Korean shamanism - Knowledge

1772: 2857: 3322: 2712: 2011: 1274: 3140: 2168: 4776: 1150: 400: 3019:, although is rare in televisual, cinematic, and museum depictions of these rites. A cow or pig killed for the purpose may be butchered in the shrine room; the carcass may be impaled on the trident; if it fails to balance, then this is seen as evidence that the deities do not accept the offering. When the ritual is intended to invoke Buddhist spirits, the food offerings may be vegetarian; offering these entities meat would offend them. Food offerings may also be set out at the side for wandering spirits who are attracted by the ritual, an act designed to avoid mishaps they could cause. 993: 4612: 1552: 2984: 2377: 3723: 1158:

obligation to reciprocate. Other deities are involved in everyday human concerns and prayed to accordingly. Many of the deities desire food and drink, spend money, and enjoy song and dance, and thus receive these things as offerings. Spirits of the dead are thought to yearn for the activities and pleasures they enjoyed in life; spirits of military generals are for instance believed to like dangerous games. The associations of particular deities can change over time;

2470: 4115: 2107:, most clientele are women. From his fieldwork in the 1990s, Chongho Kim found that most of the clients were "older women", particularly in their late fifties and early sixties. In that same decade, Kendall noted that most clients in the area of Seoul and its environs were small entrepreneurs, such as owners of small companies, shops, and restaurants. Sarfati noted that in the 21st century, many young people turned to 531:

realm, a practice not found in Korean traditional religion. Many scholars avoid the term "shaman" as a cross-cultural category altogether. While considering the term's applicability to Korean religion, Chongho Kim noted that its use as a blanket term was "often unhelpful", while the anthropologist Liora Sarfati described it as being "controversial" in the Korean context. Suk-Jay Yim suggested that the term

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syncretistic. This category involves Shamanism being incorporated into the practices and beliefs of other cultures, including Confucianism, Christianity, Taoism, and Buddhism. These religions had different levels of influence on Korean Shamanism. The third category involves the formation of new religions through the mixing of beliefs and practices of Shamanism with those of other dominant religions.

749: 445:. It is a non-institutionalized tradition, rather than being an organized religion akin to Buddhism or Christianity. It has no doctrine, nor any overarching hierarchy, and is orally transmitted. It displays considerable regional variation, as well as variation according to the choices of individual practitioners. Over time, the tradition has displayed both continuity and change. 2741:. These are large-scale rites, characterised by rhythmic movements, songs, oracles and prayers. They are the only rituals in traditional Korean religion believed to give supernatural entities the ability to speak directly to humans, and are meant to create welfare, promoting commitment between supernatural beings and humankind. There is regional diversity in the styles of 2274:; they were traditionally not found in parts of the south. When included they are usually considered the most important objects present, and hang above the altar. They are regarded as seats for the deities, literally manifesting the latter's presence rather than just visually depicting them, an idea similar to those found across much of Asia, as in Buddhism and 1315:, who would only be called in for special occasions. Pollution caused by births or deaths in the household are believed to result in Sŏngju leaving, meaning that he must be encouraged to return through ritual. Sŏngju may also require propitiation if expensive goods are brought into the home, as he expects a portion of the expenditure to be devoted to him. 3933:. One form of divination, sometimes performed during other rituals, involves a person picking one of a selection of rolled up silk flags; the color of the selected flag is then interpreted as bearing meaning for that individual. Green and yellow flags are often seen as indicating bad fortune, while red is regarded as being auspicious. The 797:. The former engage in rituals in which they describe themselves as being possessed by supernatural entities; the latter's rituals involve interaction with these entities but not possession. The former was historically more common in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, the latter in the southern parts below the 4330: 3030:, as well as non-food items like incense, cloth, money (both real and imitation), and paper flowers. The color of the flowers may indicate to whom they are offered; pink for the spirits of military generals, white for Buddhist deities, and multi-colored for ancestral spirits. The material used for the 4270:

as evidence for Korean cultural backwardness, an approach intended to legitimize Japanese imperial rule. Japanese efforts to suppress the tradition included the Mind Cultivation Movement launched in 1936. Korean elites largely supported these suppressions for a variety of reasons, one of which was to

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will then be distributed and consumed by the attendees at the end of the ritual, having been charged by auspiciousness by its involvement in the rite. Attendees may distribute some of this food to non-attendees once they get home; they may also set some aside to feed any wandering spirits that might

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A common belief in Korean vernacular religion is that spirits of the dead wander the human world before entering the afterlife. After death, the soul must stand trial in court and pass through gates kept by the Ten Kings. At this court, the dead are judged for their conduct in life. The Ten Gates of

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or Buddhist traditions and others are unique to Korean vernacular religion. They are deemed capable of manifesting in various material forms, such as through paintings or statues, or as inhabiting specific landscape locations, such as trees, rocks, springs, and stone piles. The anthropologist Laurel

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is not recorded in the South Korean census because the government does not regard adherence to it as being akin to identifying as a Christian or a Buddhist. A late 20th-century survey by the Korean Gallup Research Institute indicated that 38 percent of the adult population of South Korea had used a

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The dead are regarded as intrinsically dangerous to the living as their touch causes affliction, regardless of whether they mean harm or not. Those who died prematurely or who feel their life was unfulfilled, such as grandparents who never saw their grandchildren, a first wife who was replaced by a

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The highest deities are often deemed remote and little interested in human affairs. The governing god in Korean tradition, referred to as Hananim, Hanallim, or Hanŭnim, is deemed to rule the heavens but is rarely worshipped. Some of the more powerful deities can make demands from humans without any

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mention the importance of designated shamans among early religious practices in Japan but not Korea. The Korean studies scholar Richard D. McBride thus asserts that non-shamans were able to practice "under their own authority". Evidently, the history of Korean Shamanism remains a mystery. However,

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Shamanism can be traced back to 1,000 BC. The religion has been part of the culture of the Korean Peninsula since then. "Historically, Korean Shamanism (Musok) was an orally transmitted tradition that was mastered mainly by illiterate low-ranking women within the neo-Confucian hierarchy." However,

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at the end of the 17th century, the term "shamanism" has never received a commonly agreed definition and has been used in at least four distinct ways in the English language. A common definition uses "shamanism" to describe traditions involving visionary flights to perform ritual tasks in a spirit

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Chongho Kim noted that providing a definition of Korean shamanism was "really problematic". He characterised "Korean shamanism" as being a largely "residual" category into which all Korean religious practices that were not Buddhist, Confucian, or Christian were lumped. Scholars like Kil-sŏng Ch'oe

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One of the common myths in Korean Shamanism is known as the Myth of Tangun. This myth refers to the belief that God would come from heaven. This would result in the earth and heaven being unified. God and human beings would be unified as well. Korean Shamanism believes that the goddess mother of

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Korean vernacular religion includes household deities, the chief of which is Sŏngju, the principal house guardian. Others include T'oju taegum, who patrols the precincts of the household, Chowang the kitchen spirit, and Pyŏnso Kakssi, the protector of the toilet. Keeping these entities happy was

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folklore"), coined by the folklorist Yi Nŭnghwa. This term emerged during the Japanese colonial period and was used by the Japanese Governor-General in a judgemental fashion to describe rituals he deemed primitive, although it has since become popular with scholars and the Korean population. The

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are often dedicated to general causes such as national prosperity; sometimes the food placed as an offering is fake. They often involve folklorists or other scholars who explain the ritual to the audience, while the participants will often be dressed in a common uniform, something not found in

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The development of Korean Shamanism can be categorized into different groups. The first category involves simple transformation. In this transformation, the influence of the practices and beliefs of other religions on Korean Shamanism was superficial. The second category of transmission was

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will often perform divination to determine if the offerings have been accepted by the supernatural beings. It is considered important for the person giving these offerings to do so with sincerity and devotion, with the mudang undertaking a form of divination called "weighing the sincerity"

2455:) filled with grain, or smaller baskets or pouches, as offerings to household deities and ancestors. This practice was declining in South Korea by the 1960s and 1970s. By the latter decades of the 20th century, cardboard boxes had become common receptacles for these household offerings. 4570:

Since the early 19th century, a number of movements of revitalization or innovation of traditional Korean shamanism arose. They are characterized by an organized structure, a codified doctrine, and a body of scriptural texts. They may be grouped into three major families: the family of

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second wife, those who died by drowning, and young people who died before they could marry, are all considered especially antagonistic to the living and thus particularly dangerous. Meddlesome ghosts are thought to often enter the house on a piece of cloth, clothing, or bright object.

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was the dominant ideology in Joseon Korea, contributing to these suppressions; later historians argued that this was connected to the elite's desire to gain more power by challenging rivals to their Confucian system. Confucians accepted the existence of the spirits invoked in the

2928:. God paintings are usually paper, although in modern contexts are sometimes polyester, ensuring that they are resistant to rain and tearing. Other practitioners regard the use of polyester images as a corruption of tradition. These images are then often hung on a metal frame. In 2409:

typically bow when entering a shrine-room. Offerings to the deities will be placed on this home shrine. Some offerings, such as cooked rice, fruit, and water, may be changed daily; other offerings, such as sweets, cigarettes, and liquor, may be replaced more infrequently.

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is performed for a person who is mentally afflicted and often deemed to be possessed by one or more spirits. Exorcisms will often involve throwing scraps of food, sometimes at the afflicted person. The possessing spirit is offered food to encourage it to leave. The

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will often dance to the beat of the drums, often swirling in circles, something believed to facilitate the possession trance. They may hold short sticks to which white paper streamers are attached; this device is intended to help channel the spirits into the

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operate as free agents, rather than members of an ordained clergy. For them, ritual is an economic activity, often being their full-time job, upon which they depend for their income. To achieve this, they must attract regular clientele, although some

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Supernatural beings are seen as volatile; if humans do well by them, they can receive good fortune, but if they offend these entities then they may suffer. Devotees of these deities believe that they can engage, converse, and bargain with them. Each

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were continuing an ancient Korean religion and thus represented the spiritual and cultural repository of the Korean people. Influenced by the Western use of the term "shamanism" as a cross-cultural category, some Korean scholars speculated that the

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If the ritual fails to produce the desired result, the client may speculate that it was because of a bad performer, errors in the ritual, the presence of a ritually polluted attendee, or a lack of sincerity on their part. If the client feels the

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can ascertain the cause of misfortune they have suffered. Common reasons for doing so include recurring nightmares, concerns about a child getting into university, financial woes, business concerns, or physical ailments. Some clients turn to the

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Also present will typically be candlesticks, offering bowls, and incense pots. The home altar will often be dominated with bright, primary colors, in contrast to the muted earth tones which traditionally predominated in Korean daily life. The

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rituals to feast and entertain them. Sarfati defined them as "practitioners of spiritual mediation" between the supernatural and human worlds, and noted that in mediating between worlds they are "liminal figures". According to Sarfati, the

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but also their apprentices, assistants, musicians, butchers, and cooks. Preparing and decorating the space is deemed a meaningful part of the ritual process, with those setting it up often concerned so as not to offend the spirits.

3787:("veins") through the mountain landscape; these can be disrupted by roads or other construction. Thus, the potency of these mountains is thought to decline amid growing urbanisation and tourist access. In Korea, this traditional 3377:

from being cut by the blade, and the ability to undertake such dangerous acts without harm is regarded as evidence for the efficacy of the rite. Some practitioners acknowledge instances in which they have been cut by the blades.

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is played by individuals whom the anthropologist Kyoim Yun called "ritual specialists who mediate between their clients and the invisible" forces of the supernatural. The most common term for these specialists across Korea is

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will often recite mythological stories during the ritual, something deemed to contribute to its efficacy. These may be recited in full at a longer ritual or in condensed form for a shorter one. There may be breaks during the

1936:. It involves the neophyte performing the appropriate chants, dances, and oracles to invoke and convey inspiration from the deities. If the initiate fails to perform this correctly, with the deities failing to open their 3539:

are performed in gratitude to the deities and ancestors for granting a mu their spiritual power and thus a livelihood. They are regarded as returning to these supernatural beings a portion of what the mu has earned. The

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simultaneously. Different religions were sometimes favored for different situations; Confucian rituals were for example primarily concerned with ancestor veneration and tended to be simpler and more regular, whereas the

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rituals is a reciprocal transaction between humans and supernatural entities. These rituals are typically performance-focused, rather than being rooted in a prescribed liturgy, and can last for up to several days. Most

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entail communication with ancestors, only the former involves direct communication with these spirits, allowing the ancestors to convey messages directly to the living. Certain ancestral spirits can also form part of a

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remained widely stigmatized in South Korean society, facing widespread prejudice. In 2021, Sarfati observed that while the religion was "still stigmatized," it was experiencing "growing acceptance" in South Korea.

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prepare for these pilgrimages by abstaining from eating meat, fish, or eggs, and bathe before leaving. On arrival at the shrine, the pilgrim will bow and provide an offering. Mountain landscapes regularly attract

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tradition. Each prominent mountain is deemed to have a specific mountain spirit who is sovereign upon it. The levels of spiritual power at a mountain are influenced not just by its associated deities but also the

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Purity of both the body and the mind is a state that is required for taking part in rituals. Purification is considered necessary for an efficacious communion between living people and ancestral forms. Before any

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If a person suffers a tragic or untimely death, it is believed that their soul hovers between life and death and can cause misfortune for their family; they thus need to be dealt with through ritual. Terms for

4321:("divine teachings"), meaning a primordial Korean religion that lost its purity through the arrival of Confucianism and Buddhism. At the time, Korean elites remained wary about this new positive reassessment. 3982:

has common origins with other traditions labelled "shamanic" in parts of North Asia, suggesting a common origin in prehistory. Korean shamanism goes back to prehistoric times, pre-dating the introduction of

2367:, the deity may also be seated in physical objects, including stones, clothing, coins, dolls, or knives, and which may be concealed from view, for instance being wrapped within cloth or inside a chest. Some 1130:

divinities having been identified. The deities can be divided into those embodying natural or cosmological forces and those who were once human, including monarchs, officials, and generals. Some derive from

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as Korea's ancient tradition gaining acceptance among growing numbers of educated South Koreans. In 1962, South Korea had introduced a Cultural Properties Protection Law that recognised performing arts as

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are, according to their own beliefs, people who interact with the gods and the ancestors by divining their presence and will, performing small rituals to placate them and gain their favor, and oversee the

4666:, although the latter are proportionately over-represented in 21st-century media representations. There is regional variation in these gender differences; on Jeju Island, there were more male than female 3042:

shop, which specialises in traditional religious paraphernalia. In modern South Korea, the ritual paraphernalia used is often of poor quality because it is intended to be burnt following the ceremony.

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mountain pilgrimages were typically rare events although improved transportation meant that by the 1990s these had become far more regular occurrences in South Korea. The most sacred mountain for the

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time, the fee also covers the wages of any assistants and the costs of material used in the rite; it may also reflect the years of training they have undertaken to be able to perform these rituals.

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rituals, both to discourage the practice but also to raise revenues for the government; these taxes remained in place until the 1895 Kabo reforms. At the same time as the government persecuted the

1299:(grandmother). Historically, villages would often hold annual festivals to thank their tutelary deities. These would often be seen by local men and reflect Confucian traditions, although sometimes 538:

Prior to Christianity's arrival in the 17th and 18th centuries, Korean religion was rarely exclusivist, with many Koreans practising Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism, and vernacular practices like

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has also been presented in museums, although often with emphasis placed on its folkloric and aesthetic value rather than its role as a religious practice. South Korea's government often embrace

1348:. These broader ancestors may for instance include those from a woman's natal family, women who have married out of the family, or family members who have died without offspring. While both the 2882:

will invite neighbors to observe. These rituals are typically regarded as unsuitable for children to attend. Often it will take place outdoors and at night, in an isolated rural location, at a

1291:, timber or occasionally stone posts representing two generals that guard the settlement from harmful spirits. On Jeju, these were constructed of volcanic rock and were respectively called the 807:

tradition has since spread and by the late 20th century was dominant across South Korea, with its ritual costumes and paraphernalia being widely adopted. As Sarfati noted, the line between the

2618:, a mountain to the north of the city. The growing urbanisation of South Korea since the late 20th century has meant that many are now surrounded by other buildings, sometimes including other 4798:

has been suppressed throughout Korean history under a succession of dominant ideologies including Confucianism, Japanese colonialism, and Christianity. At the start of the 21st century, the

12243: 2278:. As well as being invited to inhabit a painting, a deity may also be petitioned to depart it; they are sometimes believed to leave of their own accord, for instance if they abandon a 1504:

Korean custom places greater emphasis on the good of the group over the wishes of the individual. It has taboos and expectations, but no concept equivalent to the Christian notion of

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rituals were increasingly revived as a form of theatrical performance linked to cultural conservation and tourism. From the 1980s onward, South Korea's government designated certain

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hold that they provide offerings to these deities in thanks to the work that these entities have brought them; a large assortment of offerings can thus give the impression that the

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labelled part of the "hostile class". In South Korea, Christianity spread rapidly from the 1960s, becoming the country's dominant religion by the 21st century. South Korean leader

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in the 1920s. Cho'e reversed Torii's framework by emphasising the primacy of ancient Korean over Japanese tradition as the transmitter of Siberian religion, while Yi promoted the

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is to get the supernatural beings to communicate, expressing what it is that they want and why they are angry. In the 21st century, it has become increasingly common to sponsor a

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in isolated locations like mountains. On Jeju Island, various villages have more than one shrine; new village shrines have been established on Jeju during the early 21st century.

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and Confucianism, and the influence of Taoism, in Korea. Vestiges of temples dedicated to gods and spirits have been found on tops and slopes of many mountains in the peninsula.

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in Seoul typically cost between 2 and 5 million won, whereas in the rural area of Soy it cost between 300,000 and 2.5 million won. The precise fee may be negotiated between the

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who regard these as places that concentrate powerful deities and which are conducive to receiving visions. They are also seen as places to replenish their "bright energy" (

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have repeatedly referred to them as "shamans" and their practices as "Korean shamanism" since the late 19th century. Some Korean sources have rendered this English term as

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of the ritual itself. The colour white, extensively used in rituals, is regarded as a symbol of purity. The purification of the body is performed by burning white paper.

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began appearing in South Korean film in the 1960s. Early portrayals in the 1960s and 1970s generally showed them as harmful, frightening, and anti-modern figures, as in

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may also carry a fan and brass bells; Sarfati commented that these bells were "a central symbol of musok", and their purpose is to attract the attention of the spirits.

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are traditionally expected to adhere to standards of purity while producing these artworks, bathing beforehand and refraining from eating fish or meat. Since the 1970s,

4361:. The Korean War and subsequent urbanisation of Korean society resulted in many Koreans moving around the peninsula, impacting the distinct regional traditions of the 1309:

traditionally regarded as the role of the housewife, and is achieved through offering them food and drink. These informal rituals do not require the involvement of

4730:. In North Korea, according to demographic analyses by Religious Intelligence, approximately 16 percent of the population practises "traditional ethnic" religion. 4436:

formed the Tae Han Sŭngkong yŏngsin yŏnhap-hoe (Korean Victory Over Communism Federation of Shamans) to promote their interests, its name reflecting the pervasive

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will dress in clothes representing the deities, with different deities associated with different items of clothing. They may change outfit over the course of the

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province, a traditional practice involves decorating the ritual space with handmade mulberry paper cut into patterns. Various ritual items may be included in the

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themselves believe that their rituals will be pleasing to the spirits regardless of the client's personal beliefs. On occasion, a busy client will not attend the

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were more common in Seoul than in rural parts of South Korea, while Yun observed that the practice was "undeniably more prominent" on Jeju than on the mainland.

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altar will also often be a place to store or display their ritual paraphernalia, such as costumes. It may also include toys or dolls to amuse the child gods.

