2768:, and Owen Roe O'Neill had captured the French outpost in the riverside near Watten, which allowed him to introduce supplies into Saint-Omer with the help of an officer sent from the town. Châtillon, who had promised King Louis XIII to take Saint-Omer, then found it necessary to prevent the Spanish from capturing Bacq by attacking them with the command of all his infantry and cavalry except a reserve corps of 4,500 infantry and 1,500 cavalry that would remain in the rear to protect the supplies and the baggage. This decision was not welcomed by some officers, but Châtillon was determined to continue the siege, and his orders were sent to the field officers. The following day, however, it was found that Prince Thomas' positions were too strong to launch a potentially successful attack through the marshes, and it was called off. Du Hallier proposed that Châtillon move the artillery and baggage of Bacq to the Fort du Roi, but the French marshall refused and dispatched a force of 4,000 infantry and cavalry to guard the passage of Arcq, thus maintaining Bacq connected to the main army.
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Cepeda and Don Diego de
Velasco, were killed. A second fort, known as Esquenque, surrendered to Francesco de Toralto, allowing its garrison of 600 men to return to their army because the lack of ammunitions prevented them to organize a determined resistance. Aware if the loss of the forts, Châtillon sent the Comted'Avaguour in command of 500 men of the Regiment de Navarre and 500 of the Regiment de Molandiu to recover them. Fuensaldaña's musketeers and four sleeves of Velada and Saavedra dispatched by the Prince rejected the counter-attack inflicting serious losses to the French. Marquis de La Barre, Lieutenant-General of artillery, and Captain Angerville were killed, and the Lieutenant-colonel Fontenay-Coup-d'Épée was wounded.
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2761:, attacked them with great fierceness. The French infantry hold back the attack and fired a discharge which forced the Count and Colloredo to retreat. La Force sent then his cavalry to break the formation of his enemies and put them to flight. The Imperial-Spanish cavalry withdrew through the levee of Hennin. About 900 men were drowned or captured while attempting to escape. On the French side, Sieurs des Roches and Saint-Quentin and the Marquis de La Trousse were killed; Sieur de Maroles was wounded, and the Marquis de Fors was captured. The Imperial commander, General Colloredo, died of his wounds in Fort St. Jean shortly after.
2290:, capitulated without opposing resistance. The other two, defended by the villeins of the Castellany, were taken by Châtillon, being that most of their defenders were slaughtered. French cavalry troops under Colonel Silar were then able to cross the Neufossé and enter Flanders, where they plundered Cassel and several other villages before returning with Châtillon. A great booty was obtained. Lieutenant General François de L'Hospital, Seigneur Du Hallier, meanwhile, had occupied the Abbey of Ouate. Fontaine, whose position in Watten had become insecure due to the loss of the forts around Saint-Omer, decided to retreat to
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2659:. The man who opened the march, Captain de Bohorquez, was wounded by a musket shot, but was able to continue commanding his soldiers. Sergeant Manuel Mudarra was the first officer who entered the fort, being followed by de Bohorquez, Mateo de Torres and Saavedra. The Maestre de Campo was shot twice, but was almost unscathed. An Irish captain and 6 soldiers were also wounded, and 2 Spaniards and a German died. The French soldiers, caught by surprise, could fire scarcely a shot. 135 were killed, a few managed to escape, and 4 were captured, among them a captain.
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to capture the Fort of Bacq, dispatched that night
Colonel Ludovico and his Croatian cavalry to recognize Châtillon's maneuvers. They captured a French convoy coming from Ardres and took some prisoners that stated that Châtillon would not lift the siege while he kept Bacq. As Piccolomini hadn't managed yet to invest in the fort due to the resistance of the garrison of Saint-Momelin, the Prince dispatched over the fort José de Saavedra in command of 1,000 Spaniards and Franceso de Toraldo with 1,000 Italians, Germans, and English.
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2651:, hidden in some hedges, managed to hold back the attack giving time to the Count to withdraw his troops. Pimentel was badly wounded in an arm, but he and his men managed to retreat because Arpajoux did not want to waste time finishing them and advanced towards Fort St. Jean. The retreat of the Count was soon noticed by Saavedra. Fearing that the relief force arrived on time, the Maestro de Campo sent his aid to ask Thomas of Carignano for permission to assault the fort, which was given.
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Marquis of
Fuentes, were embarked aboard the boats and brought within the town. French troops opened fire over the boats with artillery and muskets, but the relief entered Saint-Omer without difficulties, and Spinola was able to return to the Spanish camp. Thomas of Carignano was satisfied with the outcome of the operation and returned to Bourbourg with his troops. On his arrival the army was disbanded and each unit returned to its quarter.
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thus putting on alert the garrison of the fort. Saavedra ordered then 100 of his soldiers and 100 of Velada's tercio to dig snake-shaped trenches at the outlet of the channel. The
Germans of Rouvroy dug their trenches from the hill. When the night was dark and it began to rain, Saavedra ordered his 4 pieces to open fire over the fort. The French garrison responded with a heavy musketry fire. An accident occurred when a
2449:, leaving naked most of the French soldiers. The loss on the Spanish side was light and consisted of 2 captains, Marco Antonio Felice and Count Evandro Piccolomini, nephew of the Imperial marshall, and 5 soldiers killed. The French lost Colonel Fouquerolles, 5 captains and 22 soldiers killed being also 16 captains, 20 lieutenants, 17 second lieutenants, 13 sergeants, and 1,220 soldiers captured and took to
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2714:, near Ruminghem. Moreover, a French patrol guarding the area between Bacq and Du Hallier's quarter captured two disguised men attempting to reach the Spanish army, probably to inform them that the preparations into Saint-Omer were ready. Châtillon considered then important to garrison the levee which linked Bacq with Du Hallier's quarter, but it had been occupied by the Spanish shortly before.
3491:(French) Michaud, Joseph Fr.; François Poujoulat, Jean Joseph (1837). Nouvelle collection des mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France: depuis le XIIIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XVIIIe; précédés de notices pour caractériser chaque auteur des mémoires et son époque; suivi de l'analyse des documents historiques qui s'y rapportent, Vol. 5. L'Editeur du commentaire analytique du code civil.
