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334:: 440 Swedish soldiers defended the fort for ten days before surrendering. After heavy artillery fire and 13 hours of fighting inside the fortress, the Swedish commandant finally agreed to capitulate on honorable conditions. The Swedes left the fortress with their flags, rifles and four cannons. The Russian forces numbered 12,500 men and sustained a total of 1,500 casualties, compared to 360 for the Swedes.
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the outer walls. The total length of the walls was about 740 meters. Their height up to 12 meters, and the width at the basement 4.5 meters; The towers were 14–16 meters high and 16 meters in diameter at the basement. This made it the strongest
Russian fortress of that period. The residents were forced to resettle on the mainland and most preferred the Southern bank of Neva for safety reasons.
477:
were told the rules obliged the staff to address prisoners in the second person single, like an adult speaking to a child. Some prisoners communicated by knocking on the pipes, using a simple code, though they risked severe consequences if they were caught. Yuvachov was in solitary confinement for three years before he was allowed to speak to speak a fellow prisoner.
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So wherever the jailer stands he can at once overlook all the forty cells. Along the upper story runs a narrow balcony, accessible by a winding iron staircase. In order to prevent any attempt on the part of the prisoners to throw themselves over, a closely woven net is stretched along the upper part of the railing.
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Soon after
Grachevsky's suicide, Matvei Sokolov, the much hated superintendent of the gendarmes who guarded the prison, whom the inmates nicknamed 'Herod' was replaced, and prisoners were allowed books. Later, they were allowed to tend a garden. This reduced the very high death toll. Thirteen of the
471:
Our first impression of
Shlissel’burg Fortress was even pleasant: clean, dry cells – true, with opaque glass, but quite bright all the same. Fine, clean bed linen; a sink for washing and plumbed water closets.35 The cell was small – seven paces long and five wide – and of the type common to Houses of
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One of the first six granted this privilege was
Mikhail Grachevsky, a member of Narodnaya Volya, despite which, he constantly complained about prison conditions. In 1887, he attacked a prison doctor, apparently expecting to be executed, but the prison authorities decided that he was mad and did not
462:
On entering the prison one is struck by the peculiar construction of its interior. Both stories of the building contain about forty cells, the doors of which all lead into one common space in the middle of the building, as into one high hall, reaching from ground to roof, with windows at both ends.
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The war completely devastated the fortress. Out of the original ten towers, the fortress retains only six (five
Russian and one Swedish). The remains of a church inside the fortress were transformed into a memorial to the fortress's defenders. An archaeological site was established in the fortress
228:
who immediately started to strengthen their border with Sweden. The existing small citadel was demolished and a new stone fortress with seven towers was constructed, which occupied almost the complete island. The old
Novgorodian basement was used to construct a new citadel with three towers inside
212:, was sent by the Novgorodians after several Russian and Lithuanian princes ignored the city's pleas to help them rebuild and defend the fort. The remnants of the walls of 1352 were excavated in 1969, and can be seen just north of the Church of St. John in the center of the present fortress.
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The prisoners, including both women, were strip-searched on arrival, and then locked in solitary confinement in a small, sparsely furnished cell, where at first they had nothing to read, except a printed declaration on the wall warning that insulting the jailers would be punishable by death. They
579:. Food and supplies were brought from the northern bank of the Neva which remained under Soviet control. Heavy artillery fire by the Germans destroyed all the buildings inside the fortress and part of the outer towers and walls, but despite numerous attempts the fortress was not captured. During
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Under these conditions, several either went mad, or became suicidal, or both. Of the eight who were transported from Kara prison, Yegor
Minakov was executed after a few months in Shlisselburg, in September 1884, after attacking a prison doctor whom he thought was trying to poison him. Another
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during 1968-1975 that excavated what remained from the ancient
Novgorodian stone fort dated 1352 and other artifacts. The fortress has been the site of an annual rock concert since 2003. There is also a museum of political prisoners of the Russian Empire and a small collection of
376:, who had inherited the throne as an infant, was interned there until he was murdered by his guards in 1764. After his murder, no more prisoners were sent to the fortress until 1775. In 1800-1870, the fortress held a probable total of 52 political prisoners, including
400:
in 1881, the authorities decided to invest in a new purpose-built prison in
Shlisselburg, containing 40 cells, with ten more cells from the old fortress retained as a punishment block. In 1884, 36 political prisoners were transferred to Shlisselburg from the
513:, who had gone insane, and had been moved to a punishment cell where he was raging, making animal noises, and banging on his cell door. After less than six weeks in the fortress, she asked for scissors to cut her nails and used them to slit her throat.
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with the intention of assassinating the Tsar, was sent to
Shlisselburg after her death sentence had been commuted to life imprisonment. As a new prisoner, she was placed in solitary confinement in the punishment cell in the old fortress, next to
63:. The first fortress was built in 1323. It was the scene of many conflicts between Russia and Sweden and changed hands between the two empires. During World War II, it was heavily damaged. Today it is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site
472:
Preliminary Detention and therefore, perhaps even more pleasant on account of the memory of the last days of ‘freedom’ – of course, relative freedom… The bunks were locked shut, and apart from a bench, there was nothing in the cell.