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Once the person has accepted the calling, they must find an established practitioner who is willing to train them. They become this person's apprentice, the

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deemed to live in rivers, springs, and the sea. The most senior dragon is the Yong-Wang (Dragon King) who rules the oceans. Spirits of military generals are

359:, although practitioners are also found abroad. While Korean attitudes to religion have historically been fairly inclusive, allowing for syncretism between 1159: 4687:

was estimated at being over 200,000, a number that she observed was "not diminishing". This stability is not evenly distributed among different types of

4480:(Kim Kŭm-hwa), who from the 1980s performed for foreign anthropologists, toured Western countries, and appeared in documentaries. Reflecting the view of 1771: 3968:

rituals prior to the modern period are rare, and the fact that the tradition is orally transmitted means it is difficult to trace historical processes.

3085:, often while they are possessed, intended as thanks both to them and to the spirits. These offerings, given in addition to the ritual fee, are called 2159:. Concerns about money are heightened by the lack of an "institutional buffer" between the client and ritual practitioner, such as a temple or church. 1612:

have advertised their services in brochures, fliers, and newspapers, and more recently via the Internet. Yun observed that some "scholar-advocates" of

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may see these staged rituals as an opportunity to attract potential new clients, uploading videos of them performing such rites to social media and

1794:, the deities will torment that individual with misfortune, illness or madness. They often report fearful encounters with spirits prior to becoming 1178: 1003: 4358: 3353:

may stab themselves in the chest with the knives, run the blade along their tongue, or press it to their face and hands. Riding knives is termed

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may be compelled by spirit voices or visions, or drawn by compulsion to go to a temple, shrine, or sacred mountain. By recounting these stories,

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Kim, Andrew E. (1 July 2000). "Korean Religious Culture and Its Affinity to Christianity: The Rise of Protestant Christianity in South Korea".

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is usually held in private, and few have a larger audience than the direct participants, although there are instances where those paying for a

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die, their ritual paraphernalia is sometimes burned or buried so as to sever any connection between their deities and their surviving family.

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tradition, the teachings were not always passed from mother to daughter but sometimes involved the practitioner adopting an apprentice. Thus,

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Although many Koreans converted to Buddhism when it was introduced to the peninsula in the 4th century, and adopted as the state religion in

4884:(1977). From the mid-2000s, films increasingly portrayed them as members of a living tradition situated in modern urban environments, as in 4168:

law book prescribed 100 lashes in public for anyone found to be supporting them. This persecution could prove deadly; in an extreme case, a

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The Political Message of Folklore in South Korea's Student Demonstrations of the Eighties: An Approach to the Analysis of Political Theater

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trees may be regarded as being spiritually potent. The latter trees may be marked out by having strips of cloth or paper attached to them.

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often take place on raised stages surrounded by a seated audience, typically attracting journalists, scholars, and photographers. Staged

579:. In contemporary South Korea, it remains possible for followers of most major religions (barring Christianity) to involve themselves in 3009:

rice cakes, eggs, sweets, nuts, biscuits, fruit, and meat. Some of this food will be cooked, some will be offered raw. To provide meat,

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and Don Baker have conversely presented Korean shamanism as just one facet of "Korean folk religion," the latter sometimes being called

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is performed to honor the spirits of a new car and became increasingly popular as car ownership grew in late 20th century South Korea.

2147:. They may be disappointed or angry at this failure given their substantial financial investment; in some rare cases clients have sued 1305:

were invited to participate. In Korean society, rapid urbanisation has radically changed how people interact with their local deities.

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In Korean vernacular religion, there are also ritual specialists who perform divinations and produce amulets but who do not engage in

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with taxation and legal restrictions, deeming their rites to be improper. From the late 19th century, modernisers – many of whom were

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to every other mountain in the peninsula. According to legend, it is also the birthplace of Tan'gun, the national ancestor and first

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revolves around deities and ancestral spirits. Central to the tradition are ritual specialists, the majority of them female, called

2349:, or deity statues made of wood, plastic, clay, straw, or metal. Deities may instead be represented by a white piece of paper, the 2316:

have commonly been produced in commercial workshops, although a small number of traditional artists remain in South Korea. After a

3924:. These may be distributed to attendees at the end of a rite. Clients will often affix these to the internal walls of their home. 2786:

to mark a new financial venture, such as the opening of a mall or an office building. As well as being performed for clients, the

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were active in the movement and became emblematic of its struggle. Advocacy groups were also formed to advance the cause of the

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is a goddess of the wind, popular in southern areas including Jeju. The mountain god, or mountain gods more broadly, are called

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rituals as improper, criticising the presence of both sexes together in environments where alcohol was being consumed. Korea's

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will typically dispense advice to the ritual's sponsor and to other attendees. Supernatural beings will often relate that if a

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as part of a spiritual search or for counselling. Clients do not generally regard themselves as being committed exclusively to

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of disrupting the civil order with their rituals. Kendall noted that there was a "generally adversarial relationship" between

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carries derogatory connotations in Korean culture and thus some practitioners avoid it. Other terms used in its place include

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rituals, during which they offer food and drink to the gods and spirits or entertain them with storytelling, song, and dance.

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as swindlers, people who manipulate the gullible. Critics regularly focus their critique on the large sums of money that the

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being a "women's religion" ignored the antagonistic attitude that most Korean women had towards it. Approximately a fifth of

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inviting supernatural entities to the altar, after which they set out to entertain them. Music will often be involved in the

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is a ritual for expelling bad spirits, sometimes from a human. This sometimes involves the spirit forcing it into a bottle.

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paintings range from being crude to more sophisticated. Traditionally they use colors associated with the five directions (

1736:, divine favor must be gained through purification and supplication, prayer and pilgrimage. Korean shamans also experience 1008: 616:, with Sarfati noting that this term "encompasses a variety of folk religion practitioners" across the peninsula. The term 3076:) to determine if this has been the case. The emotional influence on the audience is considered evidence of its efficacy. 2529:) and, in South Korea, are typically located on mountains. Shrines dedicated to significant tutelary spirits are known as 2437:

Deities are often believed to be present in all houses. Historical accounts often reference the presence of earthen jars (

1888:. Apprentices are usually aged over 18, although there are examples of children becoming apprentices. The apprentice of a 495:("superstition") is sometimes used for this religion, but is also applied to other religious and cultural practices like 2711: 2215:

will also typically have a shrine in their home in which they host various gods and ancestors. These shrines are called

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may add new deities to it during their career. Some of these will be considered guardian deities, each referred to as a

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he encountered in the 1990s had a "very poor educational background", and were also typically financially poor. Most

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may show an interest in smoking, drinking alcohol, and playing with bladed weapons, reflecting that they have a male

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commonly worship Buddhist deities, while some Korean Buddhist temples venerate deities traditionally associated with

3498:, wandering spirits that may have gathered are expelled, talismans may be distributed to attendees, and finally the 311:

represented Korea's ancient religion and a manifestation of its national culture; an idea later heavily promoted by

12379:. Korean Studies of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 3667: 1760:

hold by the shaman, and is a moment of energisation which relieves from social pressure, both physical and mental.

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may have had entertainment value when there were few other outlets. Since the latter decades of the 20th century,

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are deemed best suited for dealing with them, because they can determine what they want and tell them to go away.

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Hell are regarded as places of punishment for the wicked, typified by grotesque and gory scenes. According to the

1235:

are historical figures like Ch'oeyŏng, Im Kyŏngŏp, Oh, and Chang, as well as more recent military figures; around

2553:

symbol, a circular swirl of red, blue, and yellow that symbolizes the cosmos. The main ritual room is called the

4072:

The Goryeo kingdom was replaced by the Joseon dynasty, which saw an increase in governmental persecution of the

1855:

is the claim that they encountered divine beings or spiritual guides while wandering in a wild environment. The

1002:, "Mountain God shrine". Mountain God shrines are often controlled by Buddhist temples. This one belongs to the 967:

should be reserved for the inspirational diviners who are possessed by child spirits but who do not perform the

890:

on the Korean mainland, but by the early 19th century was exclusively being used for practitioners on Jeju. The

441:

Korean shamanism has varyingly been labelled a vernacular religion, a folk religion, a popular religion, and an

12005: 2792:

will sometimes perform these rituals for their own personal reasons; in the 1990s, for instance, the prominent

11829:

Bruno, Antonetta L. (2016). "Translatability of Knowledge in Ethnography: The Case of Korean Shamanic Texts".

12438: 3280:. These colorful outfits resemble those documented from the 19th and early 20th centuries, and may involve a 4561:

became widespread on South Korean television in the 2010s. This increasing cultural visibility improved the

4261: 2209:

will often establish a temporary altar. If at a shrine, the altar will often be a stone or an old tree. The

4672:

prior to the 1950s, and proportions of male practitioners remain higher there than on the Korean mainland.

4455: 4089:

rites, but argued that there were better ways of dealing with these supernatural beings. They regarded the

3294:

may distinguish themselves from their assistants by having their hair in the Tchokchin mŏri style. For the

1585:

communicate with supernatural beings "to decrease suffering and create a more harmonious life". Individual

1408:

include a number of myths that discuss the origins of shamans or the shamanic religion. These include, the

1273: 11282: 9595: 2624:. The increasingly cramped nature of Korean urban living may have encouraged the increasing popularity of 1930:(the "gates of speech") that will allow them to receive the words of the spirits. This rite is called the 10541:

Preserving Ethnicity Through Religion in America: Korean Protestants and Indian Hindus Across Generations

4354: 4301:, with both stemming from Siberian "shamanism." These ideas were built on by nationalist Korean scholars 3139: 337:

occurred in South Korea from the late 1970s onward, especially as practitioners were associated with the

4820:

charge, and maintain that the expenses required for its rituals are wasteful. Critics have also accused

4440:

atmosphere of South Korean society. Such outright persecution ended after Park's assassination in 1979.

3806:

Pilgrimages to mountain shrines of particular deities have long been part of Korean folk religion. Some

3656:

are often performed for their artistic value. By 2009, South Korea's government recognised ten regional

2638:

are often run as a business. It is unclear exactly when they began renting themselves out as spaces for

1879:

claim that they and their families resisted the calling due to its lowly status and social disapproval.

1207:

is typically depicted as a man with a white beard, blue gown, and accompanying tiger. Water deities, or

1048:

divide these beings into two main groups, the gods and the ancestral spirits, although may use the term

1641:

often wear female clothing and makeup when performing rituals, reflecting their possession of a female

4642:

are female, with the religion being dominated by women. This may connect to origin myths that present

2541:, and were historically often the foci for local cults, such as those devoted to apotheosised heroes. 2422:

is financially successful. Worshipping the deities daily sustains their ongoing favor. Clients of the

12433: 4247: 4223:, Korea's first vernacular newspaper. Many of these intellectuals were Christian, thus regarding the 4198:

were permitted access to the royal palaces, where several structures were set aside for their usage.

3243:

to entertain the spirits. Incantations and ritual words for communicating with the spirit are called

1659:. In Korean society, there have been persistent rumours about the toleration of homosexuality within 1405: 298: 3601:

performed primarily for entertainment purposes rather than for religious reasons are referred to as

3453:"so-called medium speech" typically lacked the "dramatic intensity" of the messages conveyed by the 5958: 4861: 2722: 1748:; "divine light"), which is the channeling of a god, during which the shaman speaks prophetically. 4539:, keen to present the tradition as lying at the heart of Korean culture, while the 1980s also saw 4981: 2092:, it is neglecting ancestors and gods that is seen as the primary cause of human affliction. The 1450: 1118:, and typically take human form. The pantheon of deities, which has changed over time, is termed 244:, historically dominant in Korea's northern regions, whose rituals involve them being personally 4775: 4739:

have travelled abroad to perform rituals; many for instance travel to Japan to serve clients in

4174:

was beheaded in 1398. In an oft-cited incident, Jeju governor Yi Hyŏngsang initiated a purge of

3991:

several records and texts have documented the origin of Korean Shamanism. One of these texts is

2580:

are regarded as being located at especially auspicious places, at an area below a mountain, the

2571:

to perform their rituals, especially if they do not have the room for such rites in their home.

2065:

after being dissatisfied with the diagnosis or treatment administered by medical professionals.

1987:

learn their trade by observing more experienced practitioners. In early 21st-century Jeju, many

740: 399: 377:, often regarded as charlatans, remains widespread in South Korea, especially among Christians. 11457: 6786: 5747: 1960:

who have failed to learn how to deal with supernatural entities correctly are sometimes called

1486:

On Jeju Island, since the late 1980s there have been public lamentations of the dead involving

328: 2167: 2086:

then uses divination and trance visions to determine the source of their client's trouble; in

12158: 6354: 4001: 3996: 3492:("clothes for ancestors") or cloth, straw shoes, and imitation money. Towards the end of the 2644:

to use, although it has been argued that it was in the later years of the Joseon period. The

1100:, enabling the latter to have visions and intuition that allows them to perform their tasks. 1064:

will have their own personal pantheon of deities, one that may differ from the pantheon of a

282: 11851: 1800:, for instance through dreams; these dreams and visions may reveal which deities the future 1436:

ritual held for the dead, an epic ballad called the Tale of Princess Pari is often recited.

1430:. These narratives have been extensively collected and studied by Korean scholars. During a 1149: 4949: 4848:

and the idea that prayer can generate financial reward. Christians have sometimes harassed

4499: 3607:. Some practitioners who perform both draw a clear distinction between them, although many 2933: 2805: 2680:

but who has not yet undergone their initiation ritual. As well as spaces for ritual, these

123:

and sometimes regard it as one facet of a broader Korean vernacular religion distinct from

10438:"Shifting Agencies through New Media: New Social Statuses for Female South Korean Shamans" 9220: 4211:

as superstition that should be eradicated; they increasingly referred to it with the term

3079:

During the ritual, attendees may be expected to give additional offerings of money to the

1993:

have been recorded as not wanting their children to follow them into the profession. When

8: 9365: 4414:("New Life Movement") which destroyed many village shrines. This policy continued as the 4192:, they also turned to them in emergencies like epidemics, droughts, and famines. Several 4009: 3471:

had been performed earlier, misfortune would not have befallen the person sponsoring the

2774:

may be arranged due to an illness, domestic quarrel, or financial loss. The purpose of a

1337: 831:

are typically presented as inheriting the role in a hereditary fashion, although not all

442: 8164: 4767:

living outside Korea who was promoting their teachings through New Age-style workshops.

3486:

entails sending off the spirits who have been summoned, often by burning name tags, the

3227:'s sounds"), and is often deliberately archaic. The songs or chants employed are called 1606:

nevertheless fail to earn a living through this ritual vocation. In modern South Korea,

992: 345:

pro-democracy movement and came to be regarded as a source of Korean cultural identity.

12411: 12317: 12091: 11999: 11933: 11897: 11876: 11867:

Ch'oe, Kil-sŏng (1989). "The Symbolic Meaning of Shamanic Ritual in Korean Folk Life".

11838: 11817: 11751: 11028: 10465: 3619:

as genuine interactions with spirits. Performed in museums or at city festivals, these

3423:; words from the possessing entity will then be spoken to the assembled persons by the 1186: 527: 8128: 4611: 4162:

belonged to one of eight outcast groups that were expelled from the capital city. The

2692:

can witness the rituals of other practitioners and observe different regional styles.

1166:, but after that disease's eradication in the 20th century retained associations with 917:

but sometimes restricted instead to other types of Korean ritual specialist. The term

716: 12380: 12352: 12302: 12266: 12208: 12189: 12172: 12162: 12108: 12060: 12018: 11985: 11959: 11940: 11914: 11888:

Choi, Chungmoo (1989). "The Artistry and Ritual Aesthetics of Urban Korean Shamans".

11778: 11103: 10544: 10469: 10457: 4996: 4630:

have conventionally belonged to the lowest social class. Chongho Kim noted that most

4350: 4067: 3831:

will make offerings not only at the mountains but also at springs and guardian trees

3182: 2841:

and their client, sometimes involving haggling. This will usually be agreed at a pre-

2267: 2027: 1632:

into displaying a more materialistic and self-interested approach to their practice.

1462: 1246: 902:, a term meaning "ten thousand gods", and which is considered "less derogatory" than 798: 245: 116: 9798: 8144: 1453:

narrative, Ascension from Hell to Paradise is possible through prayer and devotion.

12403: 12154: 12135: 12083: 12041: 12034:"The Sound of Shamans in the Works of Nam June Paik and Early Korean Video Artists" 11809: 11743: 10449: 5001: 4966: 4740: 4288: 4096: 3870:, located on North Korea's northern border with China. This is believed to channel 3693:

is performed, the altar is always purified by fire and water, as part of the first

3371:, or possessed speech. Practitioners claim that it is the spirits that prevent the 3312:

to reflect the different entities possessing them. This is not a practice that the

3010: 1419: 1400: 1336:

rituals are broader than the purely patrilineal figures venerated in formal Korean

12370:. Fifty Years of Korean Independence. Seoul: Korean Political Science Association. 12281: 12223: 12087: 6322: 3441:

may be possessed by a succession of different supernatural entities. On Jeju, the

1551: 1259:, while the Korean traditional cosmology also includes mischievous spirits called 12046: 12033: 10160: 8974: 8773: 5006: 4976: 4596: 4243: 4013: 3365:

walking barefoot on the upturned blade of the knife, sometimes while speaking in

2983: 2184: 2040:, even those who have built celebrity status through their performance of staged 853: 70: 7937: 7935: 4648:

as first developing among priestesses. Chongho Kim cautioned that the notion of

2052:. Clients seek solutions to their practical problems, typically hoping that the 955:, and which is favored more by female than male practitioners. Conversely, some 843:

continue the role of a family member, as if maintaining a hereditary tradition.

202:

serve as mediators between paying clients and the supernatural world, employing

12205:

Sciamanesimo e Chiesa in Corea: per un processo di evangelizzazione inculturata

11928: 10255: 5478: 4845: 4705:, were "in steep decline". There is also regional variation in the presence of 4437: 4421: 4416: 4218: 3888:

from South Korea have travelled to China to make pilgrimages to this mountain.

3347:

blades, objects symbolizing the bravery of the possessing warrior spirits. The

1706: 1014: 505:

carries negative connotations in Korean culture, the term is sometimes used by

462: 12407: 12151:

God Pictures in Korean Contexts: The Ownership and Meaning of Shaman Paintings

8069: 5787: 3722: 3417:, intended in a manner that is largely controlled. Possessed speech is called 2910:

Colorful paintings of the gods will often be brought into the space where the

2610:", for instance was originally on South Mountain, before being displaced by a 2376: 2328:

were often ritually de-animated and then burned during the 20th century. Some

12427: 12176: 12057:

The Life and Hard Times of a Korean Shaman: Of Tales and the Telling of Tales

10461: 8809: 8112: 7932: 4991: 4932:

as a traditional performing artform, but marginalise its religious function.

4911: 4444: 4302: 4202: 2993:

performed in South Korea in 2007, showing the offering of meat to the spirits

1702: 1629: 1493: 1409: 471:

as a name for the religion. Other terms that have been applied to it include

302: 120: 12038:

RE:SOUND: 8th International Conference on Media Art, Science, and Technology

9112: 8539: 8224: 7254: 5513: 4551:

also adapted to new technologies; from the 1990s they increasingly used the

3097:. Any real money presented as offerings to the deities will be taken by the 2098:

may then try to convince their client of the need for an additional ritual.

1873:

claim that they never wanted to be one, and fight against the calling. Most

1624:

were "once purer than they are now," having degenerated under the impact of

680: 11982:

Forms per type and principles of performances in Korean shamanic narratives

11777:. Dimensions of Asian Spirituality. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 11230: 10719: 10350: 7412: 5617: 4592: 4405: 4257: 4079: 3867: 3729: 2706: 1529:

rituals take place secretly and involve few participants, usually only the

428: 272: 209: 193: 132: 11813: 10453: 8646: 5652: 4838:

as "Devil worship". Mainline Protestant theologians have sometimes blamed

4681:

is difficult. In the early 21st century, Sarfati noted that the number of

4527:(Popular Culture Movement) pro-democracy campaign from the 1970s; several 4395:

historically predominated, generating rivalry between the two traditions.

4274:

It was in this colonial context that scholars developed the idea that the

139:, with much diversity of belief and practice evident among practitioners. 8678: 7990: 5914: 5898: 5098: 4971: 4945: 4854:

at their places of work or during their ceremonies, something which some

4786: 4588: 4503: 4383:

there, for example. This migration meant that by the early 21st century,

4271:

demonstrate Korean cultural advancement to the Japanese occupying Korea.

