beechcraft Staggerwing
283:Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann
269:
203:
202:biplane from the 1940s
163:
133:
55:
2038:. Osprey Publishing.
1929:Lewis, Peter (1971).
1828:Grosz, Peter (1998).
1798:Airplane Aerodynamics
1533:Cattaneo 1967, p. 10.
1435:Jackson 1973, p. 122.
1223:Gunston 2009, p. 606.
1127:Cooksley 1991, p. 34.
980:
932:reciprocating engines
913:agricultural aircraft
899:
791:
773:biplane, the Italian
745:sesquiplane utilized
624:
616:
604:
544:Siemens-Schuckert D.I
498:
263:
197:
150:
131:
47:
2117:Aircraft wing design
2036:Flight before flying
2018:VanWyngarden, Greg.
1620:"Lite Flyer Biplane"
1522:Håkans aviation page
1486:Coggins 2000, p. 20.
1232:Chassard 2018, p. 1.
1202:Gunston, 2004, p.375
1193:Gunston, 2004, p.382
1175:Gunston, 2004, p.210
1103:Berriman, 1913, p.26
723:Trail of the Caribou
371:Large transport and
351:The larger two-seat
2122:Wing configurations
1716:2007PNAS..104.1576C
1542:Wragg 2003, p. 142.
1509:Gustavsson, Håkan.
1456:Lewis 1971, p. 265.
1413:Connors, John F., "
1311:Wragg 1974, p. 206.
1184:Gunston, 2004, p.51
1061:History of aviation
973:Ultralight aircraft
751:Zeppelin-Lindau D.I
719:de Havilland Dragon
460:Handley Page V/1500
400:Zeppelin-Lindau D.I
381:Zeppelin-Lindau D.I
366:Sopwith 1½ Strutter
86:, it produces more
64:fixed-wing aircraft
2088:2007-01-27 at the
1933:. London: Putnam.
1763:Wings That Stay on
1690:Cattaneo, Gianni.
1593:Air Force Magazine
1566:2014-07-03 at the
1551:Stott 1971, p. 21.
1513:Tenente Colonnello
1320:Schwipps, Werner.
1293:, pp. 125–130
1214:Wragg 1974, p. 54.
1071:Wing configuration
1043:feathered dinosaur
986:
917:Udet U 12 Flamingo
905:
797:
765:. At the start of
692:Morane-Saulnier AI
635:
619:
611:
505:
377:multi-bay biplanes
331:single-bay biplane
270:
264:Wing stagger on a
204:
164:
134:
112:, to describe the
56:
1988:Aeroplane Monthly
1858:978-0-521-19165-4
1780:Cooksley, Peter.
1582:Dorr 2003, p. 50.
1571:wwiivehicles.com.
1382:Bruce 1967, p. 6.
1373:Bruce 1967, p. 3.
1330:978-3-941681-88-0
1166:Grosz 1998, p. 0.
1154:Lake 2002, p. 40.
982:Mauro Solar Riser
771:Gloster Gladiator
696:parasol monoplane
694:, a strut-braced
639:Sir George Cayley
402:strutless biplane
315:interplane struts
180:interplane struts
153:Gloster Gladiator
16:(Redirected from
2134:
2077:Biplane Pictures
2049:
2000:
1981:, 18 March 1920.
1972:
1963:
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1921:Lamberton, W.M.
1881:
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1812:Dorr, Robert F.
1809:
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1680:, Methuen, 1913.
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825:Both the German
805:Fairey Swordfish
775:Fiat CR.42 Falco
741:heavy. The 1917
627:Fiat CR.42 Falco
541:
456:
441:
426:
411:
396:
343:Second World War
341:fighter and the
274:positive stagger
235:fighter aircraft
139:lift coefficient
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1084:
1079:
1057:
1047:Microraptor gui
1039:
1037:Avian evolution
1031:Murphy Renegade
1027:Sherwood Ranger
1015:Aviasud Mistral
975:
963:Polikarpov Po-2
901:Polikarpov Po-2
867:Royal Air Force
831:Polikarpov Po-2
829:and the Soviet
816:escort carriers
715:Interwar period
672:First World War
647:Otto Lilienthal
599:
559:interwar period
530:through to the
493:
476:
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447:two-bay biplane
442:
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357:two bay biplane
348:basic trainer.
335:First World War
311:
295:Sopwith Dolphin
287:Travel Air 2000
268:primary trainer
258:
231:maneuverability
192:
126:
124:Characteristics
49:First World War
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2081:Jacqui Hayes:
2079:
2071:
2070:External links
2068:
2066:
2065:
2052:Wragg, David.
2050:
2045:978-0850451658
2044:
2031:
2016:
2003:Stott, Ian G.
2001:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1945:
1939:
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1891:Jackson, A.J.
1889:
1884:Jackson, A.J.
