1088:
1340:
3654:
3362:
1351:, they may choose to label their wines as "Shiraz". Under American wine laws, either name may appear on the label. Syrah first appeared as a wine grape in California in the 1970s, where it was planted by a group of viticulturists who called themselves "Rhône rangers". Although most plantings of the grape are in California, there are increasing amounts of it being grown in Washington state. Syrah makes up a significant percentage of wine produced in several Washington AVAs such as the
977:
1371:
878:
577:
1022:
signify a stylistic difference in the wine they have made. "Syrah"-labelled wines are sometimes thought to be more similar to classic
Northern Rhône reds; presumably more elegant, tannic, smoke-flavoured and restrained with respect to their fruit component. "Shiraz"-labelled wines, on the other hand, would then be more similar to archetypical Australian or other New World examples, presumably made from
660:
729:" of the original word, a process of changing vowels as part of Australian slang. However, while the names "Shiraz" and "Hermitage" gradually replaced "Scyras" in Australia from the mid-19th century, the spelling "Shiraz" has also been documented in British sources back to at least the 1830s. So while the name or spelling "Shiraz" may be an effect of the
67:
1238:, an immigrant who brought vine clippings from Europe with him, and it is almost invariably called "Shiraz". Today it is Australia's most popular red grape, but has not always been in such favour; in the 1970s, white wine was so popular that growers were ripping out unprofitable Shiraz and Grenache vineyards, even those with
1130:
awarded high scores, up to the "perfect" score of 100 points, to wines of some Rhône producers. The popularity of
Australian Shiraz on the export market may also have played a role. In 1988, total French plantings stood at 27,000 hectares (67,000 acres), and the 1999 viticultural survey found 50,700
1034:
Syrah is a variety that during the last few decades has been imported for cultivation in several countries. It is primarily grown in warmer regions. Worldwide plantations of Syrah have increased considerably in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and both "Syrah"-labelled and "Shiraz"-labelled wines are
1330:
plantations have expanded significantly, from 1% of the vineyard area in 1995 to 9.7% in 2007 making up a total area under cultivation of 9,856 hectares (24,350 acres). In South Africa, the variety is predominately known as "Shiraz", but the designation "Syrah" is used for "Rhône-style" wines. Some
1299:
in 1951 and has a reputation for aging well. The
Penfolds Grange is predominantly Shiraz but often includes a small quantity of Cabernet Sauvignon. It is usually a multi-regional blend of quality South Australian Shiraz, with the Barossa Valley playing an important role, and matured in new American
1125:
In 1968, there existed only 2,700 hectares (6,700 acres) of Syrah vineyards in France, primarily in the traditional appellations of northern Rhône, which at that time had not received much attention in the wine world for several decades, and the vineyards of which were not planted to full capacity.
1021:
As a general rule, most
Australian and South African wines are labeled "Shiraz", and most European wines (from such regions where varietal labeling is practiced) are labeled "Syrah". In other countries, practices vary and winemakers (or wine marketers) sometimes choose either "Syrah" or "Shiraz" to
503:
Both varieties are somewhat obscure today, and have never achieved anything near Syrah's fame or popularity, and there is no record of them ever having been cultivated at long distances from their present homes. Thus, both of Syrah's parents come from a limited area in southeastern France, close to
1311:
to their Shiraz to add apricot tones to the wine's nose and palate. With such a small percentage added, the producer wasn't obliged to declare the blend on the label. In the past 5 years, however, it's becoming increasingly fashionable to label the wine "Shiraz
Viognier" as Viognier gains consumer
995:
labeling of their wines. Indeed, such practices are generally disallowed under AOC rules, and only the AOC name (such as Cote-Rotie, Crozes-Hermitage or
Hermitage) appears on the label. Varietal labeling of Syrah/Shiraz wines is therefore a practice that has emerged in the New World, primarily in
1277:
In the 2005–2006 growing season, total Shiraz plantations in
Australia stood at 41,115 hectares (101,600 acres), of which 39,087 hectares (96,590 acres) were old enough to be productive. These vines yielded a total of 422,430 tonnes of Shiraz grapes for wine production. This made Shiraz the most
483:
The Rhône-Alpes region. Dureza is believed to have originated in the Ardèche (#1) in the southwest and moved east/northeast into Drôme (#2) and Isère (#3). Somewhere in this area, most likely in Isère, the vine crossed with
Mondeuse blanche, a variety native to the Savoie region (#4), to produce
1384:
that they inhabit. In exceptionally warm regions, such as parts of Napa, the wine is often blended with other Rhône varieties. Other appellations, primarily mountainous ones, tend to produce varietal-based wines that can stand on their own. Syrah was introduced into
Washington state in 1986 by
940:
practices chosen. Aroma characters can range from violets to berries (usually dark as opposed to red), chocolate, and black pepper. No one aroma can be called typical though blackberry, coffee and pepper are often noticed. With time in the bottle these primary notes are moderated and then
639:
and legends claim the original grape was later brought to the Rhône. At least two significantly different versions of the myth are reported, giving different accounts of how the variety is supposed to have travelled, differing up to 1,800 years in dating the event. In one version, the
1269:
in the US and UK, were responsible for a dramatic expansion of plantings during the 1980s and 1990s; a similar trajectory occurred in
California. However, the biggest factor in this expansion during the 1990s was a steady increase in exports due to the historically low value of the
1451:
have achieved international regard for their Durif. This varietal is similar to Shiraz but is even more full-bodied and tannic because of the smaller, thicker-skinned grapes used. Petite Sirah is widely planted in California, where it is popular as a varietal (for example, by
861:
From the 1970s and even more from the 1990s, Syrah has enjoyed increased popularity, and plantings of the variety have expanded significantly in both old and new locations. In the early 2000s, it broke into the top 10 of varieties planted worldwide for the first time.
1134:
While previously unused parts of the northern Rhône vineyards have been planted with Syrah as part of the expansion, the major part of the new French Syrah plantations are located in southern Rhône (which covers a much larger vineyard area than the northern part) and
656:. The grape would then later have spread to the northern Rhône, which was never colonized by the Phocaeans. No documentary evidence exists to back up this legend, and it also requires the variety to later vanish from the Marseilles region without leaving any trace.
1026:, more fruit-driven, higher in alcohol, less obviously tannic, peppery rather than smokey, usually more easily approached when young, and possibly slightly sweetish in impression. It must, however, be realized that this rule of thumb is unevenly applied.
