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1053:, the Hospitallers effectively established a "palatinate" within Tripoli. The property included castles with which the Hospitallers were expected to defend Tripoli. Along with Krak des Chevaliers, the Hospitallers were given four other castles along the borders of the state, which allowed the order to dominate the area. The order's agreement with Raymond II stated that if he did not accompany knights of the order on campaign, the spoils belonged entirely to the order, and if he was present it was split equally between the count and the order. Further, Raymond II could not make peace with the Muslims without the permission of the Hospitallers. The Hospitallers made Krak des Chevaliers a center of administration for their new property, undertaking work at the castle that would make it one of the most elaborate Crusader fortifications in the Levant.
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1458:, popularly known as Lawrence of Arabia, remarked that Krak des Chevaliers was "perhaps the best preserved and most wholly admirable castle in the world, forms a fitting commentary on any account of the Crusading buildings of Syria". Castles in Europe provided lordly accommodation for their owners and were centers of administration; in the Levant the need for defence was paramount and was reflected in castle design. Kennedy suggests that "The castle scientifically designed as a fighting machine surely reached its apogee in great buildings like
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1104:, and it may have been after this event that the castle was remodelled. The 13th-century work was the last period of building at Krak des Chevaliers and gave it its current appearance. An enclosing stone circuit was built between 1142 and 1170; the earlier structure became the castle's inner court or ward. If there was a circuit of walls surrounding the inner court that pre-dated the current outer walls, no trace of it has been discovered.
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of the
Knights Hospitaller. Though the defences which once crested the walls of the inner wards no longer survive in most places, it seems that they did not extend for the entire circuit. Machicolations were absent from the southern face. The area between the inner court and the outer walls was narrow and not used for accommodation. In the east, where the defences were weakest, there was an open
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early 13th century, the entrance was moved to the south wall. The chapel was lit by windows above the cornice, one at the west end, one on either side of the east bay, and one on the south side of the central bay, and the apse at the east end had a large window. In 1935, a second chapel was discovered outside the castle's main entrance, however it no longer survives.
1565:. The esplanade is raised above the rest of the courtyard; the vaulted area beneath it would have provided storage and could have acted as stabling and shelter from missiles. Lining the west of the courtyard is the hall of the Knights. Though probably first built in the 12th century, the interior dates from the 13th-century remodelling. The
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circuit had towers that projected strongly from the wall. While the towers of the inner court had a square plan and did not project far beyond the wall, the towers of the 13th-century outer walls were rounded. This design was new and even contemporary
Templar castles did not have rounded towers. The technique was developed at
1703:) has been preserved. In 1935, 1955, and 1978, medieval frescoes were discovered within Krak des Chevaliers after later plaster and white-wash had decayed. The frescos were painted on the interior and exterior of the main chapel and the chapel outside the main entrance, which no longer survives. Writing in 1982, historian
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Tripoli, ravaging the area. Unwilling to meet him in open battle, the
Crusaders retreated to the relative safety of their fortifications. Without capturing the castles, Saladin could not secure control of the area, and once he retreated the Hospitallers were able to revitalise their damaged lands. The
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to the Order. This situation lasted as long as
Saladin's successors warred between themselves. The proximity of Krak des Chevaliers to Muslim territories allowed it to take on an offensive role, acting as a base from which neighboring areas could be attacked. By 1203, the garrison was making raids on
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separating Homs and
Tripoli. Homs was never under Crusader control, so the region around the Krak des Chevaliers was vulnerable to expeditions from the city. While its proximity caused the Knights problems with regard to defending their territory, it also meant Homs was close enough for them to raid.
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which provided additional protection against both siege weapons and earthquakes. Four large, round towers project vertically from the glacis; they were used as accommodation for the
Knights of the garrison, about 60 at its peak. The southwest tower was designed to house the rooms of the Grand Master
1359:
1 million between them in compensation. Over the following two years, a programme of cleaning and restoration was carried out by a force of 120 workers. Once finished, Krak des
Chevaliers was one of the key tourist attractions in the French Levant. Pierre Coupel, who had undertaken similar
1329:
visited the castle in
February 1927. Since Rey had visited in the 19th century, a village of 500 people had been established within the castle. Renewed inhabitation had damaged the site: underground vaults had been used as rubbish tips and in some places the battlements had been destroyed.
1306:
and
Kurdish tribes were settled in the area, and in the 18th century the district was mainly controlled by local notables from the Dandashi family. In 1894, the Ottoman government considered stationing a company of auxiliary soldiers there, but revised its plans after deciding the castle was too old
970:
came under attack from the garrison of Hisn al-Akrad, the forerunner of the Krak, who harried
Raymond's foragers. The following day, Raymond marched on the castle and found it deserted. The crusaders briefly occupied the castle in February of the same year but abandoned it when they continued their
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The first half of the 13th century has been characterised as Krak des Chevaliers' "golden age". While other Crusader strongholds came under threat, Krak des Chevaliers and its garrison of 2,000 soldiers dominated the surrounding area. It was effectively the center of a principality which
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in the 19th century led to the investigation of Krak des Chevaliers, and architectural plans were drawn up. In the late 19th or early 20th century a settlement had been created within the castle, causing damage to its fabric. The 500 inhabitants were moved in 1933 and the castle was
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noted that at the time there had been little investigation of Crusader frescoes that would provide a comparison for the fragmentary remains found at Krak des Chevaliers. Those in the chapel were painted on the masonry from the 1170–1202 rebuild. Mold, smoke, and moisture have made it difficult to
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When Krak des Chevaliers was remodelled in the 13th century, new walls surrounding the inner court were built. They followed the earlier walls, with a narrow gap between them in the west and south, which was turned into a gallery from which defenders could unleash missiles. In this area, the
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chambers. The lay of the land dictated the castle's irregular shape. A site with natural defences was a typical location for Crusader castles and steep slopes provided Krak des Chevaliers with defences on all sides bar one, where the castle's defences were concentrated. This phase of building was
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runs round the chapel at the point where the vault ends and the wall begins. Oriented roughly east to west, it was 21.5 metres (71 ft) long and 8.5 metres (28 ft) wide with the main entrance from the west and a second smaller one in the north wall. When the castle was remodelled in the
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a tower in the southwest corner, causing it to collapse whereupon Baibars' army attacked through the breach. In the outer ward, they encountered the peasants who had sought refuge in the castle. Though the outer ward had fallen, with a handful of the garrison killed in the process, the Crusaders
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The second phase of building work undertaken by the Hospitallers began in the early 13th century and lasted decades. The outer walls were built in the last major construction on the site, lending the Krak des Chevaliers its current appearance. Standing 9 metres (30 ft) high, the outer
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complained that the area, previously home to around 10,000 people, now stood deserted and that the Order's property in the Kingdom of Jerusalem produced little income. He also noted that by this point there were only 300 of the Order's brethren left in the east. On the Muslim side, in 1260
1093:, and Bethgibelin fell to Muslim armies. Following these losses, the Order focused its attention on its castles in Tripoli. In May 1188, Saladin led an army to attack Krak des Chevaliers, but on seeing the castle, decided it was too well defended and instead marched on the Hospitaller castle of
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Drought conditions between 1175 and 1180 prompted the Crusaders to sign a two-year truce with the Muslims, but without Tripoli included in the terms. During the 1180s, raids by Christians and Muslims into each other's territory became more frequent. In 1180, Saladin ventured into the County of
665:. This phase created the outer wall and gave the castle its current appearance. The first half of the century has been described as Krak des Chevaliers' "golden age". At its peak, Krak des Chevaliers housed a garrison of around 2,000. Such a large garrison allowed the Hospitallers to exact
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forces for several days. Of the three Arabic accounts of the siege, only one was contemporary, that of Ibn Shaddad, who was not present at the siege. Peasants who lived in the area had fled to the castle for safety and were kept in the outer ward. As soon as Baibars arrived, he erected
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in 1934, with detailed plans by Anus. The survey has been widely praised, described as "brilliant and exhaustive" by military historian D. J. Cathcart King in 1949 and "perhaps the finest account of the archaeology and history of a single medieval castle ever written" by historian
1662:. It is unclear which side imitated the other, as the date they were added to Krak des Chevaliers is unknown, but it does provide evidence for the diffusion of military ideas between the Muslim and Christian armies. These defences were accessed by a wall-walk known as a
1653:
crowned the walls, offering defenders a way to hurl projectiles towards enemies at the foot of the wall. They were so cramped, archers would have had to crouch inside them. The box machicolations were unusual: those at Krak des Chevaliers were more complex that those at
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In the 1250s, the fortunes of the Hospitallers at Krak des Chevaliers took a turn for the worse. A Muslim army estimated to number 10,000 men ravaged the countryside around the castle in 1252, after which the Order's finances declined sharply. In 1268, Master
1235:), for them to surrender on 8 April 1271. Although the letter was a forgery, the garrison capitulated and the Sultan spared their lives. The new owners of the castle undertook repairs, focused mainly on the outer ward. The Hospitaller chapel was converted to a
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which allowed defenders to shower attackers with missiles. Anyone going straight ahead rather than following the hairpin turn would emerge in the area between the castle's two circuits of walls. To access the inner ward, the passage had to be followed round.
