Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)

3970:

central Junta of War for Spain revealed that total supplies for defense in the peninsula (including the navy, coastal garrisons, and militia in addition to the three major war fronts in Catalonia, Extremadura and Galicia) were only 1427 quintales (66 tons) due to so much powder having been spent in the fight against France. Shortages were particularly prominent among the militia and reserve forces. In 1632, 70% of the 44,000 men in Castile's militias were "unarmed" (as in, armed only with swords or similar weapons rather than firearms or pikes) due to a shortage of arquebuses. With the outbreak of war, this situation quickly improved so that by 1636 only 25% of militiamen in Castile were armed with hand weapons alone, with 25% carrying pikes and the remaining 50% arquebuses and muskets. By the end of the conflict, however, the situation had deteriorated once again, with more than 87 percent of the 465,000 militiamen listed in Castilian registers classed as "unarmed".

3874:, then the strongest military power in Europe, required French forces of unprecedented size and an associated expansion of the taxation and supply base needed to support them. To meet these needs, official estimates for the army expanded from 39,000 in 1630 to around 150,000 shortly before the declaration of war in May 1635. However, at this stage the French state was unable to support such large numbers; of the 27,000 men who took part in the invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in May of the same year, fewer than 15,000 remained a month later. Throughout the war, both sides struggled to support offensives outside their own boundaries; the Spanish invasion of northern France in 1636 collapsed due to lack of supplies and was not repeated. 514: 3950: 316: 3878: 2789: 3248: 3459: 574: 525: 423: 412: 401: 390: 378: 367: 3740: 253: 166: 328: 273: 202: 2978: 233: 445: 213: 584: 503: 492: 481: 470: 459: 349: 304: 285: 3829: 55: 2780:, while the feeding of the draught animals essential for transport and cavalry restricted campaigning in the winter. By the 1630s, the countryside had been devastated by years of constant warfare, which limited the size of the armies and their ability to conduct operations. Sickness killed far more soldiers than combat. The French army that invaded Flanders in May 1635 had been reduced by desertion and disease from 27,000 to under 17,000 by early July. 2677: 3915:

of men and material. These advantages could be offset by engaging them on multiple fronts while attacking their lines of communication, a tactic the French used throughout the war by supporting the Catalan, Neapolitan and Portuguese rebels along with allies in Northern Italy and the Rhineland. Loss of Dutch naval support after 1648 severely impacted their ability to challenge the Spanish at sea, until replaced with the English alliance in 1657.

265: 192: 434: 179: 3325: 3041: 3283: 3269: 3466: 3339: 3311: 3055: 2985: 3550: 3297: 3255: 3013: 3536: 2999: 3578: 3508: 3494: 3069: 3027: 3592: 3564: 3522: 3480: 3097: 3083: 3843:"The (1659 treaty) was a peace of equals. Spanish losses were not great, and France returned some territory and strongholds. With hindsight, historians have regarded the treaty as a symbol of the 'decline of Spain' and the 'ascendancy of France'; at that time, however, (it) appeared a far from decisive verdict on the international hierarchy". 3846:"Spain maintained her supremacy in Europe until 1659, and was the greatest imperial power for years after that. Although (its) economic and military power suffered an abrupt decline in the half century after (1659), (it) was a major participant in the European coalitions against Louis XIV, and the peace congresses at 3839:

Traditional scholarship viewed the war as a French victory that marked the start of France's rise, replacing Spain as the predominant European power. More recent assessments argue this relies on hindsight, and that while France made crucial strategic gains around its borders, the outcome was far more

3965:

to support other areas of the Spanish Empire, and paid a third of Milan's government expenditures. As a result, its public debt quintupled and by 1648 interest payments constituted 57% of the kingdom's revenue. In both Naples and Sicily, taxes tripled between 1618 and 1688; Philip sought to mitigate

3914:

created the support systems that allowed France to sustain an army of nearly 200,000 men for extended periods, and crucially ensure co-ordinated strategy between different fronts. The more experienced Spanish were better equipped in this respect while their resources made it easier to replace losses

2937:

reached its maximum nominal extent under Philip's rule, but its size and complexity made it increasingly difficult to govern, or enact essential reforms. However, its depth of resources consistently allowed it to recover from defeats that would have shattered other powers, and new regulations passed

3969:

Despite its power, the Spanish army was subject to constant supply shortages throughout the twenty five year conflict. By the end of it, both states were exhausted. When the commander of the Army of Extremadura requested 3,000 quintales (138 tons) of gunpowder for the 1659 campaign in Portugal, the

3897:

and paid by France, between 1635 and 1642 official troop levels averaged 150,000 to 160,000, with a peak of 211,000 in 1639. These are based on official muster rolls and should be treated with caution, since officers were paid for numbers reported, rather than those actually present; in addition,

3977:; although quickly suppressed, it exposed the weakness of Spanish rule in Italy and the alienation of the local elites from Madrid. In 1650, the governor of Milan wrote that as well as widespread dissatisfaction in the south, the only one of the Italian states that could be relied on was the 3381:. Less decisive than often thought, the battle led to the loss of the veteran army and ended Spanish dominance of the European battlefield. It also gave Condé, a member of the royal family and the effective ruler of large parts of eastern France, leverage in his struggle with Anne and 3861:

claims the Peaces of Westphalia and the Pyrenees both reflected mutual exhaustion and stalemate, not a "military diktat imposed by victorious powers". Elsewhere, he labels the Franco-Spanish War as "25 years of indecisive, over-ambitious and, on occasions, truly disastrous conflict".

3997:

The strength of the French Army fluctuated greatly in the 1640s, and estimates by historians vary accordingly, ranging from 218,000 to just 40,000 around 1645–1648. On average, it is likely that about 100,000 soldiers were usually in the field at any given time.

3909:

Throughout the war, logistics remained the major constraint on the number of troops, while strategy was often subordinated to the need to find adequate provisions, especially given the primitive infrastructure then available. It was not until the 1660s that

3618:

had declared bankruptcy in 1647, he reduced expenditure by prioritising the retaking of Catalonia and remaining on the defensive elsewhere. In addition, many of his best troops had been lost at Rocroi and parts of Flanders overrun, including the key port of

3750:

On 8 May 1659, France and Spain began negotiating terms; the death of Oliver Cromwell in September 1658 weakened England, which was allowed to observe but excluded from the talks. Although the Anglo-Spanish War was suspended after the 1660

2953:

mercantile lobby saw that as an opportunity to end the war. Negotiations ended without result in 1633 but strengthened the peace party. The Peace of Prague led to rumours of a proposed Austro-Spanish offensive in the Netherlands and led

3898:

during this period on average another 10% was absent due to sickness, although most generally recovered. Parrott estimates variances between "Reported" and "Actual" averaged up to 35% for the French and 50% for the Spanish. Historian

2734:, and by 1640, many Dutch statesmen viewed French ambitions in the Spanish Netherlands as a threat. Unlike France, Swedish war aims were restricted to Germany, and in 1641, the Swedes considered a separate peace with Emperor 3696:, Mazarin offered peace terms but refused to accept Philip's insistence for Condé to be restored to his French titles and lands. Since the Spanish king viewed this as a personal obligation to Condé, the war continued. 3644:

was offset by the loss of Barcelona to French-backed Catalan rebels. Mazarin forced Condé into exile in the Spanish Netherlands in 1651, where his immense prestige in territories adjacent to the Spanish possession of

3194:, the campaign did not continue past Corbie due to high risks deemed by the Cardinal-Infante, and the attack was not repeated as the Cardinal-Infante himself would fall ill not long after in the coming years. 3197:

As agreed at Compiègne in 1635, the French replaced Swedish garrisons in Alsace. Prior to his death in 1639, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar won a series of victories over the Imperials in the Rhineland, notably the

3966:

the impact by providing tax exemption for the elderly and poor and increasing consumption taxes on the wealthy, but this and other measures had the indirect effect of crushing the southern Italian economy.

1010: 1341: 3241:. However, they soon found the new administration differed little from the old, which turned the war into a three sided contest between the Franco-Catalan elite, the rural peasantry and the Spanish. 1020: 970: 615: 1292: 5262: 3435:

ended the Thirty Years' War, recognised Dutch independence and ended the drain on Spanish resources. Under the October 1648 Treaty of Münster, France gained strategic locations in Alsace and

3627:

attacks on Dutch and French shipping. However, his position improved after the Peace of Westphalia ended the Dutch war, and political and economic turmoil in France led to a civil war, the

1277: 1272: 1262: 3664:

border. However, doing so forced Philip into bankruptcy again, while the end of the Fronde allowed Mazarin to resume attacks on Milan, possession of which would allow France to threaten

1756: 3778:. These were more significant than often assumed; in combination with the 1648 Treaty of Münster, France strengthened its borders in the east and south-west, while in 1662, Charles II 3213:

With Spanish resources stretched to the limit in Europe, the Dutch used the opportunity to attack their possessions in the Americas, Africa and Asia, especially those belonging to the

3961:

In addition to supporting its own army and navy, from 1630 to 1643 Naples supplied an average of 10,000 soldiers a year to the Spanish army, provided an annual subsidy of one million

1193: 5495: 1301: 1198: 880: 1336: 701: 766: 1917: 3727:'s death in September led to political chaos in England, and fighting in northern Italy ended when French allies Savoy and Modena agreed to a truce with the Spanish commander, 3127:

on 24 June, where they were joined by Dutch reinforcements. Disease and lack of supplies quickly reduced the besieging army, which withdrew in the face of a relief force under

1045: 8314: 2831:

remained neutral and viewed it as an inheritance dispute, and the revolt was quickly suppressed. However, when Frederick refused to admit defeat, Imperial forces invaded the

2723:, which continued in the period leading up to 1620. Reversing the trend was a major Habsburg objective during the Thirty Years' War, but failure was acknowledged by the 1648 3114:

1635–1659; key locations in northern France and the Spanish Netherlands (current Belgium borders shown; Arras, Valenciennes and Dunkirk were part of the Spanish Netherlands)

2776:

Until the advent of railways in the 19th century, water was the primary means of bulk transportation, and campaigns focused on control of rivers and ports. Armies relied on

1360: 1188: 771: 8142: 3797:, while Louis XIV renounced his claim to be Count of Barcelona, and king of Catalonia. Condé regained his possessions and titles, as did many of his followers, such as the 1025: 2715:

was primarily a European land power and focused on the Holy Roman Empire, which contained over 1,800 states, most of them extremely small. Although the Habsburgs had been

1370: 1218: 1203: 1168: 848: 823: 781: 736: 721: 691: 676: 608: 1990: 731: 3812:, and formed the basis of French claims over the next 50 years. The marriage was more significant than intended, since it was agreed shortly after Philip's second wife, 2029: 1942: 1932: 1927: 1072: 960: 915: 890: 3922:

and the empire increasingly relied on its Italian territories for recruits and money. Historian Davide Maffi calculates the Duchy of Milan provided an annual 6 million

2285: 950: 910: 3840:

balanced. One view is that the two parties effectively settled for a draw, and that had France not moderated its demands in 1659, Spain would have continued fighting.

