449:
31:
623:
570:, Nasr and his men seized the citadel when Thimal was in the Kilabi tribal camps in Aleppo's outskirts attempting to persuade his estranged wife to return to the city. In reaction, Thimal mobilized his Kilabi loyalists with the goal of retaking Aleppo, but the arrival of Romanos's forces spurred the Kilabi chieftains to mediate the dispute between Nasr and Thimal. In the ensuing agreement, Nasr was to control the Syrian part of the emirate from Aleppo, while Thimal would rule the Mesopotamian part from
585:, and also cited by Ibn al-Adim, holds that Nasr's coup took place after the Battle of Azaz. Accordingly, when Thimal left Aleppo to bring back his family to the city after Nasr's victory over the Byzantines, Nasr took control of the citadel in his absence. The modern historian Suhayl Zakkar asserts that Yahya's account was the more likely scenario, particularly because Nasr immediately appealed for Byzantine forgiveness and protection, offering an annual tribute of 500,000
546:
874:
kinsmen, Khalifa ibn Jabir al-Kilabi and
Muqallid ibn Kamil, respectively. These governors surrendered the city to Anushtakin's forces in June 1038, following a siege. With this, Anushtakin brought all of Syria under direct Fatimid administration for the first time. In 1042, Anushtakin died and Thimal restored Mirdasid rule over the city with al-Jarjara'i's backing.
840:, the power behind the throne. It was al-Jarjara'i who had granted Nasr the governorship of Hims partly to check Anushtakin's power and territorial ambitions in Syria. Anushtakin did not await Cairo's response, and he and Ibn Kulayd mobilized their forces to assert direct Fatimid rule over northern Syria. Anushtakin's army was bolstered by troops from the
528:
camp, with
Armenian mercenaries looting the camp's market and trench guards fleeing for safety. Nasr and his Kilabi warriors used this opportunity to launch a surprise sortie against the retreating Byzantine troops. The latter were decisively defeated and chaotically dispersed. According to the contemporary Byzantine historian
860:
in Hama's northwestern countryside. During the ensuing battle, Thimal and his men abandoned Nasr and his core loyalists, who were left to face the much larger
Fatimid coalition. Thimal's reason for fleeing is not known, though he likely used it as an opportunity to wrest back control of Aleppo. Nasr,
660:
Following the 1036 treaty, Michael IV mediated between Nasr and al-Mustansir by advising the former to accept the
Fatimids' conditions, which are not known; the contemporary chroniclers provided scant information about Nasr's relations with the Fatimids between 1030 and 1036. Nasr's envoy returned to
484:, as an opportunity to establish a protectorate over the Mirdasids' domains and prevent the re-establishment of Fatimid rule in the wake of Salih's death. Spondyles sent an expedition against Aleppo; however, Nasr and Thimal, leading their Kilabi tribesmen, ambushed and routed the Byzantine force at
707:
Nasr moved the seat of the emirate to the Aleppo
Citadel, marking a change from previous tradition whereby Aleppo's rulers were based in a palace in the city or its outskirts. According to Zakkar, this "brought about the erection of magnificent apartments and reception halls" in the citadel, which
601:
of the empire, obliging the
Byzantines to back and protect Nasr in case of aggression. Nasr's vassalage with the Byzantines became the principal sticking point in Byzantine–Fatimid peace negotiations, which commenced in 1031. While Romanos adamantly sought to include Nasr's emirate in the proposed
527:
Romanos, whose army was encamped in a barren plain during the summer heat, sent a force to survey the fortress of Azaz, but these troops were all killed or captured by the
Mirdasids. Romanos subsequently decided to withdraw toward Byzantine territory. Disorder soon spread throughout the Byzantine
873:
Thimal succeeded Nasr as emir of Aleppo but, fearing
Anushtakin's northward advance, left the city shortly after in the company of Nasr's children, Shabib ibn Waththab, and Nasr's widow al-Sayyida Alawiyya, who Thimal later married. Thimal entrusted governance of the city and the citadel to his
749:
to administer civilian and military affairs. During