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Bernard de
Fontaine had abandoned the village. Lacking of supplies and discouraged by the size of the Spanish army, they promptly surrendered. Châtillon, thinking that Watten was a crucial position to control the riverside of the Neufossé, had dispatched the Regiments d'Espagni and de Fouquerolles over the village, but they arrived after the tower had surrendered.
2441:, disposed to negotiate with the Spanish. Fanfanelli, nevertheless, attacked them. The Spanish cavalry, alerted by the shots, made soon appearance led by Francisco Pardo and overran the French troops, who threw their weapons down asking for mercy. Fanfanelli and Pardo accepted their surrender. After that, Guasco's Tercio and the cavalry took all the
2217:, which forced them to surrender, even though in good conditions. The French Captain Campi of the Régiment de Navarre lost his arm during the fight. Châtillon's main objective was then to isolate Saint-Omer by blocking all the accesses to the town. With this aim he sent Sieur de La Ferté-Imbault to capture all the forts located between
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Alerted by the proximity of the relief force, La Force put his army in battle, and giving the command of his right wing to the Comte d'Arpajoux, advanced to confront the Count of Nassau-Siegen and
Colloredo. 400 Croatian riders were found in the field, but they promptly retreated behind the hedges of
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occurred near the fort when the troops under Comte d'Arpajoux tried to take it by assault. Rejected twice, they were engaged by a
Spanish relief Force of 500 soldiers led by Maestre de Campo de Toralto. The battle lasted until the night, being Toralto's men relieved by another 500 Spaniards. Arpajoux
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through the canals of the marshes. 300 Germans of the
Regiment Spinola, 200 Italians of the tercios of Guasco and Toralto, and 100 English of Henry Gage's tercio previously dispatched to the village under Colonel Giovanni Agostino Spinola, plus supplies consisting of gunpowder and matches provided by
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and other nearby villages while he and his staff discussed how relieve Saint-Omer, a difficult task, as the majority of the forts around the town were occupied by the French, whose army was twice as large as the
Spanish. Châtillon's soldiers, however, had not begun to dig trenches around the town yet
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At the same time that the relief force marched to Saint-Omer, Thomas of
Carignano sent Paolo Fanfanelli, Sargento Mayor of Carlo Guasco's tercio, and his soldiers, to occupy the tower of the Abbey of Watten, located on top of a hill and guarded by 50 French soldiers under an officer since Count Paul
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to withdraw to defend Paris. Another one of Ferdinand's generals, Ottavio Piccolomini, tried to persuade the Cardinal-Infante to advance further into France, but Ferdinand considered that such operation could risk his army and soon retreated to Cambrai, before the Imperialist invasion had begun. The
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The Prince of Carignano had finally relieved Saint-Omer, where he met the Baron of Wezemaal, Lancelot of Grobbendonk, and was informed by Piccolomini's envoy, the Marquis of Gonzaga, that the garrison of Saint Momelin had offered its surrender, which he accepted. Thomas, whose main goal was by then
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The French had three forts defending the levee from the marshes of Nieuerlet. The strongest had been named Niursote and was defended by 600 soldiers, but surrendered at the first assault by the Tercio of Fuensaldaña and the Regiment of Spinola, during which two captains of Fuensaldaña, Don Pedro de
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The fort was taken by assault by 3 groups of 200 men led by Sargento mayor Porcell, Don Diego de Bohorquez and Mateo de Torres, and the Sargento mayor of the Regiment Rouvroy. Each group was provided of a scale and wood to fill the gap. After receiving orders to take no prisoners and with artillery
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Thomas of Carignano sent Johann von Nassau-Siegen in command of most of the Spanish cavalry and a flying squadron of all the tercios under Maestre de Campo Francesco de Toralto to expel the French troops from a newly built redoubt which defended a levee in Hennuin near La Force's position, but they
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Thomas of Carignan, having recognized the extensive French works around the Fort of Bacq, decided to encamp his army in the meadows of the area to avoid a pitched battle. During the night a relief operation was organized in coordination with the garrison of Saint-Omer. Captain Luis de Mieses exited
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in command of 22,000 soldiers. Garrisoned by 3,000 Spaniards, Italians, Wallons and Burgundians, Breda was one of the main fortresses of the Spanish Netherlands and a symbol of the Spanish power in Europe. A Spanish force under the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand attempted to relieve the garrison of the
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The relief force would attack divided into two corps, one of them under the Thomas of Carignano, who would advance through the marshes in command of the Tercio de Velada, the Tercio de Guasco, that of Saavedra, Fuensaldaña, Toralto, the Regiment of Spinola and the Tercios of Tresham and Gage, plus
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rather than in an offensive against France, even after the loss of Schenkenschans. In late May, however, the offensive operations were suspended and a secondary thrust was launched into France, according to the Cardinal-Infante, because of a dramatic change in circumstances. Philip IV wrote to his
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Bacq was defended by 2,000 soldier under the Sieur de Manican, who had been encouraged by Châtillon to hold back the Spanish in the previous days. Having rejected three assaults by Piccolomini, nevertheless, when the Spanish Tercios jumped into the moat to launch their assault, he surrendered the
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Saavedra and his troops arrived at Fort St. Jean during the night. The Maestre de Campo sent Captain Don Bartolomé del Río to inspect the area while two pieces of artillery were mounted in the levee and the other two atop of a hill west of the levee. The noise alerted a guard who shot his musket,
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with his troops to relief, if necessary, the Cardinal-Infante. The French, meanwhile, continued working in the forts and redoubts of the circumvallation line. Châtillon directed the works from his headquarters while Du Hallier reinforced the garrison of Bacq and Clairmarais Abbey, whose works had
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Châtillon, seeing that the extension of the lines of circumvallation made it difficult to garrison them with the troops that he had, sent Jean de Gassion to request La Force to enter the lines, which was accepted by La Force, who moved his army within the fortifications. He escorted, moreover, a
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Thomas of Carignano, once warned by Ochoa, resolved to capture the redoubt near Bacq. He feared a revolt of the population of the town against the garrison, and although the Bishop and the Abbot of St. Bertin de Clairmarais placated them, it was suspected that somebody within the city maintained
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of Saint-Omer. The Spanish garrison sent Ensign Ochoa across the French lines to warn Thomas of Carignano of the problem. The siege works concentrated on the hill of Saint Michel, which was free of swamps. Several batteries were installed atop of the hill and a fierce bombardment ensued, being a
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giving access to the town. Châtillon was warned by many of his officers, Sieurs de La Barre, de Manican and Le Rasle, of the urgent need to take Bacq. The French marshall avoided a direct assault, but the fort was eventually occupied when Baron of Wezemaal, seeing the weakness of his position,
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while another 300 remained in the outskirts until the arrival of Paolo Fanfanelli in command of Carlo Guasco's tercio. 200 Germans of the Regiment Rouvroy also entered the fort that day, being relieved the next day by Colonel Rouvroy and another 200 soldiers of his regiment. Saavedra and the
2006:. The siege was a costly failure due to bad logistics and organization, and because the French army was decimated by the plague. The Cardinal-Infante was then able to counter-attack and pushed the Franco-Dutch army back to the Dutch border in the direction of Cleves, recapturing
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2808:. Simultaneously, the Spanish soldiers were ordered to return each one to his tercio, and the following day the army marched to Térouanne led by the Prince himself, who reviewed the troops before he went to Brussels to inform the Cardinal-Infante of his success.