3170:

opposed further large-scale land operations in favour of attacks on Spanish trade. In the campaign of 1636, Philip switched his focus to recovering territories in the

2191: 1592: 1223: 1213: 1173: 1114: 1082: 1040: 1035: 1030: 975: 3699:

France had previously relied on the Dutch to provide naval support against Spain, which ended after Westphalia. In 1657, Mazarin replaced the loss by negotiating an

3636:

Philip initially hoped simply to improve the terms on offer from France, but the Fronde allowed him to make substantial gains in the Netherlands, including retaking

2054: 1647: 1403: 1267: 1228: 1208: 1183: 1139: 1129: 1109: 1087: 1057: 1000: 990: 945: 920: 895: 853: 833: 761: 751: 2089: 1282: 1178: 1134: 1015: 985: 980: 935: 2273: 2007: 2181: 2059: 1119: 1077: 965: 930: 791: 601: 3247: 3221:. Damage to the economy and tax increases imposed to pay for the war led to protests throughout Spanish territories, which in 1640 erupted into open revolts in 2201: 1163: 905: 337: 241: 7272: 2711:

Wider co-operation between the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs was limited since their objectives did not always align. Spain was a global maritime power, and

2261: 995: 2635:. After 1635, France intervened directly through anti-Habsburg alliances with the Dutch and the Swedish and supported insurgencies with money and troops in 1995: 1773: 5573:

Parrott, David (2006). "France's War against the Habsburgs, 1624–1659: the Politics of Military Failure". In García Hernan, Enrique; Maffi, Davide (eds.).

1062: 786: 3202:

in December 1638. Severing the Spanish Road meant the Spanish armies in Flanders had to be resupplied by sea, which made them vulnerable to attack by the

6281: 2111: 1922: 776: 3210:

in 1639. Although most convoys managed to get through, that illustrated the difficulties Spain faced in sustaining its war effort in the Low Countries.

7292: 6207: 3719:

in June 1658, Philip requested a truce, which Mazarin refused, but once again success proved illusory. On 15 August, Spain won an important victory at

2322: 2151: 2121: 1761: 1092: 865: 746: 371: 3458: 2580:

at its centre. Some historians suggest the Franco-Spanish War was simply part of a much wider contest with many different locations and participants.

2513:. After Westphalia in 1648, the war continued between Spain and France, with neither side able to achieve decisive victory. France made some gains in 8210: 801: 756: 8334: 3911: 3790:. In addition to these territorial loses, Spain was forced to recognize and confirm all of the French territorial gains at the Peace of Westphalia. 2871: 2019: 1838: 8309: 7757: 3728: 3672:

and Portugal. By now, the two antagonists were exhausted, with neither able to establish dominance. From 1654 to 1656, major French victories at

3352: 741: 496: 7252: 2666: 8319: 1585: 17: 2839:, it presented a direct threat both to Imperial Protestant states and external powers that held Imperial territories. They included the Dutch 8399: 8215: 7302: 2855:. That presented Richelieu with additional opportunities to weaken his Habsburg opponents in Spain and the Empire but avoid direct conflict. 1396: 3942:. In 1631 to 1636 alone, Naples provided 3.5 million scudi, significant naval resources and 53,500 recruits for the Spanish army, more than 2649:

For their part, the Habsburgs backed the Huguenots and numerous conspiracies led by the feudal lords who resented their loss of power under

8339: 6907: 6265: 2977: 5501: 3902:

suggests an average of 60% "Reported" versus "Actual" "provides the most reasonable guide", a figure based on André Corvisier's 1964 work

2730:

France faced the same issue of diverging objectives with its allies. The war coincided with the period of economic supremacy known as the

8294: 3447:

and French-occupied Lorraine. Although Emperor Ferdinand was now at peace with France, the fighting between France and Spain continued.

5363:

The 1635 Treaty of Prague; a failed settlement? in Enduring Controversies in Military History, Volume I: Critical Analyses and Context

2290: 507: 8254: 1578: 8122: 7226: 5904: 3605: 2962:

to provide 16,000 troops for a campaign in Alsace and the Rhineland, formed an anti-Spanish alliance with the Dutch and signed the

2883: 2824: 1537: 1389: 7206: 3798: 3370: 2835:

and forced him into exile. The removal of a hereditary prince changed the nature and extent of the war. Combined with a renewed

1355: 529: 382: 2427: 6344: 7980: 6091: 3132: 2773:. Richelieu aimed to end Spanish dominance in those areas, an objective that had been largely achieved at his death in 1642. 1311: 6942: 6811: 6438: 6434: 5661:

Protestant Cosmopolitanism and Diplomatic Culture: Brandenburg-Swedish Relations in the Seventeenth Century (Northern World)

2769:

were strategically important to the Road but also provided access to the vulnerable southern borders of France and Habsburg

8075: 8070: 7438: 6844: 6487: 5940: 5537:

The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars

3110: 2898:, whose lands were devastated by the plague and famine that accompanied the war. A significant Imperial-Spanish victory at 1559: 8137: 7257: 2266: 518: 31: 6126: 2451:, each supported by various allies at different points. The first phase, beginning in May 1635 and ending with the 1648 7904: 7221: 7157: 6879: 6859: 6334: 6066: 5873: 5854: 5835: 5816: 5797: 5727: 5687: 5668: 5620: 5601: 5582: 5563: 5544: 5525: 5484: 5465: 5408: 5370: 5351: 5303: 5281: 5214: 5195: 5128: 5109: 5077: 5058: 5035: 5016: 4994: 4972: 4950: 4931: 2540:, but the treaty marked the end of its position as the predominant European power during the rest of the 17th century. 8269: 7373: 3820:

as king, once described as "always on the verge of death, but repeatedly baffling Christendom by continuing to live."

1690: 7970: 7879: 7277: 6821: 6374: 6004: 3949: 3708: 3167: 3156: 2735: 2390: 2302: 1316: 1124: 806: 438: 2607:. Prior to 1635, France sought to weaken both branches of the Habsburgs by financing their opponents, including the 8170: 6854: 6338: 6116: 5224:

Hayden, J Michael (1973). "Continuity in the France of Henry IV and Louis XIII: French Foreign Policy, 1598–1615".

2501:

France avoided direct participation in the Thirty Years' War until May 1635, when it declared war on Spain and the

1470: 236: 7546: 7481: 5157:

Ekberg, Carl J (1981). "Abel Servien, Cardinal Mazarin, and the Formulation of French Foreign Policy, 1653–1659".

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Costa, Fernando Dores (2005). "Interpreting the Portuguese War of Restoration (1641–1668) in a European Context".

8304: 8299: 8107: 7899: 7686: 7486: 7035: 6970: 6556: 6458: 3392:

in August 1648, France was unable to knock Spain out of the war. In the Holy Roman Empire, Imperial victories at

1947: 1852: 8025: 7541: 6985: 6869: 4007:

Total available in Italy, Portugal, Catalonia; excludes another 90,000 facing the Dutch in the Army of Flanders.

2278: 2074: 870: 427: 8324: 8127: 8065: 7864: 7282: 6995: 6975: 6947: 6864: 6839: 6699: 6507: 6414: 6354: 6321: 5809:

The Dutch-Spanish War in the Low Countries 1621–1648 in The Ashgate Research Companion to the Thirty Years' War

5389: 5147: 3782:. Acquisition of Roussillon established the Franco-Spanish border along the Pyrenees, but divided the historic 2844: 2365: 2094: 1710: 8090: 7919: 7676: 3401: 3217:, which was also ruled by Philip IV. Spanish inability to protect those interests caused increasing unrest in 2899: 2251: 1954: 8329: 8242: 8220: 8175: 8117: 8095: 7909: 7681: 7363: 7152: 7137: 6222: 6086: 6039: 3689: 2942: 2930: 2816: 1532: 1485: 1433: 828: 7471: 5575:

Guerra y Sociedad en La Monarquía Hispánica: Politica, Estrategia y Cultura en la Europa Moderna (1500–1700)

3640:. Elsewhere, neither side was able to win a significant advantage. In 1650, Spanish success in crushing the 2963: 8112: 8080: 7611: 7476: 6912: 6292: 6101: 5897: 3877: 2946: 2221: 2186: 1867: 1829: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1443: 1438: 1428: 1097: 227: 8100: 7433: 5207:

The Hero of Italy: Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma, his Soldiers, and his Subjects in the Thirty Years' War

3816:, gave birth to a second son, both of whom died young. Philip died in 1665, leaving his four-year-old son 2141: 2012: 885: 8085: 7985: 7616: 7068: 7000: 5969: 3938:

was required to supply 17,000 scudi a month, as well as provide ships for the fleet and soldiers for the

2875: 1959: 1937: 1448: 485: 7536: 7443: 3119:

In May, a French army of 27,000 invaded the Spanish Netherlands and defeated a smaller Spanish force at

8020: 7383: 7030: 6917: 6829: 6801: 6428: 6398: 6203: 6034: 3974: 3669: 3641: 3425: 3222: 2958:

of France and Richelieu to decide on direct intervention. In early 1635, they signed an agreement with

2644: 2640: 2487: 2479: 2375: 2350: 1778: 1715: 1500: 1350: 1326: 843: 726: 656: 463: 276: 205: 7403: 7358: 2925:

became king in 1621, he resumed the war. The cost proved extremely high and increased after 1628 by a

2887: 1907: 7939: 7889: 7747: 7646: 7142: 7015: 6980: 6932: 6834: 6446: 6330: 6019: 5989: 5984: 5766:

Sutherland, NM (1992). "The Origins of the Thirty Years War and the Structure of European Politics".

