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and an egg cooked before him. The fat once more gave off a nauseating smell: the
President tasted it and pronounced it of inferior quality. Samples were sent for testing and revealed that the fat was made from bone waste". Afterwards, Quwatli ordered the arrest of colonel for profiteering. Following this incident, officers became enraged when the common folk held their noses at them, a reference to the smell of the cooking fat. On 14 August 1949, Zaim was overthrown by his colleague
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piecemeal unconditional recognition by other powers, culminating in formal admission to the United
Nations. Article 78 of the Charter ended the status of tutelage for any member state: 'The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality.'" So when the UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, after ratification of the
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Act. Indeed, this situation could be changed only with the agreement of the
Council of the League of Nations, with the consent of the Government of the United States, a signatory of the Franco-American Convention of 4 April 1924, and only after the conclusion between the French Government and the Syrian and Lebanese Governments of treaties duly ratified in accordance with the laws of the French Republic.
1423:
1650:), and Alexandretta to be incorporated into the Syrian republic within the following two years. Greater Lebanon (now the Lebanese Republic) was the only state that did not join the Syrian Republic. Hashim al-Atassi, who was Prime Minister during King Faisal's brief reign (1918–1920), was the first president to be elected under a new constitution adopted after the independence treaty.
1643:, had agreed to recognize the National Bloc as the sole legitimate representatives of the Syrian people and invited al-Atassi to independence negotiations. The resulting treaty called for immediate recognition of Syrian independence as a sovereign republic, with full emancipation granted gradually over a 25-year period.
1669:, with which France signed a similar treaty in November. The treaty also promised curtailment of French intervention in Syrian domestic affairs as well as a reduction of French troops, personnel and military bases in Syria. In return, Syria pledged to support France in times of war, including the use of its
1732:
In the 1940s, Britain secretly advocated the creation of a
Greater Syrian state that would secure Britain preferential status in military, economic and cultural matters, in return for putting a complete halt to Jewish ambition in Palestine. France and the United States opposed British hegemony in the
2302:
See
Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1941. The British Commonwealth; the Near East and Africa Volume III (1941), pages 809–810; and Statement of General de Gaulle of 29 November 1941, concerning the Mandate for Syria and Lebanon, Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International
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Syrian independence was attained on 24 October 1945, with recognition of the international community. Continuing pressure from Syrian nationalist groups and
British pressure forced the French to evacuate their last troops on 17 April 1946. Although rapid economic development followed the declaration
1744:
Duncan Hall said "Thus, the Syrian mandate may be said to have been terminated without any formal action on the part of the League or its successor. The mandate was terminated by the declaration of the mandatory power, and of the new states themselves, of their independence, followed by a process of
1833:
and his new Prime
Minister set off on a tour of front-line positions and supply points. The story has it that the two politicians noticed a pungent smell coming from a field kitchen. On making inquiries they were told that it came from burning cooking fat. Quwatli demanded that a new tin be opened
1573:
During
December 1931 and January 1932, the first elections under the new constitution were held, under an electoral law providing for "the representation of religious minorities" as imposed by article 37 of the constitution. The National Bloc was in the minority in the new Chamber of deputies with
1736:
On 27 September 1941, France proclaimed, by virtue of, and within the framework of the
Mandate, the independence and sovereignty of the Syrian State. The proclamation said "the independence and sovereignty of Syria and Lebanon will not affect the juridical situation as it results from the Mandate
200:
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Art. 4 – Le drapeau syrien est disposé de la façon suivante: Sa longueur est le double de sa hauteur. Il comprend trois bandes de mêmes dimensions. La bande supérieure est verte, la médiane blanche, l’inférieure noire. La partie blanche comprend trois étoiles rouges alignées à cinq branches
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The Syrian flag shall be composed as follows, the length shall be double the height. It shall contain three bands of equal dimensions, the upper band being green, the middle band white, and the lower band black. The white portion shall bear three red stars in line, having five points
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Benqt Broms said that it was important to note that there were several founding members of the United
Nations whose statehood was doubtful at the time of the San Francisco Conference and that the Government of France still considered Syria and Lebanon to be mandates.
404:
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accused Turkey of massing its troops at the Syrian border. During this standoff, Communists gained more control over the Syrian government and military. Only heated debates in the United Nations (of which Syria was an original member) lessened the threat of war.