686:
There is a connection between the name Syrah and the word "سیاه" in Persian (pronounced "siah" or "syah," meaning "black"). It refers to the origin of this grape, which comes from black grapes and shows connection between Shiraz in Iran and this grape.
1139:. While southern Rhône produces relatively few wines where Syrah is in the majority, the proportion of Syrah in the blended wines of this region has been on the rise. Languedoc-Roussillon uses Syrah to produce both Southern Rhône-like blends with
568:, and it has been speculated that it could be today's Syrah. However, the description of the wine would also fit, for example, Dureza, and Pliny's observation that vines of Allobrogica were resistant to cold is not entirely consistent with Syrah.
480:
781:, depending on the point of view) of Bordeaux wines. While Spanish and Algerian wines are also known to have been used for this purpose, top Bordeaux châteaux would use Hermitage to improve their wines, especially in weaker vintages.
507:
The DNA typing leaves no room for doubt in this matter, and the numerous other hypotheses of the grape's origin which have been forwarded during the years all completely lack support in the form of documentary evidence or
534:
The parentage information, however, does not reveal how old the grape variety is, i.e., when the pollination of a Mondeuse blanche vine by Dureza took place, leading to the original Syrah seed plant. In the year AD 77,
2328:
912:
traditionally have had some sweetness, a number of Australian winemakers also make a full-bodied sparkling dry Shiraz, which contains the complexity and sometimes earthy notes that are normally found in still wine.
627:
The grape's many other synonyms are used in various parts of the world, including Antourenein noir, Balsamina, Candive, Entournerein, Hignin noir, Marsanne noir, Schiras, Sirac, Syra, Syrac, Serine, and Sereine.
857:
structure. Syrah has been widely used as a blending grape in the red wines of many countries due to its fleshy fruit mid-palate, balancing the weaknesses of other varieties and resulting in a "complete" wine.
720:
The name "Shiraz" has been used primarily in Australia in modern times. The name "Scyras" was used to describe the grape in the earliest Australian documents, and "Shiraz" has been speculated (among others by
1042:
around the world, with concentrations in Australia, The Rhone Valley in France, and the US. It is often used as a blending grape in Spain and Italy as well. It is also planted in Portugal, which favor making
1221:
increased from less than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) in 1990 to 9,500 hectares (23,000 acres) in 2002. Syrah has occasionally been used as a blending component with Argentina's signature dark-skinned grape
757:
after his crusades. Hermitage wines have for centuries had a reputation for being powerful and excellent. While Hermitage was quite famous in the 18th and 19th centuries, and attracted interest from foreign
1934:
1126:
After the wines of northern Rhône were "rediscovered" by wine writers in the 1970s, plantings expanded considerably. This trend received an extra boost in the 1980s and 1990s, when influential wine writer
893:, was historically applied to a wine unrelated to contemporary Shiraz wines and was made from a grape or grapes entirely different from the Syrah that has been proven to originate in southeastern France.
935:
Wines made from Syrah are often powerfully flavoured and full-bodied. The variety produces wines with a wide range of flavor notes, depending on the climate and soils where it is grown, as well as other
1957:
941:
supplemented with earthy or savory tertiary notes such as leather and truffle. Secondary flavor and aroma notes are those associated with several things, generally winemakers' practices (such as
733:
on a French name, there is no evidence that it actually originated in Australia, although it was definitely the Australian usage and the Australian wines that made the use of this name popular.
1103:
as well as the changes in the slope of the terrain tend to produce different styles of wine. Ranging from the mineral and tannic nature of Hermitage, to fruity and perfumed in the case of
2158:
Günata, Ziya; Wirth, Jérémie L; Guo, Wenfei; Baumes, Raymond L (2001). "C13-Norisoprenoid Aglycon Composition of Leaves and Grape Berries from Muscat of Alexandria and Shiraz Cultivars".
2276:
1347:
In the United States, wine produced from the grape is normally called by its French name, "Syrah". However, in cases where winemakers choose to follow a New World style, similar to
1181:
In Spain there was an increase in the area cultivated in Syrah grapes from 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) in 1990 to 19,045 hectares (47,060 acres) in 2009. It is grown primarily in
2339:
801:) for introduction to Australia. One of the varieties collected by him was Syrah, although Busby used the two spellings "Scyras" and "Ciras". The cuttings were planted in the
965:
465:
2302:
72:
358:
or as a blend. Following several years of strong planting, Syrah was estimated in 2004 to be the world's 7th most grown grape at 142,600 hectares (352,000 acres).
961:
1150:
Syrah vines in France often suffer from a form of dieback characterised by the leaves turning red in late summer, deep cracks developing in the stem above the
773:
In the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries, most Hermitage wine that left France did so as a blending component in Bordeaux wines. In an era when "
113:
1201:
The Syrah grape was introduced into Switzerland in 1926 and in 2009 was the 6th most common red wine grape in Switzerland (181 hectares). Mostly grown in
957:
1468:
Synonyms for Syrah include Antourenein noir, Candive, Entournerein, Hermitage, Hignin noir, Marsanne noir, Shiraz, Sira, Sirac, Sirah, Syra, and Syrac.
1447:. It was propagated by and named after Dr. Francois Durif. Durif is a cross breed between the lesser known Peloursin and Syrah. Regions such as
920:
content, many premium Syrah wines are at their best after some considerable bottle aging. In exceptional cases, this may be 15 years or longer.
453:
2280:
1193:. As of 2015 it was the seventh most grown red grape in Spain, with 20,155 hectares (49,800 acres) accounting for 4% of the red grape total.
1060:
2447:
1503:
2601:
1319:"Shiraz" is also the S in "GSM" (Grenache-Shiraz-Mourvèdre), which is common Australian designation for a Châteneuf-du-Pape-like blend.
2048:
2497:
2465:
3588:
988:
777:" were less powerful than today, and before appellation rules, red wines from warmer regions would be used for improvement (or
1281:
Victorian regions include Heathcote, roughly 1.5 hours north of Melbourne. Cooler climate regions such as Western Australia's
2578:
2532:
2377:
2260:
2233:
2205:
2175:
2104:
2049:"James Halliday: Syrah in Australia since 1800, pp. 10-14 in: The Syrah Producers' Club 19 April 2004 – Syrah Worldwide Roma"
1752:
1647:
1404:. Expanding at a significant rate, it is used to produce single-varietial wines as well as being blended with grapes such as
1099:. The wines that are made from it vary greatly, even over small changes in the location of the vines. The differences in the
166:
3410:
2306:
1580:
492:
region in France, has all but disappeared from the vineyards, and the preservation of such varieties is a speciality of
479:
1623:
Quote: "Our data strongly confirmed the 'Syrah' parentage ('Dureza' x 'Mondeuse blanche') established by Bowers et al."