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European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies, Vol. 2: 1650–1697

4987:

A Military Revolution?: Military Change and European Society, 1550–1800 (Studies in European history)

3783: 3653: 3238: 2938:

in 1631 and 1632 were key to the improved Spanish military performance in the first part of the war.

2788: 2405: 1892: 1819: 1804: 1365: 1005: 925: 6564: 2521:, but by 1658 both sides were financially exhausted, which led them to make peace in November 1659. 2166: 2000: 1306: 8389: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 7884: 7767: 7727: 7666: 7661: 7601: 7020: 7010: 6796: 6499: 6410: 6111: 5004: 4982: 4960: 2852: 2662: 2410: 2211: 1897: 1847: 1720: 1652: 8264: 7343: 6576: 6096: 8384: 8379: 8374: 7934: 7792: 7636: 7576: 7526: 7428: 7025: 6990: 6937: 6572: 6442: 6406: 6136: 6009: 5994: 5890: 4881:

Lorraine White. "The Experience of Spain's Early Modern Soldiers: Combat, Welfare and Violence."

3756: 3716: 3704: 3443:, which controlled access to Alpine passes in Northern Italy. However, the peace excluded Italy, 3405: 3160: 2907: 2848: 2658: 2620: 2577: 2370: 2334: 2312: 2307: 1985: 1814: 1799: 1657: 1475: 940: 838: 405: 290: 7127: 5264:

The Grand Condé in exile; Power politics in France, Spain and the Spanish Netherlands, 1652–1659

5070:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

2886:, which provided much of Sweden's income. The Swedish intervention continued after his death at 8225: 7797: 7732: 7236: 7122: 7005: 6965: 6609: 6402: 6061: 6051: 5790:

Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe: A Shared European Heritage Volume I

3927: 3894: 3832: 3805: 3763: 3700: 3673: 3397: 2959: 2918: 2529: 2460: 2395: 2327: 2246: 2084: 1766: 1675: 1250: 955: 818: 450: 126: 7368: 4924:

Better Begging than Fighting: The Royalist Army in exile in the war against Cromwell 1656–1660

2156: 706: 8394: 7671: 7081: 6902: 6791: 6730: 6658: 6568: 6269: 5949: 3801:, but his political power was broken, and he did not hold military command again until 1667. 3794: 3712: 3417: 3183: 2628: 2495: 2400: 2256: 2064: 2049: 2044: 2034: 1882: 1794: 1695: 1104: 696: 671: 666: 8205: 7606: 7393: 7353: 7312: 6286: 5427:

Lynn, John A (1994). "Recalculating French Army Growth during the Grand Siecle, 1610–1715".

3918:

At its peak in 1632, the Spanish army contained around 300,000 regulars, exclusive of local

3388:

Despite some successes in northern France and the Spanish Netherlands, including victory at

2459:. The second phase continued until 1659, when France and Spain agreed to peace terms in the 2226: 2146: 900: 8180: 7849: 7812: 7802: 7742: 7641: 7621: 7516: 7328: 7147: 6024: 6014: 5188:

The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560–1800

3847: 3739: 3416:

achieved little because of lack of resources and the disruption caused by the 1639 to 1642

3393: 3179: 3163:. Captured by the Spanish on 28 July, it was recovered only after a long and costly siege. 2914: 2891: 2863: 2800: 2792: 2608: 2569: 2456: 2380: 2241: 2206: 2176: 2126: 2024: 1730: 1685: 1680: 1642: 1602: 1233: 1067: 711: 686: 46: 7706: 7496: 7418: 4943:

France and the Thirty Years War in The Ashgate Research Companion to the Thirty Years' War

3186:

led by Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand into northern France captured the key fortified town of

1751: 8: 8249: 8005: 7990: 7874: 7854: 7807: 7787: 7591: 7586: 7531: 7501: 7267: 6892: 6849: 6806: 6735: 6704: 6475: 6454: 6420: 6326: 6296: 6227: 6071: 6044: 5944: 5594:

Crucial years in Anglo-Dutch relations (1625–1642): the political and diplomatic contacts

3858: 3817: 3432: 3421: 3218: 3207: 3128: 3120: 2895: 2836: 2832: 2724: 2716: 2588: 2584: 2471: 2452: 2385: 2360: 2069: 2039: 1975: 1912: 1735: 1725: 1666: 1542: 1522: 1331: 1321: 681: 661: 646: 416: 99: 7995: 7696: 2490:(1647), and from 1647 to 1653, Spain backed French rebels in the civil war known as the 2231: 1705: 8010: 8000: 7975: 7929: 7894: 7752: 7461: 7338: 7211: 6709: 6689: 6349: 6237: 5964: 5754: 5750: 5647: 5444: 5330: 5249: 5241: 5174: 3813: 3804:

An integral part of the peace negotiations was the marriage contract between Louis and

3752: 3743: 3693: 3646: 3615: 3234: 3199: 2922: 2867: 2812: 2777: 2650: 2600: 2533: 2216: 2136: 2116: 1887: 1527: 1245: 7333: 7262: 5458:

The Limits of Royal Authority: Resistance and Obedience in Seventeenth-Century Castile

1902: 8190: 8132: 7965: 7737: 7711: 7701: 7691: 7626: 7581: 7511: 7491: 7466: 7413: 7388: 6653: 6180: 6121: 6076: 5935: 5869: 5850: 5831: 5812: 5793: 5723: 5683: 5664: 5616: 5597: 5578: 5559: 5540: 5521: 5480: 5461: 5404: 5385: 5366: 5347: 5299: 5277: 5253: 5210: 5191: 5143: 5124: 5105: 5073: 5054: 5031: 5012: 4990: 4968: 4946: 4927: 3809: 3444: 3436: 3214: 3203: 2828: 2742: 2720: 2712: 2697: 2624: 2592: 2573: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2502: 2444: 2106: 1872: 1857: 1824: 1700: 1632: 1512: 1287: 573: 524: 513: 474: 422: 411: 400: 389: 377: 366: 333: 321: 258: 171: 111: 64: 59:

The war was driven by long standing French attempts to strengthen their borders with

6211: 5313:

Jensen, De Lamar (1985). "The Ottoman Turks in Sixteenth Century French Diplomacy".

7822: 7817: 7782: 7762: 7521: 7398: 7297: 7201: 6663: 6503: 5746: 5706: 5639: 5436: 5322: 5233: 5166: 3943: 3939: 3882: 3851: 3767: 3382: 3378: 3374: 2903: 2902:

in September 1634 forced the Swedes to abandon southern Germany, and most of their

2882:

partly to support his Protestant coreligionists, but he also sought control of the

2840: 2746: 2731: 2654: 2576:

argued that it actually formed part of a wider ongoing European struggle, with the

2549: 2297: 2236: 2196: 2171: 2161: 2101: 1862: 1809: 1637: 1517: 716: 444: 327: 272: 201: 138: 8200: 6232: 5737:

Stradling, Robert (1979). "Castrophe and Recovery: The Defeat of Spain, 1639–43".

5170: 8265:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

8015: 7955: 7869: 7777: 7651: 7631: 7596: 7378: 7348: 7287: 6897: 6887: 6783: 6668: 6560: 6517: 6277: 6185: 6056: 5781:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

3957:, April 1648; high taxes imposed to pay for the war led to revolt in October 1647 3779: 3724: 3366: 3226: 3152: 3124: 2820: 2808: 2636: 2483: 2355: 2131: 2079: 1980: 1627: 1618: 1495: 1480: 875: 813: 651: 593: 394: 232: 223: 7924: 3609:

Northern Italy; key locations 1635–1659 (note Pinerolo, ceded to France in 1648)

7859: 7772: 7656: 7408: 7231: 7216: 7117: 7091: 7076: 6957: 6552: 6546: 6450: 6217: 6131: 6081: 5959: 5913: 5047:

The Armies and Wars of the Sun King 1643–1715. Volume 1: The Guard of Louis XIV

4030: 3978: 3871: 3771: 3681: 3413: 3409: 3389: 3369:, took control of the Regency Council that ruled in his name. Five days later, 3230: 2934: 2859: 2766: 2762: 2705: 2689: 2669:

in 1642. Spain also helped finance the 1648–1653 French civil war known as the

2632: 2612: 2561: 2537: 2510: 2506: 2467: 2448: 2317: 1877: 1547: 796: 433: 308: 264: 218: 196: 191: 184: 115: 103: 60: 6364: 2572:

was primarily seen as a German religious conflict. In 1938, British historian

8288: 7423: 6273: 6190: 5999: 3923: 3171: 2804: 1570: 4016:

Wilson estimates three men died from disease for every one killed in action.

3828: 3361:

Louis XIII died on 14 May 1643, and was succeeded by his five-year-old son,

2524:

French territorial gains were minor but strengthened the kingdom's borders.

8195: 8185: 7914: 7453: 7307: 7132: 6648: 6424: 6106: 5954: 5630:

Quainton, C Eden (1935). "Colonel Lockhart and the Peace of the Pyrenees".