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resulted in installation of the National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), a group of military and civilian officials who assumed control of all executive and legislative authority. The takeover was engineered by members of the Ba'ath Party led by
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if France relinquished its colonies in the Middle East. That, coupled with lingering imperialist inclinations in some levels of the French government, led France to reconsider its promises and refuse to ratify the treaty. Also, France ceded the
1691:. The State of Hatay joined Turkey in the following year by an election which is made by the people in Hatay. In June 1939. Syria did not recognize the incorporation of Hatay into Turkey and the issue is still disputed until the present time.
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In 1933, France attempted to impose a treaty of independence heavily prejudiced in favor of France. It promised gradual independence but kept the Syrian Mountains under French control. The Syrian head of state at the time was a French puppet,
214:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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to seize power on 28 September 1961. Two days later, Syria re-established itself as the Syrian Arab Republic. Frequent coups, military revolts, civil disorders and bloody riots characterized the 1960s. The
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had won a majority and insisted on the insertion of several articles "that did not preserve the prerogatives of the mandatary power", the Assembly was dissolved on 9 August 1928. On 14 May 1930, the
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In 1936, the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence was signed, a treaty that would not be ratified by the French legislature. However, the treaty allowed Jabal Druze, the Alawite region (now called
396:
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influence within the government in exchange for planes, tanks, and other military equipment being sent to Syria. This increase in the strength of Syrian military technology worried
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and leave the country. The national government was restored, but again to face instability, this time coming from abroad. After the overthrow of President Shishakli in the February
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and managed to keep their old borders and occupy some additional territory. In July 1949, Syria was the last Arab country to sign an armistice agreement with Israel.
1750:
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The early years of independence were marked by political instability. From 1946 to 1956, Syria had 20 different cabinets and drafted four separate constitutions.
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the country in July 1941. Syria proclaimed its independence again in 1941 but it wasn't until 1 January 1944, that it was recognized as an independent republic.
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The green, white, black and red flag is the first flag of the Syrian Arab Republic and with the shortest usage, that being from 1961 to 1963. It is also the
1909:
Syria's political instability during the years after the 1954 coup, the parallelism of Syrian and Egyptian policies, and the appeal of Egyptian President
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1842:. The latter undermined civilian rule and led to Shishakli's complete seizure of power in 1951. Shishakli continued to rule the country until 1954, when
1753:, as both Syria and Lebanon were founding member states, the French mandate for both was legally terminated on that date and full independence attained.
1850:, continued political maneuvering supported by competing factions in the military eventually brought Arab nationalist and socialist elements to power.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Le mouvement kurde de Turquie en exil: continuités et discontinuités du nationalisme kurde sous le mandat français en Syrie et au Liban (1925–1946)
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to prevent a possible Israeli invasion. The November 1956 attacks on Iraqi pipelines were in retaliation for Iraq's acceptance into the
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only 16 deputies out of 70, due to intensive vote-rigging by the French authorities. Among the deputies were also three members of the
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1913:'s leadership in the wake of the Suez crisis created support in Syria for union with Egypt. On 1 February 1958, Syrian president
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1921:, and all Syrian political parties, as well as the Communists therein, ceased overt activities. The merger was approved in a
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The project of a new constitution was discussed by a Constituent Assembly elected in April 1928, but as the pro-independence
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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La France en Cilicie et en Haute-Mésopotamie: aux confins de la Turquie, de la Syrie et de l'Irak, 1919–1933
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See International law: achievements and prospects, by Mohammed Bedjaoui, UNESCO, Martinus Nijhoff; 1991,
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1825:. An example of this shame can be seen in what we will call the Samneh Scandal of 1948. According to
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was promulgated by the French High Commissioner, in the same time as the Lebanese Constitution, the
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Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship, by H. Duncan Hall, Carnegie Endowment, 1948, pages 265–266
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of independence, Syrian politics from independence through the late 1960s was marked by upheaval.
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in 1958. The Second Republic resumed when Syria withdrew from the union in 1961. In 1963, the
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1951:. The new cabinet was dominated by Ba'ath members; the moderate al-Bitar became premier.
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and tried to arrest its democratically elected leaders. While French planes were bombing
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With the fall of France in 1940 during World War II, Syria came under the control of the
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Discontent with Egyptian dominance of the UAR led elements opposed to the union under
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was at the founding conference of the United Nations in San Francisco, presenting
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Law, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1963) 680–681
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Predecessor state to modern Syria from 1950 until the Ba'athist coup in 1963
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1896:, a formerly Syrian city now in Turkey. On the other hand, Syria and the
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Atassi returned to Syria in triumph on 27 September 1936 and was elected
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was declared in Syria. Later Syrian and Iraqi troops were brought into
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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by Israeli troops, and the intervention of British and French troops,
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and Nasser announced the merging of the two countries, creating the
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advised Egypt and Syria against a conceivable takeover of Jordan.