1085:, a relic discovered during the First Crusade. Afterwards, Saladin ordered the execution of the captured Templar and Hospitaller knights, such was the importance of the two orders in defending the Crusader states. After the battle, the Hospitaller castles of
1314:
After the Franks were driven from the Holy Land in 1291, European familiarity with the castles of the Crusades declined. It was not until the 19th century that interest in these buildings was renewed, so there are no detailed plans from before 1837.
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The main contemporary accounts relating to Krak des Chevaliers are of Muslim origin and tend to emphasise Muslim success while overlooking setbacks against the Crusaders, although they suggest that the Knights Hospitaller forced the settlements of
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When the outer walls were built in the 13th century the main entrance was enhanced. A vaulted corridor led uphill from the outer gate in the northeast. The corridor made a hairpin turn halfway along its length, making it an example of a
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remained in Crusader hands until 1271, and was the only major inland area to remain constantly under Crusader control during this period. Crusaders who passed through the area would often stop at the castle, and probably made donations. King
1323:; which included plans and drawings of the major Crusader castles in Syria, including Krak des Chevaliers. In some instances his drawings were inaccurate, however for Krak des Chavaliers they record features which have since been lost.
1666:. In the opinion of historian Hugh Kennedy, the defences of the outer wall were "the most elaborate and developed anywhere in the Latin east ... the whole structure is a brilliantly designed and superbly built fighting machine".
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After acquiring the site in 1142, they began building a new castle to replace the former Kurdish fortification. This work lasted until 1170, when an earthquake damaged the castle. An Arab source mentions that the quake destroyed the
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was probably built to replace the one destroyed by an earthquake in 1170. Only the east end of the original chapel, which housed the apse, and a small part of the south wall survive from the original chapel. The later chapel had a
1213:, powerful siege weapons which he would later turn on the castle. In a probable reference to a walled suburb outside the castle's entrance, Ibn Shaddad records that two days later the first line of defences fell to the besiegers.
661:. Krak des Chevaliers was among the most important and acted as a center of administration as well as a military base. After a second phase of building was undertaken in the 13th century, Krak des Chevaliers became a
1229:
retreated to the more formidable inner ward. After a lull of ten days, the besiegers conveyed a letter to the garrison, supposedly from the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Tripoli, which granted permission, (
732:
and recaptured by the Syrian government forces in 2014. Since then, reconstruction and conservation work on the site had begun. Reports by UNESCO and the Syrian government on the state of the site are produced yearly.
1145:
Montferrand (which was under Muslim control) and Hama, and in 1207 and 1208 the castle's soldiers took part in an attack on Homs. Krak des Chevaliers acted as a base for expeditions to Hama in 1230 and 1233 after the
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As early as 1929, there were suggestions that the castle should be taken under French control. On 16 November 1933, Krak des Chevaliers was given into the control of the French state, and cared for by the
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between 1196 and 1198. The extension to the southeast is of lesser quality than the rest of the circuit and was built at an unknown date. Probably around the 1250s, a postern was added to the north wall.
1507:
and the Crusaders may have intended to build stone walls and towers around it. It is unknown how it was defended at the time of the 1271 siege, though it has been suggested it was surrounded by a timber
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to avoid a confrontation. After Louis died in 1271, Baibars returned to deal with Krak des Chevaliers. Before he marched on the castle, the Sultan captured the smaller castles in the area, including
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1602:; its design would have been considered outmoded by contemporary standards in France, but bears similarities to that built around 1186 at Margat. It was divided into three roughly equal bays. A
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1174:, and went on to unite Egypt and Syria. As a result, Muslim settlements that had previously paid tribute to the Hospitallers at Krak des Chevaliers no longer felt intimidated into doing so.
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mountain range and dominated the road between Homs and Tripoli. When building castles, engineers often chose elevated sites, such as hills and mountains, that provided natural obstacles.
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1674:. Bent entrances were a Byzantine innovation, but that at Krak des Chevaliers was a particularly complex example. It extended for 137 metres (450 ft), and along its length were
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Baibars ventured into the area around Krak des Chevaliers in 1270 and allowed his men to graze their animals on the fields around the castle. When he received news that year of the
794:(Fortress of the Hospital) during the Middle Ages. The name was later romanticised to become Krak des Chevaliers in French in the 19th century, meaning "Fortress of the Knights".
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preserve the frescoes. The fragmentary nature of the red and blue frescoes inside the chapel makes them difficult to assess. The one on the exterior of the chapel depicted the
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soldiers to help. Deschamps left in March 1927, and work resumed when he returned two years later. The culmination of Deschamp's work at the castle was the publication of
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began in 2011, prompting UNESCO to raise concerns that the war might damage cultural sites including Krak des Chevaliers. The castle was shelled in August 2012 by the
1485:, a Crusader castle built in the late 1170s. Margat has also been cited as Krak des Chevaliers' sister castle. The main building material at Krak des Chevaliers was
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or Margat, and there were no comparable features amongst Crusader castles. However, they bore similarities to Muslim work, such as the contemporary defences at the
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1204:. On 3 March, Baibars' army arrived at Krak des Chevaliers. By the time the Sultan appeared on the scene, the castle may already have been blockaded by
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refused to pay tribute. The former was unsuccessful, but the 1233 expedition was a show of force that demonstrated the importance of Krak des Chevaliers.
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visited in 1218 and proclaimed the castle the "key of the Christian lands". He was so impressed with the castle that he gave a yearly income of 60
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took control of the site. The early castle was substantially different from the extant remains, and no trace of this first castle survives at the site.
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word for a walled city or fortress. Before the arrival of the crusaders, the local Arab ruler had established a fortification on the site manned by
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exists around the castle and has a population of nearly 9,000. Krak des Chevaliers is approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of the city of
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in March 2014. Since then, UNESCO has published periodic reports about the state of the site, reconstruction and conservation measures.
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studded with square towers which projected slightly. The main entrance was between two towers on the eastern side, and there was a
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can approach on level ground. The inner defences are strongest at this point, with a cluster of towers connected by a thick wall.