5497:

Religion, revolt, and creation of regional identity in Catalonia, 1640–1643

3935: 3899: 2917:(1568-1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, suspended in 1609 by the 2750: 2681: 1552: 1423: 7506: 3715:, whose supporters joined the Spanish as a result. After the Anglo-French 54: 7096: 6922: 6491: 6369: 5710: 2757:

but also passing through areas considered vital to French security, like

7086: 5758: 5178: 7960: 6694: 5974: 5651: 5334: 5245: 4029:

on a single flood tide, which allowed them to raid as far north as the

3775: 3677: 3657: 2955: 2921:. The Spanish strongly objected to its commercial provisions, and when 2604: 1505: 1151: 142: 5448: 3786:, an event still commemorated each year by French Catalan-speakers in 1381: 6927: 6684: 6584: 6359: 6261: 6195: 4026: 3787: 3720: 3624: 3362: 2950: 2926: 2879: 2676: 2548:

Europe in the 17th century was dominated by the struggle between the

2525: 2475: 107: 95: 5643: 5326: 3904:

L'armée française de la fin du XVIIe siècle au ministère de Choiseul

3885:(1643) is often seen as the end of the battlefield supremacy of the 7101: 5979: 5440: 5295:

Spain, Europe and the Atlantic: Essays in Honour of John H. Elliott

5237: 5050: 3926:

for the war, as well as an average of 4,000 recruits per year. The

3665: 3661: 3440: 3175: 3136: 2770: 2754: 2753:, a land supply route connecting Spanish possessions in Italy with 2719:

since 1440, their control over the empire was weakened by the 1555

2518: 2514: 5697:

Serra, Eva (2008). "The Treaty of the Pyrenees, 350 Years Later".

5556:

Richelieu's Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624–1642

5119:

Davenport, Frances Gardiner; Paullin, Charles Oscar, eds. (1917).

4238: 4236: 4234: 2583:

During the 1620s, France was threatened internally by a series of

8259: 8230: 6740: 6725: 5882: 5807:

Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2014). Asbach, Olaf; Schröder, Peter (eds.).

3919: 3620: 2616: 5401:

War in International Society: A Study in International Sociology

3835:, whose marriage to Louis XIV was part of the peace negotiations 2478:. In addition, France supported revolts against Spanish rule in 7196: 6750: 6745: 6522: 4587: 4231: 3954: 3886: 3734: 3629: 3187: 3155:. The French retreated across the border, and the Dutch, under 3140: 2758: 2670: 2596: 2491: 1744:

Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)

91: 5420:

Spain Under the Habsburgs: Vol. 11 Spain and America 1598–1700

4635: 3973:

In October 1647, discontent led to revolts in both Sicily and

8237: 6511: 6175: 4539: 4144: 3962: 3685: 3637: 3191: 3144: 2969: 2587:

and externally by Habsburg possessions on its borders in the

583: 502: 491: 480: 469: 458: 348: 303: 5680:

The Projection and Limitations of Imperial Powers, 1618–1850

4827: 4551: 4505: 4503: 4033:, and so its closure was an English objective for centuries. 81:(24 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 5 days) 6580: 6495: 5274:

The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806

4941:

Bely, Lucien (2014). Asbach, Olaf; Schröder, Peter (eds.).

4683: 4464: 4452: 4272: 3652:

Over the course of 1652, Spain recaptured both Dunkirk and

3148: 6473: 4815: 4695: 3774:

along its border with the Spanish Netherlands, as well as

4863: 4839: 4563: 4500: 4488: 4392: 4344: 4284: 4248: 4168: 4156: 4051: 4049: 4743: 4731: 4332: 4185: 4183: 3373:, then known as the duc d'Enghien, defeated the Spanish 2913:

The other major European conflict of the period was the

4803: 4719: 4611: 4356: 4296: 4102: 4100: 4085: 4647: 4527: 4260: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4073: 4061: 4046: 3823: 2858:

As a result, Catholic France supported the Protestant

2494:. Both also backed opposing sides in the 1639 to 1642 8315:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe

6228:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

4851: 4779: 4671: 4659: 4623: 4575: 4515: 4416: 4404: 4380: 4320: 4207: 4195: 4180: 2906:

used the opportunity to make peace with Ferdinand II

4900: 4888: 4791: 4476: 4440: 4368: 4219: 4117: 4115: 4097: 3857:

David Parrott, Professor of Early Modern History at

3660:, the front by 1653 had stabilised along the modern 3428:

in 1647 left Spain firmly in control of the region.

5866:

Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War

4767: 4755: 4707: 4599: 4308: 4127: 2749:. As a result, much of the fighting focused on the 312: 4428: 2745:, was the primary source of money for the Spanish 2741:From the late 16th century, Italy, especially the 623: 4965:European Warfare, 1494–1660 (Warfare and History) 4112: 3668:. The attempt failed despite support from Savoy, 2536:. Spain remained as a great power and retained a 8286: 5520:(in Spanish). Editorial Universidad de Granada. 5118: 4641: 3865: 3159:, marched urgently on the strategic position of 175: 6772: 5382:War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495–1975 3206:, which destroyed a large Spanish fleet at the 3135:, the Spanish took the initiative and captured 5291:Israel, Jonathan (2003). Elliott, John (ed.). 1600: 281: 6417:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 5898: 5518:La sociedad española en el siglo XVII, vol. I 3711:, and France withdrew support for the exiled 3365:, whose mother, the former Spanish princess, 1586: 1397: 609: 6092:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 5806: 5787: 5500:(PHD). Ohio State University. Archived from 5260: 5137: 4701: 4689: 4593: 4557: 4545: 4458: 4242: 3808:, which he used to justify the 1666 to 1667 3735:Treaty of the Pyrenees and marriage contract 5830:(2005 ed.). New York Review of Books. 5293:Spain in the Low Countries, (1635–1643) in 3766:, signed on 5 November 1659, France gained 3656:, and although limited combat continued in 3356:1635–1648; key locations Rhineland campaign 2505:and entered the conflict as an ally of the 5905: 5891: 5765: 5361:Knox, Bill (2017). Tucker, Spencer (ed.). 5067: 4150: 4091: 2970:Phase I: 1635 to 1648 Treaty of Westphalia 2657:. The most significant ones were the 1632 2455:, is considered a related conflict of the 1593: 1579: 1404: 1390: 616: 602: 8211:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 5736: 5717: 5384:(2015 ed.). University of Kentucky. 5044: 5009:The Origins of War in Early Modern Europe 4833: 4725: 4338: 4079: 4067: 4055: 3450: 3445:Imperial territories in the Low Countries 8216:Colonial universities in the Philippines 5825: 5629: 5610: 5493: 5140:Age of Louis XIV (Story of Civilization) 4617: 4509: 4470: 4278: 3948: 3876: 3827: 3738: 3190:in August, but despite causing panic in 2787: 2675: 7207:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 5677: 5572: 5553: 5025: 4921: 4885:January 2002, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1–38 . 4821: 4797: 4749: 4737: 4581: 4533: 4025:Ships based in Dunkirk could enter the 3174:, while a Franco-Savoyard offensive in 2517:and along the north-eastern end of the 1411: 14: 8310:17th-century military history of Spain 8287: 8160: 5863: 5844: 5778: 5720:Spain's Struggle For Europe, 1598–1668 5658: 5534: 5474: 5455: 5312: 5290: 5271: 5223: 5204: 5185: 5156: 4869: 4857: 4845: 4785: 4677: 4665: 4629: 4569: 4521: 4494: 4422: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4350: 4326: 4290: 4266: 4254: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4174: 4162: 4106: 331:Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1636–1646) 8335:Military history of the Ancien Régime 8320:Civil wars of the Early Modern period 8159: 8055: 8054: 7178: 7056: 6771: 6630: 6598: 6535: 6472: 6387: 6310: 6250: 6164: 6153: 5925: 5924: 5886: 5696: 5515: 5417: 5398: 5341: 5099: 5086: 5003: 4981: 4959: 4906: 4894: 4713: 4653: 4605: 4482: 4446: 4434: 4314: 4225: 4138: 3649:made him a valuable ally for Philip. 3412:offensives against the Spanish-ruled 3324: 3133:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria 2874:intervention in the Empire. In 1630, 2543: 2443:was fought from 1635 to 1659 between 1574: 1385: 597: 8400:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire 6488:Captaincy General of the Philippines 5980:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 5591: 5426: 5379: 5360: 5138:Durant, Ariel; Durant, Will (1963). 4940: 4926:(2016 ed.). Helion Publishing. 4809: 4773: 4761: 4410: 4362: 4302: 4121: 3755:, it did not formally end until the 3684:were offset by Spanish victories at 3371:Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé 3151:and besieged Dutch garrisons in the 3040: 8191:Indochristian painting in New Spain 6311: 5849:. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. 5847:Transformation of Europe, 1558–1648 3824:Aftermath and historical assessment 3424:in June 1646, and the recapture of 3282: 3268: 3233:recognised Louis XIII of France as 2943:captured the Spanish treasure fleet 32:Franco-Spanish War (disambiguation) 24: 7158:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 6631: 5912: 5751:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1979.tb02059.x 5123:(2018 ed.). Forgotten Books. 3465: 3338: 3310: 3054: 2568:. Until the mid 20th century, the 860:Northern Spain and Southern France 443: 25: 8411: 6388: 6251: 6132:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 5516:Ortiz, Antonio Domínguez (1970). 5477:Europe in the Seventeenth Century 5261:Inglis Jones, James John (1994). 3946:from a population half the size. 3707:. That expanded the scope of the 3400:were offset by French success at 3168:States General of the Netherlands 2984: 2949:the following year. The powerful 2945:, which they used to finance the 2890:in 1632 but caused tensions with 2466:Major areas of conflict included 1968:Swedish-French Period (1635–1648) 578:200,000–300,000 killed or wounded 8243:Criollos in the colonial society 8171:Spanish missions in the Americas 7293:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 5494:Mitchell, Andrew Joseph (2005). 5159:The International History Review 5102:Spain in the Seventeenth Century 5053:: Helion & Company Limited. 3590: 3576: 3562: 3549: 3548: 3534: 3520: 3506: 3492: 3478: 3464: 3457: 3337: 3323: 3309: 3296: 3295: 3281: 3267: 3254: 3253: 3246: 3095: 3081: 3067: 3053: 3039: 3025: 3012: 3011: 2997: 2983: 2976: 2795:, French ruler from 1610 to 1643 1839:Swedish intervention (1630–1635) 582: 572: 523: 512: 501: 490: 479: 468: 457: 432: 421: 410: 399: 388: 376: 365: 347: 326: 314: 302: 283: 271: 263: 251: 231: 211: 200: 190: 177: 164: 53: 8340:France–Spain military relations 8270:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 6154: 4875: 4019: 3535: 2998: 2819:, in place of the conservative 1787:Danish intervention (1625–1629) 1667:Palatinate campaign (1620–1623) 8295:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 6599: 6322:Captaincy General of Guatemala 6030:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 5792:. Cambridge University Press. 5558:. Cambridge University Press. 5539:. Cambridge University Press. 5460:. Cambridge University Press. 5298:. Cambridge University Press. 5028:Corsairs and Navies, 1600–1760 4010: 4001: 3991: 3577: 3507: 3493: 3068: 3026: 79:19 May 1635 – 7 November 1659 18:Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659) 13: 1: 8221:General Archive of the Indies 7482:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 7153:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 7138:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 6087:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 6040:War of the Spanish Succession 6005:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 5788:Van Gelderen, Martin (2002). 5678:Schneid, Frederick C (2012). 5346:(2003 ed.). Allen Lane. 5315:The Sixteenth Century Journal 5226:The Journal of Modern History 5171:10.1080/07075332.1981.9640251 5089:Journal of Portuguese History 4040: 3866:Financial and military impact 3793:France withdrew support from 3709:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) 3591: 3563: 3521: 3479: 3096: 2817:Frederick V of the Palatinate 2783: 558: 552: 547: 542: 228:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 27:Part of the Thirty Years' War 7179: 6293:Captaincy General of Yucatan 6223:Union with Holy Roman Empire 6202:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 6117:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 5072:(2017 ed.). McFarland. 5068:Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). 4642:Davenport & Paullin 1917 3893:Including those supplied by 3082: 2663:1641 Princes des Paix rising 641:Flanders and Northern France 7: 7057: 6773:Administrative subdivisions 5970:War of the League of Cognac 5613:A Military History of Italy 5479:(1983 ed.). Palgrave. 2947:capture of 's-Hertogenbosch 2876:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 1619:Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620) 555:110,000–125,000 (1653–1659) 10: 8416: 7487:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 7472:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 7374:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 6536: 6272:), Western United States ( 6165: 6035:Portuguese Restoration War 5779:Tucker, Spencer C (2011). 5699:Catalan Historical Journal 5615:. Praeger Publishers Inc. 4915: 3408:. In Italy, French-backed 464:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand 277:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 206:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 29: 8255:Slavery in Spanish Empire 8166: 8155: 8061: 8050: 7948: 7842: 7835: 7720: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7542:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 7452: 7321: 7283:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 7245: 7189: 7185: 7174: 7143:Barcelona Trading Company 7110: 7067: 7063: 7052: 6956: 6908:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 6878: 6820: 6782: 6778: 6767: 6718: 6677: 6641: 6637: 6626: 6605: 6542: 6483: 6415:Venezuela, part of Guyana 6394: 6317: 6268:, Central United States ( 6257: 6171: 6160: 6149: 6000:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 5985:Expulsion of the Moriscos 5931: 5920: 5783:. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO. 5768:English Historical Review 5632:Pacific Historical Review 5535:Parker, Geoffrey (1972). 5429:French Historical Studies 5272:Israel, Jonathan (1995). 5267:(PHD). Oxford University. 3784:Principality of Catalonia 3753:restoration of Charles II 3746:, ruler from 1621 to 1665 3239:Principality of Catalonia 2578:Habsburg-Bourbon conflict 2532:, the eldest daughter of 2423: 1612: 1419: 1158:Franche-Comté and Germany 637: 565: 536: 357: 153: 71: 52: 44: 39: 8196:Quito painting tradition 8186:Cusco painting tradition 7547:García López de Cárdenas 7537:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 7444:Felipe González de Ahedo 7364:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 5941:Conquest of the Americas 5845:Wilson, Charles (1976). 5205:Hanlon, Gregory (2014). 5186:Hanlon, Gregory (2016). 5045:Chartrand, René (2019). 