Mirdasid rule, a large influx of peasants and nomads from the countryside moved to Aleppo, resulting in the establishment of crowded quarters and suburbs within and outside the city's walls. Al-Mu'ammal, aided by his brother, oversaw the
565:
Nasr opposed Thimal's appointment as their father's successor and sought to take sole control of Aleppo. There are two accounts about Nasr's seizure of power, both agreeing that Nasr took the Aleppo citadel while Thimal was away. In the account of the 13th-century
Aleppine historian
506:
Romanos III arrived at Antioch with a 20,000-strong army, composed mostly of mercenaries, on 20 July 1030, and sent a messenger to Nasr and Thimal demanding they cede Aleppo to him. Nasr rejected the demand, detained the envoy and sent his own diplomatic mission, led by his cousin
642:). In turn, the caliph accepted Nasr's authority in Aleppo, at least for the time being. However, there is no indication that Nasr paid the Fatimids tribute. Nasr's envoy remained in Cairo for several years and likely did not return to Aleppo until after the accession of Caliph
630:
The Byzantine–Fatimid treaty weakened Nasr's strategic position and forced him to improve relations with the Fatimids. As early as 1030, Nasr had sought Fatimid approval of his rule and dispatched an envoy carrying a large amount of war booty from Azaz to the Fatimid caliph
829:-based Fatimid governor of Syria. The latter was already perturbed by the expansion of the Mirdasid realm to Hims, which would give the Byzantine-backed Mirdasid–Numayrid alliance full control of the lowland regions and routes between the Iraqi frontier and the
619:), the issue of Aleppo was excluded. According to Zakkar, "Byzantium, which by this Treaty, had solved most of its problems with the Fatimid Caliphate, lost interest in Aleppo, or at least no longer deemed it to be of the same political importance."
812:
and the lower and middle-class residents of the Zajjajin quarter in protest at the alliance. This prompted the Byzantine governor of Antioch to request Nasr kill Ibn al-Mustafad. Accordingly, Nasr had Ibn al-Mustafad arrested and executed in 1034.
523:
and other Bedouin tribes, as well as local Muslims from Aleppo and its hinterland. The bulk of the Mirdasid force remained with Thimal to defend Aleppo and its citadel, while Nasr and some 700–900 Bedouin horsemen left to confront the Byzantines.
288:, which the Mirdasids had lost to the Fatimids several years prior. Anushtakin, who had become governor of Syria, objected to Nasr's acquisition of Hims. In 1038, his forces marched against Nasr and killed him in a battle in the environs of
847:
Upon hearing of Anushtakin's campaign against him, Nasr mobilized his local and Kilabi forces, including Thimal and his loyalists, and set out to confront the Fatimid coalition. Nasr's force was defeated in a battle just west of
283:
After his victory, Nasr ousted Thimal from Aleppo and entered into Byzantine vassalage, while maintaining ties with the Fatimids. He nominally recognized Fatimid suzerainty in 1037 and was concurrently given control of
511:, to persuade Romanos to desist from attacking Aleppo. Nasr's envoys told Romanos that the Mirdasids had not given the Byzantines any pretext for war and maintained the Byzantine protectorate and alliance per the
653:). Zakkar speculates this indicated discord between Aleppo and Cairo due to Nasr's continued tribute to Byzantium instead of to the Fatimids or Fatimid reservations at Nasr's request for the governorship of
589:, despite his decisive victory over Romanos at Azaz; Zakkar holds Nasr's spontaneous offer to the Byzantines was prompted by Kilabi dissent or threats organized by Thimal in response to the latter's ouster.
303:, al-Mu'ammal al-Shammas, Aleppo was expanded and urbanized to accommodate an influx of Muslims from the countryside. Nasr's rule was limited to the northern Syrian part of the emirate, while the Mirdasids'
532:, Romanos "himself was almost captured and made prisoner by the enemy ", who, "as if amazed at the sight of the Romans routed and fleeing for no reason, merely stood and watched this outstanding triumph".
844:
and Banu Tayy, as well as a faction of the Banu Kilab opposed to the Mirdasids. Moreover, Anushtakin gained Byzantine permission to take Aleppo provided he maintain the emirate's annual tribute.