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would be occupied by the Spaniards of the tercios of Saavedra and Velada. The night of 2 July, several soldiers under Captain don Rodrigo de Rojas, of Velada's tercio, made a sortie against Du Hallier works, but were rejected by the Scottish Regiment of Colonel
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Relación y Comentario de las armas de S.M. mandadas por el Sermo. D. Fernando, Infante de España, Lugarthiniente, Gouernador y Capitán General de los estados de Flandes y Borgoña, d'esta campaña de 1636 in Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de
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to avoid its occupation by the French. That mission was easily accomplished by José de Saavedra and his tercio. The prince considered the following morning attack himself the French fort and moved with all his troops to Ardres. He sent Captain Gilles, an
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Olivares, though distressed for the loss of Corbie, planned a renewed offensive against France for the following year, so Ferdinand began to mass his forces on the French border. In July Frederick Henry of Orange, seizing the moment, invested
2556:. The command of Saint-Omer, then consisting of a council whose members were Ochoa, the Viscount of Lier, Monsieur de Branduque, Baron of Wezemaal, Luis de Mieses and the Sargento Mayor of the Regiment Spinola, decided that the most exposed
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to warn the defenders that if they did not surrender, they would be massacred. The officer in charge of the fort responded that they relied that La Force would succor them and that he would give a response to Saavedra eight days later.
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could not arrive on time, resolved to relieve the town alone to enable its garrison to keep the resistance for longer. With this aim he disposed four flying squadrons, each one on 1,000 men, commanded respectively by Maestre de Campo
2388:, Owen Roe O'Neill's Irish tercio under his Sargento mayor, José de Saavedra's Tercio divided in two squadrons, one of them under Saavadera himself and the other under'Sargento Mayor Diego López de Zúñiga, and 2,000 cavalrymen under
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supply convoy to the camp. The explorers of the contoy reported news of the advance of the Imperial-Spanish cavalry under Count von Nassau-Siegen and General Colloredo, whose strength was put in 4,000 men, through the levee of
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of O'Neill's tercio under Maestre de Campo José de Saavedra, besides 4 artillery pieces and 2 cavalry companies. The prince informed Saavedra that he would find 2,000 fagots to cover the front of the trenches at the bridge of
2384:. They were accompanied by the Neapolitan Tercio of Toralto, the tercio of Marquis de Velada under Sargento Mayor Juan Porcel, the German Regiments of Colonels Spinola and Rouveroy, the English Tercios of William Tresham and
2022:. The fortress fell after a long and costly siege that lasted even through the winter months. Meanwhile, Cardinal Richelieu took the decision to remove Châtillon from command and focused France's effort in the Rhineland.
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numbering 1,000 men and about 300 cavalry, while the town required more than 3,000 soldiers to be properly defended, resolved to besiege it. By 26 May his army had invested the town. Three days later the outpost of
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instructed the Cardinal-Infante to undertake an offensive strategy against the Dutch in order to subject them to massive pressure and force them to agree a favourable truce and the restoration of their conquests in
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Although Saint-Omer had been relieved, the pressure over the town increased, and at the same time the Dutch States Army captured one of the major Spanish forts defending Antwerp. Piccolomini remained then in
2259:, the former commander who was either in Saint-Omer, was given the order of defend the outpost of Bacq, a crucial position to receive relief from the Spanish lines since it controlled a channel of the river
2757:, where the Imperial-Spanish cavalry was disposed for battle. As soon as the Regiments of Piémont and de la Marine under Compte d'Arpajoux had passed the hedges, the Imperial-Spanish cavalry, forming in 12
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to prevent La Force from joining his troops with Châtillon. Owen Roe O'Neill, with his own tercio and 3 companies of Wezemaal, would be embarked at Watten to capture a fort on the bank of the Aa river.
2537:, to prepare the works needed for the assault, which were built over a week. A 50-men cavalry party led by the Count of Fuensaldaña, nevertheless, confirmed Toralto views on the narrows of the levee.
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and told him that most of the cavalry under Johann von Nassau-Siegen and 2,000 infantry commanded by Count of Fuensaldaña and Francesco de Toralto would isolate St. Jean from any force of relief.
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to approach La Force's corps to Saint-Omer to tighten the siege over the town. The king was surprised by this demand, since shortly before Châtillon had requested the dispatch of the Regiments of
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contact with the French. For the attack on the fort, known as Fort St. Jean, the Prince put 600 Spaniards of the tercios of Saavedra and Velada, 200 Germans of the Regiment of Rouvroy and 200
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retreated considering that the levee was too close to attack without carrying boards as protection against the musketry fire. Thomas of Carignano found then necessary reinforce the village of
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with the condition that he would not ask for more reinforcements, but La Force was eventually ordered by Louis's ministers to move towards Châtillon to support him and quartered his troops at
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and contribute to tightening the blockade over Masstritch. Ferdinand was also ordered, when the offensive operations had finished, to quarter his army near the Dutch frontier to protect
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and the fort of Bacq and its nearby redoubts. Most of the combined Imperial-Spanish cavalry was dispatched under the Count of Nassau-Siegen, Francisco Pardo, and the Imperial General
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2225:. The strongest fortresses, Dumenghen and Ennuin, could not be taken. Duc de la Force's troops had to be therefore employed to protect the supply convoys against possible ambushes.