616:, where it has long been established as the most grown dark-skinned variety. In Australia, it was also commonly called
3684:
2672:
2556:
2422:
2080:
2035:
2010:
1985:
1917:
1907:
1854:
1805:
1780:
1728:
1696:
1566:
1538:
698:
sometime after AD 280. This legend also lacks documentary evidence and is inconsistent with ampelographic findings.
2647:
853:
for decades, less-extracted styles may be enjoyed young for their lively red and blueberry characters and smooth
621:
457:
2961:
3128:
2398:
1039:
100:
2145:
2121:
504:
northern Rhône. Based on these findings, the researchers have concluded Syrah originated from northern Rhône.
3614:
1064:
746:
557:
made famous and prized wine from a dark-skinned grape variety that had not existed some 50 years earlier, in
1617:
Vouillamoz, J.F. and Grando, M.S. 2006. "Genealogy of wine grape cultivars: 'Pinot' is related to 'Syrah'",
3619:
802:
17:
2596:
519:
Instead, they seem to have been based primarily or solely on the name or synonyms of the variety. Varying
1278:
planted variety in Australia and Australia the world's second largest Syrah/Shiraz grower, after France.
821:
Syrah continues to be the main grape of the northern Rhône and is associated with classic wines such as
3539:
3506:
3335:
1595:. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Grapevine Genetics and Breeding. Archived from
1131:
hectares (125,000 acres) of Syrah vineyards. France thus has the world's largest plantations of Syrah.
1087:
1015:
129:
3629:
3519:
1246:, the world's oldest continually producing commercial vineyard is believed to be the Shiraz vines at
1136:
3624:
3403:
3345:
3274:
3166:
2767:
2750:
1251:
924:
690:
Another legend of the grape variety's origin, based on the name Syrah, is that it was brought from
1828:
1285:
produce Shiraz with marginally less alcohol content and often in a more traditional French style.
3514:
2887:
2723:
1390:
1316:
with Syrah has actually been common for years in the Northern Rhône Valley region of Cote-Rotie.
1262:
842:
541:
523:
for grape names render dubious any name-based evidence of origins. Nevertheless, origins such as
294:
109:
2445:
Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation: Areas of vines and grape production by variety – 2005-06
991:(AOCs) of northern Rhône have, like most other French appellations and regions, no tradition of
3377:
3300:
2745:
2444:
695:
667:
The legend connecting Syrah with the city of Shiraz in Iran may, however, be of French origin.
405:
332:), Syrah is more consistently full-bodied with softer tannin, jammier fruit and spice notes of
1616:
1510:
1119:
1096:
834:
3315:
3084:
2728:
2412:
1581:"A Single Pair of Parents Proposed for a Group of Grapevine Varieties in Northeastern France"
1477:
1339:
1258:
1243:
1162:
793:, often called "the Father of Australian viticulture", made a trip back to Europe to collect
702:
413:
401:
125:
1071:
exists. The region though which has made one of the best uses of Syrah, by blending it with
999:
To confuse matters, in northern Rhône, different clones of genuine Syrah are referred to as
2966:
2718:
2055:
1448:
1127:
1110:
Syrah is also a key component to many blends. It may be used to add structure and color to
1023:
679:; "according to the tradition of the neighbourhood, the plant was originally brought from
409:
8:
3544:
3496:
3396:
2640:
2490:
1870:
1386:
1378:
California Syrahs, much like those in France, vary a great deal based on the climate and
1343:
The first planting of Syrah in Washington state was done at Red Willow Vineyards in 1986.
1115:
1104:
830:
742:
445:
region of southeastern France, but it was not known if it had originated in that region.
370:
286:
147:
117:
2946:
2469:
1822:
3534:
3039:
1352:
1327:
1182:
1154:, and the premature death of the vine. The syndrome was first observed in 1990s in the
1144:
896:
Smaller amounts of Syrah are also used in the production of other wine styles, such as
390:
382:
258:. In 1999, Syrah was found to be the offspring of two obscure grapes from southeastern
2414:
Growth and Cycles in Australia's Wine Industry: A Statistical Compendium, 1843 to 2013
172:
3488:
3435:
3019:
2757:
2574:
2552:
2528:
2418:
2394:
2373:
2256:
2250:
2229:
2201:
2171:
2100:
2076:
2031:
2006:
1981:
1913:
1850:
1801:
1776:
1748:
1724:
1692:
1643:
1562:
1534:
1401:
1271:
386:
2956:
1592:
741:
The wines that made Syrah famous were those from Hermitage, the hill above the town
3279:
3206:
3069:
2971:
2163:
1588:
1266:
909:
767:
730:
524:
473:
329:
267:
223:
137:
121:
1889:"NAMES - The Name Syrah : popularity, meaning and origin, popular baby names"
546:
3634:
3455:
3372:
3158:
2986:
2921:
2864:
2827:
2707:
2451:
1453:
1394:
1356:
1348:
1292:
1166:
1072:
810:
794:
753:) was built on the top, and where De Stérimberg is supposed to have settled as a
722:
691:
550:
536:
449:
348:
302:
290:
683:
in Persia, by one of the hermits of the mountain" called Gaspare de Stérimberg.
624:, this naming practice caused a problem in some export markets and was dropped.
3524:
3473:
3427:
3284:
3256:
3231:
3152:
3141:
3136:
3034:
3001:
2817:
2795:
2762:
2738:
2633:
2167:
1888:
1596:
1398:
1282:
901:
417:
397:
374:
362:
321:
3529:
2094:
770:, it lost ground and foreign attention in the first half of the 20th century.
500:
region, and is still found in small amounts in that region's vineyards today.
3678:
3653:
3554:
3463:
3361:
3269:
3264:
2941:
2733:
1360:
1169:, but is now widespread. It is believed to be caused by mismatch between the
1068:
953:
917:
854:
822:
806:
763:
617:
259:
251:
151:
1122:. Syrah is also the only red grape used in the wines of the northern Rhône.
849:
usually makes up the bulk of the blend. Although its best incarnations will
813:. By the 1860s, Syrah was established as an important variety in Australia.