1216:
Rain interrupted the siege, but on 21 March, immediately south of Krak des Chevaliers, Baibar's forces captured a triangular
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and one of the most important preserved medieval castles in the world. The site was first inhabited in the 11th century by
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Between 1142 and 1170, the Knights Hospitaller undertook a building programme on the site. The castle was defended by a stone
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was the first European researcher to scientifically study Crusader castles in the Holy Land. In 1871, he published the work
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689:, which carried out a program of clearing and restoration. When Syria declared independence in 1946, it assumed control.
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1376:, which had been established in 1920, ended in 1946 with the declaration of Syrian independence. The castle was made a
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Property in the County of Tripoli, granted to the Knights in the 1140s, included the Krak des Chevaliers, the towns of
3608:, Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (AIBL) (coll. "Mémoires de l'AIBL"), 462 p. 890 ill., 2019 (
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that cared for the sick, and later looked after pilgrims to the Holy Land. After the success of the First Crusade in
763:), or "fort of the Kurds". Following the construction of the present castle, the crusaders (whose elite spoke either
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from a wide area. From the 1250s the fortunes of the Knights Hospitaller took a turn for the worse and in 1271 the
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Chateaux de Syrie: Dossier de Presentation en vue de l'inscription sur la Liste du Patrimoine Mondial de l'UNESCO
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You may have bounty, you may have wisdom, you may be granted beauty; pride alone defiles all if it accompanies .
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from between 1139 and 1143 may indicate the order hiring people to defend pilgrims. There were also other
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3154:; French, Pamela; Coupel, Pierre (1982), "Crusader Frescoes at Crac des Chevaliers and Marqab Castle",
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Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838
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Several of the castle's former residents built their houses outside the fortress and a village called
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Because of the castle's command of the plain, it became the Knights' most important base in the area.
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Albright, W. F. (1936), "Archaeological Exploration and Excavation in Palestine and Syria, 1935",
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Etudes sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des Croisés en Syrie et dans l'ile de Chypre
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Etudes sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des Croisés en Syrie et dans l'ile de Chypre
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1448:Étude sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des croisés en Syrie et dans l'île de Chypre
1039:Étude sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des croisés en Syrie et dans l'île de Chypre
822:(Hisn Ibn Akkar). The route through the strategically important Homs Gap connects the cities of
818:. On the other side of the gap, 27 kilometres (17 mi) away, was the 12th-century castle of
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Deschamps and fellow architect François Anus attempted to clear some of the detritus; General
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in 1029. Due to Nasr's garrisoning of Kurdish troops at the site, the castle became known as "
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after a siege lasting 36 days, supposedly by way of a forged letter purportedly from the
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and access too difficult. As a result, the capital of the district was then moved to nearby
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Sit tibi copia, sit sapientia, formaque detur; inquinat omnia sola superbia, si comitetur.
1512:. South of the castle, the spur on which it stands is connected to the next hill, so that
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Artist's rendering of Krak des Chevaliers as seen from the northeast. From Guillaume-Rey,
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The area between the inner and outer walls is narrow and was not used for accommodation.
1049:, Count of Tripoli, granted property in the county to the order. According to historian
935:". Nasr restored Hisn al-Safh to help reestablish the Mirdasids' access to the coast of
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Despite its predominantly military character, the castle is one of the few sites where
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is barely noticeable. Outside the castle's entrance was a "walled suburb" known as a
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Salibi, Kamal S. (February 1973). "The Sayfās and the Eyalet of Tripoli 1579–1640".
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are unclear, but it probably emerged around the 1070s in Jerusalem. It started as a
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At the north end of the small courtyard is a chapel and at the southern end is an
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filled by an aqueduct. It acted both as a moat and water supply for the castle.
1290:(tax district) of Hisn al-Akrad, attached first to the Tripoli Sanjak and later
638:. It remained occupied by them until it was reconquered by the Muslims in 1271.
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Der Crac des Chevaliers. Die Baugeschichte einer Ordensburg der Kreuzfahrerzeit
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1704:
1455:
1431:
1400:
1295:
1277:
1189:
1033:
999:
235:
64:
3248:
2022:
876:
867:
5072:
5011:
4961:
4951:
4896:
4891:
4856:
4628:
4623:
4613:
4603:
4498:
4460:
4197:
4187:
4066:
4002:
3987:
3977:
3356:
A History of the Crusades, Volume V: The Art And Architecture of the Crusader
3079:
1718:
1671:
1650:
1503:, no trace of which remains. To the south of the outer ward was a triangular
1442:
1423:
1201:
1152:
963:
713:
693:
686:
658:
256:
143:
130:
4202:
4478:
1696:
1595:
1513:
1258:
1230:
1177:
As for Hugues Revel, some of the castellans of this castle are identified:
1121:
850:
31:
3062:
1477:, due to its site, and after the 13th-century expansion a fully developed
790:
Because of its association with the Knights Hospitallers, it was known as
461:
4921:
4544:
4192:
3905:
3797:
3706:
3601:
2654:
1740:
1675:
1532:
gate in the northwest tower. At the center was a courtyard surrounded by
1474:
1465:
1415:
1303:
1291:
1281:
1265:
1015:
1010:. Evidence suggests that in the 1130s, the order became militarised when
768:
649:
damaged the castle. The order controlled castles along the border of the
1395:
Smoke coming from the castle in August 2013, during the Syrian Civil War
3270:
Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History
3175:
2030:
1642:
1407:
residents benefit economically from the tourism generated by the site.
1361:
1170:
became Sultan of Egypt, following his overthrow of the incumbent ruler
1082:
1019:
842:
764:
646:
3635:
2967:
2691:"Latest victim of Syria air strikes: Famed Krak des Chevaliers castle"
1794:
4522:
4470:
3855:
3805:
2618:
1826:"UNESCO and Syrian government documents related to the monument site"
1562:
1486:
1308:
994:
to the Hospital of St John. Early donations were in the newly formed
959:
940:
819:
729:
401:
3929:
3474:
3167:
5006:
4809:
4793:
4595:
4455:
4363:
3701:
3445:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa
2959:
1645:
in the walls and towers were distributed to minimise the amount of
1509:
1335:
1221:
1210:
815:
810:
The castle sits atop a 650-metre-high (2,130 ft) hill east of
413:
3938:
3512:
Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte I: le Crac des Chevaliers
1340:
Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte I: le Crac des Chevaliers
5021:
5016:
4936:
4513:
3914:
3725:
1603:
1566:
1555:
1529:
1504:
1404:
1217:
1167:
1141:
971:
march towards Jerusalem. Permanent occupation began in 1110 when
831:
701:
666:
4946:
4941:
4779:
4770:
4539:
4529:
4219:
4152:
3851:
3686:
2623:
1800:
1700:
1590:
1550:
1499:
1490:
1459:
1381:
1270:
1241:
1236:
1205:
1094:
991:
920:
895:
846:
811:
717:
642:
561:
1748:
931:
tribesmen at the site of the castle, which was then known as "
597:
4307:
3692:
1365:
1356:
1197:
1171:
928:
750:
623:
619:
321:
316:
295:
290:
72:
3443:, in Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul; Ring, Trudy (eds.),
3186:
Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade
3162:, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University: 177–210,
3037:
Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East
889:
marked by a red cross (left), and the region in 1190 (right)
4483:
4051:
1599:
1146:
1137:
697:
3555:
1403:
has since developed. Many of the al-Husn's roughly 9,000
1280:
period (1516–1918), the castle housed a company of local
3475:"Le district de Ḥiṣn al-Akrād (Syrie) sous les Ottomans"
3121:
Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades
3019:
The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple
998:, but over time the order extended its holdings to the
3321:
Syria Under Islam: Empire on Trial, 634–1097, Volume 1
1569:
and delicate decoration is a sophisticated example of
5089:
Castles and fortifications of the Knights Hospitaller
1730:
806:
Krak des Chevaliers overlooking the surrounding area
538:
2954:(1), Archaeological Institute of America: 154–167,
2659:"Robert Fisk: Syria's ancient treasures pulverised"
2566:(in Arabic). Homs Governorate. 2004. Archived from
1960:
1958:
1691:
Remains of medieval frescoes in the castle's chapel
1537:incorporated into the later castle's construction.