515:. They also related that they were prepared for war should Romanos continue his offensive against Aleppo. Nasr's envoys were detained and Romanos continued his march, setting up camp outside
430:(chosen successor) in 1028 or 1029, in the months before Salih's death. In any event, after Salih's death, Nasr and Thimal ruled Aleppo jointly, with Nasr based in the city and Thimal in the
856:
to regroup. Meanwhile, Anushtakin's troops attacked and plundered Hama and moved against Nasr's camp. On 22 May 1038, the two sides fought at Tell Fas, a site immediately west of
825:
governor, Ja'far ibn Kulayd al-Kutami, who was concurrently dismissed from the governorship. Ibn Kulayd appealed for the assistance of Anushtakin, who at the time was the
422:, had been left to administer affairs in his father's absence. The two surviving coins minted during Salih's reign indicate that Thimal had been designated as Salih's
292:. Nasr was succeeded by Thimal, but Aleppo fell to Anushtakin weeks later. Mirdasid rule was restored in 1042 and continued with some interruptions until 1080.
380:
1744:
1754:
861:
meanwhile, was "killed fighting bravely", according to Kennedy. His head was given to Anushtakin and his body was displayed on the gate of the
1647:
Damas et la Syrie sous la domination fatimide (359-468/969-1076): essai d'interprétation de chroniques arabes médiévales. Deuxième tome
403:, which ended in a rout for the Tayy–Kilab coalition and the death of Salih. The Mirdasids subsequently lost Sidon, Baalbek, Homs, and
665:
from al-Mustansir, whose suzerainty was nominally acknowledged by Nasr. Al-Mustansir also bestowed on Nasr the noble titles of
519:, to the northwest of Aleppo. Nasr and Thimal, meanwhile, evacuated their families from the city, and mobilized the Kilab, the
1605:
1584:
1530:
1477:
1655:
1554:
1426:
1463:
613:); the latter was more conciliatory toward Fatimid concerns. When negotiations concluded in 1036 with a ten-year truce (
784:(also called Jabal al-A'la), southwest of Aleppo, which "threatened both their interests", according to the historian
1749:
1739:
765:, a Bedouin dynasty which ruled a string of cities in the western Jazira, by marrying al-Sayyida Alawiyya, sister of
1676:
632:
837:
678:
418:
Nasr fought alongside his father, but escaped al-Uqhuwana and returned to Aleppo, where his younger brother,
356:
304:
1487:
Crawford, Robert W. (April–June 1953). "Reconstruction of a Struggle within the Mirdāsid Dynasty in Ḥalab".
603:
834:
806:(urban paramilitaries), who had been appointed by Salih. Ibn al-Mustafad stirred a rebellion among the
745:
Upon seizing power, Nasr, like his father, appointed an Aleppine Christian, al-Mu'ammal al-Shammas, as
488:(in Aleppo's western countryside) in July 1029. In the aftermath, Spondyles was dismissed by Emperor
448:
1716:
1707:
1450:
554:
503:, in place of the Mirdasids, and in the process, achieve a glorious military victory over the Arabs.
419:
261:
83:
62:
773:. The Numayrids were distant tribal kin and traditional allies of the Banu Kilab and the Mirdasids.
1698:
766:
45:
1522:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
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316:
210:
117:
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626:
Map showing Nasr's emirate of Aleppo (bottom right corner) as a vassal of the Byzantine Empire
789:
453:
443:
396:
392:
277:
257:
245:
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520:
499:), who resolved to avenge the Byzantine loss, install his ally, the former emir of Aleppo
8:
833:. Anushtakin relayed his concerns to the Fatimid court, which was effectively run by the
720:
661:
Aleppo in 1037 with a diploma giving Nasr the governorship of Hims, as well as gifts and
643:
1572:
1504:
1454:
1418:
Urban Autonomy in Medieval Islam: Damascus, Aleppo, Cordoba, Toledo, Valencia and Tunis
561:
and made it his seat of power. The present citadel (pictured) dates to the 13th century
508:
1441:
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1651:
1622:
1601:
1580:
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1526:
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296:
253:
112:
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171:
73:
30:
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Nasr's acquisition of Hims in 1037 came at the expense of its Fatimid-appointed,
785:
781:
575:
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512:
201:
1458:
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by marrying the Numayrid princess al-Sayyida Alawiyya. With her, he had a son,
1728:
1626:
1595:
1577:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1
400:
352:
307:
fortresses were controlled by Thimal. His relations with his own tribe, the
1540:
755:
244:, founder of the Mirdasid dynasty. Nasr fought alongside his father in the
1668:
Kings and Bedouins in the Palace of Aleppo as Reflected in Ma'arrī's Works
299:
and made it his seat of power. Under the direction of his local Christian
862:
567:
489:
425:
412:
269:
138:
693:('the holder of the two glories'), in addition to his previous title of
708:
thenceforth became the residence of Nasr and later rulers of the city.