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French armies regained most of the lost ground over the following months, including Corbie, an operation that absorbed the entire French army and was led directly by Richelieu.
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brother on June ordering him to advance into northern Brabant to try to recapture Schenkenschanz. Meanwhile, the Emperor, whose position in Germany had strengthened since the
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was occupied during August and September with the aim of linking the fort with the main body of the Spanish Netherlands. while Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, started the
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was forced to retreat having lost, according to his enemies, about 800 men dead or wounded. The Spanish lost, according to their own accounts, 27 men dead or wounded.
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2060:, had projected an invasion of eastern France, but as his force was not large enough due to logistical problems, he proposed a joint invasion to the Cardinal-Infante.
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1966:, count of Grobbendonck. Despite several initial successes in the capture of the minor forts around Saint-Omer, on the night of 8/9 June a Spanish relief army under
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was captured. Its defenders, 50 soldiers of the Walloon Tercio of Baron of Wezemaal and his officer, surrendered after a brief bombardment by the French artillery.
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Johann von Nassau-Siegen, meanwhile, found some French troops and began to withdraw in disorder. La Force immediately sent his cavalry and some musketeers under
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to harass the rear-guard of the Count. The Spanish cavalry was in danger of being disbanded for a moment, but a sleeve of musketeers under Captain Don
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2255:, all of them commanded by Captain Luis de Mieses, who was ordered to take command of Saint-Omer's garrison for being the oldest officer in the town.
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as soon as was informed of the French movements. From Watten Fontaine relieved Saint-Omer by sending to the town 4 companies of the Spanish Tercio of
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remaining troops returned to Ruminghem, where the Maestro de Campo was congratulated by Thomas of Carignano and his staff. The following day a
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fort under the condition of being safely returned to France, which was accomplished by the Spanish, who returned him with his troops to
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been finished by 14 June. The marshy land that surrounded Saint-Omer, however, greatly impeded the digging of trenches, the building of
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to secure definitely Châtillon's corps supplies. It was promptly captured by the Spanish, and Châtillon, pressed by its loss, asked
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2047:, the Count-Duke of Olivares insisted the Cardinal-Infante to continue concentrating the war effort in exploiting the gains in the
2488:, and the passage of horses and convoys. During those days one of La Force officers, Sieur de Lermont, began to work a fort in a
2213:, a good defensive position. Captains Lannoy and Dutally, of Wezemaal's tercio, hold back the French assaults until they lacked
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was ordered to move towards Saint-Omer to support Châtillon siege, but on 12 July a further Imperial-Spanish force commanded by
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in order to distract Frederick Henry. He was, nevertheless, forced to turn back shortly after due to the French advances in
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La Force's relief, finding the few men who had escaped the assault, stopped. The fort was garrisoned by 100 soldiers under
1970:, surprised Châtillon's troops and established a small fort in the middle of the French lines. An entire army corps under
2176:, which had become vulnerable since the loss of Breda, and even to reinforce the garrisons of many secondary fortresses.
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some cavalry under Juan de Vivero, and the other under Piccolomini, who would attack Châtillon's main fortifications in
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with the Tercios of Carlo Guasco and Francesco Toralto, an artillery Lieutenant General with several artillery pieces,
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and Orsoy. His main objective would be the capture of Rheinberg, which would give to Spain a crossing point in the
2351:, where the Prince Thomas of Carignano took the command of the Spanish army. Most of his troops were quartered in
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2804:. The loss of Bacq compelled Châtillon to lift the siege. On 17 July the camp was left and the army retreated to
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because his commander was awaiting orders to do it when the Dutch States Army had launched its offensive against
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Having left a garrison under Sieur de Genlin in Bacq, Châtillon proceeded to capture 3 small forts defending the
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in which a French army under Gaspard III de Coligny, Maréchal de Châtillon, laid siege to the Flemish city of
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to continue the circumvallation of Saint-Omer. The strongest of them, in command of Viscount Furnes, Great
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city, but failed to dislodge the besiegers. Ferdinand decided move with his army to the valley of the
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2360:. Despite his passive attitude, Saint-Omer's reduced garrison was in need of supplies and gunpowder.
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Colonels Espagni and Fouquerolles, seeing the difficulty of withdraw, formed their regiments in a
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Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585-1713
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since 1629 and one of the oldest officers of the Army of Flanders, moved with his troops from
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On 4 July the Cardinal-Infante, commanding a lightly equipped army, crossed the frontier via
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killed a Spaniard and pulled the leg of another one. Saavedra suspended the fire and sent a
1466:
947:
867:
2497:
2385:
1955:
1799:
1633:
1277:
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323:
45:
32:
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472:
8:
3549:
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1975:
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456:
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225:
90:
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3484:
2764:
Piccolomini, meanwhile, had taken a redoubt by assault and was attacking the Church of
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2553:
2515:
2407:
2256:
2152:
2141:
1963:
1811:
937:
857:
837:
608:
3499:
Sucesos de Flandes en 1637, 38, 39 y 40, por el alférez d. Lorenzo de Cevallos y Arce.
2689:
2197:
Châtillon, seeing that Saint-Omer was garrisoned just by 4 companies of the Tercio of
2112:
623:
2033:
1853:
827:
593:
578:
545:
421:
353:
243:
232:
220:
183:
169:
3454:
The Later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia
2631:
2470:
2193:
Lithographie representing the ruins of the church of Saint Bertin, by Ulysses Delhom
2745:
2648:
2480:
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1282:
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358:
2294:
after set fire to the village to avoid its use by the French. He later marched to
2083:. The Spanish army, then led by Thomas Francis of Carignano, the commander of the
2800:
Despite receiving food from the Spanish, half of the troops died before reaching
2758:
2550:
2501:
2400:
was sent across the Neufossé to attack the French troops at their quarters while
2044:
2015:
2003:
1441:
1379:
1217:
1159:
1076:
852:
800:
701:
348:
339:
58:
2545:
2377:
2344:
2267:
1987:
1362:
1038:
598:
157:
3508:
2776:
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2271:
Portrait of Gaspard de Coligny (1584-1646), count of Châtillon sur Loing, by
2080:
291:
116:
103:
54:
2306:
2792:, where he was arrested to be imprisoned at Amiens for surrender the fort.