1368:, supervised the work. Despite the restoration, no
1077:in 1187 was a disastrous defeat for the Crusaders:
990:, many Crusaders donated their new property in the
3208:
3183:
2595:. Vol. 3. Crocker and Brewster. p. 181.
1388:, in 2006, and is owned by the Syrian government.
3670:
3606:Le Crac des Chevaliers (Histoire et architecture)
3150:
2929:
2851:
2401:
2275:
2273:
5070:
1955:
1473:Krak des Chevaliers can be classified both as a
1269:The south face of the inner ward with its steep
1128:, uncle of the noted chronicler of the Crusades
2913:
2911:
2683:
2557:"General Census of Population and Housing 2004"
2115:
2113:
1975:
1973:
1446:Plan of Krak des Chevaliers from Guillaume-Rey
1111:Cutaway section of the Krak from south to north
899:Position of the Krak des Chevaliers within the
645:in the 1140s and were finished by 1170 when an
3231:"The Taking of Le Krak des Chevaliers in 1271"
2270:
2142:
2140:
1081:, King of Jerusalem, was captured, as was the
906:
826:and Homs. To the north of the castle lies the
4825:
3752:
3656:
3406:
3303:
2721:"Crac des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din"
2588:
2508:
2506:
2455:
2260:
2258:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2052:
2050:
2048:
1901:
911:According to the 13th-century Arab historian
671:Mamluk Sultanate captured Krak des Chevaliers
5104:Buildings and structures in Homs Governorate
3349:
2988:Research on Old French: The State of the Art
2908:
2338:
2336:
2110:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1970:
1913:
1889:
1245:(prayer niches) were added to the interior.
782:
772:
758:
50:
2137:
1796:Crac des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din
1124:to the Master and 40 to the brothers.
777:and then, as a result of confusing it with
603:
567:
443:Crac des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din
104:
4832:
4818:
3759:
3745:
3663:
3649:
3631:Krak des Chevaliers photos and information
3556:République arabe syrienne (January 2005),
3547:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3524:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3447:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 439–443,
3410:Buildings and Landmarks of Medieval Europe
2503:
2255:
2176:
2045:
1549:walls were supported by a steeply sloping
1430:captured the castle and village after the
3509:
3285:
3215:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
3190:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
3104:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
3099:
3021:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2898:
2896:
2397:
2395:
2333:
2237:
2213:
2146:
2119:
1997:
1931:
712:, the castles of Krak des Chevaliers and
5084:Archaeological sites in Homs Governorate
3586:The Crusaders in Syria and the Holy Land
2945:
2485:
1686:
1614:
1580:
1539:
1464:
1454:Writing in the early 20th century,
1441:
1390:
1264:
1252:
1151:
1032:
894:
801:
3388:
3203:
3078:
2981:
2917:
2887:
2875:
2839:
2827:
2803:
2791:
2767:
2755:
2497:
2473:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2264:
2249:
2225:
2189:
2170:
2092:
2068:
1991:
1979:
1949:
1925:
1877:
1861:
1859:
1481:. It was similar in size and layout to
1426:, and once more on 18 August 2013. The
1298:. The castle itself was commanded by a
1030:, that offered protection to pilgrims.
14:
5071:
3532:
3472:
3461:from the original on 23 September 2023
3427:from the original on 23 September 2023
3377:from the original on 23 September 2023
3317:
3267:
3181:
3138:from the original on 23 September 2023
3016:
3004:from the original on 23 September 2023
2893:
2809:
2599:from the original on 23 September 2023
2537:from the original on 23 September 2023
2413:
2392:
2201:
2158:
2131:
2080:
2056:
2008:
1937:
704:, and is administratively part of the
677:that caused the knights to surrender.
641:The Hospitallers began rebuilding the
86:Krak des Chevaliers from the southwest
4813:
3740:
3644:
3583:
3438:
3102:Crusader Castles and Modern Histories
3052:
2863:
2589:Smith, Eli; Robinson, Edward (1841).
2512:
2368:from the original on 27 February 2021
1865:
1832:from the original on 27 November 2019
1789:
1787:
547:
518:
4839:
3572:from the original on 6 December 2017
3290:, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer,
3228:
3117:
3034:
2902:
2815:
2779:
2653:
2635:from the original on 18 October 2014
2386:
2342:
2327:
2104:
1964:
1856:
1850:
1807:from the original on 2 December 2019
1355:. The villagers were moved and paid
1014:, granted the newly built castle at
753:, giving it the name, in Arabic, of
590:
4509:Church of Saint Mary of the Germans
3610:presentation on the Academy website
3313:(in French), Paris: Impr. nationale
2549:
1710:Presentation of Jesus at the Temple
1469:The inner court seen from the south
1097:, which he also failed to capture.
958:In January 1099, on the journey to
759:
528:
51:
24:
18:Siege of Krak des Chevaliers (1835)
3707:Ancient Villages of Northern Syria
3502:
3338:from the original on 6 August 2023
2671:from the original on 6 August 2012
2562:Syria Central Bureau of Statistics
1784:
1573:, probably dating from the 1230s.
1224:. On 29 March, the attackers
1106:
724:. It was partially damaged in the
25:
5120:
3776:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
3624:
3489:from the original on 8 April 2023
3353:; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1977),
3057:, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press,
2737:from the original on 2 April 2019
1374:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
5045:
4792:
4769:
4753:
4528:
4504:Church of Saint John the Baptist
4151:
4119:
4079:
4060:
3947:
3937:
3928:
3913:
3810:
3779:
3768:
3407:Tschen-Emmons, James B. (2016),
1773:List of World Heritage in Danger
1747:
1733:
1717:
1248:
978:The origins of the order of the
875:
866:
315:
302:
289:
276:
263:
250:
229:
216:
203:
190:
103:
96:
80:
27:Crusader castle near Homs, Syria
3993:Orders, decorations, and medals
2986:. In Arteaga, Deborah L (ed.).
2948:American Journal of Archaeology
2930:Folda, French & Coupel 1982
2923:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2852:Folda, French & Coupel 1982
2845:
2833:
2821:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2713:
2647:
2611:
2582:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2402:Folda, French & Coupel 1982
2380:
2348:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2164:
2152:
2125:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
1985:
1943:
1437:
626:troops garrisoned there by the
345:Mostly good but damaged due to
5109:World Heritage Sites in Danger
4784:
4677:Conquest of Rhodes (1306–1310)
4547:
4516:
4407:
4388:
4374:
4352:
4318:
4139:
3924:Order of Malta Ambulance Corps
2938:
2697:. 13 July 2013. Archived from
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1844:
1818:
1450:(1871). North is on the right.