340:
308:
189:
159:
1508:
311:, were often strained, but Nasr secured strong ties with the powerful
849:
841:
712:
654:
545:
469:
384:
240:, ruling between May 1029 until his death. He was the eldest son of
1500:
826:
724:
597:
Romanos accepted Nasr's offer and declared the emirate of Aleppo a
571:
471:
404:
249:
477:
368:
336:
273:
166:
154:
788:. Nasr's vassalage to the Byzantines provoked the opposition of
465:
The youth and inexperience of Nasr and Thimal was viewed by the
857:
822:
801:
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751:
746:
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586:
558:
485:
348:
300:
237:
96:
49:
36:
985:
777:
728:
615:
379:
suzerainty over his emirate. In 1029, he supported his ally,
364:
260:. Afterward, Nasr ruled the emirate jointly with his brother
223:
1356:
1354:
592:
853:
727:, opposite Hisn Ibn Akkar. He garrisoned the fortress with
516:
388:
372:
332:
289:
285:
1671:. Manchester: University of Manchester. pp. 170–196.
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1045:
776:
In 1031, Nasr took part in a Byzantine campaign against a
1597:
John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057
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1369:
1341:
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1101:
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1062:
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975:
973:
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903:
901:
1665:
Smoor, Pieter (1985). "Naṣr b. Ṣāliḥ Shibl al-Dawlah".
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888:
886:
1546:
Syria Under Islam: Empire on Trial, 634–1097, Volume 1
1312:
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urbanization of these suburbs and the construction of
731:
tribal auxiliaries, hence its more common Arabic name
1381:
1366:
1336:
1268:
1229:
1205:
1188:
1138:
1111:
1096:
1072:
1057:
1021:
968:
898:
375:. Salih ruled independently but nominally recognized
997:
944:
883:
807:
799:
793:
732:
719:
in 1033, Nasr strengthened Hisn al-Safh (the future
694:
688:
682:
672:
666:
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treaty, he died and was replaced in 1034 by Emperor
423:
221:
215:
1650:(in French). Damascus: Institut français de Damas.
1280:
1440:
351:-based Mirdasid emirate covered much of northern
264:. The young emirs soon after faced a large-scale
1726:
1579:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 102.
581:The account by the 11th-century local historian
437:
758:(bathhouses) to accommodate the new arrivals.
39:of Nasr ibn Salih, minted in Aleppo in 1033/34
276:horsemen, Nasr routed the Byzantines at the
232:('Lion cub of the Dynasty'), was the second
395:. In May 1029, the two sides fought at the
1464:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
29:
1600:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1472:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 115–123.
687:('the sun and glory of the Dynasty') and
593:Byzantine vassalage and Fatimid relations
1489:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1486:
1435:
1182:
938:
907:
621:
544:
447:
322:
220:) (died 22 May 1038), also known by his
1593:
1563:
1515:
1318:
1306:
1051:
979:
1755:Vassal rulers of the Fatimid Caliphate
1745:Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
1727:
1614:
1539:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1360:
1345:
1330:
1274:
1262:
1238:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1159:
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1120:
1105:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
962:
950:
919:
892:
415:(the district of the western Jazira).
1414:
1289:
1250:
816:
578:at the crossroads of Syria and Iraq.
411:(the district of northern Syria) and
391:tribe, against a Fatimid army led by
272:. Commanding a much smaller force of
252:in 1029, where Salih was killed by a
1525:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
798:(municipal chief) and leader of the
671:('the distinguished of the emirs'),
740:
540:
407:, and concentrated their forces in
217:Abū Kāmil Naṣr ibn Ṣāliḥ ibn Mirdās
205:
198:Abu Kamil Nasr ibn Salih ibn Mirdas
133:Abū Kāmil Naṣr ibn Ṣāliḥ ibn Mirdās
13:
1634:
557:in 1030, and became sole ruler of
363:) and the central Syrian towns of
14:
1766:
702:
535:
319:, who ruled Aleppo in 1065–1075.