281:
The style and flavor profile of wines made from Syrah are influenced by the
105:
3340:
2931:
2869:
2859:
2812:
2338:(in Spanish). Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo. 2013. p. 101. Archived from
1296:
1190:
1100:
1056:
946:
838:
778:
636:
609:
509:
425:
421:
366:
325:
310:
271:
133:
35:
31:
3089:
2329:"Catálogo general de las variedades y los clones de uva de vino y de mesa"
1409:
1288:
A well-known example of the Shiraz grape in Australian viticulture is the
1226:
to provide an "Argentinian take" on the Australian Cabernet-Shiraz blend.
897:
635:
in Iran. The former capital of the Persian Empire produced the well-known
3658:
3609:
3572:
3366:
3221:
3211:
3109:
2874:
2805:
2664:
1364:
1247:
1235:
1206:
942:
937:
871:
833:. In the southern Rhône, it is used as a blending grape in such wines as
790:
668:
605:
520:
493:
468:, France to conclude that Syrah was the offspring of the grape varieties
344:
298:
2991:
1849:(New Illustrated ed.). Mitchell Beazley. pp. 58 & p. 131.
1824:
Journal of a recent visit to the principal vineyards of Spain and France
1579:
Bowers, J.E; Siret, R; Meredith, C.P; This, P; Boursiquot, J.-M (2000).
673:
Journal of a recent visit to the principal vineyards of Spain and France
3562:
3478:
3468:
3419:
3325:
3320:
3305:
3241:
3236:
3201:
3099:
3094:
3054:
2981:
2926:
2916:
2898:
2854:
2842:
2832:
2790:
2616:
2606:
850:
826:
649:
645:
554:
461:
285:
where the grapes are grown. In moderate climates (such as the northern
2911:
1257:
Many factors, including the success of brands like Lindemans (part of
1159:
489:
347:
and tannin levels of Syrah allow the wines produced to have favorable
3440:
3330:
3310:
3246:
3226:
3216:
3176:
3114:
2996:
2936:
2837:
2682:
1457:
1444:
1218:
1170:
905:
759:
641:
613:
593:
275:
2602:
The origins of shiraz – revealed! - By Jeni Port, Winestate Magazine
2305:(in French). Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin. Archived from
2279:(in French). Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin. Archived from
976:
396:
It can also be found in several Australian wine regions such as the
3186:
3181:
3171:
3064:
3044:
3011:
2976:
2822:
2785:
2697:
2692:
2677:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1370:
1313:
1308:
1307:
Recently, Australian Shiraz producers have started to add up to 4%
1301:
1289:
1239:
1151:
1140:
1111:
1044:
992:
846:
710:
355:
333:
255:
2906:
1209:, it produces "unexpectedly concentrated wine from mature vines".
442:
3639:
3445:
3196:
3049:
3024:
2951:
2687:
1428:
Around 2005, there were 2,500 hectares (6,200 acres) of Syrah in
1380:
714:
601:
378:
282:
2800:
877:
576:
531:
had been proposed while the genomic studies had yet to be done.
3604:
3567:
3191:
3079:
3074:
2551:
pp. 17-38, 61-75, 107-109, University of California Press 2007
1223:
1202:
1186:
1076:
886:
774:
754:
750:
726:
680:
653:
632:
589:
585:
558:
528:
513:
469:
306:
263:
1331:
see this variety as the "great hope" for South African wines.
1014:
being considered the superior version, giving wines higher in
496:. Mondeuse blanche is a white grape variety cultivated in the
232:
3388:
3059:
3029:
2219:
2217:
2122:"RED FIZZ Australian-style red bubbly is a grown-up pleasure"
1440:
1429:
798:
659:
631:
Legends of Syrah's origins often connect it with the city of
612:. The name "Shiraz" became popular for this grape variety in
597:
497:
337:
317:
238:
50:
1800:, Third Edition, pp. 512–513, Oxford University Press 2006,
1723:, Third Edition, pp. 572-573, Oxford University Press 2006,
1691:, Third Edition, pp. 676-677, Oxford University Press 2006,
2656:
2612:
2597:
Syrah Wine Grape History, Character and Growing Areas (USA)
1173:
and scion rather than an infection by a fungus or a virus.
1155:
1010:(large Syrah) depending on the size of their berries, with
890:
2568:
2522:
2214:
2195:
1991:
1637:
1300:
Oak. Other well-known Australian Shiraz wines include the
620:
up to the late 1980s, but since that name became a French
1234:
The Syrah grape was introduced into Australia in 1832 by
1095:
Syrah, as it is known in France, is grown throughout the
254:
grown throughout the world and used primarily to produce
2005:, Third Edition, pp. 4-5, Oxford University Press 2006,
1312:
acceptance in the marketplace. The practise of blending
66:
2625:
2075:, Third Edition, p. 676, Oxford University Press 2006,
2030:, Third Edition, p. 116, Oxford University Press 2006,
1980:, Third Edition, p. 344, Oxford University Press 2006,
1775:, Third Edition, p. 627, Oxford University Press 2006,
1578:
1091:
Vineyards on the Hermitage hill are dominated by Syrah.
187:
High tannins, high acidity, blackberry, dark chocolate
1561:
Third Edition, p. 746, Oxford University Press 2006,
1063:), Lazio (Pontine Agro), and Apulia (Syrah Tarantino
229:
2549:"Washington Wines and Wineries: The Essential Guide"
2162:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 802. p. 255.
2157:
1549:
1547:
1359:. Syrah is increasingly being grown and produced in
1047:
Syrah wine, and not only blending with other types.
584:
The grape is called Syrah in its country of origin,
361:
It can be found throughout the globe from France to
235:
226:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
203:Liquorice, cloves, espresso, mocha, dark chocolate
2393:p. 20, Clarkson Potter Publishing, New York 2005
2303:"Brochures techniques: Dépérissement de la Syrah"
2041:
1544:
1460:, which results in a rich, bold and fruity wine.
3676:
2368:Jancis Robinson, Julia Harding, José Vouillamoz
1533:pp. 6-9, Second Revised Edition (2012), London,
1443:, or Petite Sirah, is a descendant of Syrah and
908:style, and sparkling red wine. While Australian
870:For the no-longer-produced historical wine, see
644:could have brought Syrah to their colony around
466:the viticultural research station in Montpellier
2463:
2248:
2223:
1489:
1374:A Washington Syrah from the Columbia Valley AVA
1029:
713:', presumably because the billhook was used in
2364:
2362:
2360:
2099:. Workman Publishing Company. pp. g 786.