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On 29 March 1949, Syria's national government was overthrown by a
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The treaty guaranteed incorporation of previously autonomous
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The British and French Mandates in Comparative Perspectives
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region, which eventually led to the creation of Israel.
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went to Paris heading a senior Bloc delegation. The new
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La Syrie et la France: bilan d'une équivoque, 1939–1945
2052:. Vol. 2. Robert Speller & Sons. p. 286.
1496:'s strongmanship, and later when Syria joined with the
2196:(in French). Paris: Editions L'Harmattan. p. 22.
1639:-led French government, formed in June 1936 after the
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In September 1938, France again separated the Syrian
2230:(in French). Paris: Editions Karthala. p. 354.
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1987:
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2165:The 1930 Constitution is integrally reproduced in:
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a machine-translated version of the Arabic article.
92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2292:https://www.haaretz.co.il/hasen/spages/950373.html
2077:Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy
2074:
2045:
3483:
2379:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 15 March 2024.
2169:"Le costituzioni degli stati del vicino oriente"
2049:Revolutions and Military Rule in the Middle East
1582:(Khoyboun) party, Khalil bey Ibn Ibrahim Pacha (
1544:Constitution of the Syrian Republic, 14 May 1930
1880:In November 1956, Syria signed a pact with the
2111:Méouchy, Nadine; Sluglet, Peter, eds. (2004).
1844:growing public opposition forced him to resign
1610:in protest. Atassi's political coalition, the
1492:, which was suspended from 1953 to 1954 under
232:accompanying your translation by providing an
194:Click for important translation instructions.
181:expand this article with text translated from
3512:States and territories disestablished in 1963
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1785:Independent First Syrian Republic (1946–1950)
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3507:States and territories established in 1946
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2363:, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, May 2007
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1819:military coup d'état led by Hussni al-Zaim
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244:{{Translated|ar|الجمهورية_السورية_الأولى}}
1631:, the French High Commissioner in Syria,
1556:was declared the Republic of Syria and a
1488:. The Second Republic was founded on the
152:Learn how and when to remove this message
2223:
2217:
2166:
1539:
785:189,880 km (73,310 sq mi)
3105:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
2156:
2011:al-Jumhūriyah al-ʿArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah
329:al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʿArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah
14:
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2377:"Syria: World War II and independence"
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2264:(in French). Peter Lang. p. 352.
1698:induced a fear of being outflanked by
3113:Political status of the Golan Heights
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1536:Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946)
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1619:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
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90:adding citations to reliable sources
61:
2171:(in French). Istituto per l’Oriente
2005:
1983:
1857:of 1956, after the invasion of the
1792:In 1948, Syria was involved in the
1772:'s claim for independence from the
1562:Règlement du Sandjak d'Alexandrette
1484:independent in April 1946 from the
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24:
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25:
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2361:United States Department of State
1627:After negotiations in March with
1476:from 1961 to 1963, succeeded the
1341:Independent First Syrian Republic
551:(1950–1951, 1954–1958, 1961–1963)
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2117:(in French). Brill. p. 91.
1905:Joining the United Arab Republic
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3522:1963 disestablishments in Syria
2342:"History of the United Nations"
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2151:Constitution de l'Etat de Syrie
2107:Corpus juris du Mandat français
77:needs additional citations for
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2039:
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1995:
1973:
1812:
1756:On 29 May 1945, France bombed
242:You may also add the template
13:
1:
3497:Former countries in West Asia
2021:
1530:
1521:flag of the Syrian Opposition
3517:1946 establishments in Syria
3253:Energy and mineral resources
3053:Supreme Constitutional Court
2258:Tejel Gorgas, Jordi (2007).
2081:. Harper & Row. p.
2073:George Crews McGhee (1983).
1928:
1687:and transformed it into the
7:
3275:Water supply and sanitation
3175:Weapons of mass destruction
3078:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
2046:George Meri Haddad (1971).
2010:
1988:
1954:
1884:, providing a foothold for
1586:), Mustafa bey Ibn Shahin (
1490:Syrian Constitution of 1950
389:"Guardians of the Homeland"
328:
294:
10:
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3170:Chief of the General Staff
3098:National Progressive Front
2770:independent First Republic
2190:Mardam Bey, Salma (1994).