1220:possibly defended by a timber
927:, established a settlement of
13:
1:
5079:World Heritage Sites in Syria
3672:World Heritage Sites in Syria
3588:, London: Thames and Hudson,
3361:University of Wisconsin Press
3229:King, D. J. Cathcart (1949),
3086:, Hadleigh: Broadview Press,
3055:Allen Brown's English Castles
1778:
1610:
1519:
1257:The east end of the castle's
828:Syrian Coastal Mountain Range
4788:Demolished or sparse remains
4575:Colonization of the Americas
3393:, Malta: Book Distributors,
3286:Nicholson, Helen J. (2001),
3084:Medieval Military Technology
2726:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
736:
632:Raymond II, Count of Tripoli
598:
7:
4765:(with year of proclamation)
4712:Great Siege of Malta (1565)
4570:Principality of Heitersheim
4261:St John (Conventual Church)
4086:Villa del Priorato di Malta
3268:Lepage, Jean-Denis (2002),
1726:
1682:
1493:facing is so fine that the
988:capturing Jerusalem in 1099
907:Origins and Crusader period
797:
771:) corrupted that name into
539:
10:
5125:
4450:Palace of the Grand Master
3636:UNESCO Crac des Chevaliers
1585:The west end of the chapel
1462:and Crac des Chevaliers."
1370:archaeological excavations
1284:and was the centre of the
1069:near Krak des Chevaliers.
973:Tancred, Prince of Galilee
857:
675:Hospitallers' Grand Master
630:. In 1142 it was given by
618:) is a medieval castle in
433:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:
5054:
5043:
4847:
4748:
4727:Battle of Damietta (1732)
4662:Siege of Jerusalem (1187)
4652:
4594:
4583:
4557:
4469:
4435:
4362:
4306:
4299:
4251:
4218:
4105:
4095:
4050:
4016:
3970:
3904:
3824:
3788:
3678:
3391:Fortresses of the Knights
3389:Spiteri, Stephen (2001),
3324:, Delmar: Caravan Books,
3318:Salibi, Kamal S. (1977),
3249:10.1017/S0003598X0002007X
3053:Brown, R. Allen (2004) ,
2023:10.1163/15700585-02001004
1576:
1544:Hall of the knights, 2009
1302:(castle warden). Several
885:The Levant in 1135, with
767:or, in Tripoli, possibly
700:, close to the border of
685:given over to the French
549:[ˈqalʕatalˈħisˤn]
520:[kʁakdeʃ(ə)valje]
505:
497:
489:
479:
467:
457:
447:
439:
430:
426:
407:
397:
374:
367:1142–1170 (second castle)
357:
352:
341:
331:
174:
169:
159:
122:
91:
79:
61:
46:
41:
4717:Battle of Lepanto (1571)
3510:Deschamps, Paul (1934),
3124:. Taylor & Francis.
3100:Ellenblum, Roni (2007),
3035:Boas, Adrian J. (1999),
3017:Barber, Malcolm (1995),
2464:, p. 146, n. 4
2356:"Baybars' siege of 1271"
1914:Setton & Hazard 1977
1890:Setton & Hazard 1977
1768:List of Crusader castles
1763:List of castles in Syria
1018:to the order in 1136. A
781:, the name evolved into
716:have been recognised by
30:Not to be confused with
4707:Siege of Tripoli (1551)
4702:Invasion of Gozo (1551)
3537:(in German), Regensburg
3533:Biller, Thomas (2006),
3473:Winter, Stefan (2019),
3439:White, Richard (2014),
3305:Guillaume-Rey, Emmanuel
3288:The Knights Hospitaller
2984:"Crusaders' Old French"
2982:Aslanov, Cyril (2012).
2830:, pp. 158–161, 163
1364:and the two castles at
1353:Académie des Beaux-Arts
1012:Fulk, King of Jerusalem
1008:Principality of Antioch
939:after they lost nearby
741:"Krak" is derived from
562:
557:
4992:Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
4987:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
4799:Catholicism portal
4667:Battle of Arsuf (1191)
4178:Santa Margherita Lines
3919:Malteser International
3884:Diplomatic missions to
3879:Diplomatic missions of
1692:
1626:
1586:
1545:
1470:
1451:
1396:
1372:were carried out. The
1317:Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey
1273:
1262:
1181:(Grand Commander) and
1157:
1112:
1045:Between 1142 and 1144
1042:
968:Raymond IV of Toulouse
903:
807:
783:
773:
692:Today, the village of
634:, to the order of the
4867:Al-Sheikh Deeb Castle
4722:Raid on Żejtun (1614)
4228:Grand Master's Palace
3983:Flag and coat of arms
3804:, founded in 1099 in
3584:Smail, R. C. (1973),
3565:(in French), UNESCO,
3441:"Krak des Chevaliers"
3182:France, John (1997),
3156:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
3063:10.1017/9781846152429
3039:, London: Routledge,
2513:Darke, Diane (2006).
1690:
1636:Richard the Lionheart
1618:
1598:and an uncomplicated
1584:
1543:
1468:
1445:
1420:Syrian Arab Air Force
1394:
1268:
1256:
1155:
1126:Geoffroy de Joinville
1110:
1036:
898:
805:
4732:Loss of Malta (1798)
4672:Siege of Acre (1291)
4340:Castille et Portugal
4335:Auvergne et Provence
3818:Kingdom of Jerusalem
3118:Falk, Avner (2018).
2523:. pp. 198–199.
2122:, pp. 3–4, 8–10
1118:Andrew II of Hungary
1051:Jonathan Riley-Smith
996:Kingdom of Jerusalem
836:Kingdom of Jerusalem
830:, and to the south,
722:World Heritage Sites
680:Renewed interest in
322:Syrian Arab Republic
296:Syrian Arab Republic
283:United Arab Republic
4912:Citadel of Damascus
4902:Krak des Chevaliers
4776:World Heritage Site
4762:extraterritoriality
4535:Krak des Chevaliers
4276:Our Lady of Victory
3971:Society and culture
3718:Qal’at Salah El-Din
3712:Crac des Chevaliers
3263:on 23 December 2012
2521:Bradt Travel Guides
2361:Ministry of Culture
1755:Architecture portal
1649:around the castle.
1571:Gothic architecture
1386:Qal'at Salah El-Din
1378:World Heritage Site
1294:, both part of the
1196:, Baibars left for
1100:Another earthquake
1067:Battle of al-Buqaia
980:Knights Hospitaller
925:Shibl ad-Dawla Nasr
714:Qal'at Salah El-Din
636:Knights Hospitaller
558:Crac des Chevaliers
512:Krak des Chevaliers
388:Knights Hospitaller
382:Shibl al-Dawla Nasr
364:1031 (first castle)
210:Knights Hospitaller
144:34.7570°N 36.2947°E
140: /
111:Krak des Chevaliers
42:Krak des Chevaliers
4877:Bani Qahtan Castle
4266:Our Lady of Liesse
3615:2021-06-29 at the
3604:and Maxime Goepp,
3514:(in French), Paris
3351:Setton, Kenneth M.