201:
attacked and briefly took the fortress during his crusade in the region in 1348–1352. It was largely ruined by the time the Novgorodians retook the fortress in 1351. The fortress was rebuilt in stone in 1352, by Archbishop
488:
After Myshkin's execution, there was a minor loosenign of the prison regime when the six prisoners who appeared in the worst health were permitted to talk walks in pairs, and therefore to talk to each other. According to
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soldiers was sent to the fortress on Orekhovets island to bring supplies and munition to the frontline. The garrison held the abandoned castle for 500 days preventing the Germans from landing there and cutting the
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Tourists can reach the island from May to October via Shlisselburg or from the Northern bank of Neva, via Petrokrepost' railway station with regular ferries that run every 10–15 minutes.
64:
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the fortress lost its military role and was used as a notorious political prison. The first two prisoners were Peter the Great's sister, Maria Alexeyevna Romanova, and his first wife
527:, all the political prisoners held in Shlisselburg were freed or removed to other prisons or exile, including several who had been confined there for more than 20 years, such as
286:). During that time very little was done to maintain the fortress in good order, and the experts coming to Nöteborg to do inspections warned the crown of its deterioration.
190:. A modern stone monument to the north of the Church of St. John in the fortress commemorates the treaty. In 1333, the Novgorodians invited Lithuanian prince
770:
416:
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411:, who had been sentenced to death for conspiring to kill the Tsar, but had had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment. They included two women,
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almost captured the fortress. After a row of artillery fire they managed to break into one of the towers, but were later repelled by the Russians.
458:, who was also sentenced to death at the Trial of the Fourteen, but whose sentence was commuted, wrote a description of his time in the fortress:
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to govern their north-western domain. Narimantas appointed his son, Alexander Narimuntovich to rule the autonomous principality of Oreshek.
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The last political prisoner to be sent to Shlisselburg was Pyotr Karpovich, who shot and killed the Minister of National Enlightenment,
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39 prisoners sent to the fortress in 1884-86 died within six years, most from illnesses aggravated by the stress of total confinement.
467:
Lyudmila Volkenstein, who was the first to write a memoir of life in Shlisselburg, was struck on arrival by how clean and new it was:
627:
Arseny Nikolayevich Nasonov, ed. "Новгородская первая летопись: старшего и младшего изводов". Moscow and Leningrad, 1950, p. 100
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prison in 1882, eight particularly unruly prisoners were transported to the Peter and Paul Fortress, and thence to Shlisselburg.
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were hanged in the fortress in 1887. So were Nikolai Rogachev and Alexander Shtromberg, whose death sentences, passed at the
419:. All were to be denied any kind of contact with the outside world, including visits from or correspondence with relatives.
17:
614:
Michael C. Paul, "Archbishop Vasilii Kalika, the Fortress at Orekhov and the Defense of Orthodoxy," in Alan V. Murray, ed.,
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In 1928, the fortress was turned into a branch of the Museum of the October Revolution, but in 1939, shortly before the
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artillery. Renovation of the walls and towers is slow, although still underway. A stone monument in memory of the
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Michael C. Paul. "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod Before the Muscovite Conquest".
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426:, but had been in protests or escape attempts in Siberia. After a riot and a hunger strike in
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445:
236:, the Swedes laid siege to the fortress, with no success. In response, the Russians besieged
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and Grand Prince Yury and the Novgorod Republic. This was the first agreement on the border
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551:. According to Yuvachov, the last five prisoners left the fortress on 6 January 1906.
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after nine months of siege, when the defenders lost every 9 men of 10. As part of the
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prisoner, named Klimenko, hanged himself around the time that Minakov was executed.
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Writing Resistance, Revolutionary Memoirs of Shlissel'burg Prison, 1884-1906
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8, No. 2, pp. 237, 249; Paul, "Archbishop Vasilii Kalika," 257-258.
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Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Leningrad Oblast
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On 7 January 1891, 28 year old Sofia Ginzburg, who had tried to revive
191:
136:
43:) is one of a series of fortifications built in Oreshek (now known as
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349:, which refers to Peter's perception of the fortress as the "key to
571:
65:
Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments
298:
187:
86:
78:
1007:
975:
947:
Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict
878:"Гинзбург, Софья Михайловна 1865-1891 Биографический указатель"
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punish him, so he used a kerosene lamp to set fire to himself.
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70:
60:
283:
282:, and became the center of the north-Ingrian Nöteborg county (
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841:. Dekalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois U.P. p. 192-93.
810:"Минаков, Егор Иванович 1854-1884 Биографический указатель"
563:, it was closed and the exhibits were moved to Leningrad.
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The best known prisoner in the Shlisselburg Fortress was
583:(18 January 1943) the siege of the fortress was lifted.