2598:
2582:
2412:
2287:
2244:
2209:
Having installed his headquarters in Arques, Châtillon proceeded to attack
1998:
while the Spanish field army under the Cardinal-Infante fell back to cover
2103:
2427:
2340:
2260:
2221:
and Saint-Omer, which would also secure their own supplies, brought from
2189:
2169:
2048:
2025:
2771:
2573:
2331:
with some cavalry, and three companies of Wezemaal's tercio. He passed
2161:
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2076:
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1959:
1717:
86:
2332:
2805:
2754:
2717:
2529:
2509:
2450:
2352:
2348:
2214:
2165:
2087:, successfully crossed the Somme and invested the vital fortress of
3460:
Richelieu's Army: War, Government, and Society in France, 1624-1642
2668:
2534:
2458:
2336:
2295:
2240:
2133:
1999:
2474:
Anonymous engraving of François de L'Hospital, seigneur du Hallier
2656:
2624:
2557:
2485:
2446:
2442:
2380:
Dionisio de Guzmán of Fuensaldaña's tercio; and Maestro de Campo
2357:
2291:
2283:
2173:
2064:
2711:
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2541:
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2324:
2323:, having been ordered to move to Flanders diligently, departed
2236:
2222:
2218:
2157:
2137:
2088:
2011:
1978:
entered Saint-Omer, resolving the French marshals to withdraw.
465:
Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)
94:
62:
2568:
2489:
2438:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2007:
1995:
209:
198:
152:
2411:
View of Watten in 1662. Engraving of Flandria Illustrata by
2789:
2002:. The invading armies captured a few smaller places before
3493:
https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7
2565:. Rojas received a musket shot in the leg, but survived.
2363:
Thomas of Carignano, seeing that the Imperial army under
2457:
the town with several boats and went to the village of
1994:
from two sides and joined forces in the valley of the
2264:
decided to withdraw into Saint-Omer with his troops.
3485:
https://archive.org/details/coleccindedocu59madruoft
2148:, and Breda was captured by the Dutch on 7 October.
2075:. Alarmed by this easy advance, the King of France
1189:
3506:
2655:support, the 3 groups attacked and climbed the
2032:, Governor of the Low Countries, attributed to
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2742:Alfonso Pérez de Vivero, Count of Fuensaldaña
2639:. Anonymous, Gallica, bibliothèque numérique.
2370:Alfonso Pérez de Vivero, Count of Fuensaldaña
1962:, defended by a small garrison in command of
1175:
307:
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2997:
2995:
2593:
1954:(24 May – 16 July 1638) was a siege in the
3065:
3006:
2947:
2917:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2875:
2853:
2637:Jacques-Nompar de Caumont, duc de la Force
2298:to be appointed General of the artillery.
1182:
1168:
314:
300:
2933:
2830:
2818:
2549:large number of buildings damaged by the
2251:and 2 companies of the English Tercio of
3015:
2992:
2965:
2844:
2770:
2735:
2716:
2679:
2630:
2597:
2567:
2519:Portrait of Johann von Nassau-Siegen by
2514:
2469:
2421:
2406:
2305:
2266:
2188:
2109:Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares
2102:
2024:
174:
3482:Madrid Impr. de J. Perales y Martínez .
3466:The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy.
2912:
2898:
2235:in Spanish service who was governor of
3555:Sieges involving the Holy Roman Empire
3507:
3497:(Spanish) Lorenzo de Cevallos y Arce.
2540:By the night of 29/30 June the French
2465:
1986:In June 1635 the allied armies of the
2030:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria
1163:
295:
2097:Charles de La Porte de La Meilleraye
16:1638 battle of the Thirty Years' War
3530:Military history of Hauts-de-France
2311:Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano
2184:
1968:Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano
13:
2544:began to dig trenches towards the
1426:Northern Spain and Southern France
14:
3566:
2396:regiment under Colonel Ludovico.
2321:Count Ernest von Isenburg-Grenzau
2257:Lancelot II, Count of Grobbendock
2093:Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Condé
2079:was forced to move to Paris from
689:Swedish-French Period (1635–1648)
3545:1638 in the Habsburg Netherlands
560:Swedish intervention (1630–1635)
242:
231:
219:
208:
197:
176:
162:
151:
44:
3515:Sieges of the Thirty Years' War
3446:
3376:
3358:
3291:
3196:
3024:
2983:
2974:
2956:
2675:
2301:
2211:St. Bertin de Clairmarais Abbey
2043:and the Imperial generalissimo
508:Danish intervention (1625–1629)
388:Palatinate campaign (1620–1623)
3477:Vincart, Juan Antonio (1842).