2932:, pp. 178–183
2920:, pp. 157–158
2890:, pp. 153–156
2854:, pp. 178–179
2842:, pp. 161–162
2695:Middle East Online
2570:on 12 January 2013
2416:, pp. 227–234
2318:, pp. 148–150
2294:, pp. 147–148
2282:, pp. 152–153
2228:, pp. 146–147
1982:, pp. 145–146
1902:Tschen-Emmons 2016
1892:, pp. 43, 152
1693:
1627:
1587:
1546:
1471:
1452:
1397:
1362:Tower of the Lions
1274:
1263:
1194:Louis IX of France
1179:Pierre de Mirmande
1158:
1113:
1043:
904:
808:
657:founded after the
175:Controlled by
69:Talkalakh District
5066:
5065:
5037:Citadel of Tartus
5027:Qalaat al-Shaghur
4907:Citadel of Aleppo
4807:
4806:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4681:Sieges of Rhodes
4479:Saint John d'Acre
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4271:Our Lady of Pilar
3960:Ships of the line
3874:Foreign relations
3842:Sovereign Council
3802:international law
3798:sovereign subject
3794:order of chivalry
3734:
3733:
3724:
3716:
3595:978-0-500-02080-7
3479:Journal Asiatique
3454:978-1-134-25986-1
3420:978-1-4408-4182-8
3400:978-99909-72-06-1
3370:978-0-299-06820-2
3331:978-0-88206-013-2
3297:978-0-85115-845-7
3279:978-0-7864-1092-7
3222:978-0-521-42068-6
3197:978-0-521-58987-1
3131:978-0-429-91392-1
3111:978-0-521-86083-3
3093:978-0-921149-74-3
3072:978-1-84383-069-6
3046:978-0-415-17361-2
3028:978-0-521-55872-3
2997:978-94-007-4768-5
2701:on 2 October 2013
2657:(5 August 2012).
2631:. 30 March 2012.
2530:978-1-84162-162-3
1853:, chapter 10, p.1
1660:Citadel of Aleppo
1479:concentric castle
1130:Jean de Joinville
1004:County of Tripoli
966:, the company of
953:Jibal al-Alawiyin
901:County of Tripoli
792:Crac de l'Ospital
663:concentric castle
651:County of Tripoli
596:
563:Crac de l'Ospital
537:
509:
508:
309:Syrian opposition
197:County of Tripoli
186:
164:Concentric castle
16:(Redirected from
5116:
5099:Crusader castles
5094:Castles in Syria
5060:Castles in Syria
5049:
4841:Castles in Syria
4834:
4827:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4797:
4796:
4787:
4774:
4773:
4758:
4757:
4592:
4591:
4550:
4533:
4532:
4519:
4494:Belvoir Fortress
4410:
4391:
4377:
4355:
4321:
4304:
4303:
4243:San Anton Palace
4156:
4155:
4142:
4124:
4123:
4103:
4102:
4084:
4083:
4065:
4064:
4048:
4047:
3951:
3941:
3932:
3917:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3783:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3722:
3714:
3691:Ancient City of
3665:
3658:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3598:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3564:
3552:
3546:
3538:
3529:
3523:
3515:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3403:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3314:
3300:
3282:
3264:
3259:, archived from
3225:
3214:
3211:Crusader Castles
3200:
3189:
3178:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3114:
3096:
3075:
3049:
3031:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2978:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2510:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2352:
2346:
2345:, pp. 88–92
2340:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2268:
2262:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2134:, pp. 34–35
2129:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2043:
2042:
2017:(1). Brill: 27.
2006:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1791:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1721:
1699:(in the form of
1632:Château Gaillard
1428:Syrian Arab Army
1416:Syrian Arab Army
1412:Syrian Civil War
1185:(Grand Master).
1140:and Homs to pay
1075:Battle of Hattin
879:
870:
814:, Syria, in the
786:
776:
762:
761:
726:Syrian civil war
706:Homs Governorate
682:Crusader castles
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
595:romanized:
594:
592:
587:Classical Syriac
584:
581:
575:
572:
569:
565:
551:
546:
542:
532:
530:
522:
517:
498:Buffer zone
453:Cultural: ii, iv
419:Syrian civil war
347:Syrian Civil War
320:
319:
307:
306:
294:
293:
281:
280:
279:
268:
267:
266:
255:
254:
253:
234:
233:
232:
223:Mamluk Sultanate
221:
220:
219:
208:
207:
206:
195:
194:
193:
184:
170:Site information
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
149:34.7570; 36.2947
145:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
107:
106:
100:
84:
75:
55:
54:
53:
39:
38:
21:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5050:
5041:
5002:Qulay'ah Castle
4997:Qasr Ibn Wardan
4982:Qalaat al-Madiq
4917:Citadel of Homs
4862:Castle of al-Al
4843:
4838:
4808:
4803:
4791:
4768:
4752:
4736:
4648:
4586:
4579:
4553:
4527:
4465:
4423:
4358:
4295:
4247:
4214:
4183:Cottonera Lines
4150:
4136:Fort St Michael
4118:
4099:
4091:
4078:
4059:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4012:
3966:
3946:(Historically:
3900:
3847:Chapter General
3820:
3811:
3809:
3784:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3735:
3730:
3674:
3669:
3627:
3622:
3617:Wayback Machine
3596:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3540:
3539:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3503:Further reading
3500:
3492:
3490:
3464:
3462:
3455:
3430:
3428:
3421:
3401:
3380:
3378:
3371:
3341:
3339:
3332:
3298:
3280:
3223:
3198:
3168:10.2307/1291467
3152:Folda, Jaroslav
3141:
3139:
3132:
3112:
3094:
3073:
3047:
3029:
3007:
3005:
2998:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2664:The Independent
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2531:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2046:
2007:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1685:
1664:chemin de ronde
1624:
1622:
1613:
1579:
1522:
1440:
1332:Maurice Gamelin
1251:
1183:Geoffroy le Rat
1079:Guy of Lusignan
1059:castle's chapel
1047:Raymond II
1028:Knights Templar
1024:military orders
1000:Crusader states
984:religious order
915:, in 1031, the
909:
893:
892:
891:
890:
887:Crusader states
882:
881:
880:
872:
871:
860:
800:
739:
615:
612:
609:
606:
582:
580:of the hospital
576:
573:
570:
544:
515:
435:
393:
390:(second castle)
370:
334:the public
333:
327:
314:
301:
288:
277:
275:
270:Syrian Republic
264:
262:
251:
249:
230:
228:
217:
215:
204:
202:
191:
189:
148:
146:
142:
139:
134:
131:
129:
127:
126:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
108:
87:
62:
57:
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5122:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5064:
5063:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5032:Qal'at Sukkara
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4967:Palmyra Castle
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4932:Khariba Castle
4929:
4927:Al-Kahf Castle
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4882:Bourzey castle
4879:
4874:
4872:Areimeh Castle
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4789:
4782:
4766:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4589:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4542:
4537:
4525:
4520:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4452:
4447:
4445:Fortifications
4441:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4383:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4312:
4310:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4238:Verdala Palace
4235:
4233:Vilhena Palace
4230:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4173:Floriana Lines
4170:
4165:
4148:
4143:
4129:
4126:Fort St Angelo
4111:
4109:
4107:Fortifications
4100:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4076:
4056:
4054:
4045:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3934:Military Corps
3926:
3921:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3894:United Nations
3891:
3889:European Union
3886:
3881:
3871:
3866:
3852:Grand Priories