1531:"Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality"
512:investigations, be it by methods of classical
488:Dureza, a dark-skinned grape variety from the
3404:
2641:
2491:"South African Wine Industry Statistics 2008"
2410:
2119:
2092:
1966:
1763:
1761:
701:Another proposed etymology links it with the
571:
92:Shiraz, Hermitage, Antourenein noir, Candive
2417:. University of Adelaide Press. p. 20.
2144:Bonné, Jon, msnbc.com (September 21, 2005).
1816:
1814:
1679:
971:
916:Due to their concentrated flavours and high
464:and extensive grape reference material from
71:The Shiraz grape cluster, illustration from
2357:
2255:. Oxford University Press. pp. g 572.
2191:
2189:
2187:
1926:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
441:Syrah has a long documented history in the
195:Mint, eucalyptus, smoked meat, black pepper
3411:
3397:
2648:
2634:
2383:
1786:
1758:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1363:. Syrah is also found in small regions in
65:
2016:
1959:A history and description of modern wines
1905:
1811:
923:Syrah has one of the highest recommended
652:, which was founded around 600 BC by the
301:wines with medium-plus to high levels of
2611:
2507:
2184:
1739:
1737:
1702:
1656:
1369:
1338:
1304:"Hill of Grace" and the Penfolds "RWT".
1086:
975:
876:
658:
575:
478:
3589:Clarification and stabilization of wine
2541:
2527:. Hardcourt, inc. pp. gs 252–253.
2513:Platter's South African Wines 2009, p66
2411:Anderson, Kym; Aryal, Nanda R. (2015).
1955:
1932:
1909:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic
1626:
784:
14:
3677:
1949:
1906:Matasović, Ranko (February 11, 2009).
1525:
1523:
1254:that were originally planted in 1847.
797:from vines (primarily from France and
3392:
2629:
2610:
2466:"Viognier – it's everywhere nowadays"
1820:
1734:
1295:. This wine was created by winemaker
1205:, along the upper Rhône valley above
930:
809:, and in 1839 brought from Sydney to
454:Department of Viticulture and Enology
1844:
1114:in southern Rhône blends, including
564:Pliny called the vines of this wine
270:. Syrah should not be confused with
2569:Oz Clark&Margaret Rand (2001).
2523:Oz Clark&Margaret Rand (2001).
2228:. Abbeville Press. pp. g 152.
2196:Oz Clark&Margaret Rand (2001).
1638:Oz Clark&Margaret Rand (2001).
1529:Wine & Spirits Education Trust
1520:
24:
2571:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Grapes
2525:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Grapes
2200:. Hardcourt, inc. pp. g 250.
2198:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Grapes
2160:Carotenoid-Derived Aroma Compounds
1642:. Hardcourt, inc. pp. g 247.
1640:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Grapes
725:) to have come about through the "
25:
3696:
2673:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2590:
2573:. Hardcourt, inc. p. g 253.
1962:. Whittaker & co. p. 20.
816:
3652:
3360:
2503:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2146:The perfect temperature for wine
1334:
694:by the legions of Roman Emperor
222:
2562:
2516:
2483:
2457:
2438:
2404:
2321:
2295:
2269:
2242:
2151:
2138:
2113:
2086:
2065:
1899:
1881:
1863:
1838:
1747:p. 90, Octopus Publishing 1986
1593:10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.528.15
1456:), and especially blended with
1389:through their partnership with
1322:
1143:, Australian-style blends with
865:
736:
622:Protected Designation of Origin
458:University of California, Davis
3418:
2464:Jancis Robinson (2005-10-15).
2073:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
2028:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
2003:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1978:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1721:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1689:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1610:
1572:
1196:
968:, are found in Shiraz leaves.
881:A Shiraz from Washington State
675:an excerpt from the 1826 book
527:or the famous Iranian city of
13:
1:
3615:Glossary of viticulture terms
2454:, accessed on March 17, 2008.
2249:Jancis Robinson, ed. (2005).
2226:Jancis Robinson's Wine Course
1773:"The Oxford Companion to Wine
1483:
549:(which today would be called
93:
3620:Glossary of winemaking terms
2372:p. 1029, Penguin Group 2012
2120:W. Blake Gray (2005-05-26).
1933:Redding, Cyrus (July 1834).
1798:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1559:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1229:
1212:
1055:In Italy, Syrah is grown in
1030:Syrah in different countries
980:A New World wine labeled as
927:at 18 °C (65 °F).
745:in northern Rhône, where an
588:, as well as in the rest of
7:
2277:"Dépérissement de la Syrah"
1471:
1463:
10:
3701:
3540:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
2168:10.1021/bk-2002-0802.ch018
869:
572:The names Syrah and Shiraz
448:A 1998 study conducted by
431:
354:Syrah is used as a single
211:Leather, wet leaves, earth
29:
27:Dark-skinned grape variety
3648:
3630:History of the wine press
3597:
3581:
3553:
3520:Sparkling wine production
3505:
3487:
3454:
3426:
3354:
3293:
3255:
3150:
3127:
3010:
2897:
2885:
2778:
2706:
2663:
2623:
1922:– via Google Books.
1185:, with lesser amounts in
1082:
972:Syrah or Shiraz on labels
966:3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionol
925:wine serving temperatures
452:'s research group in the
436:
316:In hot climates (such as
305:and notes of blackberry,
207:
199:
191:
183:
178:
165:
157:
143:
99:
88:
80:
75:(Viala et Vermorel, 1902)
64:
48:
43:
3685:Red wine grape varieties
3625:Wine tasting descriptors
3346:Wine tasting descriptors
3275:Phenolic content in wine
3167:Alternative wine closure
2751:Great French Wine Blight
2655:
2252:Oxford Companion to Wine
2224:Jancis Robinson (2003).
1999:"Adulteration and fraud"
1827:. Smith, Elder. p.
1745:Vines, Grapes & Wine
1435:
1423:
1176:
1050:
885:The name "Shiraz", from
580:Clusters of Syrah grapes
297:), they tend to produce
274:, a cross of Syrah with
30:Not to be confused with
3515:Malolactic fermentation
2126:San Francisco Chronicle
1956:Redding, Cyrus (1836).
1391:Woodinville, Washington
2093:Karen MacNeil (2001).
1845:Hugh, Johnson (2004).
1504:"Syrah WORLDWIDE ROMA"
1375:
1344:
1265:in the UK, as well as
1147:, and varietal Syrah.