2924:
2889:
2426:Portrait of Sir Henry Gage by
38:Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659)
1:
2811:
2572:Map of Saint-Omer in 1612 by
1981:
2795:
2506:Henri de La Ferté-Senneterre
1207:Flanders and Northern France
7:
2521:Jan Antonisz. van Ravesteyn
2273:Jan Antonisz. van Ravesteyn
2067:and took the fortresses of
340:Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620)
281:At least 34 dead or wounded
271:16,000 infantry and cavalry
10:
3571:
2347:, and a day later reached
2151:For the campaign of 1638,
204:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
3246:Michaud/Poujoulat, p. 239
3202:Theatrum Europaeum p. 953
3113:Michaud/Poujoulat, p. 238
3104:Michaud/Poujoulat, p. 237
2895:Theatrum Europaeum p. 953
2604:Antonio Pimentel de Prado
1724:Franche-Comté and Germany
1203:
1144:
333:
275:
254:
190:
144:
69:
43:
30:
25:
3382:De Cevallos, pp. 172–173
3364:De Cevallos, pp. 171–172
3297:De Cevallos, pp. 166–167
3090:Michaud/Poujoulat, p. 67
2594:Capture of Fort St. Jean
2390:Johann von Nassau-Siegen
2229:Paul Bernard de Fontaine
2179:
1587:Villefranche-de-Conflent
136:Imperial-Spanish victory
51:The relief of Saint-Omer
3525:Sieges involving France
2020:Siege of Schenkenschans
1990:and France invaded the
3520:Sieges involving Spain
2780:
2749:
2729:
2693:
2640:
2615:
2577:
2524:
2475:
2430:
2415:
2317:
2275:
2194:
2115:
2036:
191:Commanders and leaders
2774:
2739:
2720:
2683:
2634:
2601:
2571:
2518:
2473:
2425:
2410:
2309:
2270:
2192:
2106:
2028:
1537:San Lorenzo de Mongay
284:4,000 dead or wounded
276:Casualties and losses
238:Maréchal de Châtillon
77:24 May – 16 July 1638
2382:Francesco de Toralto
1972:Maréchal de La Force
531:Lutter am Barenberge
3439:De Cevallos, p. 177
3430:De Cevallos, p. 175
3412:De Cevallos, p. 174
3394:De Cevallos, p. 173
3373:De Cevallos, p. 172
3355:De Cevallos, p. 171
3346:De Cevallos, p. 170
3337:De Cevallos, p. 169
3323:De Cevallos, p. 168
3309:De Cevallos, p. 167
3288:De Cevallos, p. 166
3276:De Cevallos, p. 165
3260:De Cevallos, p. 164
3232:De Cevallos, p. 163
3220:De Cevallos, p. 162
3175:De Cevallos, p. 159
3163:De Cevallos, p. 158
3149:De Cevallos, p. 157
3133:De Cevallos, p. 156
3062:De Cevallos, p. 155
3044:De Cevallos, p. 154
2886:De Cevallos, p. 178
2872:De Cevallos, p. 161
2686:Ottavio Piccolomini
2588:Sainte-Marie-Kerque
2466:Siege of Saint-Omer
2372:, Maestre de Campo
2365:Ottavio Piccolomini
2041:Charles of Lorraine
1992:Spanish Netherlands
1976:Ottavio Piccolomini
1952:siege of Saint-Omer
1577:Castelló d'Empúries
226:Ottavio Piccolomini
215:Prince of Carignano
113: /
91:Spanish Netherlands
89:and its outskirts,
26:Siege of Saint-Omer
3470:Israel, Jonathan.
3452:Guthrie, William.
2781:
2750:
2730:
2703:Girolamo Colloredo
2694:
2664:Pedro de Sotomayor
2641:
2616:
2610:over a drawing by
2578:
2563:Lord James Douglas
2525:
2476:
2431:
2416:
2402:Francisco de Pardo
2329:Don Juan de Vivero
2318:
2292:Bergues-St. Vinocx
2276:
2243:to the village of
2195:
2116:
2037:
1964:Lancelot II Schetz
1844:3rd Lérins Islands
1839:2nd Lérins Islands
1829:1st Lérins Islands
1193:Franco-Spanish War
117:50.7461°N 2.2617°E
3535:Conflicts in 1638
2280:Canal de Neufossé
2249:Marquis of Velada
2034:Justus Sustermans
1956:Thirty Years' War
1945:
1944:
1712:France hinterland
1157:
1156:
1139:
1138:
681:Strasbourg Bridge
325:Thirty Years' War
290:
289:
170:Holy Roman Empire
140:
139:
57:. Oil on canvas.
33:Thirty Years' War
3562:
3458:Parrott, David.
3440:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3413:
3410:
3395:
3392:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3365:
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3045:
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3031:
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3022:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2990:
2989:Israel pp. 80–81
2987:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2931:
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2907:
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2893:
2887:
2884:
2873:
2870:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2828:
2825:
2746:Lucas Vorsterman
2722:Owen Roe O'Neill
2649:Antonio Pimentel
2645:Comte d'Arpajoux
2612:Caspar Heilandre
2374:Owen Roe O'Neill
2315:Anthony van Dyck
2199:José de Saavedra
2185:First operations
2128:, where he took
2085:Army of Flanders
2051:and in northern
2004:investing Leuven
1667:
1376:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1117:2nd Saint Martin
1112:Cape St. Vincent
1087:1st Saint Martin
1052:
1015:
1003:
991:
819:
737:
725:
672:
551:'s-Hertogenbosch
491:
336:
335:
328:
326:
316:
309:
302:
293:
292:
247:
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235:
224:
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128:
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71:
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48:
23:
22:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3505:
3504:
3464:Wilson, Peter.
3449:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3416:
3411:
3398:
3393:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3372:
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3345:
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3264:
3259:
3250:
3245:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:Cevallos p. 160
3192:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3153:
3148:
3137:
3132:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3094:
3089:
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3048:
3043:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:Parrott, p. 127
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2934:
2930:Parrott, p. 114
2929:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2876:
2871:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2798:
2690:Matthäus Merian
2678:
2606:, engraving by
2596:
2502:Jean de Gassion
2468:
2398:Count of Forjaz
2335:and arrived at
2304:
2253:William Tresham
2187:
2182:
2113:Diego Velázquez
2058:Peace of Prague
2045:Matthias Gallas
2016:Duchy of Cleves
1984:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1765:Lons-le-Saunier
1661:
1370:
1268:Aire-sur-la-Lys
1199:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1140:
1127:Colberger Heide
1046:
1009:
997:
985:
908:2nd Breitenfeld
813:
786:2nd Rheinfelden
731:
719:
666:
659:1st Rheinfelden
589:1st Breitenfeld
569:Swedish landing
500:Vlach uprisings
485:
329:
324:
322:
320:
285:
270:
268:
267:10,000 infantry
266:
249:Duc de La Force
241:
240:
230:
218:
217:
207:
206:
196:
177:
175:
163:
161:
160:
150:
122:50.7461; 2.2617
121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
98:
59:Museo del Prado
49:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3568:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:1638 in France
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3503:
3502:
3501:(17th century)
3495:
3489:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3432:
3414:
3396:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3325:
3311:
3299:
3290:
3278:
3262:
3248:
3234:
3222:
3204:
3195:
3177:
3165:
3151:
3135:
3115:
3106:
3092:
3064:
3046:
3032:
3023:
3014:
3012:Guthrie p. 168
3005:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2953:Vincart, p. 24
2946:
2932:
2923:
2911:
2897:
2888:
2874:
2852:
2843:
2841:Parrott p. 128
2829:
2827:Guthrie p. 190
2816:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2797:
2794:
2775:The church of
2677:
2674:
2595:
2592:
2467:
2464:
2437:surrounded by
2378:Sargento Mayor
2303:
2300:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