2888:

shrine rented for the occasion, or in a private home, either that of the

2153:. The payment of money is often a source of mistrust between clients and 952: 869: 670: 622:

can apply to a man or woman. Male practitioners are also commonly called

612: 420: 388: 12415: 12140: 12123: 12105:

Shamans, Nostalgias and the IMF: South Korean Popular Religion in Motion

12074:

Kendall, Laurel (1996). "Korean Shamans and the Spirits of Capitalism".

11975:

Han'guk seosa muga-ui yuhyeong-byeol jonjae yangsang-gwa yeonhaeng wolli

11901: 11880: 11842: 11821: 10437: 9304: 5246: 4329: 4180:

on the island in 1702, destroying 129 shrines. Taxes were levied on the

1185:, who is regarded as a merciful Buddhist figure who cares for children. 11755: 11454:"Country Profile: Korea, North (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)" 11151: 4941: 4600: 4580: 4572: 4058:

deities, hanging on the wall, is first recorded from the 13th century.

3914:) which are presented as providing the bearer with good fortune. These 3835:. Those reaching the summit of a mountain will often add a pebble to a 2966:

onto which information like the name of the client may be written. The

2119:, and may primarily visit Buddhist temples or Christian churches. Many 1924:. The neophyte must ultimately perform an initiation ritual to open up 1788:

Practitioners believe that, in order to encourage a person to become a

1625: 1546: 1250: 1182: 1171: 1027: 924: 552: 448:

One of the terms commonly used to describe this religious tradition is

384: 255: 206:

to determine the cause of their clients' misfortune. They also perform

203: 143: 42:

symbol, representing the cosmos, is often displayed on the exterior of

12095: 10895: 9818: 9722: 5998: 4951: 4935: 4921: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4867: 4855: 4849: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4799: 4793: 4780: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4734: 4725: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4667: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4621:

mountain spirit inside the Buddhist temple at Saseongam in South Korea

4616: 4556: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4507: 4493: 4481: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4448: 4431: 4425: 4409: 4399: 4378: 4368: 4362: 4344: 4334: 4316: 4310: 4292: 4282: 4275: 4265: 4251: 4234: 4212: 4206: 4193: 4187: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4131: 4119: 4114: 4106: 4090: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 3977: 3963: 3949: 3928: 3909: 3883: 3877: 3861: 3846: 3840: 3826: 3814: 3807: 3782: 3757: 3751: 3727: 3708: 3694: 3639: 3608: 3528: 3499: 3487: 3460: 3442: 3436: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3393:

The possession phase takes place at the climax of the ritual. In some

3379: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3326: 3301: 3289: 3281: 3275: 3266: 3250: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3194: 3154: 3144: 3098: 3080: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3003:, food is offered to the spirits. This will often include fish, rice, 2949: 2943: 2923: 2901: 2889: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2793: 2787: 2748: 2730: 2687: 2675: 2657: 2651: 2639: 2560: 2548: 2506: 2484: 2469: 2438: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2396: 2368: 2362: 2344: 2340:

practitioners believe that the deity leaves the image if that occurs.

2335: 2317: 2279: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2178: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2060: 2053: 2035: 2021: 2015: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1955: 1943: 1937: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1901: 1889: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1837: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1776: 1731: 1725: 1710: 1690: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1594: 1586: 1580: 1566: 1556: 1530: 1524: 1517: 1487: 1478: 1417: 1391:

are usually deemed female; those of female mudang are typically male.

1386: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1349: 1331: 1310: 1300: 1278: 1240: 1230: 1224: 1218: 1208: 1202: 1190: 1137: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1104: 1095: 1077: 1065: 1059: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1021: 997: 974: 956: 946: 934: 928: 918: 912: 903: 897: 885: 879: 847: 820: 792: 780: 768: 759: 728: 698: 686: 663: 657: 645: 633: 617: 604: 586: 585:

with little censure from fellow members of their religion. Meanwhile,

580: 574: 568: 562: 556: 546: 539: 535:

was more appropriate for the Korean religion than "Korean shamanism."

515: 506: 500: 490: 484: 466: 455: 449: 433: 404: 378: 372: 366: 360: 354: 348: 338: 332: 318: 312: 306: 292: 286: 276: 262: 233: 227: 197: 171: 153: 147: 63: 49: 35: 11599: 11532: 10855: 9524: 7635: 3921: 3735: 3022:

Offered alongside the food will often be alcoholic drinks, typically

2615: 2480: 2271: 2080:

will hope to ascertain more about the client and their problems. The

2074:, and then engage in an introductory conversation. Through this, the 1288: 1201:, and are typically seen as the most important spirits of the earth. 189: 12346:

The Mythological and Literary Nature of the Jeju Shamanic Narrative

11747: 11615: 11464: 9068: 8057: 7738: 4398:

In North Korea, most formal religious activity was suppressed, with

2141:

has not successfully solved their problem, they may turn to another

11852:"An Investigation on the History and Structure of Korean Shamanism" 10328: 10326: 10144: 9579: 9337: 9084: 8196: 7145: 6810: 6282: 4552: 4287:

tradition descended from Siberian traditions. The Japanese scholar

4005: 3984: 3799: 3788: 3676:

Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

3240: 2614:

shrine during the Japanese occupation of Korea and then moved onto

2304:): red, blue/green, yellow, white, and black. Painters who produce 2275: 1954:

before being recognised as properly initiated practitioners. Those

1686: 1163: 496: 124: 10176: 9455: 9264: 9144: 9022: 8090: 8088: 7218: 6520: 6405: 5712: 5394: 5038: 4892:(2013). The 2000s also saw several successful documentaries about 2361:, onto which the entity's name is written in black or red ink. In 1153:

Late Joseon period depiction of Hogu Pyŏlsŏng, goddess of smallpox

703:." These modern advocacy groups have also described supporters as 551:

would be brought in on rarer occasions. Korea has seen particular

353:

is primarily found in South Korea, where there are around 200,000

8267: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7173: 6475: 5771: 5378: 4584: 4576: 3939:

style of divination involves casting rice and coins onto a tray.

3739: 3645: 2929: 2656:

themselves. Other staff based there may include musicians called

1413: 1167: 1143: 592: 340: 324: 37: 10676: 10323: 10271: 9006: 7956: 7954: 7754: 6181: 6179: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6116: 6114: 6089: 6087: 6062: 6060: 6026: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5082: 5066: 4749:

living in Europe, and a small number of non-Koreans have become

4512:

deities became increasingly collectable in the 1980s and 1990s.

4476:

as Human Cultural Treasures. One of the best-known examples was

927:, is sometimes used to describe separate practitioners from the 11139: 11123: 9924: 8793: 8085: 7667: 5855: 5314: 4898:

appear in Korean cinemas, as well as increasing appearances of

4374: 4298: 4230: 4149: 4028: 3743: 3671: 3283: 3174: 2611: 2203:

to engage with supernatural beings. If in a client's home, the

1730:, allowing them to perform their ritual tasks successfully. In 1236: 1214: 1132: 825:

into distinct typologies "cannot explain complex reality." The

268: 128: 11856:

International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences

10633: 10582: 9706: 8300: 8100: 8018: 8006: 7966: 7890: 7651: 7428: 7286: 6624: 6266: 5178: 4201:

By the late 19th century, many Korean intellectuals eager for

3533:

to entertain and feed their gods, ancestors, and clients. The

3045:

These may be placed on offering tables; one table will be the

748: 12124:"Gods and Things: Is "Animism" an Operable Concept in Korea?" 11504: 9960: 8730: 7951: 7710: 7578: 7554: 7230: 6310: 6254: 6176: 6155: 6111: 6099: 6084: 6057: 5807: 5215: 5130: 4031:, it remained a minor religion compared to Korean shamanism. 4024: 3836: 3005: 2387: 734: 710: 685:, which defines both male and female shamans. Several modern 674: 629: 416: 112: 80: 30: 11172: 11170: 10522: 10520: 10518: 9406: 9404: 8511: 8434: 7057: 6720: 6718: 5684: 5162: 5146: 5118: 2829:; based on his fieldwork in 1990s, Chongho Kim noted that a 2759:

displaying features unique to its particular circumstances.

2559:, and often contains a table on which offerings are placed. 12224:"Healing the Wounds of War: New Ancestral Shrines in Korea" 11194: 10366: 10216: 10120: 8354: 7806: 7121: 6636: 4105:

for non-Confucian ceremonies, of which they considered the

3025: 1343: 12015:

Shamans: Siberian Spirituality and the Western Imagination

11565: 11563: 10953: 10831: 10245: 10243: 10228: 9991: 9902: 9900: 9849: 9774: 9540: 8994: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8383: 8381: 8290: 8288: 8286: 7505: 7503: 7440: 6831: 6829: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6653: 6651: 6602: 6600: 5366: 2373:

also include images of Buddhist deities on their shrines.

2236:

This home shrine may include paintings of deities, called

1715:

performed a ritual to appease spirits angered by the act.

11703: 11667: 11655: 11350: 11167: 11069: 11067: 10515: 10503: 10493: 10491: 9936: 9839: 9837: 9696: 9694: 9679: 9631: 9619: 9557: 9555: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9401: 9389: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9280: 9058: 9056: 9043: 9041: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8858: 8856: 8344: 8342: 8047: 8045: 7794: 7520: 7518: 7390: 7388: 7339: 7337: 7310: 7035: 7033: 7020: 7018: 6978: 6976: 6715: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6395: 6393: 6047: 6045: 5642: 5640: 5550: 5548: 5330: 4927: 4915: 4694: 4661: 4487: 4390: 4384: 4125: 4100: 3943: 3934: 3915: 3903: 3871: 3820: 3792: 3776: 3764: 3714: 3688: 3657: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3596: 3590: 3581: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3522: 3516: 3493: 3481: 3472: 3466: 3454: 3447:

will provide a voice for the spirits. Yun noted that the

3430: 3394: 3385: 3342: 3336: 3307: 3295: 3257: 3244: 3188: 3180: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3149:

drum, on display at the National Museum of Korea in Seoul

3117: 3111: 3104: 3092: 3086: 3071: 3031: 3014: 2998: 2988: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2937: 2917: 2911: 2895: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2861: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2799: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2742: 2736: 2716: 2696: 2681: 2669: 2663: 2645: 2633: 2625: 2619: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2566: 2542: 2530: 2512: 2496: 2490: 2474: 2450: 2381: 2356: 2350: 2228: 2222: 2126: 2047: 2041: 2030:, holding a service to placate angry spirits of the dead. 1976: 1970: 1961: 1949: 1931: 1895: 1883: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1755: 1719: 1696: 1573: 1505: 1472: 1431: 1425: 1355: 1341: 1325: 1319: 1260: 1254: 1196: 1089: 1083: 1071: 1031: 968: 962: 940: 891: 873: 863: 857: 838: 832: 826: 814: 808: 802: 786: 774: 753: 639: 623: 521: 478: 465:

scholar Antonetta L. Bruno employed the capitalised term

410: 371:

have nevertheless long been marginalised. Disapproval of

297:(superstition) and supported its suppression. During the 249: 239: 221: 215: 207: 43: 11091: 10654: 10652: 10476: 10417: 9208: 8245: 8243: 8184: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7700: 7698: 7611: 6993: 6991: 6572: 6570: 6441: 6439: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6014: 5826: 5236: 5234: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 3573:

is performed to send ancestors to a good afterlife. The

3411:(descending of the spirits) describes possession of the 3405:

will stand upon an earthen jar while doing so. The term

3262:, for instance giving time for the participants to eat. 1367:

personal pantheon. A personal spiritual guardian is the

933:

but is also widely seen as a synonym. Another term some

884:; this was first recorded in the 15th century, used for 12149:

Kendall, Laurel; Yang, Jongsung; Yoon, Yul Soo (2015).

11679: 11560: 11480: 11246: 11182: 11052: 10783: 10747: 10390: 10287: 10240: 10204: 10108: 10027: 9948: 9897: 9512: 9483: 9416: 9252: 9240: 9160: 8962: 8706: 8622: 8595: 8559: 8458: 8446: 8393: 8378: 8366: 8312: 8283: 8255: 8212: 8030: 7818: 7782: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7500: 7488: 7322: 7206: 7161: 7109: 7097: 7073: 6961: 6925: 6826: 6730: 6676: 6648: 6597: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6191: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5592: 5590: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5304: 5302: 5300: 4061: 3771: 3702: 1673:

sometimes work in groups. This has been observed among

1112:

In Korean traditional religion, the deities are called

1042:(the Korean colloquial term for "god" or "deity"). The 383:

has also influenced some Korean new religions, such as

192:", although the accuracy of this term is debated among 11643: 11631: 11398: 11064: 10611: 10609: 10488: 10378: 10338: 10063: 10051: 10039: 10015: 9981: 9979: 9912: 9834: 9786: 9738: 9691: 9655: 9643: 9567: 9552: 9495: 9471: 9443: 9320: 9100: 9053: 9038: 8902: 8868: 8853: 8841: 8571: 8487: 8339: 8042: 7978: 7566: 7515: 7476: 7464: 7452: 7400: 7385: 7373: 7349: 7334: 7298: 7274: 7030: 7015: 7003: 6973: 6937: 6865: 6764: 6762: 6703: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6491: 6463: 6417: 6390: 6230: 6072: 6042: 5637: 5545: 5533: 5503: 5501: 5466: 5354: 3845:. Incorrectly performing the pilgrimage may upset the 2034:

Serving private clients is the core practice for most

1229:, the generals of the five cardinal points. Among the 254:

of eastern and southern regions, whose rituals entail

232:

divide into regional sub-types, the largest being the

12377:

The Shaman's Wages: Trading in Ritual on Cheju Island

12299:

Contemporary Korean Shamanism: From Ritual to Digital

11587: 11520: 11374: 11258: 11218: 11206: 11018: 11016: 10989: 10965: 10931: 10929: 10916: 10914: 10883: 10807: 10795: 10771: 10759: 10709: 10707: 10649: 10407: 10405: 10192: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10090: 9861: 9433: 9431: 9353: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8763: 8761: 8612: 8610: 8329: 8327: 8240: 7909: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7695: 7242: 7196: 7194: 7192: 6988: 6949: 6913: 6693: 6691: 6587: 6585: 6567: 6451: 6436: 6378: 6298: 6138: 5876: 5874: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5231: 5194: 5054: 4832:

and Protestants in South Korea, the latter regarding

4486:

as an important part of Korea's cultural heritage, a

4016:

have influenced the development of Korean Shamanism.

3995:

which traces Shamanism to the third century. Chinese

3920:

are often based on Hanja, Korean versions of Chinese

3670:

performed at Ch'ilmŏri Shrine on Jeju — was added to

3179:, and a gong. Also sometimes featured is a pipe, the 2604:, which Kendall described as "Seoul's most venerable 1754:

is also experienced by entire communities during the

248:

by deities or ancestral spirits. Another type is the

11691: 10977: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7726: 7683: 7594: 7085: 6901: 6877: 6555: 6203: 5886: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5728: 5672: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5342: 5297: 5266: 4904:

on Korean television. Korean artists who have cited

4562: 4424:, which led to a surge in the police suppression of 4389:

were increasingly dominant in areas like Jeju where

4233:. In 1896, police launched a crackdown by arresting 4224: 4181: 4084: 4073: 3897: 3855: 3651: 3602: 3448: 3313: 3201: 3123: 3037: 3023: 2848: 2554: 2536: 2518: 2444: 2329: 2323: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2287: 2260:. These paintings are particularly important in the 2237: 2172: 2046:. In some areas, including Jeju, clients are called 1907: 1749: 1737: 1466: 1070:

they trained under. This individual pantheon is the

722: 704: 692: 651: 638:(male mudang), while another term formerly used was 632:

area, male practitioners have sometimes been called

472: 317:

themselves. In the mid-20th century, persecution of

106: 11715: 11548: 11492: 11422: 11410: 11386: 11338: 11314: 11270: 11079: 11001: 10843: 10664: 10606: 10558: 10311: 10299: 10075: 10003: 9976: 9873: 9762: 9750: 9292: 8829: 8746: 8694: 8666: 8634: 8583: 8422: 8410: 7770: 7623: 7542: 7530: 7361: 7133: 6841: 6759: 6747: 6536: 6503: 5607: 5605: 5498: 5028: 5026: 4755:; a 2007 documentary covered the story of a German 4521:were often regarded favorably within South Korea's 4492:was depicted on a South Korean postage stamp while 3384:has become an expected part of staged or cinematic 2266:traditions of Seoul and of the northwest provinces 1591:can be regarded as having particular specialities. 1561:

photographed in the early years of the 20th century

819:"is blurry", while Yun commented that dividing the 598: 11932: 11575: 11362: 11326: 11013: 10941: 10926: 10911: 10871: 10819: 10735: 10704: 10692: 10621: 10594: 10402: 10132: 10087: 9885: 9667: 9428: 9196: 9184: 9172: 9132: 8950: 8938: 8926: 8914: 8885: 8758: 8718: 8607: 8527: 8499: 8475: 8324: 7871: 7189: 7045: 6889: 6853: 6688: 6612: 6582: 6342: 6126: 5986: 5934: 5871: 5278: 4940:has influenced some Korean new religions, such as 4333:Kim Kŭm-hwa became one of the world's most famous 2428:may place offerings at this shrine as well as the 1142:had with these spirit-inhabited sites was akin to 11434: 10570: 7859: 7847: 7830: 6774: 6242: 5946: 5838: 5572: 5560: 5454: 5422: 5410: 4555:to advertise their services, while portrayals of 4239:, destroying shrines, and burning paraphernalia. 1867:legitimate their calling to the profession. Many 1806:is expected to serve. This process is termed the 267:tradition may derive from prehistory. During the 12425: 5700: 5602: 5023: 4458:; some folklorists used this to help defend the 2948:, a drum, drum stick, and the spirit stick. The 1718:The tradition maintains that the deities bestow 1268: 12148: 11145: 10725: 10588: 10360: 10170: 8306: 8230: 8170: 8158: 8134: 8118: 8106: 8094: 8075: 8063: 8024: 8012: 7996: 7972: 7960: 7903: 7560: 7434: 7418: 7292: 7224: 6630: 6411: 6316: 6260: 6185: 6170: 6120: 6105: 6093: 6066: 5904: 5820: 5124: 4217:("superstition"). These ideas were endorsed in 3274:The costumes worn for these rituals are called 3171:include cymbals, hourglass-shaped drums called 591:based in Europe have merged the tradition with 526:. Having been introduced into English from the 331:in South Korea. More positive appraisal of the 188:). In English they have sometimes been called " 12244:"The Emergence of National Religions in Korea" 12040:. Electronic Workshops in Computing: 110–115. 11935:Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea 10532: 4920:for several performances from the late 1970s. 4910:rituals as an influence on their work include 4464:. In the latter part of the 20th century, the 3666:, and that year one of these traditions — the 3325:Sticks with white paper streamers are used by 2823:is usually very expensive for the client of a 2817:and the circumstances of the rite. However, a 2686:can also provide places for networking, where 2547:will often be identified on the exterior by a 1283:outside a Korean village, photographed in 1903 135:. There is no central authority in control of 12017:. London and New York: Hambledon and London. 10538: 4420:("New Community Movement") of his successor, 2101:Although both sexes are among the clients of 1836:was described by a famous model who became a 1705:". When an arsonist torched Seoul's historic 1685:in Seoul. In the early 1990s, for example, a 1136:Kendall suggested that the relationship that 1036:(the Korean colloquial term for "ghost"), or 299:Japanese occupation of the early 20th century 4373:from Hwanghae (in North Korea) resettled in 4143: 4137: 4052:from that century. The use of images of the 3851:and bring about this spirit's retribution. 3165:. Musical instruments typically involved in 2916:is to be performed; this is not part of the 2524: 2293: 2233:, and each may have idiosyncratic elements. 1743: 1535:and the clients who have commissioned them. 773:are often divided into two broad types: the 738: 714: 678: 183: 177: 165: 159: 100: 94: 84: 74: 12394:Zolla, Elemire (1985). "Korean Shamanism". 12265:. Religion and Society. The Hague: Mouton. 12207:(in Italian). Gregorian Biblical BookShop. 11456:. Religious Intelligence UK. Archived from 4315:tradition as the residue of what he called 3891: 2187:; images like this often appeared on altars 1942:, they will have to perform it again. Many 951:), originally a Korean term for a Buddhist 11849: 10526: 10509: 10482: 10423: 6724: 4693:; in 2019, Yung noted that the hereditary 4324: 3664:the country's intangible cultural heritage 3128:shrines, food will also be left to decay. 2894:, or that of their client. Setting up the 1701:ritual for the aggrieved souls of Korean " 327:government of North Korea and through the 12301:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 12153:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 12139: 12045: 11866: 11800:and Buddhist: In-between and Bypassing". 9824: 9410: 7316: 5793: 5777: 5753: 5044: 3131: 2197:rituals center around altars, places for 226:shrine, often located on a mountain. The 220:may take place in a private home or in a 12365: 12107:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 12059:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 11972: 10959: 10837: 6682: 4774: 4610: 4328: 4113: 3721: 3320: 3138: 3057:gods, while the other table will be the 2982: 2855: 2847:consultation. As well as paying for the 2710: 2650:will have a shrine keeper, who may be a 2468: 2458: 2375: 2166: 2009: 2002: 1770: 1550: 1272: 1148: 991: 911:There are also terms sometimes used for 846:Certain terms are commonly used for the 747: 398: 29: 12332: 12296: 12279: 12121: 12102: 12073: 12054: 11953: 11913:. Seoul: Ewha Womans University Press. 11709: 11685: 11673: 11661: 11649: 11637: 11621: 11609: 11605: 11593: 11569: 11526: 11486: 11474: 11404: 11380: 11356: 11308: 11296: 11292: 11252: 11224: 11212: 11200: 11188: 11176: 11161: 11157: 11129: 11117: 11109: 11097: 11073: 11058: 11046: 11034: 10901: 10861: 10813: 10801: 10789: 10765: 10753: 10682: 10658: 10639: 10497: 10435: 10396: 10384: 10372: 10356: 10344: 10332: 10293: 10281: 10265: 10261: 10249: 10234: 10222: 10210: 10198: 10186: 10182: 10166: 10154: 10150: 10126: 10114: 10069: 10057: 10045: 10033: 10021: 9997: 9954: 9942: 9930: 9918: 9906: 9855: 9843: 9828: 9804: 9792: 9780: 9744: 9732: 9728: 9700: 9685: 9661: 9649: 9637: 9625: 9613: 9589: 9585: 9573: 9561: 9546: 9534: 9530: 9518: 9506: 9489: 9477: 9465: 9449: 9383: 9371: 9347: 9343: 9331: 9314: 9310: 9286: 9274: 9234: 9226: 9126: 9122: 9106: 9094: 9074: 9062: 9047: 9032: 9012: 9000: 8988: 8980: 8908: 8879: 8862: 8847: 8823: 8815: 8803: 8787: 8779: 8660: 8628: 8601: 8577: 8565: 8553: 8545: 8469: 8452: 8440: 8404: 8387: 8372: 8360: 8348: 8318: 8294: 8277: 8261: 8249: 8234: 8218: 8206: 8202: 8190: 8178: 8174: 8150: 8138: 8122: 8079: 8051: 8036: 8000: 7984: 7945: 7941: 7926: 7812: 7800: 7788: 7760: 7748: 7744: 7704: 7673: 7645: 7641: 7572: 7524: 7509: 7494: 7482: 7470: 7458: 7446: 7422: 7406: 7394: 7379: 7355: 7343: 7328: 7304: 7280: 7268: 7260: 7212: 7183: 7167: 7155: 7151: 7127: 7115: 7103: 7039: 7024: 7009: 6997: 6982: 6967: 6943: 6931: 6871: 6835: 6820: 6816: 6804: 6800: 6792: 6741: 6709: 6670: 6657: 6642: 6606: 6576: 6530: 6526: 6481: 6469: 6457: 6445: 6430: 6399: 6384: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6336: 6328: 6304: 6292: 6288: 6276: 6236: 6224: 6197: 6149: 6078: 6051: 6020: 6004: 5980: 5964: 5928: 5908: 5861: 5832: 5801: 5765: 5757: 5741: 5722: 5718: 5694: 5666: 5658: 5646: 5631: 5623: 5596: 5554: 5539: 5527: 5519: 5492: 5472: 5448: 5404: 5400: 5360: 5320: 5272: 5252: 5240: 5225: 5209: 5184: 5168: 5104: 5092: 5076: 5060: 4948:, and some Christian churches in Korea 4545:begin to write books about themselves. 4502:and the 1988 inauguration of President 4447:in the 1970s resulted in the notion of 4377:(in South Korea), strongly influencing 3504:will remove their ceremonial clothing. 2975: 2768:is sponsored for a specific purpose. A 2390:, featuring statues of various deities. 14: 12426: 12282:"What is the Ancient Korean Religion?" 12186:Korean Shamanism: The Cultural Paradox 12159:10.21313/hawaii/9780824847647.001.0001 12012: 11927: 10995: 5384: 5372: 4040:is first recorded in the 12th-century 3769:energy (the equivalent of the Chinese 3331:to channel the spirits into their body 2753:mix these different styles, with each 2334:have been donated to museums; certain 2068:A client will often arrive, greet the 1499: 1440:earth is married to the heavenly God. 691:advocacy groups have adopted the term 12444:Religion in Korea under Japanese rule 12393: 11828: 11791: 11772: 11428: 10983: 9712: 9605: 9601: 9461: 9395: 9375: 9359: 9028: 7764: 7716: 7657: 7605: 6907: 6883: 6796: 6669:"신뿌리"; <초공본풀이>에서 그러했기 때문이라는 답" 6561: 6549: 6514: 6497: 6485: 6332: 6008: 5968: 5920: 5678: 5507: 5484: 5388: 5308: 5152: 5136: 5108: 5048: 4761:. Kendall noted the existence of one 4250:, the occupiers tried to incorporate 3103:. Much of the food assembled for the 2183:(mountain spirit), on display at the 2162: 1849:A common motif in the biographies of 1443: 1177:Popular cosmological deities include 12318:"The Afterlife in Korean Literature" 12315: 12241: 12221: 12031: 11908: 11887: 11697: 11236: 10849: 9214: 9150: 8428: 7732: 7689: 7584: 7179: 7091: 6895: 6780: 4808:The religion's critics often regard 4062:Joseon Korea and Japanese Occupation 3902:role is to produce talismans called 3703:Mountains, landscape, and pilgrimage 3193:will often begin with drumming. The 3063:, devoted to ancestral spirits. The 2662:, kitchen staff to prepare food for 1812:("the drought caused by the gods"), 1763: 1424:myth. Origin myths are often called 1330:. Ancestors who may be venerated in 764:, performing a ritual in South Korea 668:is synonymous with the Chinese word 12374: 12260: 12202: 12183: 11911:Folk-Religion: The Customs in Korea 11733: 11721: 11625: 11581: 11554: 11542: 11538: 11514: 11510: 11498: 11470: 11440: 11416: 11392: 11368: 11344: 11332: 11320: 11304: 11300: 11288: 11276: 11264: 11133: 11113: 11085: 11042: 11038: 11022: 11007: 10971: 10947: 10935: 10920: 10905: 10889: 10877: 10865: 10825: 10777: 10741: 10729: 10713: 10698: 10686: 10670: 10643: 10627: 10615: 10600: 10576: 10564: 10411: 10317: 10305: 10277: 10138: 10102: 10081: 10009: 9985: 9970: 9966: 9891: 9879: 9867: 9812: 9808: 9768: 9756: 9716: 9673: 9609: 9437: 9422: 9379: 9298: 9270: 9258: 9246: 9230: 9202: 9190: 9178: 9166: 9154: 9138: 9118: 9090: 9078: 9016: 8984: 8968: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8920: 8896: 8835: 8819: 8799: 8783: 8767: 8752: 8740: 8736: 8724: 8712: 8700: 8688: 8684: 8672: 8656: 8652: 8640: 8616: 8589: 8549: 8533: 8521: 8517: 8505: 8493: 8481: 8416: 8333: 8273: 8154: 7884: 7865: 7853: 7841: 7824: 7776: 7720: 7677: 7661: 7629: 7617: 7588: 7548: 7536: 7367: 7264: 7248: 7236: 7200: 7139: 7079: 7067: 7063: 7051: 6955: 6919: 6859: 6847: 6768: 6753: 6697: 6618: 6591: 6360: 6348: 6272: 6248: 6132: 6036: 6032: 5992: 5976: 5972: 5952: 5940: 5924: 5892: 5880: 5865: 5849: 5797: 5781: 5761: 5706: 5690: 5662: 5627: 5611: 5581: 5566: 5523: 5488: 5460: 5431: 5416: 5348: 5336: 5324: 5291: 5260: 5256: 5221: 5188: 5172: 5156: 5140: 5112: 5088: 5072: 5032: 1818:("spirit possession sickness"), or 644:. Although commonly used, the term 24: 12188:. London and New York: Routledge. 4246:invaded Korea in 1910. During the 4099:scholars used the derogatory term 567:will often identify as Buddhists. 25: 12455: 12339:-ui sinhwa-seong-gwa munhak-seong 12280:McBride, Richard D. (July 2006). 11792:Bruno, Antonetta L. (2013). "The 4733:Since at least the 20th century, 4579:-originated movements (including 4359:southern pro-Christian government 3976:Some historians have argued that 2511:rituals are performed are called 2483:, Seoul; Kendall noted that many 1689:group in Seoul sponsored several 1618:took a "nostalgic view" that the 1183:the seven stars of the Big Dipper 1030:. Supernatural beings are called 561:practice and Buddhism; if asked, 12396:RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 12366:Sorensen, Clark W. (July 1995). 12342:제주도 서사무가 <초공본풀이>의 신화성과 문학성 11939:. New York: Spiegel & Grau. 11727: 11446: 10429: 6663: 4950:make use of practices rooted in 4500:Seoul 1988 Olympic Arts Festival 3546:can sometimes last 10 days. The 3507: 2972:may then be attached to a drum. 1906:(spirit daughter) if female, or 1354:rites and the Confucian-derived 1324:. Tutelary ancestors are termed 599:Terms and types of practitioners 514:English language studies of the 11954:Grayson, James Huntley (2002). 4785:worshipping at a shrine at the 4606: 4430:during the 1970s. In response, 3781:is believed to channel through 3681: 3561:is for good fortune, while the 2811:The fee charged varies between 2668:rituals, and a maid called the 12203:Kim, Hae-Kyung Serena (2005). 4498:elements were included at the 4144: 4138: 3896:An important component of the 3839:to propitiate that mountain's 3775:) that is present there. This 3734:, a shrine for the worship of 3713:religion, rocks, springs, and 3459:. The entities possessing the 2954:is a three-pronged spear. The 2942:ritual, including swords, the 2598:sometimes move over time. The 2525: 2294: 1162:was for instance a goddess of 939:use to describe themselves is 739: 715: 679: 305:began promoting the idea that 184: 178: 166: 160: 101: 95: 85: 75: 13: 1: 12088:10.1525/aa.1996.98.3.02a00060 11831:Rivista degli studi orientali 11146:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 10726:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 10589:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 10543:. New York University Press. 10361:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 10171:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 8307:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 8231:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 8171:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 8159:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 8135:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 8119:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 8107:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 8095:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 8076:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 8064:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 8025:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 8013:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 7997:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 7973:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 7961:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 7904:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 7561:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 7435:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 7419:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 7293:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 7225:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 6631:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 6412:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 6317:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 6261:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 6186:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 6171:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 6121:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 6106:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 6094:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 6067:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 5905:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 5821:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 5125:Kendall, Yang & Yoon 2015 5012: 4355:northern Socialist government 4297:as a remnant of a primordial 4000:foreign religions, including 3971: 3797:, and is akin to the Chinese 2960:is a prayer card used in the 1318:Ancestral spirits are called 1269:Village and household spirits 1103: 394: 301:, nationalistically oriented 48:, or shrine-buildings in the 12333:신연우 (Shin Yeon-woo) (2017). 11994:. Anthology of prior papers. 10264:, pp. xxviii, 200–201; 5017: 4987:Korean traditional festivals 4914:, who recreated an exorcism 4844:for predisposing Koreans to 4770: 4456:intangible cultural heritage 4256:within, or replace it with, 3527:is an annual rite held by a 3215:during their rite is called 3110:have followed them from the 2866:held on Jeju Island in 2006. 2695: 1511: 1492:to mark those killed in the 1394: 7: 11973:홍태한 (Hong Tae-han) (2016). 11956:Korea - A Religious History 11850:Chačatrjan, Arevik (2015). 11802:Journal of Korean Religions 4960: 4952: 4936: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4868: 4856: 4850: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4800: 4794: 4781: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4735: 4726: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4617: 4563: 4557: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4508: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4449: 4432: 4426: 4410: 4400: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4369: 4363: 4353:and the establishment of a 4345: 4335: 4317: 4311: 4293: 4283: 4276: 4266: 4252: 4235: 4225: 4213: 4207: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4107: 4101: 4091: 4085: 4074: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 3978: 3964: 3950: 3944: 3935: 3929: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3862: 3856: 3854:In historical periods, the 3847: 3841: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3793: 3783: 3777: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3750:In stories surrounding the 3728: 3715: 3709: 3695: 3689: 3658: 3652: 3640: 3634: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3548: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3327: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3251: 3245: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3202: 3195: 3189: 3181: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3153:The ritual begins with the 3145: 3124: 3122:, especially those held at 3118: 3112: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3072: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3038: 3032: 3024: 3015: 2999: 2989: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2862: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2717: 2697: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2626: 2620: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2475: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2382: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2288: 2280: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2179: 2173: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2061: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2022: 2020:Oh Su-bok, mistress of the 2016: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1838: 1832: 1830:sickness"). One example of 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1777: 1756: 1750: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1711: 1697: 1691: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1595: 1587: 1581: 1574: 1567: 1557: 1531: 1525: 1518: 1488: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1432: 1426: 1418: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1356: 1350: 1342: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1311: 1301: 1287:Villages traditionally had 1279: 1261: 1255: 1241: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1138: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1105: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1022: 998: 987: 975: 969: 963: 957: 947: 941: 935: 929: 919: 913: 904: 898: 892: 886: 880: 874: 864: 858: 848: 839: 833: 827: 821: 815: 809: 803: 793: 787: 781: 775: 769: 760: 754: 729: 723: 705: 699: 693: 687: 664: 658: 652: 646: 640: 634: 624: 618: 605: 587: 581: 575: 569: 563: 557: 547: 540: 522: 516: 507: 501: 491: 485: 479: 473: 467: 456: 450: 434: 411: 405: 379: 373: 367: 361: 355: 349: 339: 333: 319: 313: 307: 293: 287: 277: 263: 250: 240: 234: 228: 222: 216: 208: 198: 172: 154: 148: 107: 64: 50: 44: 36: 10: 12460: 12263:Korean Shamanistic Rituals 12047:10.14236/ewic/RESOUND19.18 12004:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 11765: 4675:Determining the number of 4262:Governor-General of Chōsen 4111:rituals among the lowest. 