1807:
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1600:Muhammad 'Ali Bay al-'Abid
1472:from 1950 to 1958 and the
761:Ba'athist seizure of power
206:Machine translation, like
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2006:الجمهورية العربية السورية
1989:al-Jumhūriyah as-Sūriyyah
1678:President of the Republic
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295:al-Jumhūrīyah as-Sūriyyah
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183:the corresponding article
18:Syrian Republic (1946–63)
2356:"Background Note: Syria"
2035:www.nationalanthems.info
1966:
1067:Late Bronze Age collapse
101:"Second Syrian Republic"
3492:Modern history of Syria
2680:Principality of Antioch
2224:Tachjian, Vahé (2004).
1961:Modern history of Syria
1935:Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi
1796:with the newly created
1694:The emerging threat of
1558:new Syrian constitution
1510:bloodless military coup
1231:Principality of Antioch
706:• Independence of
459:Official languages
253:For more guidance, see
3527:Military dictatorships
3221:International rankings
2867:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
2531:Middle Assyrian Empire
2145:
1751:five permanent members
1747:United Nations Charter
1722:until the British and
1705:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1685:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1623:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1545:
1506:Syrian Ba'athist Party
1466:Second Syrian Republic
1349:Second Syrian Republic
1027:Middle Assyrian Empire
3026:Government ministries
2576:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2167:Giannini, A. (1931).
1949:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
1543:
1478:First Syrian Republic
1294:Arab Kingdom of Syria
1100:Neo-Babylonian Empire
832:First Syrian Republic
708:First Syrian Republic
555:Military dictatorship
255:Knowledge:Translation
226:copyright attribution
3338:(2011–present)
3234:Securities Exchange
2985:Council of Ministers
2740:Haj Fadel Government
2149:", article 4 of the
1919:United Arab Republic
1727:invaded and occupied
1590:) and Hassan Aouni (
1516:to the present day.
1502:United Arab Republic
1474:Syrian Arab Republic
1357:United Arab Republic
867:United Arab Republic
850:United Arab Republic
429:United Arab Republic
306:Syrian Arab Republic
86:improve this article
3014:Golan Heights claim
2571:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2566:Syro-Hittite states
2456:Prehistorical Syria
1641:April–May elections
1606:, who called for a
1523:during the ongoing
1508:came to power in a
1095:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1090:Syro-Hittite states
497:all branches incl.
48:35.0000°N 38.0000°E
44: /
3265:Telecommunications
3258:Petroleum industry
2762:Mandatory Republic
2708:Early modern Syria
2463:Levantine corridor
1911:Gamal Abdal Nasser
1584:Al-Jazira province
1546:
1428:History portal
1352:(1950–58, 1961–63)
1328:Mandatory Republic
959:Levantine corridor
614:Military Strongman
234:interlanguage link
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3009:Foreign relations
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2750:Syrian Federation
2685:County of Tripoli
2640:Ikhshidid dynasty
2493:Yarmukian culture
2344:. United Nations.
2271:978-3-03911-209-8
2237:978-2-84586-441-2
2124:978-90-04-13313-6
1984:الجمهورية السورية
1940:8 March 1963 coup
1915:Shukri al-Kuwatli
1873:. In early 1957,
1840:Adib al-Shishakli
1831:Shukri al-Quwatli
1764:, Prime Minister
1498:Republic of Egypt
1468:, officially the
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1187:Ikhshidid dynasty
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989:Yarmukian culture
915:
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854:
753:28 September 1961
748:Republic restored
735:Merger with Egypt
673:• 1962–1963
628:• 1948–1954
595:• 1961–1963
580:• 1950–1951
406:
278:الجمهورية السورية
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2675:County of Edessa
2655:Mirdasid dynasty
2650:Hamdanid dynasty
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2596:Palmyrene Empire
2581:Achaemenid Syria
2468:Natufian culture
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2105:Youssef Takla, "
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1823:Arab-Israeli War
1794:Arab-Israeli War
1720:Vichy Government
1633:Hashim al-Atassi
1629:Damien de Martel
1608:sixty-day strike
1604:Hashim al-Atassi
1525:Syrian civil war
1480:that had become
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1202:Mirdasid dynasty
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964:Natufian culture
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721:New constitution
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2635:Tulunid dynasty
2628:(Bilad al-Sham)
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2625:Caliphal Syria
2619:Muslim conquest
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1836:Sami al-Hinnawi
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1798:State of Israel
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1766:Faris al-Khoury
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1500:in forming the
1470:Syrian Republic
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1417:Asia portal
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1221:Crusader states
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1182:Tulunid dynasty
1177:
1160:(Bilad al-Sham)
1158:Caliphal Syria
1147:Muslim conquest
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2611:Medieval Syria
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2250:
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2123:
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2020:
2017:
2016:
1994:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1930:
1927:
1906:
1903:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
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1783:
1774:French Mandate
1689:State of Hatay
1576:Syrian Kurdish
1571:
1570:
1554:State of Syria
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1494:Adib Shishakli
1486:French Mandate