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1877:978-0521841405
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1773:978-1681621760
1772:
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1710:(5): 1576–80.
1695:
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1674:
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1660:Andrews, C.F.
1657:
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1634:"Pilotmix.com"
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988:Although most
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952:Grumman Ag Cat
942:, fitted with
921:Waco Taperwing
879:Stearman PT-13
857:Later biplane
848:United Nations
808:torpedo bomber
708:Albatros D.III
657:, were flying
655:Octave Chanute
598:
595:
587:Saro Windhover
548:Albatros D.III
492:
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472:Main article:
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802:
801:Fleet Air Arm
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688:Fokker D.VIII
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607:Large Biplane
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577:& e, and
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52:Sopwith Camel
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1683:Bruce, J.M.
1677:
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1654:Bibliography
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1397:. Retrieved
1387:
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1045:
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1012:
1008:Bill Lishman
1003:
993:
987:
967:Antonov An-2
956:
936:Antonov An-3
929:
906:
891:wing-walking
856:
824:
799:The British
798:
767:World War II
759:
739:
722:
712:
684:
669:
664:Wright Flyer
662:
659:hang gliders
651:hang gliders
636:
631:Warren truss
556:
521:
508:
506:
477:
445:Curtiss JN-4
384:
376:
370:
356:
353:Curtiss JN-4
350:
339:Fokker D.VII
330:
318:
317:is called a
312:
291:
271:
247:
243:
228:
224:wing loading
217:
213:
205:
200:Antonov An-2
186:structures.
165:
157:World War II
143:aspect ratio
135:
107:
100:
92:
76:Wright Flyer
74:to fly, the
59:
57:
1906:Lake, Jon.
1445:Riding 1980
1291:London 1988
1000:Solar Riser
990:ultralights
875:Stampe SV.4
842:during the
777:and Soviet
763:World War I
743:Junkers J.I
713:During the
706:and German
704:Nieuport 17
700:Sesquiplane
680:Bristol M.1
643:Hiram Maxim
625:Late 1930s
591:Pfalz D.III
575:Fokker C.Vd
532:Nieuport 27
528:Nieuport 10
509:sesquiplane
501:Nieuport 17
491:Sesquiplane
430:SPAD S.XIII
415:Nieuport 23
361:SPAD S.XIII
355:Jenny is a
266:Fleet Finch
250:World War I
103:tandem wing
32:Tandem wing
2111:Categories
1806:B003YKT5YK
1766:. Turner.
1077:References
1029:, and the
1023:Lite Flyer
1019:FK12 Comet
1004:Easy Riser
1002:. Mauro's
995:Easy Riser
909:aerobatics
844:Korean War
747:corrugated
480:cantilever
299:Breguet 14
184:cantilever
95:cantilever
18:Single bay
1997:0143-7240
1399:30 August
1082:Citations
944:turboprop
755:monocoque
641:in 1843.
385:strutless
321:(much as
239:aerobatic
208:monoplane
84:monoplane
72:aeroplane
2127:Biplanes
2086:Archived
2013:53091961
1744:17242354
1678:Aviation
1564:Archived
1275:Archived
1055:See also
959:Avro 504
948:turbofan
859:trainers
579:Potez 25
573:series,
524:Nieuport
327:triplane
220:stalling
176:ailerons
168:fuselage
116:of some
80:aviation
1735:1780066
1712:Bibcode
869:(RAF),
865:in the
727:Baghdad
597:History
557:During
538:Idflieg
468:Rigging
373:bombing
256:Stagger
198:Soviet
162:biplane
160:fighter
110:biology
60:biplane
54:biplane
2095:Cosmos
2060:
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2011:
1995:
1979:Flight
1956:
1937:
1914:
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1742:
1732:
1475:Flight
1328:
923:. The
546:. The
779:I-153
676:RFC's
629:with
517:chord
337:-era
114:wings
68:wings
62:is a
2058:ISBN
2040:ISBN
2024:ISBN
2009:OCLC
1993:ISSN
1954:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1912:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1802:ASIN
1786:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1740:PMID
1401:2018
1326:ISBN
1041:The
946:and
938:and
919:and
911:and
820:Axis
731:Iraq
550:and
513:drag
507:The
309:Bays
301:and
285:and
155:, a
151:The
88:drag
1730:PMC
1720:doi
1708:104
552:D.V
319:bay
2113::
2092:,
1738:.
1728:.
1718:.
1706:.
1702:.
1520:,
1359:.
1246:^
1207:^
1159:^
1033:.
1010:.
729:,
571:62
567:52
519:.
387:.
297:,
289:.
281:,
120:.
58:A
2064:.
2048:.
2030:.
2015:.
1999:.
1962:.
1943:.
1918:.
1903:.
1880:.
1861:.
1842:.
1824:.
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1776:.
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1722::
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1622:.
1608:.
1511:"
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565:/
41:.
34:.
20:)
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