4065: 3957: 3036:will often be bought in a 2729:The central ritual of the 2704: 1912:(spirit son) if male. The 1544: 1406:Korean shamanic narratives 1398: 982: 852:in particular regions. In 727:(believers in the ways of 511:to describe what they do. 12408:10.1086/RESv9n1ms20166728 12351:]. Seoul: Minsogwon. 11984:]. Seoul: Minsogwon. 11890:Journal of Ritual Studies 11869:Journal of Ritual Studies 10442:Journal of Korean Studies 9612:, pp. 211, 216–217; 8141:, pp. 118, 122, 128. 7944:, pp. 22, 101, 128; 7239:, pp. 9–10, note 10. 4603:, and many other sects). 4046:. It also appears in the 2900:may involve not only the 1744: 1538: 896:are often referred to as 862:are often referred to as 697:, meaning "people who do 12341: 12261:Lee, Jung Young (1981). 12231:The Asia-Pacific Journal 12122:Kendall, Laurel (2021). 12103:Kendall, Laurel (2009). 12055:Kendall, Laurel (1988). 11977: 10335:, pp. 32–33, 38–39. 4862:religious discrimination 4260:. The Japanese colonial 3892:Talismans and divination 2798:Kim Kŭm-hwa performed a 2723:National Museum of Korea 1966:by other practitioners. 12316:Shin, Dong-hun (2021). 12076:American Anthropologist 12013:Hutton, Ronald (2001). 11978:한국 서사무가의 유형별 존재양상과 연행원리 11909:Choi, Joon-sik (2006). 10436:Sarfati, Liora (2016). 9933:, pp. 44, 57, 148. 9811:, pp. 61–62, 120; 8691:, pp. 4, 105, 169. 4982:Korean numismatic charm 4741:Japan's Korean minority 4711:; by the 21st century, 4325:Korean War and Division 4156:In the Joseon dynasty, 3480:The final phase of the 3429:. Over the course of a 3209:The language used by a 1724:("divine energy") on a 1245:have venerated General 1088:. These deities bestow 961:maintain that the term 12297:Sarfati, Lora (2021). 12242:Lee, Chi-ran (2010s). 12184:Kim, Chongho (2018) . 12032:Kang, Mi-Jung (2019). 10539:Pyong Gap Min (2010). 5339:, pp. 21–22, 223. 4790: 4622: 4443:The popularization of 4340: 4153: 3747: 3332: 3150: 2994: 2867: 2726: 2502: 2391: 2188: 2031: 1948:will perform multiple 1918:will be that novice's 1785: 1562: 1284: 1154: 1018: 765: 424: 329:New Community Movement 275:elites suppressed the 111:), is a religion from 55: 12322:Korean Literature Now 12222:Kwon, Heonik (2009). 11958:. London: Routledge. 11814:10.1353/jkr.2013.0018 11736:Sociology of Religion 11541:, pp. 166, 167; 10868:, pp. 53–54, 61. 10454:10.1353/jks.2016.0009 10169:, pp. 184, 186; 4778: 4699:, including the Jeju 4614: 4587:), and the family of 4339:from the 1980s onward 4332: 4130:in a painting titled 4117: 3962:Detailed accounts of 3927:Divination is termed 3725: 3324: 3142: 2986: 2859: 2714: 2479:shrine is located on 2472: 2379: 2284:who keeps the image. 2170: 2131:they have sponsored. 2013: 1969:Among the hereditary 1774: 1554: 1276: 1152: 995: 878:are typically called 779:, or "god-descended" 751: 489:. In Korea, the term 402: 33: 12439:East Asian religions 11116:, pp. 195–196; 9616:, pp. 1, 49–50. 9604:, pp. 109–110; 9233:, pp. 130–131; 9229:, pp. 157–158; 8786:, pp. 21, 196; 8687:, pp. 170–171; 8443:, pp. 112, 184. 8066:, pp. 109, 114. 7620:, pp. xiv, 141. 6803:, pp. 36, 168; 6367:, pp. 222–223; 6035:, pp. 76, 190; 5375:, pp. vii–viii. 4789:Folk Museum in Seoul 4411:Sin Saenghwal Undong 3613:still regard staged 3567:is for healing. The 2806:Korean reunification 2343:Also present may be 1894:may be called their 1679:on Jeju, as well as 1253:. Child deities are 323:continued under the 258:but not possession. 117:Scholars of religion 12375:Yun, Kyoim (2019). 12335:Jeju-do seosa muga 12141:10.3390/rel12040283 11775:Korean Spirituality 11773:Baker, Don (2008). 11628:, pp. 157–158. 11473:, pp. 23, 81; 11460:on 13 October 2007. 11203:, pp. 18, 177. 10375:, pp. 123–124. 10225:, pp. 185–186. 10129:, pp. 186–187. 9425:, pp. 72, 120. 9398:, pp. 124–125. 9261:, pp. 82, 130. 9249:, pp. 195–196. 9217:, pp. 240–241. 8971:, pp. 110–111. 8715:, pp. 132–133. 8363:, pp. 189–190. 7827:, pp. 100–101. 7815:, pp. 63, 122. 7130:, pp. 16, 165. 7082:, pp. 80, 110. 6645:, pp. 49, 142. 6011:, pp. 180–182. 5491:, pp. 24, 49; 5091:, pp. 25, 49; 4349:worsened after the 4248:Japanese occupation 3882:. Since the 1990s, 3662:styles as parts of 3521:or flower-greeting 3132:Performance at the 2674:who is an intended 2495:as Korea's premier 1500:Morality and ethics 1338:ancestor veneration 443:indigenous religion 11545:, pp. 4, 162. 11160:, pp. 21–22; 11120:, pp. 84, 86. 11041:, pp. 86–87; 10908:, pp. 54, 57. 10904:, pp. 17–18; 10732:, pp. 18, 26. 10000:, pp. 54, 56. 9858:, pp. 28, 31. 9783:, pp. 56, 57. 9731:, pp. 40–41; 9549:, pp. 35, 40. 9317:, pp. 31, 44. 9277:, pp. 43, 51. 9237:, pp. 30, 45. 9169:, p. 111-113. 9157:, p. 111-113. 9097:, pp. 15, 32. 9081:, pp. 79, 86. 9003:, pp. 13, 97. 8991:, pp. 15, 32. 8496:, pp. 4, 102. 8276:, pp. 3, 72; 7449:, pp. xx, 67. 7227:, pp. 70, 82. 6414:, p. Plate 2. 5079:, pp. 79, 96. 4791: 4623: 4599:, the now-extinct 4575:or Dangunism, the 4343:The situation for 4341: 4154: 3997:dynastic histories 3748: 3589:Historically, the 3335:Also used in many 3333: 3151: 3073:chŏngsŏng kŭllyang 2995: 2922:performed by Jeju 2868: 2727: 2503: 2392: 2189: 2163:Altars and shrines 2032: 1786: 1563: 1444:Birth and the dead 1295:(grandfather) and 1285: 1223:, and include the 1155: 1019: 837:do so, while some 766: 662:. The Korean word 628:, although in the 528:Tungusic languages 425: 365:and Buddhism, the 56: 12386:978-0-295-74595-4 12358:978-89-285-1036-8 12308:978-0-253-05717-4 12272:978-90-279-3378-2 12256:on 13 April 2014. 12214:978-88-7839-025-6 12195:978-1-138-71051-1 12168:978-0-8248-6833-8 12114:978-0-8248-3398-5 12066:978-0-8248-1145-7 12024:978-1-85295-324-9 11991:978-89-285-0881-5 11946:978-0-385-52390-5 11920:978-89-7300-628-1 11784:978-0-8248-3233-9 11676:, pp. 68–70. 11664:, pp. 64–65. 11359:, pp. 18–19. 11267:, pp. 51–52. 11179:, pp. 15–16. 10974:, pp. 28–29. 10962:, pp. 24–27. 10892:, pp. 55–56. 10840:, pp. 11–22. 10780:, pp. 51–53. 10550:978-0-8147-9615-3 10237:, p. xxviii. 9945:, pp. 44–45. 9870:, pp. 79–80. 9815:, pp. 7, 82. 9688:, pp. 79–81. 9640:, pp. 48–49. 9628:, pp. 1, 46. 9289:, pp. 9, 35. 8082:, pp. 11–12. 7803:, pp. 82–83. 7251:, pp. 53–54. 6958:, pp. 3, 98. 6922:, pp. 10–11. 6500:, pp. 24–25. 6339:, pp. 46–47. 6023:, pp. 8, 15. 5967:, pp. ix–x; 5895:, pp. 3, 19. 5835:, pp. 8, 83. 5768:, pp. 7, 83. 5351:, pp. 21–22. 4997:Religion in Korea 4743:. There are also 4351:division of Korea 4068:Misin tapa undong 3948:rituals like the 3359:and involves the 3051:, devoted to the 2976:Offerings at the 2505:Shrines at which 1709:in 2008, several 1463:wandering spirits 1249:as a hero of the 1247:Douglas MacArthur 1054:for all of them. 256:spirit mediumship 119:classify it as a 16:(Redirected from 12451: 12434:Korean shamanism 12419: 12390: 12371: 12362: 12348:Chogong bon-puri 12337:Chogong bon-puri 12329: 12312: 12293: 12276: 12257: 12255: 12249:. Archived from 12248: 12238: 12228: 12218: 12199: 12180: 12145: 12143: 12134:(283): 283–297. 12118: 12099: 12070: 12051: 12049: 12028: 12009: 12003: 11995: 11969: 11950: 11938: 11924: 11905: 11884: 11863: 11846: 11825: 11788: 11760: 11759: 11731: 11725: 11719: 11713: 11712:, p. 96-97. 11707: 11701: 11695: 11689: 11683: 11677: 11671: 11665: 11659: 11653: 11647: 11641: 11635: 11629: 11619: 11613: 11603: 11597: 11591: 11585: 11579: 11573: 11567: 11558: 11552: 11546: 11536: 11530: 11524: 11518: 11513:, p. xiii; 11508: 11502: 11496: 11490: 11484: 11478: 11468: 11462: 11461: 11450: 11444: 11438: 11432: 11426: 11420: 11414: 11408: 11402: 11396: 11390: 11384: 11378: 11372: 11366: 11360: 11354: 11348: 11342: 11336: 11330: 11324: 11318: 11312: 11286: 11280: 11274: 11268: 11262: 11256: 11250: 11244: 11234: 11228: 11222: 11216: 11210: 11204: 11198: 11192: 11186: 11180: 11174: 11165: 11155: 11149: 11143: 11137: 11127: 11121: 11107: 11101: 11095: 11089: 11083: 11077: 11071: 11062: 11056: 11050: 11032: 11026: 11020: 11011: 11005: 10999: 10993: 10987: 10981: 10975: 10969: 10963: 10957: 10951: 10945: 10939: 10933: 10924: 10918: 10909: 10899: 10893: 10887: 10881: 10875: 10869: 10859: 10853: 10847: 10841: 10835: 10829: 10823: 10817: 10811: 10805: 10799: 10793: 10787: 10781: 10775: 10769: 10763: 10757: 10751: 10745: 10739: 10733: 10723: 10717: 10711: 10702: 10696: 10690: 10680: 10674: 10668: 10662: 10656: 10647: 10637: 10631: 10625: 10619: 10613: 10604: 10598: 10592: 10586: 10580: 10574: 10568: 10562: 10556: 10554: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10486: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10433: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10400: 10394: 10388: 10382: 10376: 10370: 10364: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10321: 10315: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10275: 10269: 10259: 10253: 10247: 10238: 10232: 10226: 10220: 10214: 10208: 10202: 10196: 10190: 10180: 10174: 10164: 10158: 10148: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10043: 10037: 10031: 10025: 10019: 10013: 10007: 10001: 9995: 9989: 9983: 9974: 9964: 9958: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9928: 9922: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9832: 9822: 9816: 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9726: 9720: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9599: 9593: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9550: 9544: 9538: 9528: 9522: 9516: 9510: 9504: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9469: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9369: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9318: 9308: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9278: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9188: 9182: 9176: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9148: 9142: 9136: 9130: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9088: 9082: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9051: 9045: 9036: 9026: 9020: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8883: 8877: 8866: 8860: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8833: 8827: 8813: 8807: 8797: 8791: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8756: 8750: 8744: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8557: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8391: 8385: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8337: 8331: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8281: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8238: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8200: 8194: 8193:, pp. 9–10. 8188: 8182: 8168: 8162: 8148: 8142: 8132: 8126: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8083: 8073: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7949: 7939: 7930: 7924: 7907: 7901: 7888: 7882: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7758: 7752: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7671: 7665: 7655: 7649: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7592: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7513: 7507: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7383: 7377: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7187: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7028: 7022: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6986: 6980: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6824: 6814: 6808: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6728: 6722: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6595: 6589: 6580: 6574: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6534: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6434: 6428: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6286: 6280: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6201: 6200:, pp. 3, 5. 6195: 6189: 6183: 6174: 6168: 6153: 6147: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6055: 6049: 6040: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5918: 5912: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5869: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5805: 5791: 5785: 5775: 5769: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5726: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5635: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5600: 5594: 5585: 5579: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5496: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5435: 5429: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5398: 5392: 5387:, p. viii; 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5295: 5289: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5229: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5192: 5182: 5176: 5166: 5160: 5150: 5144: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5102: 5096: 5086: 5080: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5002:Samgong bon-puri 4967:Asian witchcraft 4955: 4939: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4871: 4859: 4853: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4803: 4797: 4784: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4738: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4620: 4566: 4560: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4511: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4452: 4445:folklore studies 4435: 4429: 4413: 4403: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4372: 4366: 4348: 4338: 4320: 4314: 4296: 4286: 4279: 4269: 4255: 4238: 4229:spirits as evil 4228: 4216: 4210: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4165:Gyeonggukdaejeon 4161: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4110: 4104: 4094: 4088: 4077: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 3981: 3967: 3953: 3947: 3938: 3932: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3865: 3859: 3850: 3844: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3811: 3796: 3786: 3780: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3733: 3718: 3712: 3698: 3692: 3661: 3655: 3643: 3637: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3399:traditions, the 3398: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3330: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3178: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3148: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3075: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3018: 3011:animal sacrifice 3002: 2992: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2865: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2747:, although some 2746: 2740: 2734: 2720: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2478: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2408: 2400: 2385: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2322:'s death, their 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2283: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2182: 2176: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2064: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2025: 2019: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1780: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1714: 1700: 1694: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1598: 1590: 1584: 1577: 1570: 1560: 1534: 1528: 1521: 1491: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1420:Chogong bon-puri 1401:Chogong bon-puri 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1314: 1304: 1282: 1264: 1258: 1244: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1212: 1206: 1200: 1194: 1181:, the spirit of 1141: 1129: 1124:, with over 130 1123: 1117: 1108: 1099: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1053: 1047: 1041: 1035: 1025: 1012: 1001: 978: 972: 966: 960: 950: 944: 938: 932: 922: 916: 907: 901: 895: 889: 883: 877: 867: 861: 851: 842: 836: 830: 824: 818: 812: 806: 796: 791:or "hereditary" 790: 784: 778: 772: 763: 757: 744: 743: 732: 726: 720: 719: 708: 702: 696: 690: 684: 683: 667: 661: 655: 649: 643: 637: 627: 621: 608: 590: 584: 578: 572: 566: 560: 550: 543: 525: 519: 510: 504: 494: 488: 482: 476: 470: 459: 453: 437: 414: 408: 382: 376: 370: 364: 358: 352: 344: 336: 322: 316: 310: 296: 290: 285:– characterised 280: 266: 261:Elements of the 253: 243: 237: 231: 225: 219: 213: 201: 187: 186: 181: 180: 175: 169: 168: 163: 162: 157: 151: 110: 104: 103: 98: 97: 88: 87: 78: 77: 67: 61:, also known as 59:Korean shamanism 53: 47: 41: 21: 18:Sindo (religion) 12459: 12458: 12454: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12449: 12448: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12387: 12359: 12343: 12309: 12273: 12253: 12246: 12226: 12215: 12196: 12169: 12115: 12067: 12025: 11997: 11996: 11992: 11979: 11966: 11947: 11929:Demick, Barbara 11921: 11785: 11768: 11763: 11748:10.2307/3712281 11732: 11728: 11720: 11716: 11708: 11704: 11696: 11692: 11684: 11680: 11672: 11668: 11660: 11656: 11648: 11644: 11636: 11632: 11620: 11616: 11608:, p. 514; 11604: 11600: 11592: 11588: 11580: 11576: 11568: 11561: 11553: 11549: 11537: 11533: 11525: 11521: 11509: 11505: 11497: 11493: 11485: 11481: 11469: 11465: 11452: 11451: 11447: 11439: 11435: 11427: 11423: 11415: 11411: 11403: 11399: 11391: 11387: 11379: 11375: 11367: 11363: 11355: 11351: 11343: 11339: 11331: 11327: 11319: 11315: 11287: 11283: 11275: 11271: 11263: 11259: 11251: 11247: 11235: 11231: 11223: 11219: 11211: 11207: 11199: 11195: 11187: 11183: 11175: 11168: 11164:, pp. 5–6. 