1460:
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1370:(1963–present)
1367:Ba'thist Syria
1364:
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1335:
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1320:State of Syria
1317:
1306:
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1302:French Mandate
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1212:Saljuqid Syria
1209:
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1199:
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1192:Zangid dynasty
1189:
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1110:Seleucid Syria
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691:Historical era
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669:
668:
663:Nazim al-Kudsi
660:
657:
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653:
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644:Prime Minister
640:
639:
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635:
633:Adib Shishakli
630:
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3137:
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3005:
3002:
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2897:Syrian Desert
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2888:
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2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Golan Heights
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2870:
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2729:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2715:Ottoman Syria
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2692:Ayyubid Syria
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Fatimid Syria
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
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2579:
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2561:Aram-Damascus
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2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2503:Ancient Syria
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
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1824:
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1799:
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1663:Greater Syria
1661:regions into
1660:
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1637:Popular Front
1634:
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1271:
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1244:
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1207:Fatimid Syria
1205:
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1200:
1198:
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1188:
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1166:Umayyad Syria
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678:Khalid al-Azm
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544:parliamentary
542:
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384:
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179:You can help
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103: –
102:
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97:Find sources:
91:
87:
81:
80:
75:This article
73:
69:
64:
63:
60:
57:
19:
3384:Coat of arms
3306:Demographics
3206:Central Bank
3087: /
3048:High council
3031:Human rights
2958:Constitution
2836:Governorates
2775:
2734:Arab kingdom
2726:Modern Syria
2698:Mamluk Syria
2626:
2371:
2359:
2350:
2336:
2327:
2308:
2298:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2260:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2226:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2192:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2150:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2113:
2101:
2076:
2068:
2048:
2041:
2030:
2008:
1997:
1986:
1975:
1945:Michel Aflaq
1932:
1908:
1882:Soviet Union
1879:
1871:Baghdad Pact
1852:
1816:
1791:
1788:
1778:
1755:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1717:
1713:World War II
1700:Nazi Germany
1696:Adolf Hitler
1693:
1682:
1675:
1652:
1645:
1626:
1596:
1578:nationalist
1572:
1561:
1547:
1518:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1408:
1399:
1348:
1265:Early modern
1254:Mamluk Syria
1159:
881:
863:
846:
828:
810:Succeeded by
809:
804:
794:Syrian pound
781:• Total
766:8 March 1963
658:• 1950
507:Christianity
498:
449:Largest city
378:
370:Coat of arms
325:
305:
291:
230:edit summary
221:
188:
180:
148:
139:
129:
122:
115:
108:
96:
84:Please help
79:verification
76:
29:
3201:Agriculture
3158:air defense
3118:Nationalism
2778:(1950–1963)
2717:(1516–1918)
2700:(1260–1516)
2694:(1174–1260)
2591:Roman Syria
2483:Abu Hureyra
2478:Uruk period
1863:martial law
1855:Suez Crisis
1853:During the
1813:Early years
1724:Free French
1276:(1516–1918)
1257:(1260–1516)
1249:(1174–1260)
1139:Middle Ages
1120:Roman Syria
979:Abu Hureyra
974:Uruk period
932:History of
805:Preceded by
559:(1951–1954)
336:(1961–1963)
302:(1950–1958)
51: /
3486:Categories
3419:television
3301:Censorship
3228:(currency)
3060:Parliament
3019:Iskandaron
2963:Corruption
2526:Canaanites
2320:, page 46
2022:References
1894:Iskenderon
1665:, but not
1531:Background
1022:Canaanites
998:Bronze Age
950:Prehistory
537:Government
526:Demonym(s)
387:(English:
190:(May 2021)
142:March 2011
112:newspapers
39:38°00′00″E
36:35°00′00″N
3361:Squatting
3336:refugees
3311:Education
3270:Transport
3211:Companies
3153:Air force
3130:Terrorism
3043:Judiciary
3004:Elections
2968:President
2872:Euphrates
2862:Al-Jazira
2846:Volcanoes
2831:Districts
2805:Geography
2782:Civil war
2772:(1946–50)
2764:(1930–46)
2758:(1925–30)
2752:(1922–25)
2144:"French:
1929:1961–1963
1886:Communist
1848:1954 coup
1671:air space
1592:Kurd Dagh
1588:Jarabulus
1390:Palmyrene
1360:(1958–61)
1344:(1946–50)
1331:(1930–46)
1323:(1925–30)
1315:(1922–25)
1076:Antiquity
566:President
489:Religion
433:(1958–61)
343:1950–1963
248:talk page
185:in Arabic
3471:Category
3431:Religion
3356:Scouting
3331:diaspora
3216:Industry
3140:Military
3085:national
3065:Speakers
2946:Politics
2855:Features
2521:Arameans
2511:Amorites
2442:Timeline
2422:articles
2175:31 March
2147:chacune.