4702:Durant & Durant 1963 3984: 3166:After that failure, the 2853:Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 1021:Villefranche-de-Conflent 7981:Comuneros (New Granada) 7758:Balearic Islands (1558) 7477:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 7404:Ruy López de Villalobos 7359:Miguel López de Legazpi 7273:García de Toledo Osorio 6137:Western Sahara conflict 6127:Independence of Morocco 6067:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 6010:Piracy in the Caribbean 5995:French Wars of Religion 5659:Riches, Daniel (2012). 5611:Paoletti, Ciro (2007). 5596:. Uitgeverij Verloren. 5554:Parrott, David (2001). 3757:Treaty of Madrid (1667) 3705:Commonwealth of England 3623:, a centre for Spanish 2849:Christian IV of Denmark 2803:began in 1618 when the 8305:17th century in France 8300:17th-century conflicts 8226:Colonial Spanish Horse 7900:Colonia del Sacramento 7123:Spanish treasure fleet 6700:Royal Decree of Graces 5864:Wilson, Peter (2009). 5718:Stradling, RA (1994). 5475:Maland, David (1966). 5344:Spain's Road to Empire 5100:Darby, Graham (2015). 4922:Barrett, John (2015). 3958: 3928:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 3895:Bernard of Saxe-Weimar 3890: 3836: 3833:Maria Theresa of Spain 3780:sold Dunkirk to France 3764:Treaty of the Pyrenees 3747: 3692:. Under pressure from 3451:Phase II: 1648 to 1659 2960:Bernard of Saxe-Weimar 2843:, hereditary ruler of 2796: 2771:territories in Austria 2708: 2530:Maria Theresa of Spain 2461:Treaty of the Pyrenees 451:Bernard of Saxe-Weimar 448: 358:Commanders and leaders 127:Treaty of the Pyrenees 8325:Wars involving France 7384:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 7344:Juan Sebastián Elcano 6659:Council of the Indies 6020:Spanish–Moro conflict 5990:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 5950:Treaty of Tordesillas 5826:Wedgwood, CV (1938). 5456:Mackay, Ruth (1999). 5342:Kamen, Henry (2002). 3952: 3880: 3831: 3795:Afonso VI of Portugal 3742: 3713:Charles II of England 3701:anti-Spanish alliance 3418:Piedmontese Civil War 3237:and the ruler of the 2929:with France over the 2791: 2679: 2496:Piedmontese Civil War 971:San Lorenzo de Mongay 566:Casualties and losses 447: 8330:Wars involving Spain 8181:Mesoamerican Codices 7905:Comuneros (Paraguay) 7743:Siege of Castelnuovo 7329:Christopher Columbus 7148:Consulate of the Sea 7128:Casa de Contratación 6719:Titles and positions 6112:Spanish–American War 6102:Liberal constitution 5945:Asia and the Pacific 5828:The Thirty Years War 5711:10.2436/20.1000.01.6 5592:Poot, Anton (2013). 5418:Lynch, Jack (1969). 5399:Luard, Evan (1986). 5026:Bromley, JS (1987). 3606:class=notpageimage| 3353:class=notpageimage| 3111:class=notpageimage| 1810:Lutter am Barenberge 338:Various Swiss States 242:Various Swiss States 30:For other uses, see 7910:Cartagena de Indias 7532:Diego de Mazariegos 7502:Pere Fages i Beleta 7369:Sebastián de Ocampo 6850:Provincias Internas 6822:Captaincies General 6736:Municipal president 6705:School of Salamanca 6476:Spanish East Indies 6455:Misiones Orientales 6327:Spanish West Indies 6291:, Central America ( 6238:Pyrénées-Orientales 6191:Union with Portugal 6082:Napoleonic invasion 6062:War of Jenkins' Ear 5722:. Hambledon Press. 5380:Levy, Jack (1983). 5365:. Greenwood Press. 5276:. Clarendon Press. 4872:, pp. 119–120. 4848:, pp. 324–325. 4836:, pp. 206–207. 4824:, pp. 548–551. 4596:, pp. 296–300. 4572:, pp. 221–224. 4497:, pp. 666–668. 4473:, pp. 431–448. 4401:, pp. 272–273. 4365:, pp. 120–122. 4353:, pp. 521–523. 4305:, pp. 182–183. 4293:, pp. 125–126. 4281:, pp. 385–386. 4257:, pp. 314–316. 4245:, pp. 169–170. 4177:, pp. 663–664. 4165:, pp. 451–470. 4153:, pp. 588–590. 3953:The Spanish retake 3859:New College, Oxford 3433:Peace of Westphalia 3208:Battle of the Downs 3200:capture of Breisach 3129:Ottavio Piccolomini 2964:Treaty of Compiègne 2941:In 1628, the Dutch 2919:Twelve Years' Truce 2896:Brandenburg-Prussia 2837:Counter-Reformation 2725:Peace of Westphalia 2717:Holy Roman Emperors 2653:and his successor, 2589:Spanish Netherlands 2585:Huguenot rebellions 2472:Spanish Netherlands 2453:Peace of Westphalia 1413:Franco-Spanish wars 1011:Castelló d'Empúries 343:Phase II: 1648–1659 247:Phase II: 1648–1659 100:Spanish Netherlands 8206:Academia Antártica 8161:Other civil topics 7527:Pánfilo de Narváez 7429:Sebastián Vizcaíno 7394:Andrés de Urdaneta 7354:Juan Ponce de León 7339:Ferdinand Magellan 7313:Bernardo de Gálvez 7212:Indian auxiliaries 6710:Trial of residence 6690:Laws of the Indies 6474:Asia and Oceania ( 6335:Dominican Republic 5422:. Basil Blackwell. 5142:. TBS Publishing. 5030:. Continnuum-3PL. 4812:, p. 896–897. 3959: 3891: 3837: 3814:Mariana of Austria 3748: 3744:Philip IV of Spain 3717:capture of Dunkirk 3694:Pope Alexander VII 3616:Philip IV of Spain 3235:Count of Barcelona 3131:on 4 July. Led by 2931:Mantuan succession 2797: 2761:. The independent 2709: 2651:Cardinal Richelieu 2544:Strategic overview 2538:vast global empire 2441:Franco-Spanish War 1278:3rd Lérins Islands 1273:2nd Lérins Islands 1263:1st Lérins Islands 627:Franco-Spanish War 449: 298:Phase I: 1635–1648 160:Phase I: 1635–1648 40:Franco–Spanish War 8282: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8151: 8150: 8056:Spanish conquests 8046: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8033: 7831: 7830: 7512:Pedro de Alvarado 7497:Gaspar de Portolà 7492:Pedro de Valdivia 7467:Francisco Pizarro 7419:Nicolás de Ovando 7414:Alonso de Ercilla 7389:Alonso de Salazar 7222:Ships of the line 7170: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7043: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6594: 6593: 6551:Northern Africa ( 6547:Equatorial Guinea 6531: 6530: 6468: 6467: 6383: 6382: 6306: 6305: 6297:Spanish Caribbean 6270:Spanish Louisiana 6246: 6245: 6181:Crown of Castille 6145: 6144: 6122:Spanish Civil War 6097:Adams–Onís Treaty 6077:Nootka Convention 6025:Thirty Years' War 6015:Eighty Years' War 5936:Catholic Monarchs 5926:Timeline–immersed 4752:, pp. 31–49. 4740:, pp. 77–78. 4690:Inglis Jones 1994 4656:, pp. 82–84. 4594:Inglis Jones 1994 4558:Inglis Jones 1994 4548:, pp. 59–64. 4546:Inglis Jones 1994 4512:, pp. 27–28. 4459:Van Gelderen 2002 4413:, pp. 94–95. 4243:Van Nimwegen 2014 3810:War of Devolution 3642:Neapolitan Revolt 3215:Portuguese Empire 3204:Dutch States Navy 3184:Spanish incursion 2915:Eighty Years' War 2866:and funded first 2864:war against Spain 2845:Nassau-Dillenburg 2829:Holy Roman Empire 2801:Thirty Years' War 2765:and Spanish-held 2743:Kingdom of Naples 2721:Peace of Augsburg 2625:Venetian Republic 2574:Veronica Wedgwood 2570:Thirty Years' War 2566:Holy Roman Empire 2503:Holy Roman Empire 2457:Thirty Years' War 2436: 2435: 2418: 2417: 1960:Strasbourg Bridge 1604:Thirty Years' War 1568: 1567: 1379: 1378: 1146:France hinterland 592: 591: 475:Francisco de Melo 334:Duchy of Bouillon 322:Holy Roman Empire 259:Kingdom of France 172:Kingdom of France 149: 148: 145:annexed by France 112:Mediterranean Sea 47:Thirty Years' War 16:(Redirected from 8407: 8157: 8156: 8123:Chibchan Nations 8052: 8051: 8021:Santiago de Cuba 7880:Guadalupe Island 7840: 7839: 7567: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7522:Diego de Almagro 7399:Antonio de Ulloa 7303:Ambrosio Spinola 7298:Pedro de Zubiaur 7268:Alfonso d'Avalos 7258:Antonio de Leyva 7202:Army of Flanders 7187: 7186: 7176: 7175: 7065: 7064: 7054: 7053: 6780: 6779: 6769: 6768: 6639: 6638: 6628: 6627: 6596: 6595: 6569:Peñón of Algiers 6533: 6532: 6470: 6469: 6385: 6384: 6308: 6307: 6290: 6248: 6247: 6162: 6161: 6151: 6150: 6072:Seven Years' War 6045:Queen Anne's War 5922: 5921: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5860: 5841: 5822: 5803: 5784: 5775: 5762: 5733: 5714: 5693: 5674: 5655: 5626: 5607: 5588: 5569: 5550: 5531: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5490: 5471: 5452: 5423: 5414: 5395: 5376: 5357: 5338: 5309: 5287: 5268: 5257: 5220: 5201: 5182: 5153: 5134: 5115: 5096: 5083: 5064: 5041: 5022: 5000: 4978: 4956: 4937: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4560:, pp. 9–12. 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4269:, pp. 1–23. 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4125: 4119: 4110: 4104: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4034: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3940:Army of Flanders 3883:Battle of Rocroi 3666:Habsburg Austria 3594: 3593: 3580: 3579: 3566: 3565: 3552: 3551: 3538: 3537: 3524: 3523: 3510: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3482: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3461: 3383:Cardinal Mazarin 3375:Army of Flanders 3341: 3340: 3327: 3326: 3313: 3312: 3299: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3271: 3270: 3257: 3256: 3250: 3178:was defeated at 3099: 3098: 3085: 3084: 3071: 3070: 3057: 3056: 3043: 3042: 3029: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3001: 3000: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2841:Prince of Orange 2813:Crown of Bohemia 2809:Bohemian Estates 2747:Army of Flanders 2732:Dutch Golden Age 2659:Montmorency plot 2655:Cardinal Mazarin 2486:(1640–1653) and 2396:2nd Saint Martin 2391:Cape St. Vincent 2366:1st Saint Martin 2331: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2098: 2016: 2004: 1951: 1830:'s-Hertogenbosch 1770: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1605: 1595: 1588: 1581: 1572: 1571: 1414: 1406: 1399: 1392: 1383: 1382: 1101: 810: 632: 628: 618: 611: 604: 595: 594: 587: 586: 577: 576: 560: 554: 549: 544: 528: 527: 517: 516: 506: 505: 495: 494: 484: 483: 473: 472: 462: 461: 439:Prince of Orange 437: 436: 426: 425: 415: 414: 404: 403: 393: 392: 381: 380: 370: 369: 352: 351: 330: 324: 320: 318: 317: 307: 306: 293: 289: 287: 286: 275: 268: 267: 257: 255: 254: 237:Catalan Republic 235: 217: 215: 214: 204: 195: 194: 187: 183: 181: 180: 170: 168: 167: 73: 72: 65:Habsburg Austria 57: 37: 36: 21: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8404: 8390:1635 beginnings 8370:1650s in France 8365:1640s in France 8360:1630s in France 8355:1650s conflicts 8350:1640s conflicts 8345:1630s conflicts 8285: 8284: 8283: 8274: 8250:Old inquisition 8162: 8147: 8057: 8030: 7986:Trinidad (1797) 7956:La Noche Triste 7944: 7940:San Juan (1797) 7890:San Juan (1595) 7827: 7716: 7556:Notable battles 7551: 7517:Martín de Ursúa 7448: 7379:Alonso de Ojeda 7349:Juan de la Cosa 7334:Pinzón brothers 7317: 7288:John of Austria 7263:Martín de Goiti 7241: 7181: 7162: 7106: 7059: 7040: 6952: 6948:Terra Australis 6943:Río de la Plata 6888:Castilla de Oro 6874: 6816: 6812:Río de la Plata 6774: 6755: 6714: 6673: 6669:Santa Hermandad 6633: 6614: 6610:Terra Australis 6601: 6590: 6557:Spanish Morocco 6538: 6527: 6518:Northern Taiwan 6479: 6464: 6435:Río de la Plata 6390: 6379: 6313: 6312:Central America 6302: 6284: 6253: 6242: 6186:Crown of Aragon 6167: 6156: 6141: 6057:Bourbon Reforms 5927: 5916: 5911: 5876: 5857: 5838: 5819: 5800: 5745:(11): 205–219. 5730: 5690: 5671: 5644:10.2307/3633132 5623: 5604: 5585: 5566: 5547: 5528: 5507: 5505: 5487: 5468: 5411: 5392: 5373: 5354: 5327:10.2307/2541220 5306: 5284: 5217: 5198: 5150: 5131: 5112: 5080: 5061: 5038: 5019: 4997: 4975: 4953: 4934: 4918: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4883:War in History, 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4329:, pp. 4–5. 