1092:
1040:wine producing regions
984:
882:
789:In 1831, the Scotsman
664:
581:
485:
3316:Wine and food pairing
2026:in J. Robinson (ed),
2001:in J. Robinson (ed),
1976:in J. Robinson (ed),
1893:Popular-BabyNames.com
1821:Busby, James (1834).
1796:in J. Robinson (ed),
1771:in J. Robinson (ed),
1719:in J. Robinson (ed),
1687:in J. Robinson (ed),
1478:International variety
1373:
1342:
1259:Treasury Wine Estates
1217:Syrah plantations in
1090:
979:
962:megastigmane-3,9-diol
960:derivatives, such as
880:
662:
579:
482:
299:medium to full-bodied
2967:Muscat of Alexandria
1939:Gentleman's Magazine
1557:in J. Robinson (ed)
1137:Languedoc-Roussillon
1128:Robert M. Parker Jr.
1067:). Also a DOC Sirah
1038:It is grown in many
987:The Syrah-dominated
803:Royal Botanic Garden
785:Arrival in Australia
343:In many regions the
340:and earthy leather.
250:, is a dark-skinned
179:Wine characteristics
3545:Yeast in winemaking
3497:Carbonic maceration
2391:"A Wine Miscellany"
1875:www.old-north.co.uk
1833:1826 scyras shiraz.
1387:Red Willow Vineyard
1120:Châteauneuf-du-Pape
835:Châteauneuf-du-Pape
545:about the wines of
81:Color of berry skin
3535:Traditional method
3336:Wine personalities
3040:Cabernet Sauvignon
2450:2008-07-22 at the
2071:J. Robinson (ed),
1935:"History of Wines"
1585:Acta Horticulturae
1376:
1353:Naches Heights AVA
1345:
1183:Castilla-La Mancha
1167:Southern of France
1145:Cabernet Sauvignon
1093:
985:
931:Taste and flavours
883:
677:Œnologie Française
665:
582:
542:Naturalis Historia
486:
278:dating from 1880.
3672:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3436:Late harvest wine
3386:
3385:
3123:
3122:
3020:Alicante Bouschet
2768:Judgment of Paris
2580:978-0-15-100714-1
2534:978-0-15-100714-1
2378:978-1-846-14446-2
2262:978-0-19-860990-2
2235:978-0-7892-0883-5
2207:978-0-15-100714-1
2177:978-0-8412-3729-2
2106:978-1-56305-434-1
1847:The Story of Wine
1753:978-1-85732-999-5
1649:978-0-15-100714-1
1272:Australian dollar
1035:on the increase.
1006:(small Syrah) or
958:7,8-dihydroionone
365:regions such as:
289:and parts of the
246:), also known as
215:
214:
16:(Redirected from
3692:
3657:
3656:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3365:
3364:
3280:Proteins in wine
2947:Grüner Veltliner
2895:
2894:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2608:
2607:
2585:
2584:
2566:
2560:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2468:. Archived from
2461:
2455:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2408:
2402:
2387:
2381:
2366:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2345:on 24 April 2016
2344:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2309:on 23 April 2009
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2283:on 8 August 2014
2273:
2267:
2266:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2193:
2182:
2181:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2090:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2061:on May 12, 2006.
2060:
2054:. Archived from
2053:
2045:
2039:
2020:
2014:
1995:
1989:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1818:
1809:
1790:
1784:
1765:
1756:
1743:Jancis Robinson
1741:
1732:
1713:
1700:
1681:
1654:
1653:
1635:
1624:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1587:(528): 129–132.
1576:
1570:
1555:"Vine varieties"
1551:
1542:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1509:. Archived from
1508:
1500:
910:sparkling Shiraz
768:Thomas Jefferson
743:Tain-l'Hermitage
731:English language
648:, then known as
474:Mondeuse blanche
295:Washington State
268:Mondeuse Blanche
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
69:
58:
53:
41:
40:
21:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3659:Wine portal
3651:
3644:
3635:History of wine
3593:
3577:
3549:
3501:
3483:
3464:Deacidification
3450:
3422:
3417:
3387:
3382:
3367:Wine portal
3359:
3350:
3289:
3251:
3156:
3146:
3119:
3006:
2987:Sauvignon blanc
2922:Cayetana blanca
2890:
2888:grape varieties
2881:
2774:
2702:
2659:
2654:
2619:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2567:
2563:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2462:
2458:
2452:Wayback Machine
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2409:
2405:
2388:
2384:
2367:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2194:
2185:
2178:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2091:
2087:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2021:
2017:
1996:
1992:
1971:
1967:
1954:
1950:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1904:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1871:"The Old North"
1869:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1843:
1839:
1819:
1812:
1791:
1787:
1766:
1759:
1742:
1735:
1714:
1703:
1682:
1657:
1650:
1636:
1627:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1577:
1573:
1552:
1545:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1474:
1466:
1454:Bogle Vineyards
1438:
1426:
1395:Columbia Winery
1357:Walla Walla AVA
1349:Penfolds Grange
1337:
1325:
1232:
1215:
1199:
1179:
1085:
1053:
1032:
974:
933:
875:
868:
819:
811:South Australia
787:
739:
723:Jancis Robinson
574:
537:Pliny the Elder
450:Carole Meredith
439:
434:
349:aging potential
291:Walla Walla AVA
225:
221:
118:Columbia Valley
101:Notable regions
76:
56:
49:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3525:Sugars in wine
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3474:Chaptalization
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Classification
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3285:Sugars in wine
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3257:Wine chemistry
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Wine dispenser
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Cabernet Franc
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3002:Welschriesling
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2957:Müller-Thurgau
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2724:Ancient Greece
2721:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2591:External links
2589:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2561:
2540:
2533:
2515:
2506:
2482:
2456:
2437:
2423:
2403:
2382:
2356:
2320:
2294:
2268:
2261:
2241:
2234:
2213:
2206:
2183:
2176:
2150:
2137:
2112:
2105:
2096:The Wine Bible
2085:
2064:
2040:
2024:"Busby, James"
2015:
1990:
1965:
1948:
1925:
1918:
1898:
1880:
1862:
1855:
1837:
1810:
1785:
1757:
1733:
1701:
1655:
1648:
1625:
1609:
1571:
1543:
1519:
1516:on 2012-01-08.