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3764:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3709:
3704:
3695:
3689:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3626:
3625:External links
3623:
3621:
3620:
3599:
3594:
3581:
3553:
3530:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3470:
3453:
3436:
3419:
3404:
3399:
3386:
3369:
3347:
3330:
3315:
3301:
3296:
3283:
3278:
3265:
3226:
3221:
3201:
3196:
3179:
3148:
3130:
3115:
3110:
3097:
3092:
3080:DeVries, Kelly
3076:
3071:
3050:
3045:
3032:
3027:
3014:
2996:
2979:
2960:10.2307/498307
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2922:
2907:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2731:United Nations
2712:
2682:
2646:
2629:United Nations
2610:
2581:
2548:
2529:
2502:
2500:, pp. 6–7
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2452:, pp. 5–6
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2391:
2379:
2347:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2269:
2254:
2242:
2238:Nicholson 2001
2230:
2218:
2214:Ellenblum 2007
2206:
2194:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2147:Nicholson 2001
2136:
2124:
2120:Nicholson 2001
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2044:
1996:
1984:
1969:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1855:
1843:
1817:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1744:
1728:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1705:Jaroslav Folda
1684:
1681:
1651:Machicolations
1612:
1609:
1578:
1575:
1521:
1518:
1456:T. E. Lawrence
1439:
1436:
1432:Battle of Hosn
1327:Paul Deschamps
1296:Tripoli Eyalet
1259:barrel-vaulted
1250:
1247:
1190:Eighth Crusade
1102:struck in 1202
1026:, such as the
941:Hisn Ibn Akkar
908:
905:
884:
883:
874:
873:
865:
864:
863:
862:
861:
859:
856:
799:
796:
738:
735:
540:Qalʿat al-Ḥiṣn
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
495:
494:
491:
487:
486:
483:
477:
476:
469:
465:
464:
459:
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454:
451:
445:
444:
441:
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436:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
416:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
394:
392:
391:
385:
384:(first castle)
378:
376:
372:
371:
369:
368:
365:
361:
359:
355:
354:
350:
349:
343:
339:
338:
335:
329:
328:
326:
325:
324:(2014–present)
312:
299:
286:
273:
260:
247:
236:Ottoman Empire
226:
213:
200:
187:
178:
176:
172:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
124:
120:
119:
110:
109:
102:
101:
95:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
85:
77:
76:
59:
58:
47:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5121:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5061:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5012:Sahyun Castle
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4972:Qal'at Ja'bar
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:Nimrod Castle
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4952:Masyaf Castle
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:Maniqa Castle
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:Chastel Rouge
4895:
4893:
4892:Chastel Blanc
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Aleika Castle
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:Other regions
4556:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:Chastel Rouge
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4461:Bodrum Castle
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4198:Fort Chambray
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Fort Ricasoli
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4067:Palazzo Malta
4063:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4008:Postal system
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Maltese cross
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3272:, McFarland,
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3243:(90): 83–92,
3242:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3205:Kennedy, Hugh
3202:
3199:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2931:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2878:, p. 156
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2806:, p. 159
2805:
2800:
2794:, p. 163
2793:
2788:
2782:, p. 110
2781:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2758:, p. 231
2757:
2752:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2488:, p. 167
2487:
2486:Albright 1936
2482:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2404:, p. 179
2403:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2306:, p. 148
2305:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2267:, p. 147
2266:
2261:
2259:
2252:, p. 145
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2216:, p. 275
2215:
2210:
2204:, p. 202
2203:
2198:
2192:, p. 150
2191:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2173:, p. 146
2172:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2107:, p. 109
2106:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2083:, p. 316
2082:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2059:, p. 108
2058:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1916:, p. 152
1915:
1910:
1904:, p. 149
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1880:, p. 207
1879:
1874:
1868:, p. 439
1867:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:bent entrance
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:in France by
1633:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1514:siege engines
1511:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:Siege of Homs
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1384:, along with
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1249:Later history
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1202:Chastel Blanc
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
969:
965:
964:First Crusade
961:
956:
954:
950:
949:Ḥiṣn al-Akrād
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
902:
897:
888:
878:
869:
855:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
804:
795:
793:
788:
785:
780:
775:
770:
766:
756:
755:Ḥoṣn al-Akrād
752:
748:
744:
734:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
687:Alawite State
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:First Crusade
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
600:
588:
579:
564:
559:
555:
550:
541:
535:
526:
521:
513:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
460:
456:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
425:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
410:
406:
403:
400:
396:
389:
386:
383:
380:
379:
377:
375:Built by
373:
366:
363:
362:
360:
356:
351:
348:
344:
340:
336:
330:
323:
318:
313:
310:
305:
300:
297:
292:
287:
284:
274:
271:
261:
258:
257:Alawite State
248:
245:
241:
237:
227:
224:
214:
211:
201:
198:
188:
183:
180:
179:
177:
173:
168:
165:
162:
158:
153:
125:
121:
99:
90:
83:
78:
74:
70:
66:
60:
56:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5056:
4901:
4887:Burj al-Sabi
4785:
4760:
4548:
4534:
4517:
4454:
4408:
4389:
4375:
4353:
4319:
4286:St Catherine
4207:
4162:Fort St Elmo
4140:
4070:
4032:commanderies
3945:
3864:Associations
3860:Commanderies
3832:Grand Master
3825:Organisation
3711:
3698:Ancient City
3683:Ancient City
3605:
3585:
3574:, retrieved
3558:
3534:
3511:
3491:, retrieved
3482:
3478:
3463:, retrieved
3444:
3429:, retrieved
3413:, ABC-CLIO,
3409:
3390:
3379:, retrieved
3355:
3340:, retrieved
3320:
3309:
3287:
3269:
3261:the original
3240:
3234:
3210:
3185:
3159:
3155:
3140:. Retrieved
3120:
3101:
3083:
3054:
3036:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
2990:. Springer.
2987:
2951:
2947:
2925:
2918:Kennedy 1994
2905:, p. 87
2888:Kennedy 1994
2883:
2876:Kennedy 1994
2871:
2866:, p. 62
2859:
2847:
2840:Kennedy 1994
2835:
2828:Kennedy 1994
2823:
2818:, p. 88
2811:
2804:Kennedy 1994
2799:
2792:Kennedy 1994
2787:
2775:
2768:Kennedy 1994
2763:
2756:DeVries 1992
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2724:
2715:
2703:. Retrieved
2699:the original
2694:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2662:
2655:Fisk, Robert
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2622:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2591:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2568:the original
2560:
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2515:
2498:Kennedy 1994
2493:
2481:
2474:Kennedy 1994
2469:
2462:Kennedy 1994
2457:
2450:Kennedy 1994
2445:
2438:Kennedy 1994
2433:
2426:Kennedy 1994
2421:
2409:
2389:, p. 91
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2359:
2350:
2330:, p. 92
2323:
2316:Kennedy 1994
2311:
2304:Kennedy 1994
2299:
2292:Kennedy 1994
2287:
2280:Kennedy 1994
2265:Kennedy 1994
2250:Kennedy 1994
2245:
2240:, p. 23
2233:
2226:Kennedy 1994
2221:
2209:
2197:
2190:Kennedy 1994
2171:Kennedy 1994
2166:
2161:, p. 83
2154:
2149:, p. 11
2127:
2100:
2095:, p. 86
2093:Spiteri 2001
2088:
2076:
2071:, p. 63
2069:Kennedy 1994
2064:
2014:
2010:
1994:, p. 62
1992:Kennedy 1994
1987:
1980:Kennedy 1994
1967:, p. 83
1952:, p. 67
1950:Kennedy 1994
1945:
1940:, p. 77
1933:
1928:, p. xv
1926:Kennedy 1994
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1878:Aslanov 2012
1873:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1820:
1809:, retrieved
1795:
1697:Crusader art
1694:
1676:murder-holes
1668:
1641:
1628:
1623:Translation:
1619:
1596:barrel vault
1589:The current
1588:
1560:
1547:
1526:curtain wall
1523:
1498:
1472:
1453:
1447:
1438:Architecture
1409:
1398:
1360:work at the
1349:
1345:Hugh Kennedy
1339:
1334:assigned 60
1325:
1320:
1313:
1299:
1285:
1275:
1240:
1231:
1215:
1192:led by King
1187:
1176:
1163:Hugues Revel
1159:
1134:
1114:
1099:
1071:
1055:
1044:
1038:
1016:Beth Gibelin
977:
957:
948:
933:Ḥiṣn al-Safḥ
932:
910:
851:Beqa'a plain
840:
809:
791:
789:
778:
754:
742:
740:
691:
679:
640:
577:
511:
510:
485:2013–present
408:Battles/wars
353:Site history
332:Open to
48:
36:
32:Kerak Castle
4977:Qal'at Najm
4957:Montferrand
4922:Hama Castle
4545:Mount Tabor
4291:St Lawrence
4193:Fort Manoel
3906:Auxiliaries
3602:Jean Mesqui
3576:26 December
3485:: 227–234,
3465:5 September
3431:5 September
3381:5 September
3359:, Madison:
3142:5 September
3008:5 September
2939:Works cited
2770:, p. 9
2476:, p. 6
2440:, p. 3
2428:, p. 1
2414:Winter 2019
2202:Barber 1995
2159:Barber 1995
2132:Barber 1995
2081:France 1997
2057:Salibi 1977
1938:Lepage 2002
1836:26 December
1741:Asia portal
1647:dead ground
1643:Arrow slits
1483:Vadum Jacob
1475:spur castle
1422:during the
1282:janissaries
1276:During the
962:during the
913:Ibn Shaddad
847:Montferrand
769:Old Occitan
760:حصن الأكراد
613:walled city
471:2006 (30th
468:Inscription
311:(2012–2014)
298:(1961–2012)
285:(1958–1961)
272:(1936–1958)
259:(1920–1936)
225:(1271–1516)
212:(1143–1271)
199:(1110–1143)
185:(1031–1099)
147: /
123:Coordinates
5073:Categories
4852:Abu Qubays
4325:Angleterre
4281:St Barbara
4203:Fort Tigné
4168:Cittadella
3856:Bailiwicks
3837:Governance
2864:Brown 2004
1866:White 2014
1811:8 November
1779:References
1611:Outer ward
1520:Inner ward
1226:undermined
1083:True Cross
1063:Nur ad-Din
1020:papal bull
923:and Homs,
849:, and the
765:Old French
647:earthquake
554:Old French
529:قلعة الحصن
481:Endangered
337:Accessible
135:36°17′41″E
132:34°45′25″N
52:قلعة الحصن
5057:Also See:
4523:Gibelacar
4489:Abu Ghosh
4471:Holy Land
4372:Allemagne
4316:Allemagne
4022:including
3998:Passports
3943:Air Force
3806:Jerusalem
3342:8 October
3257:164061795
3236:Antiquity
2976:191392990
2903:King 1949
2816:King 1949
2780:Boas 1999
2603:20 August
2541:20 August
2387:King 1949
2343:King 1949
2328:King 1949
2105:Boas 1999
2039:247635304
1965:King 1949
1851:Falk 2018
1563:esplanade
1487:limestone
1347:in 1994.
1309:Talkalakh
1211:mangonels
960:Jerusalem
820:Gibelacar
737:Etymology
628:Mirdasids
534:romanized
458:Reference
402:Limestone
398:Materials
342:Condition
182:Mirdasids
5007:Al-Rahba
4596:Crusades
4585:Military
4456:Anatolia
4419:Provence
4400:Castille
4386:Auvergne
4364:Valletta
4300:Auberges
4253:Churches
4158:Valletta
4075:) (1869)
4037:premises
4003:Currency
3791:Catholic
3723:Site of
3702:Damascus
3613:Archived
3567:archived
3543:citation
3520:citation
3487:archived
3459:archived
3425:archived
3375:archived
3336:archived
3307:(1871),
3207:(1994),
3136:Archived
3082:(1992),
3002:Archived
2735:Archived
2675:5 August
2669:Archived
2639:16 April
2633:Archived
2597:Archived
2535:Archived
2366:Archived
1830:Archived
1805:archived
1727:See also
1701:frescoes
1683:Frescoes
1510:palisade
1239:and two
1222:palisade
1006:and the
945:Fatimids
919:emir of
917:Mirdasid
816:Homs Gap
798:Location
730:shelling
708:. Since
501:37.69 ha
462:1229-001
449:Criteria
414:Crusades
5022:Shmemis
5017:Shaizar
4937:Khawabi
4759:Extant
4654:Battles
4587:history
4565:Tripoli
4514:Coliath
4395:Bavière
4220:Palaces
4132:Senglea
4128:(2001))
4072:capital
4043:battles
4018:History
3869:Langues
3778:topics
3726:Palmyra
3493:8 March
3176:1291467
2741:8 April
2705:14 July
2574:8 April
2372:7 April
2031:4056003
2011:Arabica
1604:cornice
1567:tracery
1556:cistern
1534:vaulted
1530:postern
1505:outwork
1405:Muslims
1401:al-Husn
1336:Alawite
1304:Turkmen
1278:Ottoman
1242:mihrabs
1218:outwork
1168:Baibars
1142:tribute
1091:Belvoir
1087:Belmont
1065:in the
1041:(1871).
1002:of the
943:to the
937:Tripoli
929:Kurdish
858:History
843:Rafanea
832:Lebanon
824:Tripoli
784:Le Crac
774:Le Crat
702:Lebanon
694:al-Husn
667:tribute
624:Kurdish
607:
585:; from
571:
545:Arabic:
536::
516:French:
493:2.38 ha
473:Session
440:Part of
65:Al-Husn
4947:Margat
4780:UNESCO
4540:Margat
4437:Rhodes
4414:Italie
4405:France
4381:Aragon
4350:Italie
4345:France
4330:Aragon
4209:others
4088:(1869)
3988:Anthem
3815:
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3687:Aleppo
3592:
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1801:UNESCO
1591:chapel
1577:Chapel
1551:glacis
1500:burgus
1495:mortar
1491:ashlar
1489:; the
1460:Margat
1382:UNESCO
1300:dizdar
1287:nahiye
1271:glacis
1261:chapel
1237:mosque
1206:Mamluk
1095:Margat
992:Levant
921:Aleppo
812:Tartus
747:Syriac
745:, the
718:UNESCO
643:castle
599:karəḵā
525:Arabic
4308:Birgu
4146:Mdina
4115:Birgu
4097:Malta
4027:sites
4024:major
3693:Bosra
3570:(PDF)
3563:(PDF)
3253:S2CID
3172:JSTOR
2972:S2CID
2964:JSTOR
2564:(CBS)
2516:Syria
2035:S2CID
2027:JSTOR
1656:Saône
1366:Sidon
1198:Cairo
1172:Qutuz
1122:marks
779:karak
751:Kurds
743:karak
728:from
655:state
620:Syria
578:karak
358:Built
73:Syria
4695:1522
4690:1480
4685:1444
4484:Arqa
4052:Rome
4041:and
3953:Navy
3796:and
3590:ISBN
3578:2019
3549:link
3526:link
3495:2022
3467:2023
3449:ISBN
3433:2023
3415:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3383:2023
3365:ISBN
3344:2016
3326:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3217:ISBN
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3144:2023
3126:ISBN
3106:ISBN
3088:ISBN
3067:ISBN
3041:ISBN
3023:ISBN
3010:2023
2992:ISBN
2743:2019
2707:2013
2677:2012
2641:2012
2605:2019
2576:2019
2543:2019
2525:ISBN
2374:2021
1838:2019
1813:2010
1600:apse
1410:The
1292:Homs
1232:aman
1147:amir
1138:Hama
845:and
710:2006
698:Homs
653:, a
604:lit.
591:ܟܪܟܐ
568:lit.
490:Area
244:1918
240:1516
160:Type
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4629:6th
4624:5th
4619:4th
4614:3rd
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