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4151:Sutherland 1992 4149: 4145: 4137: 4128: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4098: 4092:Clodfelter 2008 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3868: 3826: 3799:Comte de Montal 3737: 3725:Oliver Cromwell 3612: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3453: 3367:Anne of Austria 3359: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3229:. In 1641, the 3157:Frederick Henry 3153:Duchy of Cleves 3117: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2972: 2910:in April 1635. 2851:, who was also 2786: 2546: 2474:and the German 2437: 2432: 2431: 2419: 2406:Colberger Heide 2325: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2187:2nd Breitenfeld 2092: 2065:2nd Rheinfelden 2010: 1998: 1945: 1938:1st Rheinfelden 1868:1st Breitenfeld 1848:Swedish landing 1779:Vlach uprisings 1764: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1569: 1564: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1380: 1375: 1199:Lons-le-Saunier 1095: 804: 702:Aire-sur-la-Lys 633: 630: 626: 624: 622: 581: 571: 551: 546: 545:100,000 (1640s) 522: 521: 519:Leopold Wilhelm 511: 510: 500: 499: 489: 488: 486:John of Austria 478: 477: 467: 466: 456: 453: 441: 431: 430: 420: 419: 409: 408: 398: 397: 387: 386: 375: 374: 364: 346: 345: 341: 340: 332: 325: 315: 313: 311: 301: 300: 284: 282: 280: 270: 262: 261: 252: 250: 249: 245: 244: 240: 230: 226: 224:Duchy of Mantua 222: 212: 210: 209: 199: 189: 188: 178: 176: 174: 165: 163: 162: 134: 118: 80: 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8413: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8385:1650s in Spain 8382: 8380:1640s in Spain 8377: 8375:1630s in Spain 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8280: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8153: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8066:Canary Islands 8062: 8059: 8058: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7920:Túpac Amaru II 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7865:Bogotá savanna 7862: 7857: 7852: 7846: 7844: 7837: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7773:Spanish Armada 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7667:White Mountain 7664: 7662:Cape Celidonia 7659: 7657:English Armada 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7458: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7434:Juan Fernández 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7409:Diego Columbus 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7237:Army of Africa 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7217:Spanish Armada 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7193: 7191: 7183: 7182: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7118:Manila galleon 7114: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7073: 7071: 7061: 7060: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6962: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6884: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6788: 6786: 6776: 6775: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6635: 6634: 6632:Administration 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6553:Western Sahara 6549: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6451:Banda Oriental 6432: 6418: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6324: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6266:Coastal Alaska 6258: 6255: 6254: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6158: 6157: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5918: 5917: 5914:Spanish Empire 5910: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5875:978-0713995923 5874: 5868:. Allen Lane. 5861: 5856:978-0297770152 5855: 5842: 5837:978-1590171462 5836: 5823: 5818:978-1409406297 5817: 5804: 5799:978-0521802031 5798: 5785: 5776: 5763: 5734: 5729:978-1852850890 5728: 5715: 5694: 5689:978-9004226715 5688: 5675: 5670:978-9004240797 5669: 5656: 5638:(3): 267–280. 5627: 5622:978-0275985059 5621: 5608: 5603:978-9087043803 5602: 5589: 5584:978-8400084912 5583: 5570: 5565:978-0521792097 5564: 5551: 5546:978-0521084628 5545: 5532: 5527:978-8433816771 5526: 5513: 5491: 5486:978-0333335741 5485: 5472: 5467:978-0521643436 5466: 5453: 5441:10.2307/286722 5435:(4): 881–906. 5424: 5415: 5410:978-1850430124 5409: 5396: 5390: 5377: 5372:978-1440841194 5371: 5358: 5353:978-0140285284 5352: 5339: 5321:(4): 451–470. 5310: 5305:978-0521470452 5304: 5288: 5283:978-0198730729 5282: 5269: 5258: 5238:10.1086/240888 5221: 5216:978-0199687244 5215: 5202: 5197:978-1138158276 5196: 5183: 5165:(3): 317–329. 5154: 5148: 5135: 5130:978-0483158924 5129: 5116: 5111:978-1138836440 5110: 5097: 5084: 5079:978-0786474707 5078: 5065: 5060:978-1911628606 5059: 5042: 5037:978-0907628774 5036: 5023: 5018:978-0859761680 5017: 5001: 4996:978-0333519066 4995: 4979: 4974:978-0415275316 4973: 4957: 4952:978-1409406297 4951: 4938: 4933:978-1910777725 4932: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4909:, p. 407. 4899: 4897:, p. 406. 4887: 4874: 4862: 4860:, p. 116. 4850: 4838: 4834:Stradling 1979 4826: 4814: 4802: 4790: 4788:, p. 790. 4778: 4776:, p. 891. 4766: 4764:, p. 890. 4754: 4742: 4730: 4726:Stradling 1994 4718: 4706: 4694: 4692:, p. 307. 4682: 4680:, p. 838. 4670: 4668:, p. 227. 4658: 4646: 4634: 4632:, p. 134. 4622: 4620:, p. 268. 4610: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4536:, p. 233. 4526: 4524:, p. 747. 4514: 4499: 4487: 4485:, p. 147. 4475: 4463: 4461:, p. 284. 4451: 4449:, p. 402. 4439: 4427: 4425:, p. 661. 4415: 4403: 4391: 4389:, p. 934. 4379: 4367: 4355: 4343: 4341:, p. 212. 4339:Stradling 1979 4331: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4230: 4228:, p. 403. 4218: 4216:, p. 627. 4206: 4204:, p. 669. 4194: 4192:, p. 259. 4179: 4167: 4155: 4143: 4126: 4111: 4109:, p. 791. 4096: 4084: 4080:Chartrand 2019 4072: 4068:Chartrand 2019 4060: 4056:Chartrand 2019 4044: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4031:Orkney Islands 4018: 4009: 4000: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3979:Duchy of Parma 3872:Spanish Empire 3870:Taking on the 3867: 3864: 3825: 3822: 3736: 3733: 3723:in Catalonia, 3682:Saint-Ghislain 3604: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3519: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3498: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3484: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3470: 3463: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3414:Duchy of Milan 3351: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3259: 3252: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3231:Catalan Courts 3161:Schenkenschans 3109: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3010: 3009: 3004: 3003: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2935:Spanish Empire 2860:Dutch Republic 2827:. Most of the 2785: 2782: 2767:Duchy of Milan 2763:Duchy of Savoy 2692:dependencies; 2613:Northern Italy 2545: 2542: 2507:Dutch Republic 2468:northern Italy 2434: 2433: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2254: 2252:2nd Nördlingen 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1988: 1986:Schenkenschans 1983: 1978: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1955:1st Nördlingen 1952: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1759: 1754: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1711:Bergen op Zoom 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1653:White Mountain 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1598: 1597: 1590: 1583: 1575: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1538:Coalition Wars 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1408: 1401: 1394: 1386: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 862: 861: 857: 856: 851: 849:2nd Gravelines 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 824:3rd Landrecies 821: 816: 811: 799: 794: 789: 784: 782:2nd Landrecies 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 737:2nd Saint Omer 734: 729: 727:1st Gravelines 724: 722:2nd Thionville 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 687:1st Thionville 684: 682:1st Saint Omer 679: 677:1st Landrecies 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 643: 642: 638: 635: 634: 621: 620: 613: 606: 598: 590: 589: 579: 568: 567: 563: 562: 561:110,000 (1640) 556: 550:120,000 (1653) 539: 538: 534: 533: 454: 360: 359: 355: 354: 353:Spanish Empire 309:Spanish Empire 295: 219:Duchy of Parma 185:Dutch Republic 156: 155: 151: 150: 147: 146: 136: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 116:Atlantic Ocean 104:Northern Italy 89: 87: 83: 82: 77: 69: 68: 61:Habsburg Spain 50: 49: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8412: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8201:Tapada limeña 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8053: 8049: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7793:Montes Claros 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7733:Vienna (1529) 7731: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7462:Hernán Cortés 7460: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7454:Conquistadors 7451: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7424:Juan de Ayala 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7278:Duke of Savoy 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7173: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7077:Dollar (Peso) 7075: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7055: 7051: 7037: 7036:Santo Domingo 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6913:New Andalusia 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860:Santo Domingo 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6784:Viceroyalties 6781: 6777: 6770: 6766: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6625: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6597: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6534: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6477: 6471: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6389:South America 6386: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6309: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6274:Spanish Texas 6271: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6252:North America 6249: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6233:Franche-Comté 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5903: 5901: 5896: 5894: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5577:. Laberinto. 5576: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5504:on 2022-09-24 5503: 5499: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5209:. Routledge. 5208: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5190:. Routledge. 5189: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5104:. Routledge. 