107:Al-Sayyida Alawiyya bint Waththab
1618:The Emirate of Aleppo: 1004–1094
16:Emir of Aleppo from 1029 to 1038
1703:May 1029–May 1038
1408:
648:
637:
608:
494:
1:
877:
868:
723:) on the northern end of the
699:('lion cub of the Dynasty').
470:
438:Conflict with the Byzantines
7:
1594:Wortley, John, ed. (2010).
1442:"Mirdās, Banū or Mirdāsids"
808:
800:
794:
737:('Fortress of the Kurds').
733:
715:to the Fatimid governor of
711:To make up for the loss of
695:
689:
683:
673:
667:
424:
327:Nasr was the eldest son of
222:
216:
10:
1771:
761:Nasr sealed ties with the
441:
1713:
1696:
1688:
1621:. Beirut: Dar al-Amanah.
1549:. Delmar: Caravan Books.
684:shams al-dawla wa majdiha
677:('the special one of the
343:tribe and founder of the
268:offensive led by Emperor
185:
177:
165:
153:
144:
137:
132:
127:
123:
111:
103:
89:
79:
69:
55:
44:
28:
23:
1750:Mirdasid emirs of Aleppo
1740:11th-century Arab people
994:, pp. 111–112, 115.
657:(the district of Homs).
1615:Zakkar, Suhayl (1971).
769:, the Numayrid emir of
228:(honorific epithet) of
65:in May 1029 – mid-1030)
59:May 1029 – 22 May 1038
1717:Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal
1708:Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal
1415:Amabe, Fukuzo (2016).
852:, and withdrew toward
627:
562:
462:
790:Salim ibn al-Mustafad
625:
548:
456:, miniature from the
451:
444:Battle of Azaz (1030)
397:Battle of al-Uqhuwana
393:Anushtakin al-Dizbari
323:Early life and career
258:Anushtakin al-Dizbari
246:Battle of al-Uqhuwana
574:, a fortress on the
387:emir of the Bedouin
206:نصر بن صالح بن مرداس
1569:"Azaz, Battle near"
1402:, pp. 132–133.
1363:, pp. 124–125.
1333:, pp. 122–123.
1265:, pp. 106–107.
1226:, pp. 121–122.
1162:, pp. 119–120.
1135:, pp. 107–108.
1093:, pp. 105–106.
1054:, pp. 359–360.
1042:, pp. 113–114.
1018:, pp. 112–113.
965:, pp. 109–111.
922:, pp. 100–101.
767:Shabib ibn Waththab
721:Krak des Chevaliers
381:Hassan ibn Mufarrij
347:. By 1025, Salih's
295:Nasr renovated the
817:Downfall and death
628:
563:
509:Muqallid ibn Kamil
463:
305:Upper Mesopotamian
1723:
1722:
1714:Succeeded by
1642:Bianquis, Thierry
1607:978-0-521-76705-7
1586:978-0-19-533403-6
1532:978-0-582-40525-7
1479:978-90-04-09419-2
1437:Bianquis, Thierry
1421:. Leiden: Brill.
1253:, pp. 64–65.
831:Mediterranean Sea
553:from his brother
501:Mansur ibn Lu'lu'
482:Michael Spondyles
361:Upper Mesopotamia
331:, the preeminent
214:
195:
194:
149:
148:
1762:
1692:Salih ibn Mirdas
1689:Preceded by
1686:
1685:
1682:
1661:
1657:978-2-35159131-4
1630:
1611:
1590:
1560:
1556:978-0-88206013-2
1541:Salibi, Kamal S.
1536:
1512:
1483:
1455:Heinrichs, W. P.
1444:
1432:
1428:978-90-0431598-3
1403:
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911:
905:
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890:
838:Ali al-Jarjara'i
811:
805:
797:
741:Domestic affairs
736:
698:
692:
686:
676:
670:
668:mukhtas al-umara
652:
651: 1036–1094
650:
641:
640: 1021–1036
639:
612:
611: 1034–1041
610:
583:Yahya of Antioch
549:Nasr seized the
541:Seizure of power
498:
497: 1028–1034
496:
475:
459:Madrid Skylitzes
429:
345:Mirdasid dynasty
329:Salih ibn Mirdas
242:Salih ibn Mirdas
227:
219:
209:
207:
181:Salih ibn Mirdas
125:
124:
84:Thimal ibn Salih
74:Salih ibn Mirdas
63:Thimal ibn Salih
33:
21:
20:
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1635:Further reading
1608:
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1480:
1447:Bosworth, C. E.