11156: 11152: 11144: 11140: 11128: 11124: 11108: 11104: 11100:, p. xxii. 11096: 11092: 11084: 11080: 11072: 11065: 11057: 11053: 11033: 11029: 11021: 11014: 11006: 11002: 10994: 10990: 10982: 10978: 10970: 10966: 10958: 10954: 10946: 10942: 10934: 10927: 10919: 10912: 10900: 10896: 10888: 10884: 10876: 10872: 10860: 10856: 10848: 10844: 10836: 10832: 10824: 10820: 10812: 10808: 10800: 10796: 10792:, pp. 7–8. 10788: 10784: 10776: 10772: 10764: 10760: 10752: 10748: 10740: 10736: 10724: 10720: 10712: 10705: 10697: 10693: 10685:, p. 217; 10681: 10677: 10669: 10665: 10657: 10650: 10638: 10634: 10626: 10622: 10614: 10607: 10599: 10595: 10587: 10583: 10575: 10571: 10563: 10559: 10551: 10537: 10533: 10527:Chačatrjan 2015 10525: 10516: 10510:Chačatrjan 2015 10508: 10504: 10496: 10489: 10483:Chačatrjan 2015 10481: 10477: 10434: 10430: 10424:Chačatrjan 2015 10422: 10418: 10410: 10403: 10395: 10391: 10383: 10379: 10371: 10367: 10355: 10351: 10343: 10339: 10331: 10324: 10316: 10312: 10304: 10300: 10292: 10288: 10280:, p. 165; 10276: 10272: 10260: 10256: 10248: 10241: 10233: 10229: 10221: 10217: 10209: 10205: 10197: 10193: 10181: 10177: 10165: 10161: 10153:, p. 151; 10149: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10125: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10101: 10088: 10080: 10076: 10068: 10064: 10056: 10052: 10044: 10040: 10032: 10028: 10020: 10016: 10008: 10004: 9996: 9992: 9984: 9977: 9969:, p. 117; 9965: 9961: 9953: 9949: 9941: 9937: 9929: 9925: 9917: 9913: 9905: 9898: 9890: 9886: 9878: 9874: 9866: 9862: 9854: 9850: 9842: 9835: 9827:, p. 221; 9823: 9819: 9807:, p. 168; 9803: 9799: 9791: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9755: 9751: 9743: 9739: 9727: 9723: 9715:, p. 121; 9711: 9707: 9699: 9692: 9684: 9680: 9672: 9668: 9660: 9656: 9648: 9644: 9636: 9632: 9624: 9620: 9600: 9596: 9584: 9580: 9572: 9568: 9560: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9533:, p. 229; 9529: 9525: 9521:, pp. 5–6. 9517: 9513: 9505: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9464:, p. 107; 9460: 9456: 9448: 9444: 9436: 9429: 9421: 9417: 9409: 9402: 9394: 9390: 9378:, p. 123; 9374:, p. 229; 9370: 9366: 9358: 9354: 9342: 9338: 9330: 9321: 9313:, p. 229; 9309: 9305: 9297: 9293: 9285: 9281: 9269: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9245: 9241: 9225: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9201: 9197: 9189: 9185: 9177: 9173: 9165: 9161: 9153:, p. 243; 9149: 9145: 9137: 9133: 9125:, p. 108; 9117: 9113: 9105: 9101: 9089: 9085: 9077:, p. 158; 9073: 9069: 9061: 9054: 9046: 9039: 9031:, p. 178; 9027: 9023: 9011: 9007: 8999: 8995: 8983:, p. 229; 8979: 8975: 8967: 8963: 8955: 8951: 8943: 8939: 8931: 8927: 8919: 8915: 8907: 8903: 8895: 8886: 8878: 8869: 8861: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8834: 8830: 8814: 8810: 8798: 8794: 8778: 8774: 8766: 8759: 8751: 8747: 8739:, p. 111; 8735: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8659:, p. 168; 8655:, p. 170; 8651: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8627: 8623: 8615: 8608: 8600: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8576: 8572: 8564: 8560: 8544: 8540: 8532: 8528: 8516: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8492: 8488: 8480: 8476: 8468: 8459: 8451: 8447: 8439: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8394: 8386: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8359: 8355: 8347: 8340: 8332: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8305: 8301: 8293: 8284: 8272: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8248: 8241: 8229: 8225: 8217: 8213: 8205:, p. 118; 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177:, p. 116; 8169: 8165: 8149: 8145: 8133: 8129: 8121:, p. 123; 8117: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8093: 8086: 8074: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8050: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8023: 8019: 8011: 8007: 7995: 7991: 7983: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7959: 7952: 7940: 7933: 7925: 7910: 7902: 7891: 7883: 7872: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7840: 7831: 7823: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7759: 7755: 7747:, p. 120; 7743: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7715: 7711: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7684: 7672: 7668: 7656: 7652: 7644:, p. 516; 7640: 7636: 7628: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7604: 7595: 7587:, p. 236; 7583: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7559: 7555: 7547: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7523: 7516: 7508: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7417: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7342: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7303: 7299: 7291: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7267:, p. 169; 7259: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7211: 7207: 7199: 7190: 7182:, p. 243; 7178: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7150: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7126: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7038: 7031: 7023: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6989: 6981: 6974: 6970:, pp. 3–4. 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6834: 6827: 6815: 6811: 6791: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6767: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6731: 6725:Chačatrjan 2015 6723: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6696: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6649: 6641: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6617: 6613: 6605: 6598: 6590: 6583: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6548: 6537: 6529:, p. 224; 6525: 6521: 6513: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6484:, p. 223; 6480: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6444: 6437: 6429: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6398: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6335:, p. 194; 6331:, p. 221; 6327: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6291:, p. 167; 6287: 6283: 6271: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6156: 6148: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6085: 6077: 6073: 6065: 6058: 6050: 6043: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6007:, p. 182; 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979:, p. 181; 5971:, p. 179; 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5923:, p. 180; 5919: 5915: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5872: 5864:, p. 179; 5860: 5856: 5848: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5808: 5796:, p. 230; 5792: 5788: 5780:, p. 224; 5776: 5772: 5760:, p. 218; 5756:, p. 224; 5752: 5748: 5740: 5729: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5689: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5657: 5653: 5645: 5638: 5626:, p. 218; 5622: 5618: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5499: 5487:, p. 178; 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5438: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5403:, p. 219; 5399: 5395: 5383: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5363:, pp. 8–9. 5359: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5298: 5290: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5255:, p. 216; 5251: 5247: 5239: 5232: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5195: 5183: 5179: 5167: 5163: 5155:, p. 176; 5151: 5147: 5139:, p. 175; 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111:, p. 175; 5103: 5099: 5087: 5083: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047:, p. 225; 5043: 5039: 5031: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5007:Taoism in Korea 4977:Korean folklore 4963: 4886:Ch'ŏngham Posal 4779:A diorama of a 4773: 4609: 4597:Daesun Jinrihoe 4506:. Paintings of 4327: 4244:Japanese Empire 4220:The Independent 4205:came to regard 4070: 4064: 3974: 3960: 3894: 3726:Gardens of the 3705: 3684: 3513: 3137: 3013:occurs at most 2981: 2709: 2703: 2481:Inwang Mountain 2467: 2185:Brooklyn Museum 2171:A 19th-century 2165: 2008: 2003:Clients of the 1769: 1665:practitioners. 1549: 1543: 1514: 1502: 1446: 1403: 1397: 1271: 1195:, or sometimes 1110: 1006: 990: 985: 973:rituals of the 923:, describing a 854:Jeolla Province 656:, and the term 601: 435:minsok chonggyo 397: 194:anthropologists 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12457: 12447: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12421: 12420: 12402:(9): 101–113. 12391: 12385: 12372: 12363: 12357: 12330: 12313: 12307: 12294: 12277: 12271: 12258: 12239: 12237:(24 #4): 1–17. 12219: 12213: 12200: 12194: 12181: 12167: 12146: 12119: 12113: 12100: 12082:(3): 512–527. 12071: 12065: 12052: 12029: 12023: 12010: 11990: 11970: 11964: 11951: 11945: 11925: 11919: 11906: 11896:(2): 235–249. 11885: 11875:(2): 217–233. 11864: 11847: 11837:(1): 121–139. 11826: 11808:(2): 175–196. 11789: 11783: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11761: 11742:(2): 117–133. 11726: 11724:, p. 165. 11714: 11702: 11700:, p. 112. 11690: 11688:, p. 131. 11678: 11666: 11654: 11642: 11630: 11624:, p. 24; 11614: 11612:, p. 131. 11598: 11586: 11574: 11572:, p. 166. 11559: 11557:, p. 132. 11547: 11531: 11519: 11503: 11501:, p. 160. 11491: 11489:, p. 207. 11479: 11477:, p. 168. 11463: 11445: 11433: 11421: 11419:, p. 145. 11409: 11397: 11395:, p. 146. 11385: 11373: 11361: 11349: 11347:, p. 151. 11337: 11325: 11323:, p. 106. 11313: 11307:, p. 22; 11303:, p. 34; 11299:, p. xx; 11291:, p. 12; 11281: 11279:, p. 208. 11269: 11257: 11255:, p. 119. 11245: 11229: 11217: 11205: 11193: 11191:, p. 109. 11181: 11166: 11150: 11148:, p. 124. 11138: 11132:, p. 20; 11122: 11112:, p. 20; 11102: 11090: 11088:, p. 209. 11078: 11063: 11061:, p. 219. 11051: 11045:, p. 65; 11037:, p. 10; 11027: 11012: 11010:, p. 157. 11000: 10988: 10976: 10964: 10952: 10940: 10925: 10910: 10894: 10882: 10870: 10854: 10842: 10830: 10818: 10806: 10794: 10782: 10770: 10758: 10756:, p. 217. 10746: 10734: 10728:, p. 24; 10718: 10703: 10691: 10675: 10673:, p. 186. 10663: 10648: 10632: 10620: 10618:, p. 156. 10605: 10593: 10581: 10569: 10567:, p. 191. 10557: 10549: 10531: 10514: 10502: 10487: 10475: 10448:(1): 179–211. 10428: 10416: 10401: 10399:, p. 218. 10389: 10377: 10365: 10359:, p. 36; 10349: 10337: 10322: 10320:, p. 138. 10310: 10308:, p. 165. 10298: 10296:, p. 161. 10286: 10270: 10254: 10252:, p. 199. 10239: 10227: 10215: 10213:, p. 223. 10203: 10191: 10185:, p. 78; 10175: 10159: 10143: 10131: 10119: 10117:, p. 184. 10107: 10086: 10084:, p. 136. 10074: 10062: 10050: 10038: 10036:, p. 108. 10026: 10014: 10012:, p. 148. 10002: 9990: 9988:, p. 219. 9975: 9973:, p. 150. 9959: 9957:, p. 515. 9947: 9935: 9923: 9911: 9909:, p. 512. 9896: 9884: 9882:, p. 193. 9872: 9860: 9848: 9833: 9817: 9797: 9785: 9773: 9771:, p. 103. 9761: 9759:, p. 114. 9749: 9737: 9721: 9705: 9690: 9678: 9666: 9654: 9642: 9630: 9618: 9608:, p. 23; 9594: 9588:, p. 97; 9578: 9566: 9551: 9539: 9537:, p. xxi. 9523: 9511: 9494: 9492:, p. 145. 9482: 9470: 9454: 9442: 9427: 9415: 9413:, p. 221. 9400: 9388: 9382:, p. 72; 9364: 9362:, p. 121. 9352: 9346:, p. 79; 9336: 9319: 9303: 9301:, p. 138. 9291: 9279: 9263: 9251: 9239: 9219: 9207: 9195: 9183: 9171: 9159: 9143: 9131: 9121:, p. 50; 9111: 9099: 9093:, p. 82; 9083: 9067: 9052: 9037: 9021: 9019:, p. 193. 9015:, p. 54; 9005: 8993: 8987:, p. 79; 8973: 8961: 8949: 8937: 8925: 8913: 8901: 8884: 8867: 8852: 8840: 8838:, p. 196. 8828: 8826:, p. 118. 8822:, p. 78; 8818:, p. 52; 8808: 8802:, p. 21; 8792: 8782:, p. 51; 8772: 8757: 8755:, p. 111. 8745: 8743:, p. 113. 8729: 8717: 8705: 8703:, p. 108. 8693: 8677: 8675:, p. 170. 8665: 8645: 8643:, p. 109. 8633: 8631:, p. 201. 8621: 8606: 8604:, p. 179. 8594: 8592:, p. 106. 8582: 8570: 8568:, p. 122. 8558: 8552:, p. 83; 8548:, p. 55; 8538: 8526: 8524:, p. 103. 8520:, p. 15; 8510: 8498: 8486: 8474: 8472:, p. 189. 8457: 8455:, p. 191. 8445: 8433: 8421: 8419:, p. 187. 8409: 8407:, p. 188. 8392: 8390:, p. 195. 8377: 8375:, p. 194. 8365: 8353: 8338: 8323: 8321:, p. 178. 8311: 8299: 8297:, p. 190. 8282: 8266: 8264:, p. 196. 8254: 8239: 8237:, p. 118. 8233:, p. 83; 8223: 8221:, p. 118. 8211: 8195: 8183: 8173:, p. 19; 8163: 8157:, p. 58; 8153:, p. 31; 8143: 8137:, p. 20; 8127: 8125:, p. 123. 8111: 8099: 8097:, p. 110. 8084: 8078:, p. 41; 8068: 8056: 8041: 8039:, p. 102. 8029: 8017: 8005: 7989: 7977: 7965: 7950: 7931: 7908: 7889: 7870: 7858: 7846: 7829: 7817: 7805: 7793: 7791:, p. 134. 7781: 7779:, p. 108. 7769: 7753: 7737: 7735:, p. 238. 7725: 7719:, p. 26; 7709: 7694: 7692:, p. 237. 7682: 7680:, p. 223. 7666: 7664:, p. 103. 7660:, p. 21; 7650: 7648:, p. 139. 7634: 7632:, p. 128. 7622: 7610: 7593: 7577: 7565: 7553: 7551:, p. 157. 7541: 7539:, p. 153. 7529: 7514: 7512:, p. 112. 7499: 7497:, p. 100. 7487: 7475: 7463: 7451: 7439: 7427: 7421:, p. 87; 7411: 7399: 7384: 7372: 7370:, p. 169. 7360: 7348: 7333: 7331:, p. 147. 7321: 7319:, p. 224. 7309: 7297: 7285: 7273: 7263:, p. xx; 7253: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7215:, p. 123. 7205: 7188: 7172: 7170:, p. 178. 7160: 7158:, p. 142. 7144: 7142:, p. 167. 7132: 7120: 7118:, p. 171. 7108: 7106:, p. 121. 7096: 7094:, p. 236. 7084: 7072: 7070:, p. 103. 7066:, p. 50; 7056: 7044: 7029: 7014: 7002: 6987: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6936: 6934:, p. xxi. 6924: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6852: 6850:, p. 107. 6840: 6838:, p. 102. 6825: 6823:, p. 225. 6809: 6799:, p. 26; 6785: 6773: 6771:, p. 129. 6758: 6756:, p. 128. 6746: 6744:, p. 144. 6729: 6714: 6702: 6687: 6675: 6671:Shin Y. (2017) 6662: 6660:, p. 142. 6647: 6635: 6623: 6611: 6609:, p. 167. 6596: 6581: 6566: 6554: 6535: 6519: 6502: 6490: 6474: 6472:, p. 225. 6462: 6450: 6435: 6433:, p. 224. 6416: 6404: 6402:, p. 222. 6389: 6377: 6371:, p. 36; 6363:, p. 15; 6353: 6351:, p. 137. 6341: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6281: 6275:, p. 82; 6265: 6253: 6241: 6239:, p. 221. 6229: 6202: 6190: 6175: 6154: 6137: 6135:, p. 216. 6125: 6110: 6098: 6083: 6081:, p. 110. 6071: 6056: 6054:, p. 136. 6041: 6039:, p. 175. 6025: 6013: 5997: 5995:, p. 181. 5985: 5975:, p. 23; 5957: 5945: 5943:, p. 166. 5933: 5927:, p. 23; 5913: 5907:, p. 19; 5897: 5885: 5883:, p. 183. 5870: 5854: 5837: 5825: 5806: 5800:, p. 20; 5786: 5770: 5764:, p. 19; 5746: 5727: 5725:, p. 149. 5711: 5699: 5683: 5681:, p. 180. 5671: 5665:, p. 23; 5661:, p. ix; 5651: 5649:, p. 179. 5636: 5630:, p. 23; 5616: 5601: 5586: 5571: 5559: 5557:, p. 167. 5544: 5542:, p. 101. 5532: 5530:, p. 101. 5526:, p. 49; 5522:, p. 31; 5512: 5497: 5495:, p. 101. 5477: 5475:, p. 226. 5465: 5453: 5436: 5421: 5409: 5393: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5327:, p. 190. 5323:, p. 29; 5313: 5311:, p. 178. 5296: 5294:, p. 190. 5277: 5265: 5259:, p. 21; 5245: 5230: 5214: 5193: 5187:, p. 28; 5177: 5161: 5145: 5143:, p. 184. 5129: 5117: 5107:, p. 63; 5097: 5081: 5065: 5063:, p. 216. 5053: 5037: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4962: 4959: 4846:Pentecostalism 4772: 4769: 4615:A shrine to a 4608: 4605: 4567:social image. 4438:anti-communist 4422:Park Chung Hee 4417:Saemaul Undong 4326: 4323: 4264:presented the 4063: 4060: 3973: 3970: 3959: 3956: 3893: 3890: 3704: 3701: 3683: 3680: 3512: 3506: 3136: 3130: 3048:halabeoji sang 2980: 2974: 2705:Main article: 2702: 2694: 2466: 2457: 2380:Shrine in the 2224:harabŏjiŭibang 2177:painting of a 2164: 2161: 2007: 2001: 1981:like the Jeju 1768: 1762: 1707:Namdaemun Gate 1545:Main article: 1542: 1537: 1513: 1510: 1501: 1498: 1445: 1442: 1416:myth, and the 1396: 1393: 1270: 1267: 1226:obang changgun 1109: 1102: 1015:Ganghwa Island 1004:Jeongsu Temple 989: 986: 984: 981: 603:A key role in 600: 597: 463:Korean studies 429:anthropologist 396: 393: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12456: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12397: 12392: 12388: 12382: 12378: 12373: 12369: 12364: 12360: 12354: 12350: 12347: 12340: 12336: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12314: 12310: 12304: 12300: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12283: 12278: 12274: 12268: 12264: 12259: 12252: 12245: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12225: 12220: 12216: 12210: 12206: 12201: 12197: 12191: 12187: 12182: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12120: 12116: 12110: 12106: 12101: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12072: 12068: 12062: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12030: 12026: 12020: 12016: 12011: 12007: 12001: 11993: 11987: 11983: 11976: 11971: 11967: 11965:9780700716050 11961: 11957: 11952: 11948: 11942: 11937: 11936: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11916: 11912: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11870: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11853: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11790: 11786: 11780: 11776: 11771: 11770: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11730: 11723: 11718: 11711: 11706: 11699: 11694: 11687: 11682: 11675: 11670: 11663: 11658: 11652:, p. 59. 11651: 11646: 11640:, p. 24. 11639: 11634: 11627: 11623: 11618: 11611: 11607: 11602: 11595: 11590: 11584:, p. 66. 11583: 11578: 11571: 11566: 11564: 11556: 11551: 11544: 11540: 11535: 11528: 11523: 11517:, p. 80. 11516: 11512: 11507: 11500: 11495: 11488: 11483: 11476: 11472: 11467: 11459: 11455: 11449: 11442: 11437: 11430: 11425: 11418: 11413: 11407:, p. 14. 11406: 11401: 11394: 11389: 11382: 11377: 11371:, p. 22. 11370: 11365: 11358: 11353: 11346: 11341: 11335:, p. 12. 11334: 11329: 11322: 11317: 11311:, p. 19. 