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1437:
1434:
1425:
1422:
1399:Master of Wine
1336:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1283:Margaret River
1244:Barossa Valley
1231:
1228:
1214:
1211:
1198:
1195:
1178:
1175:
1116:Côtes-du-Rhône
1084:
1081:
1052:
1049:
1031:
1028:
973:
970:
954:Norisoprenoids
932:
929:
902:fortified wine
867:
864:
843:Côtes du Rhône
818:
817:Modern history
815:
786:
783:
738:
735:
573:
570:
438:
435:
433:
430:
418:Adelaide Hills
414:Margaret River
363:New World wine
322:Barossa Valley
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
193:
192:Medium climate
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
170:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
145:
141:
140:
126:Barossa Valley
103:
97:
96:
94:other synonyms
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
70:
62:
61:
46:
45:
44:Shiraz (Syrah)
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3697:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Acids in wine
3268:
3266:
3265:Aroma of wine
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3129:Major regions
3126:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Montepulciano
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2557:0-520-24869-4
2554:
2550:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2510:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2472:on 2006-04-07
2471:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2426:
2424:9781925261097
2420:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2082:
2081:0-19-860990-6
2078:
2074:
2068:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2036:0-19-860990-6
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2011:0-19-860990-6
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1986:0-19-860990-6
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1919:9789004173361
1915:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1856:1-84000-972-1
1852:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:0-19-860990-6
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1781:0-19-860990-6
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1729:0-19-860990-6
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1697:0-19-860990-6
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1599:on 2018-06-01
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1567:0-19-860990-6
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1539:9781905819157
1536:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1335:United States
1332:
1329:
1328:South African
1320:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1263:Jacob's Creek
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1024:riper berries
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
997:
994:
990:
983:
978:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
939:
928:
926:
921:
919:
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
879:
873:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
814:
812:
808:
807:Hunter Valley
804:
800:
796:
792:
782:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
734:
732:
728:
724:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
688:
684:
682:
678:
674:
671:wrote in his
670:
661:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
634:
629:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
578:
569:
567:
562:
560:
556:
553:), where the
552:
548:
544:
543:
539:wrote in his
538:
532:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
510:ampelographic
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
481:
477:
475:
472:(father) and
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:Hunter Valley
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
352:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:grape variety
249:
243:
219:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
174:
171:
168:
164:
161:Stony granite
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
144:Notable wines
142:
139:
135:
131:
130:Hunter Valley
127:
124:, Australia (
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
73:Ampélographie
68:
63:
59:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3650:
3507:Fermentation
3358:
3341:Wine tasting
3104:
2962:Muscat blanc
2932:Chenin blanc
2729:Ancient Rome
2570:
2564:
2548:
2543:
2524:
2518:
2509:
2485:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:the original
2459:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2413:
2406:
2390:
2385:
2369:
2347:. Retrieved
2340:the original
2335:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2307:the original
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:the original
2271:
2251:
2244:
2225:
2197:
2159:
2153:
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:
2115:
2095:
2088:
2072:
2067:
2056:the original
2043:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1846:
1840:
1832:
1823:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1772:
1768:
1744:
1720:
1716:
1688:
1684:
1639:
1618:
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1584:
1574:
1558:
1554:
1530:
1511:the original
1467:
1439:
1427:
1379:
1377:
1346:
1326:
1323:South Africa
1318:
1306:
1297:Max Schubert
1287:
1280:
1276:
1256:
1233:
1216:
1200:
1180:
1149:
1133:
1124:
1109:
1101:soil quality
1097:Rhône valley
1094:
1073:Nero d'Avola
1054:
1037:
1033:
1020:
1012:Petite Syrah
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
989:appellations
986:
981:
951:
949:treatment).
938:viticultural
934:
922:
915:
895:
884:
866:Shiraz wines
860:
820:
788:
779:adulteration
772:
740:
737:Rise to fame
727:strinization
719:
706:
703:Proto-Celtic
700:
689:
685:
676:
672:
666:
637:Shirazi wine
630:
626:
610:South Africa
583:
565:
563:
540:
533:
518:
506:
502:
487:
447:
440:
426:McLaren Vale
422:Clare Valley
395:
371:South Africa
360:
353:
342:
326:McLaren Vale
315:
311:black pepper
287:Rhone Valley
280:
272:Petite Sirah
247:
217:
216:
134:McLaren Vale
122:Grand Valley
106:Rhône Valley
55:
36:Shiraz, Iran
32:Petite Sirah
18:Shiraz grape
3610:Wine bottle
3582:Other steps
3573:Wine cellar
3530:Süssreserve
3222:Wine cellar
3212:Wine bottle
3153:accessories
3151:Packaging,
3110:Tempranillo
2739:Noah's wine
2719:Phoenicians
2665:Viticulture
2547:P. Gregutt
2389:G. Harding
2370:Wine Grapes
2336:Agromillora
1974:"Hermitage"
1248:Turkey Flat
1236:James Busby
1207:Lake Geneva
1197:Switzerland
1163:departments
1075:grapes, is
1061:Cortona DOC
996:Australia.
872:Shiraz wine
791:James Busby
766:enthusiast
669:James Busby
606:New Zealand
566:Allobrogica
521:orthography
494:Montpellier
383:New Zealand
375:Hawke's Bay
328:regions of
200:Hot climate
138:New Zealand
89:Also called
3489:Maceration
3479:Wine press
3469:Destemming
3420:Winemaking
3326:Wine fraud
3321:Wine fault
3306:Oenophilia
3242:Wine label
3237:Wine glass
3202:Port tongs
3100:Sangiovese
3095:Pinot noir
3055:Douce noir
2982:Rkatsiteli
2927:Chardonnay
2917:Catarratto
2891:by acreage
2865:Biodynamic
2828:Aromatized
2617:winemaking
2476:2006-12-20
2399:0307346358
2131:2006-10-14
1621:97:102–110
1603:2008-02-15
1484:References
1449:Rutherglen
1402:David Lake
1105:Côte-Rôtie
1008:Gros Syrah
943:oak barrel
831:Côte-Rôtie
762:, such as
760:oenophiles
663:Syrah leaf
646:Marseilles
555:Allobroges
551:Côte-Rôtie
476:(mother).
462:DNA typing
406:Coonawarra
391:Washington
387:California
320:, and the
158:Ideal soil
148:Côte-Rôtie
110:California
3441:Noble rot
3331:Winemaker
3311:Sommelier
3247:Wine rack
3227:Wine cork
3217:Wine cave
3207:Screw cap
3177:Corkscrew
3142:New World
3137:Old World
3115:Zinfandel
3090:Mourvèdre
2997:Trebbiano
2937:Colombard
2838:Noble rot
2818:Fortified
2796:Sparkling
2763:New World
2022:Entry on
1997:Entry on
1972:Entry on
1912:. Brill.