1955:See also
1762:Damascus
1758:Damascus
1482:de facto
1401:Timeline
1386:Monarchs
1017:Arameans
1007:Amorites
923:a series
921:Part of
790:Currency
723:adopted
695:Cold War
547:republic
519:Yazidism
479:Armenian
443:Damascus
224:provide
3455:Outline
3436:Smoking
3389:Cuisine
3371:Culture
3289:Society
3189:Economy
2906:Related
2892:Orontes
2821:Borders
2430:History
2277:1 April
2243:1 April
2209:1 April
2130:1 April
2109:", in:
1808:History
1749:by the
1667:Lebanon
1659:Alawite
1648:Latakia
759:•
746:•
733:•
719:•
666:(first)
588:(first)
541:Unitary
515:Druzism
511:Judaism
500:Alawite
483:Kurdish
439:Capital
381: "
379:Anthem:
246:to the
228:in the
187:.
126:scholar
3379:Anthem
3326:People
3321:Hunger
3316:Health
3226:Pound
2928:Levant
2887:Hermon
2882:Hauran
2841:Rivers
2826:Cities
2736:(1920)
2556:Ugarit
2541:Yamhad
2420:
2316:
2268:
2234:
2200:
2121:
2089:
2056:
2002:Arabic
1980:Arabic
1890:Turkey
1867:Jordan
1709:Turkey
1580:Xoybûn
1297:(1920)
1285:Modern
1057:Ugarit
1042:Yamhad
925:on the
681:(last)
648:
618:
603:(last)
570:
531:Syrian
475:Syriac
463:Arabic
453:Aleppo
423:Status
319:Arabic
315:
285:Arabic
281:
128:
121:
114:
107:
99:
3462:Index
3426:Music
3414:State
3409:Media
3399:Films
3344:women
2621:(636)
2546:Qatna
2488:Aswad
2418:Syria
1967:Notes
1770:Syria
1655:Druze
1569:each.
1514:Syria
1150:(636)
1047:Qatna
1037:Nagar
984:Aswad
934:Syria
910:Syria
885:Syria
493:Islam
208:DeepL
133:JSTOR
119:books
3404:Flag
3393:wine
3165:Navy
3148:Army
3036:LGBT
2995:list
2973:list
2551:Mari
2536:Ebla
2314:ISBN
2279:2012
2266:ISBN
2245:2012
2232:ISBN
2211:2012
2198:ISBN
2177:2012
2132:2012
2119:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2054:ISBN
1947:and
1898:USSR
1875:Iraq
1657:and
1621:and
1464:The
1062:Emar
1052:Mari
1032:Ebla
882:1963
864:1958
847:1961
829:1950
775:Area
358:Flag
222:must
220:You
201:View
105:news
2083:386
210:or
88:by
3488::
2358:.
2158:^
2085:.
2004::
1982::
1925:.
1776:.
1715:.
1527:.
3395:)
3391:(
2410:e
2403:t
2396:v
2365:.
2281:.
2247:.
2213:.
2179:.
2134:.
2095:.
2062:.
1453:e
1446:t
1439:v
1392:)
1388:(
503:)
495:(
391:)
385:"
321:)
317:(
287:)
283:(
257:.
250:.
155:)
149:(
144:)
140:(
130:·
123:·
116:·
109:·
82:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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