11310: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11295:, p. 6; 11294: 11290: 11285: 11278: 11273: 11266: 11261: 11254: 11249: 11242: 11238: 11233: 11226: 11221: 11214: 11209: 11202: 11197: 11190: 11185: 11178: 11173: 11171: 11163: 11159: 11154: 11147: 11142: 11136:, p. 70. 11135: 11131: 11126: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11106: 11099: 11094: 11087: 11082: 11076:, p. 19. 11075: 11070: 11068: 11060: 11055: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11031: 11025:, p. 65. 11024: 11019: 11017: 11009: 11004: 10998:, p. 27. 10997: 10992: 10986:, p. 13. 10985: 10980: 10973: 10968: 10961: 10960:Sorensen 1995 10956: 10950:, p. 60. 10949: 10944: 10938:, p. 58. 10937: 10932: 10930: 10923:, p. 57. 10922: 10917: 10915: 10907: 10903: 10898: 10891: 10886: 10880:, p. 55. 10879: 10874: 10867: 10864:, p. 8; 10863: 10858: 10852:, p. 17. 10851: 10846: 10839: 10838:Sorensen 1995 10834: 10828:, p. 53. 10827: 10822: 10815: 10810: 10803: 10798: 10791: 10786: 10779: 10774: 10767: 10762: 10755: 10750: 10744:, p. 44. 10743: 10738: 10731: 10727: 10722: 10716:, p. 43. 10715: 10710: 10708: 10701:, p. 63. 10700: 10695: 10689:, p. 32. 10688: 10684: 10679: 10672: 10667: 10660: 10655: 10653: 10646:, p. 50. 10645: 10642:, p. 3; 10641: 10636: 10630:, p. 36. 10629: 10624: 10617: 10612: 10610: 10603:, p. 32. 10602: 10597: 10591:, p. 17. 10590: 10585: 10578: 10573: 10566: 10561: 10552: 10546: 10542: 10535: 10529:, p. 59. 10528: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10512:, p. 10. 10511: 10506: 10500:, p. 28. 10499: 10494: 10492: 10484: 10479: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10432: 10425: 10420: 10414:, p. 21. 10413: 10408: 10406: 10398: 10393: 10387:, p. 10. 10386: 10381: 10374: 10369: 10363:, p. 73. 10362: 10358: 10353: 10347:, p. 58. 10346: 10341: 10334: 10329: 10327: 10319: 10314: 10307: 10302: 10295: 10290: 10284:, p. 50. 10283: 10279: 10274: 10267: 10263: 10258: 10251: 10246: 10244: 10236: 10231: 10224: 10219: 10212: 10207: 10200: 10195: 10188: 10184: 10179: 10173:, p. 82. 10172: 10168: 10163: 10156: 10152: 10147: 10141:, p. 11. 10140: 10135: 10128: 10123: 10116: 10111: 10105:, p. 38. 10104: 10099: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10083: 10078: 10072:, p. 55. 10071: 10066: 10060:, p. 26. 10059: 10054: 10048:, p. 53. 10047: 10042: 10035: 10030: 10024:, p. 27. 10023: 10018: 10011: 10006: 9999: 9994: 9987: 9982: 9980: 9972: 9968: 9963: 9956: 9951: 9944: 9939: 9932: 9927: 9921:, p. 35. 9920: 9915: 9908: 9903: 9901: 9894:, p. 76. 9893: 9888: 9881: 9876: 9869: 9864: 9857: 9852: 9846:, p. 50. 9845: 9840: 9838: 9831:, p. 47. 9830: 9826: 9821: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9801: 9795:, p. 54. 9794: 9789: 9782: 9777: 9770: 9765: 9758: 9753: 9747:, p. 35. 9746: 9741: 9735:, p. 48. 9734: 9730: 9725: 9719:, p. 72. 9718: 9714: 9709: 9703:, p. 19. 9702: 9697: 9695: 9687: 9682: 9676:, p. 59. 9675: 9670: 9664:, p. 13. 9663: 9658: 9652:, p. 49. 9651: 9646: 9639: 9634: 9627: 9622: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9598: 9592:, p. 46. 9591: 9587: 9582: 9576:, p. 40. 9575: 9570: 9564:, p. 46. 9563: 9558: 9556: 9548: 9543: 9536: 9532: 9527: 9520: 9515: 9509:, p. 34. 9508: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9491: 9486: 9480:, p. 90. 9479: 9474: 9468:, p. 31. 9467: 9463: 9458: 9452:, p. 53. 9451: 9446: 9440:, p. 69. 9439: 9434: 9432: 9424: 9419: 9412: 9407: 9405: 9397: 9392: 9386:, p. 37. 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9368: 9361: 9356: 9350:, p. 38. 9349: 9345: 9340: 9334:, p. 31. 9333: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9316: 9312: 9307: 9300: 9295: 9288: 9283: 9276: 9273:, p. 7; 9272: 9267: 9260: 9255: 9248: 9243: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9223: 9216: 9211: 9205:, p. 88. 9204: 9199: 9193:, p. 87. 9192: 9187: 9181:, p. 85. 9180: 9175: 9168: 9163: 9156: 9152: 9147: 9141:, p. 62. 9140: 9135: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9115: 9109:, p. 33. 9108: 9103: 9096: 9092: 9087: 9080: 9076: 9071: 9065:, p. 42. 9064: 9059: 9057: 9050:, p. 55. 9049: 9044: 9042: 9035:, p. 26. 9034: 9030: 9025: 9018: 9014: 9009: 9002: 8997: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8977: 8970: 8965: 8959:, p. 52. 8958: 8953: 8947:, p. 51. 8946: 8941: 8935:, p. 80. 8934: 8929: 8923:, p. 53. 8922: 8917: 8911:, p. 22. 8910: 8905: 8899:, p. 19. 8898: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8882:, p. 15. 8881: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8865:, p. 32. 8864: 8859: 8857: 8850:, p. 23. 8849: 8844: 8837: 8832: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8806:, p. 30. 8805: 8801: 8796: 8790:, p. 30. 8789: 8785: 8781: 8776: 8770:, p. 55. 8769: 8764: 8762: 8754: 8749: 8742: 8738: 8733: 8727:, p. 84. 8726: 8721: 8714: 8709: 8702: 8697: 8690: 8686: 8681: 8674: 8669: 8663:, p. 45. 8662: 8658: 8654: 8649: 8642: 8637: 8630: 8625: 8619:, p. 79. 8618: 8613: 8611: 8603: 8598: 8591: 8586: 8580:, p. 34. 8579: 8574: 8567: 8562: 8556:, p. 47. 8555: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8536:, p. 27. 8535: 8530: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8508:, p. 40. 8507: 8502: 8495: 8490: 8484:, p. 34. 8483: 8478: 8471: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8454: 8449: 8442: 8437: 8431:, p. 10. 8430: 8425: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8389: 8384: 8382: 8374: 8369: 8362: 8357: 8351:, p. 52. 8350: 8345: 8343: 8336:, p. 78. 8335: 8330: 8328: 8320: 8315: 8309:, p. 24. 8308: 8303: 8296: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8270: 8263: 8258: 8251: 8246: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8227: 8220: 8215: 8208: 8204: 8199: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8167: 8161:, p. 78. 8160: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8140: 8136: 8131: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8109:, p. 56. 8108: 8103: 8096: 8091: 8089: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8065: 8060: 8054:, p. 11. 8053: 8048: 8046: 8038: 8033: 8027:, p. 77. 8026: 8021: 8015:, p. 78. 8014: 8009: 8003:, p. 10. 8002: 7998: 7993: 7987:, p. 10. 7986: 7981: 7975:, p. 11. 7974: 7969: 7962: 7957: 7955: 7948:, p. 10. 7947: 7943: 7938: 7936: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7906:, p. 19. 7905: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7887:, p. 82. 7886: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7867: 7862: 7855: 7850: 7843: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7826: 7821: 7814: 7809: 7802: 7797: 7790: 7785: 7778: 7773: 7767:, p. 21. 7766: 7763:, p. 6; 7762: 7757: 7751:, p. 76. 7750: 7746: 7741: 7734: 7729: 7723:, p. 96. 7722: 7718: 7713: 7706: 7701: 7699: 7691: 7686: 7679: 7676:, p. 2; 7675: 7670: 7663: 7659: 7654: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7619: 7614: 7608:, p. 21. 7607: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7591:, p. 19. 7590: 7586: 7581: 7575:, p. 52. 7574: 7569: 7562: 7557: 7550: 7545: 7538: 7533: 7527:, p. 83. 7526: 7521: 7519: 7511: 7506: 7504: 7496: 7491: 7485:, p. 71. 7484: 7479: 7473:, p. 70. 7472: 7467: 7461:, p. 67. 7460: 7455: 7448: 7443: 7437:, p. 87. 7436: 7431: 7425:, p. 51. 7424: 7420: 7415: 7409:, p. 44. 7408: 7403: 7397:, p. 75. 7396: 7391: 7389: 7382:, p. 79. 7381: 7376: 7369: 7364: 7358:, p. 64. 7357: 7352: 7346:, p. 63. 7345: 7340: 7338: 7330: 7325: 7318: 7313: 7307:, p. 26. 7306: 7301: 7295:, p. 35. 7294: 7289: 7283:, p. 28. 7282: 7277: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7257: 7250: 7245: 7238: 7233: 7226: 7221: 7214: 7209: 7203:, p. 72. 7202: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7186:, p. 76. 7185: 7181: 7176: 7169: 7164: 7157: 7154:, p. 6; 7153: 7148: 7141: 7136: 7129: 7124: 7117: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7054:, p. 13. 7053: 7048: 7042:, p. 30. 7041: 7036: 7034: 7027:, p. 16. 7026: 7021: 7019: 7012:, p. 74. 7011: 7006: 6999: 6994: 6992: 6985:, p. xx. 6984: 6979: 6977: 6969: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6946:, p. 47. 6945: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6921: 6916: 6910:, p. 24. 6909: 6904: 6897: 6892: 6886:, p. 27. 6885: 6880: 6874:, p. 91. 6873: 6868: 6862:, p. 38. 6861: 6856: 6849: 6844: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6822: 6819:, p. 8; 6818: 6813: 6807:, p. 28. 6806: 6802: 6798: 6795:, p. 8; 6794: 6789: 6782: 6777: 6770: 6765: 6763: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6727:, p. 57. 6726: 6721: 6719: 6712:, p. 33. 6711: 6706: 6700:, p. 89. 6699: 6694: 6692: 6685:, p. 59. 6684: 6683:Hong T. 2016b 6679: 6673:, p. 228 6672: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6652: 6644: 6639: 6633:, p. 85. 6632: 6627: 6621:, p. 36. 6620: 6615: 6608: 6603: 6601: 6594:, p. 78. 6593: 6588: 6586: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6564:, p. 23. 6563: 6558: 6552:, p. 28. 6551: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6517:, p. 25. 6516: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6499: 6494: 6488:, p. 24. 6487: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6466: 6460:, p. 50. 6459: 6454: 6448:, p. 45. 6447: 6442: 6440: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6413: 6408: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6387:, p. 36. 6386: 6381: 6375:, p. 34. 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6319:, p. 33. 6318: 6313: 6307:, p. 48. 6306: 6301: 6295:, p. 49. 6294: 6290: 6285: 6279:, p. 30. 6278: 6274: 6269: 6263:, p. 31. 6262: 6257: 6251:, p. 76. 6250: 6245: 6238: 6233: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6199: 6194: 6188:, p. 21. 6187: 6182: 6180: 6173:, p. 32. 6172: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6152:, p. 30. 6151: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6134: 6129: 6123:, p. 82. 6122: 6117: 6115: 6108:, p. 74. 6107: 6102: 6096:, p. 81. 6095: 6090: 6088: 6080: 6075: 6069:, p. 22. 6068: 6063: 6061: 6053: 6048: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5983:, p. 10. 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5955:, p. 32. 5954: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5875: 5868:, p. 20. 5867: 5863: 5858: 5852:, p. 20. 5851: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5834: 5829: 5823:, p. 20. 5822: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5804:, p. 83. 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5784:, p. 19. 5783: 5779: 5774: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5724: 5721:, p. x; 5720: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5696: 5693:, p. 2; 5692: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5648: 5643: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5606: 5598: 5593: 5591: 5584:, p. 25. 5583: 5578: 5576: 5569:, p. 10. 5568: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5541: 5536: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5510:, p. 18. 5509: 5504: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5463:, p. 26. 5462: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5434:, p. 35. 5433: 5428: 5426: 5419:, p. 31. 5418: 5413: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5391:, p. 20. 5390: 5386: 5381: 5374: 5369: 5362: 5357: 5350: 5345: 5338: 5333: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5274: 5269: 5263:, p. 58. 5262: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5243:, p. 29. 5242: 5237: 5235: 5228:, p. 96. 5227: 5224:, p. 1; 5223: 5218: 5212:, p. 96. 5211: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5191:, p. 25. 5190: 5186: 5181: 5175:, p. 25. 5174: 5170: 5165: 5159:, p. 25. 5158: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5127:, p. 57. 5126: 5121: 5115:, p. 22. 5114: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5075:, p. 5; 5074: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5051:, p. 25. 5050: 5046: 5041: 5035:, p. 27. 5034: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4992:Jongmyo jerye 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4913: 4912:Nam June Paik 4908: 4902: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4788: 4783: 4777: 4768: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4619: 4613: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4412: 4408:launched the 4407: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4337: 4331: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4303:Ch'oe Nam-sŏn 4300: 4295: 4291:proposed the 4290: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4204: 4203:modernisation 4199: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4151: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4098: 4097:Neo-Confucian 4093: 4087: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3980: 3969: 3966: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3544: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3253: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3001: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2724: 2719: 2715:Diorama of a 2713: 2708: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2565:often rent a 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1885:chagŭn mudang 1880: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1784: 1781:dressed as a 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1703:comfort women 1699: 1695:to perform a 1693: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1630:modernisation 1627: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1576: 1569: 1559: 1553: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1520: 1509: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1494:Jeju uprising 1490: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1464: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1451:Princess Bari 1441: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1415: 1411: 1410:Princess Bari 1407: 1402: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1281: 1275: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160:Hogu Pyŏlsŏng 1151: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1062: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1016: 1010: 1005: 1000: 994: 980: 977: 971: 965: 959: 954: 949: 943: 937: 931: 926: 925:spirit medium 921: 915: 909: 906: 900: 894: 888: 882: 876: 871: 866: 860: 855: 850: 844: 841: 835: 829: 823: 817: 811: 805: 800: 795: 789: 783: 777: 771: 762: 756: 750: 746: 742: 736: 731: 725: 718: 712: 707: 701: 695: 689: 682: 676: 673: 672: 666: 660: 654: 648: 642: 636: 631: 626: 620: 615: 614: 607: 596: 594: 589: 583: 577: 571: 565: 559: 554: 549: 542: 536: 534: 529: 524: 518: 512: 509: 503: 498: 493: 487: 481: 475: 469: 464: 458: 452: 446: 444: 439: 436: 430: 422: 418: 413: 409:performing a 407: 401: 392: 390: 386: 381: 375: 369: 363: 357: 351: 346: 343: 342: 335: 330: 326: 321: 315: 309: 304: 300: 295: 289: 284: 279: 274: 270: 265: 259: 257: 252: 247: 242: 236: 230: 224: 218: 212: 211: 205: 200: 195: 191: 174: 156: 150: 145: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 121:folk religion 118: 114: 109: 92: 82: 72: 68: 66: 60: 52: 46: 40: 39: 32: 27:Folk religion 19: 12399: 12395: 12376: 12367: 12349: 12345: 12338: 12334: 12325: 12321: 12298: 12289: 12286:Acta Koreana 12285: 12262: 12251:the original 12234: 12230: 12204: 12185: 12150: 12131: 12127: 12104: 12079: 12075: 12056: 12037: 12014: 11981: 11974: 11955: 11934: 11910: 11893: 11889: 11872: 11868: 11859: 11855: 11834: 11830: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11796:between the 11793: 11774: 11739: 11735: 11729: 11717: 11710:Sarfati 2021 11705: 11693: 11686:Sarfati 2021 11681: 11674:Sarfati 2021 11669: 11662:Sarfati 2021 11657: 11650:Sarfati 2021 11645: 11638:Kendall 2009 11633: 11622:Kendall 2009 11617: 11610:Kendall 2009 11606:Kendall 1996 11601: 11596:, p. 6. 11594:Kendall 2009 11589: 11577: 11570:Sarfati 2021 11550: 11534: 11529:, p. 4. 11527:Sarfati 2021 11522: 11506: 11494: 11487:Kendall 2009 11482: 11475:Sarfati 2021 11466: 11458:the original 11448: 11443:, p. 7. 11436: 11431:, p. 4. 11424: 11412: 11405:Sarfati 2021 11400: 11388: 11383:, p. 3. 11381:Sarfati 2021 11376: 11364: 11357:Sarfati 2021 11352: 11340: 11328: 11316: 11309:Sarfati 2021 11297:Kendall 2009 11293:Kendall 1988 11284: 11272: 11260: 11253:Sarfati 2021 11248: 11240: 11232: 11227:, p. 6. 11225:Sarfati 2021 11220: 11215:, p. 2. 11213:Sarfati 2021 11208: 11201:Sarfati 2021 11196: 11189:Kendall 2009 11184: 11177:Kendall 2009 11162:Sarfati 2021 11158:Kendall 2009 11153: 11141: 11130:Kendall 2009 11125: 11118:Sarfati 2021 11110:Kendall 2009 11105: 11098:Kendall 2009 11093: 11081: 11074:Kendall 2009 11059:Grayson 2002 11054: 11049:, p. 5. 11047:Sarfati 2021 11035:Kendall 2009 11030: 11003: 10991: 10979: 10967: 10955: 10943: 10902:Kendall 2009 10897: 10885: 10873: 10862:Kendall 2009 10857: 10845: 10833: 10821: 10816:, p. 8. 10814:Kendall 2009 10809: 10804:, p. 5. 10802:Kendall 2009 10797: 10790:Kendall 2009 10785: 10773: 10768:, p. 4. 10766:Kendall 2009 10761: 10754:Grayson 2002 10749: 10737: 10721: 10694: 10683:Grayson 2002 10678: 10666: 10661:, p. 3. 10659:Kendall 2009 10640:Kendall 2009 10635: 10623: 10596: 10584: 10579:, p. 2. 10572: 10560: 10540: 10534: 10505: 10498:McBride 2006 10485:, p. 9. 10478: 10445: 10441: 10431: 10426:, p. 8. 10419: 10397:Grayson 2002 10392: 10385:Sarfati 2021 10380: 10373:Kendall 2009 10368: 10357:Kendall 2009 10352: 10345:Kendall 2009 10340: 10333:Sarfati 2021 10313: 10301: 10294:Sarfati 2021 10289: 10282:Sarfati 2021 10273: 10268:, p. 4. 10266:Kendall 2021 10262:Kendall 2009 10257: 10250:Kendall 2009 10235:Kendall 2009 10230: 10223:Kendall 2009 10218: 10211:Grayson 2002 10206: 10201:, p. 4. 10199:Kendall 2021 10194: 10189:, p. 4. 10187:Kendall 2021 10183:Kendall 2009 10178: 10167:Kendall 2009 10162: 10157:, p. 5. 