1792:Entry on
1767:Entry on
1715:Entry on
1683:Entry on
1553:Entry on
1458:Zinfandel
1445:Peloursin
1410:Mourvèdre
1267:Rosemount
1242:. In the
1240:old vines
1230:Australia
1219:Argentina
1213:Argentina
1191:Catalonia
1171:rootstock
1016:phenolics
906:Port wine
898:rosé wine
823:Hermitage
805:, and in
747:hermitage
642:Phocaeans
618:Hermitage
614:Australia
594:Argentina
402:Heathcote
330:Australia
276:Peloursin
152:Hermitage
3679:Category
3456:Pressing
3378:Glossary
3294:Industry
3187:Jug wine
3182:Decanter
3172:Box wine
3070:Isabella
3065:Grenache
3045:Carignan
2992:Sémillon
2977:Riesling
2972:Palomino
2715:Ancient
2698:Vineyard
2693:Veraison
2678:Oenology
2498:Archived
2448:Archived
2313:4 August
2287:4 August
1794:"Persia"
1769:"Shiraz"
1619:Heredity
1472:See also
1464:Synonyms
1418:Viognier
1414:Cinsault
1406:Grenache
1355:and the
1314:Viognier
1309:Viognier
1302:Henschke
1293:"Grange"
1290:Penfolds
1141:Grenache
1112:Grenache
1069:Piedmont
1045:varietal
993:varietal
956:such as
847:Grenache
845:, where
839:Gigondas
795:cuttings
764:Bordeaux
711:billhook
692:Syracuse
650:Massilia
561:'s age.
525:Syracuse
516:or DNA.
356:varietal
334:licorice
256:red wine
208:With age
3640:Terroir
3598:Related
3446:Vintage
3428:Harvest
3373:Outline
3197:Muselet
3159:storage
3050:Cinsaut
3025:Barbera
2952:Macabeo
2912:Aligoté
2870:Organic
2860:Natural
2813:Dessert
2758:Georgia
2708:History
2688:Terroir
2683:Species
1945:: 7–11.
1717:"Rhône"
1685:"Syrah"
1393:-based
1381:terroir
1252:Tanunda
1160:Hérault
1057:Tuscany
1001:Petite
775:clarets
715:pruning
602:Uruguay
490:Ardèche
432:History
398:Barossa
379:Waiheke
345:acidity
303:tannins
283:climate
184:General
3605:Winery
3568:Solera
3192:Kvevri
3080:Merlot
3075:Malbec
2875:Kosher
2851:Other
2806:Orange
2779:Styles
2746:France
2577:
2555:
2531:
2430:15 May
2421:
2397:
2376:
2349:15 May
2259:
2232:
2204:
2174:
2103:
2079:
2034:
2009:
1984:
1916:
1853:
1804:
1779:
1751:
1727:
1695:
1646:
1565:
1537:
1361:Oregon
1261:) and
1224:Malbec
1203:Valais
1187:Aragon
1083:France
1077:Sicily
1059:(i.e.
918:tannin
887:Shiraz
855:tannin
827:Cornas
755:hermit
751:chapel
705:word *
696:Probus
681:Shiraz
654:Greeks
633:Shiraz
590:Europe
586:France
559:Virgil
547:Vienne
529:Shiraz
514:botany
484:Syrah.
470:Dureza
437:Origin
373:, the
264:Dureza
260:France
248:Shiraz
169:number
3555:Aging
3105:Syrah
3060:Gamay
3030:Bobal
2942:Glera
2907:Airén
2899:White
2855:Table
2843:Straw
2833:Fruit
2791:White
2734:China
2613:Wines
2501:(PDF)
2494:(PDF)
2343:(PDF)
2332:(PDF)
2059:(PDF)
2052:(PDF)
1514:(PDF)
1507:(PDF)
1441:Durif
1436:Durif
1430:Chile
1424:Chile
1177:Spain
1152:graft
1051:Italy
1003:Syrah
982:Syrah
947:yeast
799:Spain
707:serra
598:Chile
498:Savoy
460:used
443:Rhône
367:Chile
338:anise
318:Crete
218:Syrah
173:11748
114:Texas
84:Black
57:Vitis
51:Grape
3157:and
2886:Top
2801:Rosé
2657:Wine
2615:and
2575:ISBN
2553:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2432:2018
2419:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2351:2018
2315:2014
2289:2014
2257:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2077:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1416:and
1397:and
1365:Ohio
1189:and
1158:and
1156:Gard
1118:and
964:and
952:C13-
945:and
891:Iran
841:and
829:and
608:and
424:and
389:and
377:and
324:and
309:and
307:mint
266:and
167:VIVC
3563:Oak
3012:Red
2823:Ice
2786:Red
2164:doi
1943:157
1829:108
1589:doi
1250:in
1165:of
1065:IGT
904:in
889:in
851:age
456:at
381:in
293:in
136:),
34:or
3681::
2496:.
2359:^
2334:.
2216:^
2186:^
2170:.
2124:.
1941:.
1937:.
1891:.
1873:.
1831:.
1813:^
1760:^
1736:^
1704:^
1658:^
1628:^
1583:.
1546:^
1522:^
1491:^
1432:.
1420:.
1412:,
1408:,
1367:.
1274:.
1107:.
1079:.
1018:.
900:,
837:,
825:,
717:.
604:,
600:,
596:,
592:,
428:.
420:,
416:,
412:,
408:,
404:,
400:,
393:.
385:,
369:,
351:.
336:,
313:.
262:,
239:ɑː
233:iː
150:,
132:,
128:,
120:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
3412:e
3405:t
3398:v
3155:,
2649:e
2642:t
2635:v
2583:.
2559:.
2537:.
2479:.
2434:.
2401:.
2380:.
2353:.
2317:.
2291:.
2265:.
2238:.
2210:.
2180:.
2166::
2148:.
2134:.
2109:.
2083:.
2038:.
2013:.
1988:.
1895:.
1877:.
1859:.
1808:.
1783:.
1755:.
1731:.
1699:.
1652:.
1606:.
1591::
1569:.
1541:.
874:.
749:(
709:'
242:/
236:r
230:s
227:ˈ
224:/
220:(
60:)
54:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