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5005:Black, Jeremy 5002: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4983:Black, Jeremy 4980: 4976: 4970: 4967:. Routledge. 4966: 4962: 4961:Black, Jeremy 4958: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4919: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4758: 4751: 4746: 4739: 4734: 4728:, p. 27. 4727: 4722: 4716:, p. 50. 4715: 4710: 4704:, p. 25. 4703: 4698: 4691: 4686: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4644:, p. 50. 4643: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4618:Quainton 1935 4614: 4608:, p. 16. 4607: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4584:, p. 69. 4583: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4511: 4510:Paoletti 2007 4506: 4504: 4496: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4471:Mitchell 2005 4467: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4377:, p. 70. 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4317:, p. 42. 4316: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4279:Wedgwood 1938 4275: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4141:, p. 66. 4140: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4124:, p. 34. 4123: 4118: 4116: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4094:, p. 39. 4093: 4088: 4082:, p. 34. 4081: 4076: 4070:, p. 24. 4069: 4064: 4058:, p. 33. 4057: 4052: 4050: 4045: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3873: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3850:in 1678, and 3849: 3844: 3841: 3834: 3830: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3806:Maria Theresa 3802: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3741: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3647:Franche-Comté 3643: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3607: 3460: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3439:, as well as 3438: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3420:. Victory at 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3406:Zusmarshausen 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3331:Zusmarshausen 3249: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3172:Low Countries 3169: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3123:and besieged 3122: 3112: 2979: 2967: 2966:with Sweden. 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2904:German allies 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2736:Ferdinand III 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2611:, clients in 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:Franche-Comté 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482:(1640–1668), 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2430: 2429: 2422: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2343:Naval battles 2342: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2313:Wevelinghoven 2311: 2309: 2308:Zusmarshausen 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2286:Hohentübingen 2284: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2030:2nd Magdeburg 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1991:Ray-sur-Saône 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1800:Dessau Bridge 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1734: 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Ashgate. 5232:(1): 1–23. 4945:. Ashgate. 4870:Hanlon 2016 4858:Hanlon 2014 4846:Ekberg 1981 4786:Wilson 2009 4678:Tucker 2011 4666:Maland 1966 4630:Hanlon 2016 4570:Parker 1972 4522:Wilson 2009 4495:Wilson 2009 4423:Wilson 2009 4399:Israel 1995 4387:Israel 1995 4375:Israel 1995 4351:Israel 1995 4327:Mackay 1999 4291:Riches 2012 4267:Hayden 1973 4255:Wilson 2009 4214:Wilson 2009 4202:Wilson 2009 4190:Wilson 1976 4175:Wilson 2009 4163:Jensen 1985 4107:Wilson 2009 3398:Mergentheim 3289:Mergentheim 3275:Rheinfelden 3182:in June. A 2807:-dominated 2704:: Ruled by 2696:: Ruled by 2326: [ 2289: [ 2277: [ 2265: [ 2247:Mergentheim 2182:Schweidnitz 2093: [ 2011: [ 1999: [ 1946: [ 1765: [ 1731:Frankenthal 1696:Mingolsheim 1251:Fort Rocher 1214:2nd Poligny 1209:1st Poligny 1189:Saint-Amour 1140:3rd Valenza 1130:2nd Cremona 1115:1st Cremona 1110:2nd Valenza 1096: [ 1058:1st Valenza 1001:3rd Tortosa 991:2nd Tortosa 921:1st Tortosa 839:2nd Dunkirk 834:2nd Mardyck 805: [ 767:Armentières 762:1st Dunkirk 752:1st Mardyck 631:(1635–1659) 532:(from 1652) 294:(1657–1659) 221:(1635–1637) 133:Territorial 8289:Categories 7813:Somosierra 7803:Manila Bay 7677:Nördlingen 7617:Gravelines 7097:Columnario 7069:Currencies 6986:Concepción 6958:Audiencias 6933:New Toledo 6898:La Florida 6731:Corregidor 6695:Papal bull 6600:Antarctica 6508:Micronesia 5965:Golden Age 5508:2021-12-29 5403:. Tauris. 5391:081316365X 5149:0207942277 5011:. Donald. 4907:Kamen 2002 4895:Kamen 2002 4714:Luard 1986 4654:Serra 2008 4606:Black 1991 4483:Black 2002 4447:Kamen 2002 4435:Costa 2005 4315:Lynch 1969 4226:Kamen 2002 4139:Darby 2015 4041:References 3854:in 1697". 3776:Roussillon 3762:Under the 3678:Landrecies 3658:Roussillon 3472:Tornavento 3402:Nördlingen 3394:Tuttlingen 3345:Nördlingen 3317:Tuttlingen 3180:Tornavento 3061:Maastricht 2956:Louis XIII 2900:Nördlingen 2833:Palatinate 2805:Protestant 2793:Louis XIII 2784:Background 2605:Roussillon 2560:rivals in 2401:Lister Dyb 2262:Korneuburg 2207:Tuttlingen 2177:Honnecourt 2127:Thionville 2070:Saint Omer 2025:Tornavento 1898:Alte Veste 1883:Maastricht 1757:Érsekújvár 1716:Heidelberg 1643:Wisternitz 1361:Sant Feliu 1356:Formentera 1234:Tuttlingen 1219:Pontarlier 1204:Bletterans 1152:The Fronde 1068:Tornavento 986:4th Lleida 981:3rd Lleida 956:2nd Lleida 941:1st Lleida 936:2nd Salses 906:La Granada 876:1st Salses 772:Nieuwpoort 712:Honnecourt 692:Charlemont 672:1st Corbie 662:La Capelle 657:Le Catelet 143:Roussillon 63:(red) and 8118:Nicaragua 8096:Guatemala 8006:Pichincha 7991:Chacabuco 7930:Pensacola 7875:Mataquito 7855:Cajamarca 7836:New World 7808:Trafalgar 7712:Alhucemas 7592:Landriano 7577:Comuneros 7563:Old World 7507:Joan Orpí 7227:Royalists 7001:Guatemala 6928:New Spain 6865:Venezuela 6840:Guatemala 6797:New Spain 6792:Columbian 6685:Exequatur 6585:Cape Juby 6439:Argentina 6262:New Spain 6196:Gibraltar 5960:Habsburgs 5682:. Brill. 5663:. Brill. 5254:144914347 4810:Lynn 1994 4774:Lynn 1994 4762:Lynn 1994 4411:Bely 2014 4363:Poot 2013 4303:Knox 2017 4122:Levy 1983 4027:North Sea 3788:Perpignan 3721:Camprodon 3703:with the 3654:Barcelona 3625:privateer 3431:The 1648 3422:Orbetello 3363:Louis XIV 3227:Catalonia 3121:Les Avins 2991:Les Avins 2951:Amsterdam 2927:proxy war 2923:Philip IV 2908:at Prague 2880:Pomerania 2870:and then 2667:Cinq-Mars 2637:Catalonia 2552:kings of 2534:Philip IV 2526:Louis XIV 2484:Catalonia 2476:Rhineland 2386:The Downs 2361:The Slaak 2351:Gibraltar 2274:Totenhöhe 2257:3rd Hulst 2157:La Marfée 2045:2nd Breda 2040:Wittstock 2008:Haselünne 1976:Les Avins 1913:Oldendorf 1888:Nuremberg 1858:Magdeburg 1853:Frankfurt 1820:Stralsund 1805:Oldenzaal 1736:Stadtlohn 1686:Bacharach 1681:Oppenheim 1548:1808–1814 1543:1793–1795 1533:1718–1720 1528:1688–1697 1523:1683–1684 1518:1673–1678 1513:1667–1668 1506:1648–1653 1501:1641–1659 1496:1640–1659 1491:1635–1659 1486:1628–1631 1476:1595–1598 1471:1580–1583 1464:1551–1559 1459:1542–1544 1454:1536–1538 1449:1526–1529 1444:1521–1526 1439:1512–1516 1434:1502–1504 1429:1495–1498 1342:Piombino 1332:Orbetello 1327:Cartagena 1302:Île de Ré 1240:Caribbean 1169:Martignat 1046:Camprodon 996:Montblanc 966:2nd Roses 931:1st Roses 926:Perpignan 916:Collioure 844:The Dunes 819:2nd Arras 787:Diksmuide 707:La Marfée 697:1st Arras 647:Les Avins 108:Rhineland 96:Catalonia 90:Northern 8128:Colombia 8113:Honduras 8026:Asomante 8011:Ayacucho 8001:Carabobo 7976:Curalaba 7753:Ceresole 7647:Gembloux 7607:Mühlberg 7322:Mariners 7180:Military 7102:Doubloon 7087:Maravedí 7031:Santiago 6938:Paraguay 6664:Germania 6504:Caroline 6459:Malvinas 6443:Paraguay 6403:Colombia 6345:Trinidad 6212:Sardinia 6052:Bourbons 5759:24411536 5179:40105147 5051:Solihull 5007:(1987). 4985:(1991). 4963:(2002). 3934:Spanish 3932:de facto 3848:Nijmegen 3729:Caracena 3662:Pyrenees 3556:Pinerolo 3441:Pinerolo 3437:Lorraine 3410:Savoyard 3303:Mannheim 3261:Breisach 3223:Portugal 3219:Portugal 3176:Lombardy 3137:Limbourg 3019:Brussels 2878:invaded 2823:Emperor 2821:Catholic 2778:foraging 2755:Flanders 2641:Portugal 2621:Ottomans 2615:and the 2593:Lorraine 2564:and the 2558:Habsburg 2528:married 2519:Pyrenees 2515:Flanders 2480:Portugal 2428:Treaties 2242:2nd Brno 2227:Jüterbog 2217:Freiburg 2202:1st Brno 2147:Preßnitz 2142:Montjuïc 2137:Cambrils 2117:Chemnitz 1943:Liegnitz 1928:Konstanz 1893:Wiesloch 1726:Mannheim 1366:Bordeaux 1351:Cambrils 1268:Sardinia 1224:Jonvelle 1083:Vercelli 1073:Marbegno 1063:Morbegno 1026:Cadaqués 976:Balaguer 901:Montmeló 886:Montjuïc 797:2nd Lens 777:Commines 742:1st Lens 537:Strength 497:Caracena 428:La Ferté 406:Choiseul 86:Location 67:(yellow) 8260:Asiento 8231:Mustang 8091:Yucatán 8086:Chiapas 7966:Tucapel 7798:Passaro 7748:Algiers 7738:Preveza 7707:Tetouan 7702:Vitoria 7692:Bitonto 7632:Antwerp 7627:Lepanto 7582:Bicocca 7058:Economy 6981:Charcas 6976:Caracas 6870:Yucatán 6741:Regidor 6726:Alcalde 6654:Cabildo 6561:Tripoli 6500:Mariana 6447:Charcas 6423:(Peru, 6407:Ecuador 6370:Bonaire 6365:Curazao 6350:Jamaica 6278:Florida 5739:History 5652:3633132 5335:2541220 5246:1877591 4916:Sources 3944:Castile 3920:militia 3912:Louvois 3887:tercios 3852:Ryswick 3818:Charles 3772:Hainaut 3621:Dunkirk 3542:Cremona 3005:Dunkirk 2872:Swedish 2862:in its 2713:Austria 2698:Austria 2690:Spanish 2617:Grisons 2550:Bourbon 2509:and of 2411:Fehmarn 2381:Channel 2376:Dunkirk 2212:Kolding 2162:Dorsten 2055:Leipzig 1923:Steinau 1873:Bamberg 1825:Wolgast 1815:Groenlo 1774:Hodonín 1752:Humenné 1721:Fleurus 1701:Wimpfen 1648:Bautzen 1633:Lomnice 1297:Santoña 1293:Laredo 1288:Getaria 1246:Tortuga 1174:Savigny 1031:Solsona 946:Miravet 896:Almenar 866:Leucate 854:Bergues 747:Bergues 732:Béthune 588:Unknown 395:Gassion 372:Turenne 336:(1641) 135:changes 8238:Castas 7996:Boyacá 7971:Guiana 7961:Iguape 7885:Recife 7823:Mactan 7818:Annual 7783:Rocroi 7778:Leiden 7763:Djerba 7697:Bailén 7652:Ostend 7637:Azores 7232:Legión 7197:Tercio 7190:Armies 7092:Escudo 7021:Panamá 7016:Mexico 7011:Manila 6966:Bogotá 6751:Vecino 6746:Syndic 6577:Béjaïa 6537:Africa 6523:Tidore 6411:Panama 6375:Belize 6282:Mexico 6208:Sicily 6204:Naples 6166:Europe 5872: 5853: 5834: 5815: 5796: 5774:(424). 5757: 5726: 5686: 5667: 5650: 5619: 5600: 5581: 5562: 5543: 5524: 5483: 5464: 5449:286722 5447: 5407: 5388: 5369: 5350: 5333: 5302: 5280: 5252: 5244: 5213: 5194: 5177: 5146: 5127: 5108: 5076: 5057: 5034: 5015: 4993: 4971: 4949: 4930: 3975:Naples 3963:ducats 3955:Naples 3768:Artois 3670:Modena 3630:Fronde 3614:After 3584:Modena 3514:Casale 3500:Mantua 3426:Naples 3379:Rocroi 3188:Corbie 3141:Gennep 3125:Leuven 3075:Corbie 3033:Leuven 2933:. 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Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)

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