10155:Kendall 2021 10151:Sarfati 2021 10146: 10134: 10127:Kendall 2009 10122: 10115:Kendall 2009 10110: 10077: 10070:Sarfati 2021 10065: 10058:Sarfati 2021 10053: 10046:Sarfati 2021 10041: 10034:Sarfati 2021 10029: 10022:Sarfati 2021 10017: 10005: 9998:Sarfati 2021 9993: 9962: 9955:Kendall 1996 9950: 9943:Kendall 2009 9938: 9931:Kendall 2009 9926: 9919:Kendall 2009 9914: 9907:Kendall 1996 9887: 9875: 9863: 9856:Kendall 1988 9851: 9844:Sarfati 2021 9829:Kendall 2009 9820: 9805:Kendall 2009 9800: 9793:Kendall 2009 9788: 9781:Kendall 2009 9776: 9764: 9752: 9745:Sarfati 2021 9740: 9733:Sarfati 2021 9729:Kendall 2009 9724: 9708: 9701:Sarfati 2021 9686:Kendall 2009 9681: 9669: 9662:Sarfati 2021 9657: 9650:Sarfati 2021 9645: 9638:Sarfati 2021 9633: 9626:Sarfati 2021 9621: 9614:Sarfati 2021 9597: 9590:Sarfati 2021 9586:Kendall 2009 9581: 9574:Sarfati 2021 9569: 9562:Sarfati 2021 9547:Sarfati 2021 9542: 9535:Kendall 2009 9531:Grayson 2002 9526: 9519:Sarfati 2021 9514: 9507:Sarfati 2021 9490:Sarfati 2021 9485: 9478:Sarfati 2021 9473: 9466:Sarfati 2021 9457: 9450:Kendall 2009 9445: 9418: 9391: 9384:Sarfati 2021 9372:Grayson 2002 9367: 9355: 9348:Sarfati 2021 9344:Kendall 2009 9339: 9332:Sarfati 2021 9315:Sarfati 2021 9311:Grayson 2002 9306: 9294: 9287:Kendall 2021 9282: 9275:Sarfati 2021 9266: 9254: 9242: 9235:Sarfati 2021 9227:Kendall 2009 9222: 9210: 9198: 9186: 9174: 9162: 9146: 9134: 9129:, p. 9. 9127:Kendall 2021 9123:Kendall 2009 9114: 9107:Sarfati 2021 9102: 9095:Sarfati 2021 9086: 9075:Kendall 2009 9070: 9063:Sarfati 2021 9048:Kendall 2009 9033:Sarfati 2021 9024: 9013:Kendall 2009 9008: 9001:Sarfati 2021 8996: 8989:Sarfati 2021 8981:Grayson 2002 8976: 8964: 8952: 8940: 8928: 8916: 8909:Sarfati 2021 8904: 8880:Sarfati 2021 8863:Sarfati 2021 8848:Sarfati 2021 8843: 8831: 8824:Sarfati 2021 8816:Kendall 2009 8811: 8804:Sarfati 2021 8795: 8788:Sarfati 2021 8780:Kendall 2009 8775: 8748: 8732: 8720: 8708: 8696: 8680: 8668: 8661:Sarfati 2021 8648: 8636: 8629:Kendall 2009 8624: 8602:Sarfati 2021 8597: 8585: 8578:Kendall 2009 8573: 8566:Kendall 2009 8561: 8554:Sarfati 2021 8546:Kendall 2009 8541: 8529: 8513: 8501: 8489: 8477: 8470:Kendall 2009 8453:Kendall 2009 8448: 8441:Kendall 2009 8436: 8424: 8412: 8405:Kendall 2009 8388:Kendall 2009 8373:Kendall 2009 8368: 8361:Kendall 2009 8356: 8349:Kendall 2009 8319:Kendall 2009 8314: 8302: 8295:Kendall 2009 8280:, p. 4. 8278:Kendall 2021 8269: 8262:Kendall 2009 8257: 8252:, p. 6. 8250:Kendall 2021 8235:Sarfati 2021 8226: 8219:Sarfati 2021 8214: 8209:, p. 3. 8207:Kendall 2021 8203:Sarfati 2021 8198: 8191:Kendall 2021 8186: 8181:, p. 3. 8179:Kendall 2021 8175:Sarfati 2021 8166: 8151:Kendall 2009 8146: 8139:Sarfati 2021 8130: 8123:Sarfati 2021 8114: 8102: 8080:Kendall 2021 8071: 8059: 8052:Kendall 2021 8037:Sarfati 2021 8032: 8020: 8008: 8001:Kendall 2021 7992: 7985:Kendall 2021 7980: 7968: 7963:, p. 1. 7946:Kendall 2021 7942:Sarfati 2021 7929:, p. 9. 7927:Kendall 2021 7868:, p. 7. 7861: 7856:, p. 5. 7849: 7844:, p. 6. 7820: 7813:Kendall 2009 7808: 7801:Sarfati 2021 7796: 7789:Kendall 2009 7784: 7772: 7761:Kendall 1988 7756: 7749:Sarfati 2021 7745:Kendall 2009 7740: 7728: 7712: 7707:, p. 7. 7705:Kendall 1988 7685: 7674:Kendall 2009 7669: 7653: 7646:Kendall 2009 7642:Kendall 1996 7637: 7625: 7613: 7580: 7573:Sarfati 2021 7568: 7563:, p. 9. 7556: 7544: 7532: 7525:Sarfati 2021 7510:Kendall 2009 7495:Kendall 2009 7490: 7483:Kendall 2009 7478: 7471:Kendall 2009 7466: 7459:Kendall 2009 7454: 7447:Kendall 2009 7442: 7430: 7423:Sarfati 2021 7414: 7407:Sarfati 2021 7402: 7395:Kendall 2009 7380:Kendall 1988 7375: 7363: 7356:Kendall 1988 7351: 7344:Kendall 1988 7329:Sarfati 2021 7324: 7312: 7305:Kendall 2009 7300: 7288: 7281:Sarfati 2021 7276: 7271:, p. 7. 7269:Sarfati 2021 7261:Kendall 2009 7256: 7244: 7232: 7220: 7213:Kendall 2009 7208: 7184:Kendall 2009 7175: 7168:Sarfati 2021 7163: 7156:Sarfati 2021 7152:Kendall 1988 7147: 7135: 7128:Sarfati 2021 7123: 7116:Sarfati 2021 7111: 7104:Kendall 2009 7099: 7087: 7075: 7059: 7047: 7040:Kendall 2009 7025:Sarfati 2021 7010:Sarfati 2021 7005: 7000:, p. 1. 6998:Sarfati 2021 6983:Kendall 2009 6968:Sarfati 2021 6963: 6951: 6944:Sarfati 2021 6939: 6932:Kendall 2009 6927: 6915: 6903: 6898:, p. 6. 6891: 6879: 6872:Kendall 1988 6867: 6855: 6843: 6836:Kendall 1988 6821:Grayson 2002 6817:Kendall 1988 6812: 6805:Sarfati 2021 6801:Kendall 2009 6793:Kendall 1988 6788: 6776: 6749: 6742:Sarfati 2021 6710:Kendall 1988 6705: 6678: 6665: 6658:Sarfati 2021 6643:Sarfati 2021 6638: 6626: 6614: 6607:Kendall 2009 6579:, p. 8. 6577:Kendall 2021 6557: 6533:, p. 5. 6531:Kendall 2021 6527:Grayson 2002 6522: 6493: 6482:Grayson 2002 6477: 6470:Grayson 2002 6465: 6458:Kendall 2009 6453: 6446:Sarfati 2021 6431:Grayson 2002 6407: 6400:Grayson 2002 6385:Kendall 2009 6380: 6373:Sarfati 2021 6369:Kendall 2009 6365:Grayson 2002 6356: 6344: 6337:Sarfati 2021 6329:Grayson 2002 6324: 6312: 6305:Sarfati 2021 6300: 6293:Sarfati 2021 6289:Kendall 2009 6284: 6277:Sarfati 2021 6268: 6256: 6244: 6237:Grayson 2002 6232: 6227:, p. 5. 6225:Kendall 2021 6198:Kendall 2021 6193: 6150:Sarfati 2021 6128: 6101: 6079:Sarfati 2021 6074: 6052:Kendall 2009 6028: 6021:Sarfati 2021 6016: 6005:Kendall 2009 6000: 5988: 5981:Sarfati 2021 5965:Kendall 2009 5960: 5948: 5936: 5931:, p. 8. 5929:Sarfati 2021 5916: 5911:, p. 7. 5909:Sarfati 2021 5900: 5888: 5862:Kendall 2009 5857: 5833:Sarfati 2021 5828: 5802:Sarfati 2021 5789: 5773: 5766:Sarfati 2021 5758:Grayson 2002 5749: 5744:, p. x. 5742:Kendall 2009 5723:Sarfati 2021 5719:Kendall 2009 5714: 5709:, p. 5. 5702: 5697:, p. 2. 5695:Kendall 2021 5686: 5674: 5669:, p. 8. 5667:Sarfati 2021 5659:Kendall 2009 5654: 5647:Kendall 2009 5634:, p. 1. 5632:Sarfati 2021 5624:Grayson 2002 5619: 5614:, p. 3. 5599:, p. 7. 5597:Sarfati 2021 5562: 5555:Sarfati 2021 5540:Sarfati 2021 5535: 5528:Sarfati 2021 5520:Kendall 2009 5515: 5493:Sarfati 2021 5480: 5473:Grayson 2002 5468: 5456: 5451:, p. 9. 5449:Sarfati 2021 5412: 5407:, p. 9. 5405:Sarfati 2021 5401:Grayson 2002 5396: 5380: 5368: 5361:Sarfati 2021 5356: 5344: 5332: 5321:Kendall 2009 5316: 5275:, p. 8. 5273:Sarfati 2021 5268: 5253:Grayson 2002 5248: 5241:Sarfati 2021 5226:Sarfati 2021 5217: 5210:Sarfati 2021 5185:Kendall 2009 5180: 5169:Kendall 2009 5164: 5148: 5132: 5120: 5105:Kendall 2009 5100: 5095:, p. 8. 5093:Sarfati 2021 5084: 5077:Sarfati 2021 5068: 5061:Grayson 2002 5056: 5040: 4934: 4890:Paksu Kŏndal 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4807: 4792: 4732: 4674: 4624: 4607:Demographics 4593:Jeung San Do 4569: 4514: 4478:Kim Geum-hwa 4442: 4415: 4406:Syngman Rhee 4397: 4342: 4273: 4258:State Shinto 4241: 4219: 4200: 4155: 4133:Munyeo sinmu 4080:Confucianism 4071: 4043:Yisanggugjip 4033: 4022: 4018: 4010:Confucianism 4002:Christianity 3992: 3989: 3975: 3961: 3941: 3926: 3895: 3868:Mount Paektu 3853: 3832: 3805: 3798: 3770: 3749: 3730:Samseonggung 3706: 3685: 3682:Purification 3668:Yŏngdŭng kut 3653:Kut gongyeon 3650: 3604:kut gongyeon 3588: 3554: 3518:kkonmaji kut 3514: 3509: 3479: 3392: 3334: 3273: 3264: 3208: 3152: 3133: 3078: 3044: 3021: 3004: 2996: 2977: 2934:Ch'ungch'ŏng 2909: 2869: 2810: 2761: 2728: 2707:Gut (ritual) 2632: 2592:via dreams. 2573: 2504: 2489:"regard the 2463: 2459: 2436: 2434:themselves. 2403: 2393: 2342: 2286: 2235: 2190: 2133: 2100: 2067: 2033: 2004: 1968: 1881: 1848: 1787: 1782: 1765: 1717: 1667: 1634: 1593: 1564: 1539: 1515: 1503: 1485: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1438: 1404: 1317: 1307: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1176: 1156: 1111: 1056: 1028:polytheistic 1020: 910: 845: 767: 709:(believers, 669: 611: 602: 537: 532: 513: 447: 440: 426: 347: 260: 144:polytheistic 141: 136: 133:Confucianism 90: 62: 58: 57: 10996:Demick 2009 5385:Hutton 2001 5373:Hutton 2001 4972:Gasin faith 4946:Jeungsanism 4888:(2009) and 4880:(1972) and 4787:Lotte World 4591:(including 4589:Jeungsanism 4504:Roh Tae-woo 4289:Torii Ryūzō 4150:Shin Yunbok 4148:), made by 4124:performs a 4049:Samguk Sagi 3576:mich'in kut 3570:chinogi kut 3318:engage in. 3218:mudang sori 3060:jasang sang 2930:Taejŏn City 2721:inside the 1809:sinŭi kamul 1783:barigongju. 1764:Becoming a 1516:Central to 1340:rites, the 1198:sansillyŏng 1007: [ 996:Altar of a 953:bodhisattva 870:Jeju Island 635:sana mudang 523:shyamŏnijŭm 438:in Korean. 421:South Korea 389:Jeungsanism 303:folklorists 83:: 73:: 12428:Categories 12292:(2): 1–30. 11429:Baker 2008 10984:Baker 2008 9825:Ch'oe 1989 9713:Bruno 2016 9606:Baker 2008 9602:Zolla 1985 9462:Zolla 1985 9411:Ch'oe 1989 9396:Bruno 2016 9376:Bruno 2016 9360:Bruno 2016 9029:Bruno 2013 7765:Baker 2008 7717:Baker 2008 7658:Baker 2008 7606:Baker 2008 7317:Ch'oe 1989 6908:Baker 2008 6884:Baker 2008 6797:Baker 2008 6562:Baker 2008 6550:Baker 2008 6515:Baker 2008 6498:Baker 2008 6486:Baker 2008 6333:Bruno 2013 6009:Bruno 2013 5969:Bruno 2013 5921:Bruno 2013 5794:Ch'oe 1989 5778:Ch'oe 1989 5754:Ch'oe 1989 5679:Bruno 2013 5508:Baker 2008 5485:Bruno 2013 5389:Baker 2008 5309:Bruno 2013 5153:Bruno 2013 5137:Bruno 2013 5109:Bruno 2013 5049:Baker 2008 5045:Ch'oe 1989 5013:References 4942:Cheondoism 4860:regard as 4601:Bocheonism 4581:Cheondoism 4573:Daejongism 4386:kangsin-mu 4307:Yi Nŭnghwa 4066:See also: 3972:Prehistory 3791:is called 3508:Styles of 3456:kangsin-mu 3408:sin-naerim 3381:Jakdugeori 3356:jakdugeori 3239:have sung 3116:. In some 3039:manmulsang 2969:chukwonmun 2957:chukwonmun 2951:samjichang 2945:samjichang 2735:is called 2671:kongyangju 2023:dodang-gut 1951:naerim kut 1933:naerim kut 1921:sineomeoni 1844:Pak Mi-sŏn 1751:Shinmyeong 1739:shinmyeong 1626:capitalism 1547:Shinbyeong 1412:myth, the 1399:See also: 1251:Korean War 1239:, various 1172:chickenpox 1115:janggunsin 1106:Janggunsin 893:kangsin-mu 840:kangsin-mu 816:kangsin-mu 804:kangsin-mu 785:, and the 776:kangsin-mu 758:, or male 595:elements. 553:syncretism 415:ritual in 395:Definition 385:Cheondoism 241:kangsin-mu 204:divination 146:religion, 12177:986613847 12128:Religions 12000:cite book 11698:Kang 2019 11237:Lee 2010s 10850:Choi 2006 10470:148559163 10462:2158-1665 9215:Choi 1989 9151:Choi 1989 8429:Kwon 2009 7733:Choi 1989 7690:Choi 1989 7585:Choi 1989 7180:Choi 1989 7092:Choi 1989 6896:Kwon 2009 6781:Shin 2021 5018:Citations 4771:Reception 4660:are male 4034:The term 3922:logograms 3583:ch'a kosa 3564:uhwan kut 3558:chesu kut 3549:byong kut 3489:josang ot 3450:simbang's 3241:pop songs 2616:Inwangsan 2601:Kuksadang 2583:myŏngdang 2538:pugundang 2492:Kuksadang 2476:Kuksadang 2464:pugundang 2301:obangsaek 1647:. Female 1512:Practices 1496:of 1948. 1395:Mythology 1289:Jangseung 1280:jangseung 1179:Ch'ilsŏng 1094:upon the 999:Sansingak 799:Han River 283:Christian 273:Confucian 246:possessed 54:religion. 12416:20166728 11931:(2009). 11902:44368939 11881:44368938 11843:45111754 11822:23943359 11722:Yun 2019 11626:Kim 2018 11582:Yun 2019 11555:Yun 2019 11543:Yun 2019 11539:Kim 2018 11515:Yun 2019 11511:Kim 2018 11499:Kim 2018 11471:Yun 2019 11441:Kim 2018 11417:Yun 2019 11393:Yun 2019 11369:Yun 2019 11345:Kim 2018 11333:Lee 1981 11321:Kim 2018 11305:Yun 2019 11301:Kim 2018 11289:Lee 1981 11277:Kim 2018 11265:Kim 2018 11134:Yun 2019 11114:Kim 2018 11086:Kim 2018 11043:Yun 2019 11039:Kim 2018 11023:Yun 2019 11008:Kim 2018 10972:Kim 2018 10948:Yun 2019 10936:Yun 2019 10921:Yun 2019 10906:Yun 2019 10890:Yun 2019 10878:Yun 2019 10866:Yun 2019 10826:Yun 2019 10778:Yun 2019 10742:Yun 2019 10730:Yun 2019 10714:Yun 2019 10699:Kim 2018 10687:Yun 2019 10671:Yun 2019 10644:Yun 2019 10628:Yun 2019 10616:Kim 2018 10601:Yun 2019 10577:Lee 1981 10565:Kim 2018 10412:Lee 1981 10318:Kim 2018 10306:Kim 2018 10278:Kim 2018 10139:Lee 1981 10103:Lee 1981 10082:Yun 2019 10010:Yun 2019 9986:Kim 2018 9971:Yun 2019 9967:Kim 2018 9892:Kim 2018 9880:Yun 2019 9868:Yun 2019 9813:Yun 2019 9809:Kim 2018 9769:Yun 2019 9757:Yun 2019 9717:Kim 2018 9674:Kim 2018 9610:Kim 2018 9438:Yun 2019 9423:Kim 2018 9380:Kim 2018 9299:Yun 2019 9271:Yun 2019 9259:Yun 2019 9247:Yun 2019 9231:Yun 2019 9203:Yun 2019 9191:Yun 2019 9179:Yun 2019 9167:Kim 2018 9155:Kim 2018 9139:Kim 2018 9119:Kim 2018 9091:Yun 2019 9079:Yun 2019 9017:Yun 2019 8985:Yun 2019 8969:Kim 2018 8957:Kim 2018 8945:Kim 2018 8933:Kim 2018 8921:Kim 2018 8897:Yun 2019 8836:Yun 2019 8820:Yun 2019 8800:Yun 2019 8784:Yun 2019 8768:Kim 2018 8753:Kim 2018 8741:Yun 2019 8737:Kim 2018 8725:Kim 2018 8713:Yun 2019 8701:Yun 2019 8689:Yun 2019 8685:Kim 2018 8673:Kim 2018 8657:Yun 2019 8653:Kim 2018 8641:Yun 2019 8617:Yun 2019 8590:Yun 2019 8550:Kim 2018 8534:Lee 1981 8522:Yun 2019 8518:Kim 2018 8506:Lee 1981 8494:Yun 2019 8482:Kim 2018 8417:Yun 2019 8334:Kim 2018 8274:Kim 2018 8155:Kim 2018 7885:Yun 2019 7866:Yun 2019 7854:Yun 2019 7842:Yun 2019 7825:Yun 2019 7777:Kim 2018 7721:Yun 2019 7678:Kim 2018 7662:Kim 2018 7630:Kim 2018 7618:Kim 2018 7589:Yun 2019 7549:Yun 2019 7537:Yun 2019 7368:Kim 2018 7265:Kim 2018 7249:Kim 2005 7237:Kim 2005 7201:Kim 2018 7140:Yun 2019 7080:Yun 2019 7068:Yun 2019 7064:Kim 2018 7052:Yun 2019 6956:Kim 2018 6920:Yun 2019 6860:Kim 2018 6848:Yun 2019 6769:Yun 2019 6754:Yun 2019 6698:Yun 2019 6619:Kim 2018 6592:Yun 2019 6361:Lee 1981 6349:Yun 2019 6273:Yun 2019 6249:Yun 2019 6133:Kim 2018 6037:Yun 2019 6033:Kim 2018 5993:Yun 2019 5977:Yun 2019 5973:Kim 2018 5953:Kim 2018 5941:Kim 2018 5925:Kim 2018 5893:Yun 2019 5881:Yun 2019 5866:Yun 2019 5850:Yun 2019 5798:Yun 2019 5782:Yun 2019 5762:Yun 2019 5707:Lee 1981 5691:Lee 1981 5663:Kim 2018 5628:Kim 2018 5612:Lee 1981 5582:Kim 2018 5567:Yun 2019 5524:Kim 2018 5489:Kim 2018 5461:Kim 2018 5432:Kim 2018 5417:Kim 2018 5349:Kim 2018 5337:Kim 2018 5325:Yun 2019 5292:Yun 2019 5261:Yun 2019 5257:Kim 2018 5222:Lee 1981 5189:Yun 2019 5173:Yun 2019 5157:Yun 2019 5141:Yun 2019 5113:Yun 2019 5089:Yun 2019 5073:Yun 2019 5033:Kim 2018 4961:See also 4876:(1963), 4696:sesŭp-mu 4564:mudang's 4553:Internet 4392:sesŭp-mu 4226:mudang's 4183:mudang's 4152:in 1805. 4086:mudang's 4006:Buddhism 3985:Buddhism 3899:mudang's 3857:mudang's 3833:en route 3800:fengshui 3789:geomancy 3632:private 3315:sesup mu 3203:mudang's 3125:kut dang 2850:mudang's 2556:kut bang 2520:kut dang 2398:mudang's 2276:Hinduism 2272:P'yŏngan 2268:Hwanghae 2251:musokhwa 2245:taenghwa 2028:Gyeonggi 1978:sesŭp-mu 1972:sesŭp-mu 1963:ōngt'ōri 1833:sinbyŏng 1815:sinbyŏng 1687:feminist 1656:monjusin 1644:monjusin 1465:include 1427:ponp'uri 1385:of male 1382:momjusin 1376:momjusin 1373:(plural 1364:mudang's 1293:Harubang 1262:tokkaebi 1187:Yŏngdŏng 1164:smallpox 1076:, and a 988:Theology 920:yeongmae 875:sesŭp-mu 859:sesŭp-mu 834:sesŭp-mu 828:sesŭp-mu 813:and the 810:sesŭp-mu 788:sesŭp-mu 653:musok-in 555:between 499:. While 497:geomancy 271:period, 251:sesŭp-mu 125:Buddhism 11766:Sources 11756:3712281 4878:Munyŏdo 4702:simbang 4669:simbang 4585:Suunism 4577:Donghak 4524:minjung 4367:. Many 4318:sin'gyo 4177:simbang 3993:Wei Shi 3958:History 3822:myŏnggi 3794:p'ungsu 3740:Hwanung 3716:sŏn'ang 3707:In the 3646:YouTube 3543:sin kut 3536:sin kut 3444:simbang 3246:chukeon 3175:changgu 2925:simbang 2885:kuttang 2725:, Seoul 2683:kuttang 2647:kuttang 2635:Kuttang 2627:kuttang 2621:kuttang 2607:kuttang 2595:Kuttang 2589:kuttang 2577:kuttang 2568:kuttang 2550:t'aegŭk 2544:Kuttang 2514:kuttang 2498:kuttang 2460:Kuttang 2446:hangari 2383:kuttang 2346:sinsang 2331:musindo 2325:musindo 2313:musindo 2307:musindo 2289:Musindo 2239:musindo 2230:pŏptang 2218:sinbang 2174:musindo 2049:tan'gol 1990:simbang 1984:simbang 1909:sinadul 1903:sinddal 1897:sinttal 1821:mubyŏng 1745:신명 (神明) 1721:myŏnggi 1676:simbang 1489:simbang 1414:Gongsim 1379:). The 1321:chosang 1297:Halmang 1232:sinjang 1220:sinjang 1215:dragons 1168:measles 1144:animism 1121:sindang 1091:myŏnggi 983:Beliefs 881:simbang 865:tanggol 724:musindo 694:musogin 593:New Age 341:minjung 325:Marxist 223:kuttang 190:shamans 45:kuttang 38:t'aegŭk 12414: 12383: 12355: 12305: 12269: 12211: 12192: 12175: 12165: 12111: 12096:682720 12094: 12063: 12021: 11988: 11962: 11943: 11917: 11900: 11879: 11841: 11820: 11798:Mudang 11781: 11754: 11241:passim 10555:p. 44. 10547: 10468: 10460: 4901:mudang 4895:mudang 4869:Mudang 4857:mudang 4851:mudang 4829:mudang 4823:mudang 4817:mudang 4811:mudang 4801:mudang 4782:mudang 4764:mudang 4758:mudang 4752:mudang 4746:mudang 4736:mudang 4727:mudang 4714:mudang 4708:mudang 4690:mudang 4684:mudang 4678:mudang 4657:mudang 4639:mudang 4633:mudang 4627:Mudang 4618:sansin 4558:mudang 4548:Mudang 4542:mudang 4530:mudang 4518:mudang 4473:mudang 4467:mudang 4461:mudang 4433:mudang 4427:mudang 4401:mudang 4375:Inchon 4370:mudang 4364:mudang 4357:and a 4336:mudang 4312:mudang 4299:Shinto 4294:mudang 4284:mudang 4277:mudang 4267:mudang 4236:mudang 4231:demons 4195:mudang 4189:mudang 4171:mudang 4159:mudang 4142:; 4121:mudang 4108:mudang 4075:mudang 4029:Goryeo 4014:Taoism 3965:mudang 3951:mudang 3936:mugŏri 3911:bujeok 3885:mudang 3879:mudang 3863:mudang 3848:sansin 3842:sansin 3828:Mudang 3816:mudang 3809:mudang 3759:mudang 3753:mudang 3744:Dangun 3736:Hwanin 3672:UNESCO 3641:Mudang 3610:mudang 3530:mudang 3501:mudang 3462:mudang 3438:mansin 3426:mudang 3420:kongsu 3414:mansin 3402:mudang 3374:mudang 3368:gongsu 3362:mudang 3350:mudang 3344:chaktu 3328:mansin 3303:mudang 3300:, the 3291:mansin 3288:. The 3284:hanbok 3277:sinbok 3268:mudang 3252:mudang 3249:. The 3236:mudang 3224:mudang 3212:mudang 3206:body. 3196:mudang 3187:. The 3156:mudang 3146:janggu 3100:mudang 3088:pyŏlbi 3082:mudang 3066:mudang 2903:mudang 2891:mudang 2826:mudang 2814:mudang 2795:mudang 2789:mudang 2750:mudang 2732:mudang 2689:mudang 2677:mudang 2659:chaebi 2653:mudang 2641:mudang 2612:Shinto 2562:Mudang 2486:mudang 2431:mudang 2425:mudang 2419:mudang 2413:Mudang 2406:Mudang 2370:mudang 2358:kŭlmun 2352:kŭlbal 2319:mudang 2298:; 2281:mudang 2257:sinhwa 2212:mudang 2206:mudang 2200:mudang 2180:sansin 2156:mudang 2150:mudang 2144:mudang 2138:mudang 2122:mudang 2110:mudang 2104:mudang 2095:mudang 2083:mudang 2077:mudang 2071:mudang 2062:mudang 2055:mudang 2037:mudang 2017:mudang 2005:mudang 1996:mudang 1957:mudang 1945:mudang 1939:malmun 1927:malmun 1915:mudang 1891:mudang 1876:mudang 1870:mudang 1864:mudang 1858:mudang 1852:mudang 1839:mudang 1803:mudang 1797:mudang 1791:mudang 1778:mudang 1766:mudang 1727:mudang 1712:mansin 1692:mudang 1682:mansin 1670:Mudang 1650:mudang 1638:mudang 1621:mudang 1609:mudang 1603:mudang 1596:Mudang 1588:mudang 1582:mudang 1568:mudang 1558:mudang 1540:Mudang 1532:mudang 1480:mudang 1477:, and 1474:kaeksa 1468:jabkwi 1388:mudang 1327:tangju 1312:mudang 1302:mudang 1256:tongja 1242:mudang 1237:Inchon 1213:, are 1204:Sansin 1192:sansin 1139:mudang 1133:Daoist 1097:mudang 1085:taesin 1079:mudang 1073:chusin 1067:mudang 1061:mudang 1045:mudang 1033:kwisin 976:mudang 958:mudang 936:mudang 930:mudang 914:mudang 905:mudang 899:mansin 887:mudang 872:, the 856:, the 849:mudang 822:mudang 801:. 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