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1281:
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1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1189:
1181:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
978:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
926:
918:
914:
906:
899:
891:
884:
880:
871:
819:
786:Hugh N. Kennedy
782:Jabal al-Summaq
743:
705:
690:dhu'l-azimatayn
647:
636:
607:
595:
576:Euphrates River
543:
538:
530:Michael Psellus
493:
446:
440:
325:
95:Tell Fas (near
94:
60:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1699:Emir of Aleppo
1695:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1662:
1656:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1612:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1561:
1555:
1537:
1531:
1513:
1501:10.2307/595365
1484:
1478:
1451:van Donzel, E.
1433:
1427:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1390:, p. 132.
1380:
1378:, p. 125.
1365:
1350:
1348:, p. 124.
1335:
1323:
1321:, p. 301.
1311:
1309:, p. 302.
1294:
1279:
1277:, p. 108.
1267:
1255:
1243:
1241:, p. 122.
1228:
1216:
1214:, p. 121.
1204:
1202:, p. 120.
1187:
1185:, p. 118.
1164:
1152:
1150:, p. 108.
1137:
1125:
1123:, p. 107.
1110:
1108:, p. 106.
1095:
1083:
1081:, p. 117.
1071:
1069:, p. 116.
1056:
1044:
1032:
1030:, p. 113.
1020:
1008:
1006:, p. 112.
996:
984:
982:, p. 102.
967:
955:
953:, p. 109.
943:
941:, p. 117.
924:
912:
897:
895:, p. 105.
881:
879:
876:
870:
867:
818:
815:
795:ra'is al-balad
742:
739:
713:Hisn Ibn Akkar
704:
703:Fortifications
701:
696:shibl al-dawla
663:robes of honor
594:
591:
551:Aleppo Citadel
542:
539:
537:
536:Emir of Aleppo
534:
454:Battle of Azaz
442:Main article:
439:
436:
409:Jund Qinnasrin
355:, the western
324:
321:
297:Aleppo Citadel
278:Battle of Azaz
230:Shibl al-Dawla
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
169:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
147:
146:
145:Shibl al-Dawla
142:
141:
135:
134:
130:
129:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:(jointly with
57:
53:
52:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
24:Nasr ibn Salih
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1767:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1517:Kennedy, Hugh
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1292:, p. 66.
1291:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1184:
1183:Bianquis 1993
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1000:
993:
988:
981:
976:
974:
972:
964:
959:
952:
947:
940:
939:Bianquis 1993
935:
933:
931:
929:
921:
916:
910:, p. 91.
909:
908:Crawford 1953
904:
902:
894:
889:
887:
882:
875:
866:
864:
859:
855:
851:
845:
843:
839:
836:
832:
828:
824:
814:
810:
804:
803:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
748:
738:
735:
734:Hisn al-Akrad
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
700:
697:
691:
685:
680:
675:
674:khastu'l-imam
669:
664:
658:
656:
645:
634:
624:
620:
618:
617:
605:
600:
590:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
560:
556:
552:
547:
533:
531:
525:
522:
518:
514:
513:treaty of 969
510:
504:
502:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
473:
468:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
435:
433:
428:
427:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:Lake Tiberias
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
225:
218:
212:
203:
199:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
170:
168:
164:
161:
158:
156:
152:
143:
140:
136:
131:
126:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1710:(1029–1030)
1706:
1697:
1667:
1646:
1617:
1596:
1576:
1545:
1521:
1495:(2): 89–95.
1492:
1488:
1469:
1462:
1417:
1409:Bibliography
1395:
1383:
1326:
1319:Kennedy 2004
1314:
1307:Kennedy 2004
1270:
1258:
1246:
1219:
1207:
1155:
1128:
1086:
1074:
1052:Wortley 2010
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
980:Shepard 2010
958:
946:
915:
872:
863:Hama Citadel
846:
820:
780:uprising in
775:
760:
744:
710:
706:
659:
644:al-Mustansir
629:
614:
596:
580:
564:
526:
505:
464:
457:
417:
326:
294:
282:
256:army led by
229:
197:
196:
18:
1735:1038 deaths
1565:Shepard, J.