1988:Dutch Republic
1983:
1980:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
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1737:
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1721:
1720:
1714:
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1709:
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1703:
1698:
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1688:
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1668:
1656:
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1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
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1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
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1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1415:2nd Gravelines
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1390:3rd Landrecies
1387:
1382:
1377:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:2nd Landrecies
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:2nd Saint Omer
1300:
1295:
1293:1st Gravelines
1290:
1288:2nd Thionville
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1253:1st Thionville
1250:
1248:1st Saint Omer
1245:
1243:1st Landrecies
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
975:
973:2nd Nördlingen
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
726:
714:
709:
707:Schenkenschans
704:
699:
691:
690:
686:
685:
684:
683:
678:
676:1st Nördlingen
673:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
563:
562:
556:
555:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
510:
509:
505:
504:
503:
502:
497:
492:
480:
475:
467:
466:
462:
461:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
432:Bergen op Zoom
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
391:
390:
384:
383:
382:
381:
376:
374:White Mountain
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
343:
342:
334:
331:
330:
319:
318:
311:
304:
296:
288:
287:
286:1,220 captured
282:
278:
277:
273:
272:
261:
257:
256:
252:
251:
228:
193:
192:
188:
187:
172:
147:
146:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
85:
83:
79:
78:
75:
67:
66:
41:
40:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3567:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3436:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3199:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2986:
2977:
2971:Israel, p. 80
2968:
2962:Israel, p. 78
2959:
2950:
2944:Israel, p. 76
2941:
2939:
2937:
2927:
2918:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2850:Wilson p. 661
2847:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2778:
2777:Saint-Momelin
2773:
2769:
2767:
2766:Saint-Momelin
2762:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2743:
2740:Engraving of
2738:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:Saint-Momelin
2691:
2687:
2682:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2635:Engraving of
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2608:Peter de Jode
2605:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2191:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:Fontainebleau
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1938:
1937:3rd Barcelona
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Porto Longone
1911:
1906:
1904:
1903:Castellammare
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:1st Barcelona
1886:
1884:
1883:3rd Tarragona
1881:
1879:
1878:2nd Tarragona
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:Naval battles
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:Castellfollit
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:2nd Barcelona
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:4th Tarragona
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:1st Tarragona
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:Naval battles
1063:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:Wevelinghoven
1032:
1030:
1029:Zusmarshausen
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1007:Hohentübingen
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
989:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
817:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
751:2nd Magdeburg
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
735:
730:
727:
723:
718:
715:
713:
712:Ray-sur-Saône
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:
688:
687:
682:
679:
677:
674:
670:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
564:
561:
558:
557:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
521:Dessau Bridge
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
511:
507:
506:
501:
498:
496:
493:
489:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
468:
464:
463:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
397:Bad Kreuznach
395:
394:
393:
392:
389:
386:
385:
380:
379:Neu Titschein
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
344:
341:
338:
337:
332:
327:
317:
312:
310:
305:
303:
298:
297:
294:
283:
280:
279:
274:
269:3,000 cavalry
265:
262:
259:
258:
253:
250:
245:
239:
234:
229:
227:
222:
216:
211:
205:
200:
195:
194:
189:
185:
173:
171:
159:
154:
149:
148:
143:
135:
132:
131:
126:
96:
93:(present-day
92:
88:
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:Peter Snayers
52:
47:
42:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
3498:
3483:
3478:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:Bibliography
3435:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3351:
3342:
3293:
3198:
3109:
3026:
3021:Israel p. 82
3017:
3008:
3003:Israel p. 81
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2926:
2921:Israel p. 71
2909:Israel p. 70
2891:
2846:
2799:
2786:
2782:
2763:
2751:
2731:
2726:J.T. Gilbert
2708:
2695:
2684:Portrait of
2676:Final relief
2661:
2653:
2642:
2617:
2579:
2539:
2526:
2492:coming from
2477:
2455:
2432:
2417:
2413:Anton Sander
2362:
2319:
2310:
2302:First relief
2277:
2227:
2208:
2196:
2150:
2117:
2107:Portrait of
2062:
2038:
1985:
1951:
1949:
1909:
1860:
1760:Sainte-Agnès
1447:Ille-sur-Têt
1437:Fuenterrabía
1395:Valenciennes
1247:
1147:
1092:Lizard Point
943:Philippsburg
913:2nd Freiberg
888:Wolfenbüttel
833:1st Freiberg
828:2nd Breisach
806:Wittenweiher
796:Fuenterrabía
790:
654:1st Breisach
639:Pfaffenhofen
263:
145:Belligerents
50:
31:Part of the
18:
2428:John Weesop
2170:Lower Rhine
2049:Lower Rhine
1817:Fort Rocher
1780:2nd Poligny
1775:1st Poligny
1755:Saint-Amour
1706:3rd Valenza
1696:2nd Cremona
1681:1st Cremona
1676:2nd Valenza
1662: [
1624:1st Valenza
1567:3rd Tortosa
1557:2nd Tortosa
1487:1st Tortosa
1405:2nd Dunkirk
1400:2nd Mardyck
1371: [
1333:Armentières
1328:1st Dunkirk
1318:1st Mardyck
1197:(1635–1659)
1047: [
1010: [
998: [
986: [
968:Mergentheim
903:Schweidnitz
814: [
732: [
720: [
667: [
486: [
452:Frankenthal
417:Mingolsheim
120: /
3550:Saint-Omer
3509:Categories
2812:References
2621:cannonball
2574:Joan Blaeu
2498:Louis XIII
2386:Henry Gage
2162:Maastricht
2146:Luxembourg
2077:Louis XIII
2073:La Capelle
2069:Le Catelet
1982:Background
1960:Saint-Omer
1927:Sant Feliu
1922:Formentera
1800:Tuttlingen
1785:Pontarlier
1770:Bletterans
1718:The Fronde
1634:Tornavento
1552:4th Lleida
1547:3rd Lleida
1522:2nd Lleida
1507:1st Lleida
1502:2nd Salses
1472:La Granada
1442:1st Salses
1338:Nieuwpoort
1278:Honnecourt
1258:Charlemont
1238:1st Corbie
1228:La Capelle
1223:Le Catelet
1122:Lister Dyb
983:Korneuburg
928:Tuttlingen
898:Honnecourt
848:Thionville
791:Saint Omer
746:Tornavento
619:Alte Veste
604:Maastricht
478:Érsekújvár
437:Heidelberg
364:Wisternitz
105:50°44′46″N
87:Saint-Omer
3030:Israel p.