768:
746:
The House of the Dead, Siberian Exile Under the Tsars
638:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
616:
The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier
485:
was executed for a similar offence two months later.
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The Russian Bastille, or the Schluesselburg Fortress
308:, which lasted until November 1656 with no success.
384:, most for short periods, though the Polish rebel,
341:, a transliteration into the Cyrillic alphabet of
577:last transit route from Leningrad to the mainland
297:in June 1656, the fortress came under a siege by
1055:
682:"Shlisselburg – the Russian Empire's 'Bastille'"
566:Shortly before Shlisselburg was occupied by the
388:was in solitary confinement there for 38 years.
326:, the fortress was taken by the Russians under
206:of Novgorod (1330–1352), who, according to the
131:in 1323. It guarded the northern approaches to
440:, and four others involved in a plot to kill
114:
104:
1064:Buildings and structures in Leningrad Oblast
675:
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832:
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775:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 23
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184:between Eastern and Western Christianity
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593:first Russo-Swedish peace treaty (1323)
14:
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679:
659:История крепости Орешек (Шлиссельбург)
618:(Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009): 266–267.
570:(8 September 1941), a garrison of 350
391:
345:. The name, meaning "Key-fortress" in
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311:
769:Youvatshev (Yuvachov), I.P. (1909).
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919:Шлиссельбургская крепость "Орешек"
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176:peace treaty was signed at Oreshek
25:
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972:"Shlisselburg-Oreshek ferry line"
944:Tucker, Spencer (November 2010).
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748:. London: Penguin. p. 311.
716:. London: UCL Press. p. 3.
595:was placed inside the fortress.
422:There were others not linked to
178:on August 12, 1323 between
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247:in 1582, Swedish troops led by
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337:Peter renamed the fortress to
139:. The fortress is situated on
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266:, the fortress was known as
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186:running through present-day
119:) was built by Grand Prince
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448:, for their involvement in
396:After the assassination of
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990:"Petrokrepost' ferry line"
839:Memoirs of a Revolutionist
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240:, with no success either.
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55:, near the modern city of
254:The fort was captured by
232:In 1554–1555, during the
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82:Inside the fortress walls
40:
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707:Young, Sarah J. (2021).
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318:Siege of Nöteborg (1702)
209:Novgorod First Chronicle
99:A wooden fortress named
405:. Most were members of
403:Peter and Paul Fortress
90:Interior of the dungeon
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837:Figner, Vera (1991).
744:Beer, Daniel (2016).
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446:Trial of the Fourteen
316:Further information:
143:whose name refers to
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81:
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29:Shlisselburg Fortress
18:Shlisselburg Fortress
1015:at Wikimedia Commons
882:Khronos (in Russian)
417:Lyudmila Volkenstein
378:Wilhelm Küchelbecker
322:In 1702, during the
270:("Nut-fortress") in
224:was absorbed by the
163:, "Nut Island") and
123:(in his capacity as
1040:59.9537°N 31.0384°E
1036: /
392:Late Russian Empire
386:Walerian Łukasiński
367:Yevdokiya Lopukhina
295:Alexei Mikhailovich
258:in 1611 during the
249:Pontus De La Gardie
199:Magnus IV of Sweden
127:) on behalf of the
1013:Oreshek (fortress)
906:. pp. 270–72.
864:Writing Resistance
796:Writing Resistance
680:Lavryonova, Anna.
332:amphibious assault
324:Great Northern War
312:Great Northern War
306:Battle of Nöteborg
170:After a series of
135:and access to the
125:Prince of Novgorod
92:
84:
76:
1011:Media related to
866:. pp. 44–45.
755:978-1-846-14537-7
723:978-1-78735-993-2
518:Nikolay Bogolepov
438:Aleksandr Ulyanov
234:Russo-Swedish War
222:Novgorod Republic
129:Novgorod Republic
16:(Redirected from
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357:Political prison
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506:Narodnaya Volya
483:Ippolit Myshkin
450:Narodnaya Volya
424:Narodnaya Volya
408:Narodnaya Volya
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382:Mikhail Bakunin
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328:Peter the Great
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41:Крепость Орешек
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926:(in Russian)
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1043: /
529:Vera Figner
523:During the
491:Vera Figner
413:Vera Figner
289:During the
260:Ingrian War
243:During the
53:Lake Ladoga
1058:Categories
1031:31°02′18″E
1028:59°57′13″N
930:2018-03-16
602:References
520:in 1901.
192:Narimantas
137:Baltic Sea
284:slottslän
216:Expansion
197:In 1348,
172:conflicts
887:7 August
819:4 August
779:7 August
729:9 August
692:3 August
572:Red Army
293:of tsar
268:Nöteborg
133:Novgorod
904:Memoirs
862:Young.
814:Khronos
794:Young.
361:During
299:voevoda
280:Finnish
272:Swedish
226:Muscovy
188:Finland
165:Russian
157:Finnish
149:Swedish
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