1468:Volume VII:
1459:Pellat, Ch.
1400:Zakkar 1971
1388:Zakkar 1971
1376:Zakkar 1971
1361:Zakkar 1971
1346:Zakkar 1971
1331:Zakkar 1971
1275:Salibi 1977
1263:Zakkar 1971
1239:Zakkar 1971
1224:Zakkar 1971
1212:Zakkar 1971
1200:Zakkar 1971
1160:Zakkar 1971
1148:Zakkar 1971
1133:Zakkar 1971
1121:Zakkar 1971
1106:Zakkar 1971
1091:Zakkar 1971
1079:Zakkar 1971
1067:Zakkar 1971
1040:Zakkar 1971
1028:Zakkar 1971
1016:Zakkar 1971
1004:Zakkar 1971
992:Zakkar 1971
963:Zakkar 1971
951:Zakkar 1971
920:Zakkar 1971
893:Zakkar 1971
792:, Aleppo's
568:Ibn al-Adim
521:Banu Numayr
490:Romanos III
426:wali al-ahd
413:Diyar Mudar
313:Banu Numayr
270:Romanos III
139:Regnal name
93:22 May 1038
70:Predecessor
1729:Categories
1678:0950788554
1573:Rogers, C.
1290:Amabe 2016
1251:Amabe 2016
878:References
869:Succession
604:Michael IV
341:Banu Kilab
339:(nomadic)
309:Banu Kilab
190:Shia Islam
160:Banu Kilab
1627:977126570
850:Salamiyah
842:Banu Kalb
763:Numayrids
655:Jund Hims
467:Byzantine
405:Rafaniyya
389:Banu Tayy
280:in 1030.
266:Byzantine
211:romanized
80:Successor
35:A silver
1644:(1989).
1567:(2010).
1543:(1977).
1519:(2004).
1461:(eds.).
1439:(1993).
827:Damascus
725:Homs Gap
633:al-Zahir
572:al-Rahba
472:katepano
385:Jarrahid
250:Tiberias
236:emir of
234:Mirdasid
186:Religion
172:Mirdasid
1575:(ed.).
1470:Mif–Naz
756:hammams
752:mosques
729:Kurdish
717:Tripoli
587:dirhams
478:Antioch
432:citadel
377:Fatimid
369:Baalbek
337:Bedouin
335:of the
274:Bedouin
254:Fatimid
213::
167:Dynasty
1705:With:
1675:
1654:
1625:
1604:
1583:
1553:
1529:
1509:595365
1507:
1476:
1457:&
1425:
858:Latmin
835:vizier
823:Berber
809:ahdath
802:ahdath
771:Harran
747:vizier
599:vassal
559:Aleppo
555:Thimal
486:Qaybar
420:Thimal
383:, the
357:Jazira
349:Aleppo
317:Mahmud
301:vizier
262:Thimal
238:Aleppo
202:Arabic
178:Father
118:Mahmud
104:Spouse
97:Latmin
50:Aleppo
37:dirham
1571:. In
1505:JSTOR
1445:. In
778:Druze
616:hudna
399:near
365:Sidon
353:Syria
248:near
224:laqab
155:Tribe
128:Names
113:Issue
56:Reign
1673:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1623:OCLC
1602:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1423:ISBN
854:Hama
754:and
681:'),
679:Imam
517:Azaz
452:The
373:Homs
371:and
333:emir
290:Hama
286:Hims
90:Died
46:Emir
1497:doi
476:of
48:of
1731::
1503:.
1493:73
1491:.
1466:.
1453:;
1449:;
1368:^
1353:^
1338:^
1297:^
1282:^
1231:^
1190:^
1167:^
1140:^
1113:^
1098:^
1059:^
970:^
927:^
900:^
885:^
865:.
649:r.
638:r.
609:r.
495:r.
480:,
434:.
367:,
208:,
204::
1681:.
1660:.
1629:.
1610:.
1589:.
1559:.
1535:.
1511:.
1499::
1482:.
1431:.
646:(
635:(
606:(
492:(
359:(
200:(
99:)
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