2806:Fervaques
2802:Messières
2796:Aftermath
2759:squadrons
2755:Polincove
2530:Ruminghem
2510:Zutkerque
2451:Bourbourg
2353:Bourbourg
2349:Poperinge
2233:Lorrainer
2215:gunpowder
2166:Rheinberg
2160:, Breda,
2153:Philip IV
1908:Piombino
1898:Orbetello
1893:Cartagena
1868:Île de Ré
1806:Caribbean
1735:Martignat
1612:Camprodon
1562:Montblanc
1532:2nd Roses
1497:1st Roses
1492:Perpignan
1482:Collioure
1410:The Dunes
1385:2nd Arras
1353:Diksmuide
1273:La Marfée
1263:1st Arras
1213:Les Avins
1107:The Downs
1082:The Slaak
1072:Gibraltar
995:Totenhöhe
978:3rd Hulst
878:La Marfée
766:2nd Breda
761:Wittstock
729:Haselünne
697:Les Avins
634:Oldendorf
609:Nuremberg
579:Magdeburg
574:Frankfurt
541:Stralsund
526:Oldenzaal
457:Stadtlohn
407:Bacharach
402:Oppenheim
108:2°15′42″E
2669:skirmish
2657:parapets
2602:Captain
2558:ravelins
2546:ramparts
2535:engineer
2486:redoubts
2459:Nieurlet
2445:and the
2394:Croatian
2345:Merville
2337:Chocques
2296:Brussels
2241:Flanders
2134:Roermond
2000:Brussels
1932:Bordeaux
1917:Cambrils
1834:Sardinia
1790:Jonvelle
1649:Vercelli
1639:Marbegno
1629:Morbegno
1592:Cadaqués
1542:Balaguer
1467:Montmeló
1452:Montjuïc
1363:2nd Lens
1343:Commines
1308:1st Lens
1149:Treaties
963:2nd Brno
948:Jüterbog
938:Freiburg
923:1st Brno
868:Preßnitz
863:Montjuïc
858:Cambrils
838:Chemnitz
664:Liegnitz
649:Konstanz
614:Wiesloch
447:Mannheim
255:Strength
82:Location
35:and the
3480:España.
2625:drummer
2542:sappers
2481:Brabant
2447:baggage
2358:Antwerp
2333:Béthune
2284:bailiff
2174:Antwerp
2142:Hainaut
2065:Avesnes
2053:Brabant
1863:Santoña
1859:Laredo
1854:Getaria
1812:Tortuga
1740:Savigny
1597:Solsona
1512:Miravet
1462:Almenar
1432:Leucate
1420:Bergues
1313:Bergues
1298:Béthune
1132:Fehmarn
1102:Channel
1097:Dunkirk
933:Kolding
883:Dorsten
776:Leipzig
644:Steinau
594:Bamberg
546:Wolgast
536:Groenlo
495:Hodonín
473:Humenné
442:Fleurus
422:Wimpfen
369:Bautzen
354:Lomnice
264:29,000
2712:Hennin
2554:shells
2551:mortar
2494:Ardres
2443:spoils
2439:hedges
2435:meadow
2325:Arleux
2288:Cassel
2245:Watten
2237:Bruges
2223:Calais
2219:Ardres
2204:Arques
2158:Brazil
2138:Artois
2089:Corbie
2012:Tienen
1795:Maynal
1750:Cornod
1745:Arbent
1691:Naples
1659:Casale
1654:Chieri
1582:Girona
1517:Monzón
1477:Monzón
1380:Mouzon
1368:Rethel
1323:Furnes
1283:Rocroi
1218:Leuven
1056:Prague
1044:Dachau
1024:Naples
1019:Triebl
958:Jankau
953:Bysjön
918:Rocroi
893:Kempen
873:Plauen
853:Salses
843:Melnik
823:Vlotho
717:Dömitz
702:Leuven
629:Lützen
584:Werben
483:Tyrnau
427:Höchst
412:Jülich
359:Sablat
349:Pilsen
260:20,000
184:France
181:
167:
133:Result
95:France
63:Madrid
2744:, by
2724:, by
2583:Irish
2490:levee
2180:Siege
2130:Venlo
2126:Meuse
2121:Breda
2111:, by
2008:Diest
1996:Meuse
1873:Cádiz
1849:Genoa
1701:Pavia
1671:Turin
1666:]
1644:Breme
1618:Italy
1602:Berga
1375:]
1358:Ypres
1233:Somme
1077:Genoa
1051:]
1014:]
1002:]
990:]
818:]
811:Thann
801:Kallo
781:Hanau
771:Venlo
756:Somme
736:]
724:]
671:]
624:Fürth
516:Breda
490:]
158:Spain
2790:Metz
2504:and
2231:, a
2144:and
2132:and
2095:and
2071:and
2010:and
1950:The
1730:Dole
1686:Proh
1039:Lens
741:Raon
599:Rain
74:Date
2688:by
2343:at
2341:Lys
2313:by
2286:of
53:by
3511::
3417:^
3399:^
3387:^
3328:^
3314:^
3302:^
3281:^
3265:^
3251:^
3237:^
3225:^
3207:^
3180:^
3168:^
3154:^
3138:^
3118:^
3095:^
3067:^
3049:^
3035:^
2994:^
2935:^
2914:^
2900:^
2877:^
2855:^
2832:^
2820:^
2512:.
2376:,
2261:Aa
2164:,
2140:,
1664:zh
1373:zh
1049:de
1012:de
1000:de
988:de
816:de
734:de
722:de
669:de
488:de
61:,
3487:.
3474:.
2779:.
2748:.
2728:.
2692:.
2614:.
2576:.
2523:.
1910:·
1861:·
1183:e
1176:t
1169:v
315:e
308:t
301:v
97:)
65:.
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